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Journal articles on the topic 'Endosperm morphology'
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1
DeBono, Allan G., and John S. Greenwood. "Characterization of programmed cell death in the endosperm cells of tomato seed: two distinct death programs." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 5 (May 2006): 791–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-034.
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Programmed cell death (PCD) is a requisite, genetically controlled process in plants resulting in the death of particular cells and tissues and the recycling of the cellular constituents back to the organism. PCD in the lateral and micropylar endosperm cells during and following germination of tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) seeds was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, by terminal d-UTP nick-end labelling of nuclei, and agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of genomic DNA. Postgerminative cells of lateral and micropylar endosperm displayed morphologies and terminal d-UTP nick-end labelling positive nuclei consistent with PCD. PCD was not detected in the lateral endosperm in the absence of the embryo. The embryo’s effect on promoting lateral endosperm PCD could be substituted with gibberellic acid at 50 μmol/L. Micropylar endosperm cells undergo PCD irrespective of incubation with or without the embryo; gibberellic acid only hastens the onset of PCD morphology. Precursor protease vesicles, novel endoplasmic reticulum derived organelles considered markers of PCD, were observed in postgerminative lateral and micropylar endosperm cells. Internucleosomal laddering was not detected in endospermic DNA. These results suggest that a late postimbibition gibberellic acid linked mechanism promotes PCD in the lateral endosperm, whereas the promotion of PCD in the micropylar endosperm occurs early in, or prior to, imbibition.
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Shapter, F. M., R. J. Henry, and L. S. Lee. "Endosperm and starch granule morphology in wild cereal relatives." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 6, no. 02 (May 14, 2008): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108986512.
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Australia's native grass species contain a diverse array of wild cereal relatives which are adapted to a broader range of environmental conditions than current commercial cereals and may contain novel alleles which have utility in commercial production systems. Characterizing the available variation in endosperm morphology is one of the first steps towardsin plantamanipulation of endosperm by either the introgression of novel alleles or bioengineering cereal starch and protein. The endosperm of 19 crop wild relatives (CWR) was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mature caryopses were fixed, dehydrated, critical-point dried and then snap fractured transversely through the grain. Wild relatives exhibited similar types of starch granules to that of their respective cultivated species, though in general the wild species retained a greater proportion of the endosperm cell wall at maturity. The two species examined with no closely related cultivated species exhibited a rice-like endosperm. Wild sorghum relatives exhibited an abundance of endosperm variations described as variations in starch granule size, shape and surface morphology, and the distribution of protein bodies. This is particularly important because the grain ofSorghum bicolorhas inherently low starch and protein digestibility. These variations within the wild relatives of commercial cereals may provide novel sources of genetic diversity for future grain improvement programmes.
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Saccomanno, Benedetta, Alan H. Chambers, Alec Hayes, Ian Mackay, Simon C. McWilliam, and Kay Trafford. "Starch granule morphology in oat endosperm." Journal of Cereal Science 73 (January 2017): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.10.011.
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Oliveira, Jonathas Henrique Georg, and Adelita Aparecida Sartori Paoli. "ANÁLISES ONTOGENÉTICAS EM SEMENTES DE EUPHORBIACEAE." FLORESTA 44, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v44i2.32472.
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Acalypha gracilis, Euphorbia cotinifolia e Jatropha gossypiifolia pertencem a Euphorbiaceae e às respectivas subfamílias Acalyphoideae, Euphorbioideae e Crotonoideae. Informações sobre morfologia e desenvolvimento seminal de Euphorbiaceae são escassas na literatura. Este estudo tem por objetivo acompanhar o desenvolvimento morfoanatômico das espécies em questão. Os óvulos dessas espécies são anátropos, sésseis, crassinucelados e bitegumentados. A micrópila, em linha reta, é delimitada pelo endóstoma e exóstoma, é obliterada pela projeção do nucelo, não muito evidente em A. gracilis, que pode alcançar o obturador. As sementes são consideradas exotégmicas, albuminosas, com endosperma na maturidade contendo grãos de aleurona. O embrião apresenta eixo hipocótilo-radicular curto e cônico, cotilédones largos e foliáceos, sendo diferenciado tardiamente – primeiro ocorre todo o desenvolvimento do envoltório seminal, para que depois ele se desenvolva por completo. Jatropha gossypiifolia é endopaquicalazal e apresenta endosperma misto: núcleo-celular. Carúncula bem evidente ocorre em J. gossypiifolia, sendo que nas outras duas espécies é inconspícua.Palavras-chave: Anatomia; endosperma; morfologia; nucelo; tegumento. AbstractOntogenetic analyzes in seeds of Euphorbiaceae. Euphorbia cotinifolia and Jatropha gossypiifolia belong to Euphorbiaceae, and to the respective subfamilies Acalyphoideae, Euphorbioideae and Crotonoideae. Information on morphology and seminal development of Euphorbiaceae are lean in literature. This research aims to monitor the morphoanatomic development of the involved species. The ovule of these species are anatropous, sessile, bitegmic and crassinucelate. The micropyle, straight, is bounded by endostome and exostome, and obliterated by the projection of the nucellus, not very evident in A. gracilis. The seeds are considered exotégmic, albuminous endosperm at maturity containing aleurone grains. The embryo with hypocotyl-radicle axis is short, broad and foliaceous cotyledons, being distinguished later: first, all the seminal wrap development occurs, so that it evolves completely. J. gossypiifolia is endopachichalazal and presents mixed endosperm: cell nucleous. Caruncule is evident in J. gossypiifolia, but it is inconspicuous in the other two species.Keywords: Anatomy; endosperm; morphology; nucellus; integument.
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Silva, Vanessa Neumann, Silvio Moure Cicero, and Mark Bennett. "Relationship between eggplant seed morphology and germination." Revista Brasileira de Sementes 34, no. 4 (2012): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31222012000400010.
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Structural differences such as abnormalities, damage and free spaces in seeds may affect germination. The aim of this study was to study the relationship between eggplant seed morphology and seed germination. Ten seed lots of the eggplant cultivar Embu were evaluated by X-ray image analysis and the germination test. Seed image analysis was performed by Image Pro Plus® software and the whole seed area and free space between the embryo and endosperm were measured. The internal seed area filled by the embryo and endosperm was calculated from the difference between the whole seed and free space areas. Based on these results and visual seed analysis, seeds were classified into three categories and information on germination was obtained for each one. X-ray image analysis provides a perfect view of the internal seed parts and for seed morphology studies. An increase in seed area filled by the endosperm and embryo does not improve seed germination. Mechanical seed damage and deteriorated tissues can adversely affect seed germination.
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Li, Chun-Yan, Wei-Hua Li, Byron Lee, André Laroche, Lian-Pu Cao, and Zhen-Xiang Lu. "Morphological characterization of triticale starch granules during endosperm development and seed germination." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 1 (January 2011): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10039.
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Li, C.-Y., Li, W.-H., Lee, B., Laroche, A., Cao, L.-P. and Lu, Z.-X. 2011. Morphological characterization of triticale starch granules during endosperm development and seed germination. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 57–67. The morphology of starch granules and its changes during endosperm development and seed germination in triticale has been investigated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Starch granules were rapidly accumulating in triticale endosperm after 6 d postanthesis (DPA). The double-disk structure of starch granules was detected in endosperms from 6 DPA until 27 DPA in triticale and its parental crops, wheat and rye. The equatorial grooves of triticale starch granules were more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis than the broad or flat surfaces. Triticale starch was slowly degraded within 4 or 5 d post germination (DPG) and most starch granules were almost completely hydrolyzed after 9 DPG. Morphological changes of starch granules observed under SEM during the in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis were consistent with patterns identified during the germination process. As a hybrid of wheat and rye, triticale inherits many morphological characteristics of starch synthesis and storage in the seed endosperm. However, triticale also possesses unique features of granule shape, size, distribution, and enzyme susceptibility. These results will make it possible to effectively utilize triticale starch in the starch-based production.
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Yates, I. E., and Darrell Sparks. "Morphology of Postpollination Fruit Abortion in Pecan." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 3 (May 1995): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.3.446.
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Anatomy of normal and abortive fruit was compared at each of the three postpollination fruit drops characteristic of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Size differences between normal and abortive fruit decreased during the growing season, but differences in ovule size between normal and abortive fruit increased. During Drop II, normal and abortive fruit had an integument enclosing a massive nucellus in which an embryo sac was embedded, but embryo sac shape and constituents differed. Embryo sacs were distended in normal fruit and contained a definitive zygote as evidence of fertilization, i.e., union of egg and sperm. In contrast, embryo sacs in abortive fruit were shriveled and contained an egg apparatus as in unfertilized distillate flowers. During Drop III, normal and abortive fruit had a similar multicellular embryo. The nucellus in normal fruit was reduced to a cap at the micropyle region and cellular endosperm was evident. In contrast, the nucellus in abortive fruit was abundant and cellular endosperm was not evident. During Drop IV, embryo development in abortive fruit lagged behind that of normal fruit. Thus, we present the first direct evidence that aborted pecans deviate from normal fruit by an absence of a zygote at Drop II, a deficiency in cellular endosperm at Drop III, and a delay in embryo development at Drop IV.
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G, Binderya, and Tumenjargal D. "The seed morphology and anatomy of the allium anisopodium on the seed genebank." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22, no. 03 (May 9, 2018): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v22i03.956.
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The paper presents the results of the study on seed morphology and anatomy of Allium anisopodium Ldb. The seed shape is elliptic, glossy-black in color. The seed surface is scaly and its hilum appears in white color. The seed size is 1.7-2.1 mm long, 1.2-1.4 wide, 0.5-2.1 mm in thick and one thousand seed weight is 1.9 g. The anatomical structure is endospermic one cotyledons seed type. The seed coat thin and cotyledon is emphasized apparently from longitudinal section. The embryo is curved, coiled and black colored embryonic roots are relatively thick. The endosperm is surrounded by seed coat moreover between the cotyledon and embryo.
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Bosnes, M., E. Harris, L. Aigeltinger, and O. A. Olsen. "Morphology and ultrastructure of 11 barley shrunken endosperm mutants." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 74, no. 2 (June 1987): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00289966.
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Zhao, Can, Wenrong Xu, Lingchao Meng, Sheng Qiang, Weimin Dai, Zheng Zhang, and Xiaoling Song. "Rapid endosperm development promotes early maturity in weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea)." Weed Science 68, no. 2 (March 2020): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.5.
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AbstractEarly maturity allows weedy rice (Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea) to persist by escaping harvest in paddy fields. A shorter grain-filling period contributes to the early maturity of weedy rice. However, the differences in morphology and endosperm development in the caryopsis between weedy and cultivated rice are largely unexplored. Here, we selected four biotypes of weedy rice and associated cultivated rice (ACR; Oryza sativa) from different latitudes to conduct a common garden experiment. The endosperm development process of the caryopsis was observed by optical microscopy and electron microscopy. Endosperm cell division and starch accumulation rate during grain filling were also measured. The grain development progress in weedy rice was more rapid and earlier than that in ACR. The endosperm development progress of weedy rice was 6 to 8 d earlier than that of ACR. The endosperm cells of weedy rice cellularized earlier and more rapidly than those of ACR, and the starch grains of weedy rice were more sharply polygonal and compactly arranged than those of ACR. The active endosperm cell division period in weedy rice was 4 to 7 d shorter than that in ACR, while the active starch accumulation period of weedy rice was 2 to 8 d shorter than that of ACR. The rapid development of endosperm cells and starch grains leads to the shorter grain-filling period of weedy rice. weedy rice.
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Peng, Bo, Zi-Yi Xue, Jing Qiu, Juan Peng, Qing-Xi Zhang, Xiao-Yu Sun, Xiao-Hua Song, et al. "Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation of Endosperm Chalkiness Traits of OsAAP1 Mutant in Rice Gains." Journal of Plant Studies 12, no. 1 (November 19, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jps.v12n1p1.
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In order to investigate the effect of OsAAP1 gene mutation on chalkiness traits of rice endosperm and the microstructure of starch granules in endosperm, we used rice OsAAP1 mutants as experimental materials, with the help of ordinary optical microscopes and scanning electron microscopes, the morphological structure and arrangement of chalkiness traits and starch granules in the endosperm of Zhonghua 11 rice were observed in rice OsAAP1 mutants and controls. The results showed that the chalkiness rate, chalkiness area and chalkiness degree in rice endosperm of the OsAAP1 mutants were significantly increased, and the morphological structure, arrangement and development of chalkiness traits and starch granules were closely related. Compared with the control Zhonghua 11, there were also significant differences in the shape, structure and arrangement of starch granules between chalky rice and non-chalky rice. However, there was no significant difference between the starch granules in the transparent part of chalky rice and non-chalky rice, and the starch granules in the areas with low chalkiness degree developed well. Thus, the OsAAP1 mutation of rice could significantly increase the chalkiness traits of rice endosperm, and have an important impact on the morphology, structure and development of starch granules in its endosperm.
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Lazaridou, Athina, Tricia Chornick, and Marta S. Izydorczyk. "Variations in morphology and composition of barley endosperm cell walls." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88, no. 13 (October 2008): 2388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3361.
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Karaismailoğlu, Mehmet Cengiz. "Comparative morphology and anatomy of seeds of some Aethionema W.T. Aiton (Brassicaceae) taxa from Turkey." Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy 26, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpt.v26i1.41911.
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Seed morphology and anatomy are taxonomically significant in Brassicaceae. The seed structures of Aethionema from Turkey, which include 12 taxa (Aethionema syriacum, A. froedinii, A. arabicum, A. eunomioides, A. fimbriatum, A. speciosum subsp. speciosum, A. speciosum subsp. compactum, A. saxatile, A. oppositifolium, A. iberideum, A. armenum, A. grandiflorum) were studied for knowing seed morphological and anatomical features with one-way analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Seed size, shape and color were examined with stereomicroscopy.The surface patterns of seed were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, structure, and thicknesses of testa and endosperm were investigated anatomically. Thickness of testa and endosperm were of major significance to illustrate interspecific relations among the examined taxa.
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Snell, Per, Mark Wilkinson, Gavin J. Taylor, Stephen Hall, Shrikant Sharma, Nick Sirijovski, Mats Hansson, Peter R. Shewry, Per Hofvander, and Åsa Grimberg. "Characterisation of Grains and Flour Fractions from Field Grown Transgenic Oil-Accumulating Wheat Expressing Oat WRI1." Plants 11, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070889.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the major staple crops in the world and is used to prepare a range of foods. The development of new varieties with wider variation in grain composition could broaden their use. We characterized grains and flours from oil-accumulating transgenic wheat expressing the oat (Avena sativa L.) endosperm WRINKLED1 (AsWRI1) grown under field conditions. Lipid and starch accumulation was determined in developing caryopses of AsWRI1-wheat and X-ray microtomography was used to study grain morphology. The developing caryopses of AsWRI1-wheat grains had increased triacylglycerol content and decreased starch content compared to the control. Mature AsWRI1-wheat grains also had reduced weight, were wrinkled and had a shrunken endosperm and X-ray tomography revealed that the proportion of endosperm was decreased while that of the aleurone was increased. Grains were milled to produce two white flours and one bran fraction. Mineral and lipid analyses showed that the flour fractions from the AsWRI1-wheat were contaminated with bran, due to the effects of the changed morphology on milling. This study gives a detailed analysis of grains from field grown transgenic wheat that expresses a gene that plays a central regulatory role in carbon allocation and significantly affects grain composition.
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Hudiyanti, Dwi, Tri Joko Raharjo, Narsito Narsito, and Sri Noegrohati. "INVESTIGATION ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATE STRUCTURES OF NATURAL PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN AQUEOUS SYSTEM USING CRYO-TEM." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 1 (February 14, 2012): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21372.
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Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) was used to investigate the aggregates morphology and properties of candle tree (Aleurites moluccana) endosperm, sesame (Sesamum indicum L. syn.) seeds, and coconut (Cocos nucifera) endosperm phospholipids in dilute aqueous system. The micrographs showed that candle tree phospholipids formed planar bilayer and cluster of vesicles with lipid droplets, while coconut and sesame phospholipids formed well-defined unilamellar vesicles. The vesicles size could be as small as 50 nm in diameter. Coconut phospholipids also showed a good bending ability. Formation of clusters of vesicles was also found in coconut phospholipids dispersion, but this cluster was easily broken by extrusion through a small pore membrane.
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Liu, Y., W. J. van der Burg, J. W. Aartse, R. A. van Zwol, H. Jalink, and R. J. Bino. "X-ray studies on changes in embryo and endosperm morphology during priming and imbibition of tomato seeds." Seed Science Research 3, no. 3 (September 1993): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258500001756.
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AbstractMorphological changes in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker) seed during osmopriming and imbibition (‘hydropriming’) were followed using X-ray photographs. Embryo, endosperm and free space areas were measured. Both osmopriming and hydropriming resulted in free space development (+ 8.1% and + 10.8% of the whole seed planar area, respectively), almost all at the cost of the endosperm area. Planar dimensions of whole seeds were relatively constant and the dimension perpendicular to the planar surface, the thickness, could account for the volume increase of primed seeds reported in the literature. In dead seeds, only a small amount of free space developed while the planar area of the seed remained the same. In the imbibing viable seeds no deterioration of endosperm could be detected until the moment of root protrusion.Seeds which were osmoprimed directly after harvest, i.e. in the fresh state, did not showthe induction of any free space, while free space developed normally after dehydration and a second priming treatment. Apparently, a dehydration step prior to the priming treatments is required for the development of free space in osmo- or hydroprimed seed.X-ray photographs of hydroprimed seeds showed that the radicle tip adhered tightly to theendosperm cap. This results in various forms of damage to the root tips upon redrying. Priming did not introduce cotyledon abnormalities.
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MASKROMO, ISMAIL, ELSJE T. TENDA, MEITY A. TULALO, HENGKY NOVARIANTO, DEWI SUKMA, SUKENDAH SUKENDAH, and SUDARSONO SUDARSONO. "KERAGAMAN FENOTIPE DAN GENETIK TIGA VARIETAS KELAPA GENJAH KOPYOR ASAL PATI JAWA TENGAH." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 21, no. 1 (October 13, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/littri.v21n1.2015.1-8.
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<p>ABSTRAK<br />Kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati, Jawa Tengah merupakan<br />kekayaaan hayati asli Indonesia dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi. Informasi<br />keragaman genetik kelapa kopyor masih terbatas. Data keragaman<br />morfologi dan genetik diperlukan dalam program pemuliaan kelapa<br />kopyor. Penelitian ini mempelajari keragaman tiga varietas kelapa genjah<br />kopyor asal Pati yang telah dilepas berdasarkan karakter morfologi,<br />kuantitas endosperma, dan keragaman alel marka SSR. Penelitian<br />dilakukan di Pati dan di Laboratorium Plant Molecular Biology,<br />Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, IPB. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap<br />tiga populasi kelapa Genjah kopyor (hijau, coklat, dan kuning) dengan 30<br />tanaman sampel untuk setiap populasi. Rataan data morfologi digunakan<br />untuk menyusun dendogram. Kuantitas endosperma diamati pada satu<br />buah kelapa kopyor per tanaman yang dievaluasi. Karakteristik<br />endosperma dikelompokkan sesuai kategori yang telah ditetapkan. Untuk<br />setiap populasi, analisis marka dengan lima pasang primer SSR dilakukan<br />pada 10 tanaman sampel. Data yang didapat digunakan untuk menentukan<br />keragaman genetik kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati. Hasil pengamatan<br />menunjukkan keragaman morfologis dan alel SSR antar tanaman dalam<br />varietasnya (keragaman intra-varietas) rendah. Sebaliknya, keragaman<br />morfologis dan alel SSR antar varietasnya tinggi. Kuantitas endosperma<br />kelapa Genjah kopyor asal Pati bervariasi antara skor 1–6. Keragaman<br />genetik yang rendah dalam varietas dan tinggi antar ketiga varietas (coklat,<br />hijau, dan kuning) memperkuat pelepasan ketiganya sebagai varietas lokal.<br />Selain itu, keragaman genetik antar tanaman dalam varietas yang rendah<br />mendukung penggunaan ketiga varietas lokal sebagai tetua dalam program<br />perakitan varietas kelapa kopyor unggul baru. Tetua yang dipilih dapat<br />diseleksi intra-varietas berdasarkan persentase buah kopyor per tandan<br />dan skor kuantitas endosperma yang tinggi.<br />Kata kunci: Keragaman morfologis, keragaman intra dan antar varietas,<br />kuantitas endosperma</p><p>ABSTRACT<br />Kopyor dwarf coconuts are mutants from Pati, Central Java having<br />high economic values. However, morphological and genetic diversities of<br />this coconut were still limited. Morphological and genetic diversity data<br />are needed for breeding program. The research objectives were to evaluate<br />intra and inter-specific diversity based on morphology, endosperm<br />quantity, and SSR alleles. Field evaluations were conducted in Pati while<br />laboratory activities were at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory,<br />Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB. Three populations of<br />kopyor dwarf varieties (brown, green, and yellow) were evaluated. Thirty<br />trees were sampled for each population. The average of morphological<br />data were used to construct cluster analysis. Endosperm quantity was<br />scored (0 – 9) based on a single nut sample. Ten palms were analyzed<br />using five SSR loci for each population and used to determine genetic<br />diversity of populations. Results of observations indicated intra-variety<br />morphological and SSR allele variations among kopyor dwarf was low.<br />However, inter-variety variations were high. The endosperm quantity<br />scores among kopyor dwarf coconut ranged from 1–6. The low intra-<br />variety and high inter-variety variations among the three kopyor dwarf<br />coconut supported their release as different local varieties. Moreover, the<br />low intra-variety phenotypic and genotypic diversities among kopyor<br />brown, green, and yellow dwarf coconut support their use as parents for<br />new and superior kopyor coconut variety development in the future. For<br />such purpose, however, it is necessary to conduct intra-variety selection to<br />identify desirable parents based on high kopyor fruit percentage per bunch<br />and for high kopyor endosperm quantity.<br />Key words: Morphological diversity, intra and inter variety diversities,<br />quantity, endosperm</p>
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Zhao, Lingxiao, Canhui Cai, and Cunxu Wei. "An image processing method for investigating the morphology of cereal endosperm cells." Biotechnic & Histochemistry 95, no. 4 (November 27, 2019): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2019.1677940.
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Kasahara, Ryushiro D., Michitaka Notaguchi, Shiori Nagahara, Takamasa Suzuki, Daichi Susaki, Yujiro Honma, Daisuke Maruyama, and Tetsuya Higashiyama. "Pollen tube contents initiate ovule enlargement and enhance seed coat development without fertilization." Science Advances 2, no. 10 (October 2016): e1600554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600554.
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In angiosperms, pollen tubes carry two sperm cells toward the egg and central cells to complete double fertilization. In animals, not only sperm but also seminal plasma is required for proper fertilization. However, little is known regarding the function of pollen tube content (PTC), which is analogous to seminal plasma. We report that the PTC plays a vital role in the prefertilization state and causes an enlargement of ovules without fertilization. We termed this phenomenon as pollen tube–dependent ovule enlargement morphology and placed it between pollen tube guidance and double fertilization. Additionally, PTC increases endosperm nuclei without fertilization when combined with autonomous endosperm mutants. This finding could be applied in agriculture, particularly in enhancing seed formation without fertilization in important crops.
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Piesschaert, Frederic, Lennart Andersson, Steven Jansen, Steven Dessein, Elmar Robbrecht, and Erik Smets. "Searching for the taxonomic position of the African genus Colletoecema (Rubiaceae): morphology and anatomy compared to an rps16-intron analysis of the Rubioideae." Canadian Journal of Botany 78, no. 3 (April 20, 2000): 288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-002.
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The morphology and anatomy of the African monospecific genus Colletoecema E. Petit (Rubiaceae) is documented and illustrated (including wood anatomy, pollen morphology, gynoecial and exotestal structure). Morphological and anatomical comparison shows that Colletoecema differs in many aspects from the Psychotrieae (e.g., wood anatomy, seed structure). Consequently, the genus' provisional position in the Psychotrieae cannot be maintained. Morindeae, the second tribe Colletoecema has been associated with, has a different gynoecial structure. The oily endosperm and large embryo of Colletoecema is found in several genera that often were or still are included in the Psychotrieae or Morindeae (Trichostachys, Saldinia, Ronabea, and Lasianthus). However, they differ in several other aspects, which makes a close relationship doubtful. Colletoecema exhibits a unique combination of characters including axillary inflorescences, banded parenchyma in the wood, ovules attached around the middle of the septum, bilocular pyrenes, seeds with oily endosperm and large embryo, and verrucate exotestal thickenings, not encountered elsewhere in the Rubioideae. A cladistic analysis based on nucleotide sequence variation in the rps16 intron (chloroplast DNA) confirms that Colletoecema is related neither to Psychotrieae nor to Morindeae. Colletoecema appears as a sister genus of Ophiorrhiza in a weakly supported clade among the basalmost clades of the subfamily Rubioideae, but there is very little morphological support for this relationship.Key words: anatomy, chloroplast DNA, cladistics, morphology, Psychotrieae, Rubioideae.
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Palmitessa, Onofrio Davide, Miriana Durante, Beniamino Leoni, Francesco Montesano, Massimiliano Renna, Francesco Serio, Annalisa Somma, and Pietro Santamaria. "Enhancement of a Landrace of Carosello (Unripe Melon) through the Use of Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) and Nutritional Characterization of the Fruit Placenta." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 11464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011464.
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Landraces of ‘Carosello’ (Cucumis melo L.) are a typical expression of Apulia’s agro-biodiversity and are consumed in the same way as cucumbers. The aim of this research was to valorize the cultivation of a local variety of ‘Carosello’, extending the cultivation period and valorizing a part of the fruits that are generally wasted (endosperm). To accomplish this, a local variety called ‘Carosello leccese’ was grown in a greenhouse during the fall season under red + blue and red + blue + far red light-emitting diodes (LED) interlight. Yield, morphology, color and biochemical composition of the external and internal part of the fruit were evaluated. Although yield increased by 26% under supplemental light, the fruit quality was not influenced by LED application. However, the exocarp was greener (chlorophylls) and more yellow (carotenoids) than the mesocarp. Finally, the endosperm, which is the part of the fruit that is generally wasted, showed the highest polyphenols content, proving to be an important source of nutraceutical compounds. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the nutritional value of the endosperm is comparable or higher than the external part of the fruit, but further studies will be necessary to valorize it from a culinary perspective.
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Buharov, A. F., and D. N. Baleev. "THE MORPHOLOGY OF HETEROGENEITY OF SEEDS OF VEGETABLE UMBELLIFERAE CROPS CAUSED BY PLACE OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE PARENTAL PLANT." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2012-2-44-47.
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Study of morphological parameters of seeds is of interest for the enhancement of quality of produced seeds vegetable Umbelliferae plants. Indicators of the linear dimensions of the embryo, endosperm, seed, and the degree of variability can be used for additional performance of a lot of seeds. Knowledge of morphology of heterogeneity of seeds should be taken into account in their growing, sorting, storage and presowing refinement.
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Anderberg, Arne A., and Sylvia Kelso. "Phylogenetic implications of endosperm cell wall morphology in Douglasia, Androsace, and Vitaliana (Primulaceae)." Nordic Journal of Botany 16, no. 5 (December 1996): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1996.tb00262.x.
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Anderberg, Arne A., and Sylvia Kelso. "Phylogenetic implications of endosperm cell wall morphology in Douglasia, Androsace, and Vitaliana (Primulaceae)." Nordic Journal of Botany 16, no. 2 (June 1996): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1996.tb00957.x.
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Zha, Kangyong, Haoxun Xie, Min Ge, Zimeng Wang, Yu Wang, Weina Si, and Longjiang Gu. "Expression of Maize MADS Transcription Factor ZmES22 Negatively Modulates Starch Accumulation in Rice Endosperm." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030483.
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As major component in cereals grains, starch has been one of the most important carbohydrate consumed by a majority of world’s population. However, the molecular mechanism for regulation of biosynthesis of starch remains elusive. In the present study, ZmES22, encoding a MADS-type transcription factor, was modestly characterized from maize inbred line B73. ZmES22 exhibited high expression level in endosperm at 10 days after pollination (DAP) and peaked in endosperm at 20 DAP, indicating that ZmES22 was preferentially expressed in maize endosperm during active starch synthesis. Transient expression of ZmES22 in tobacco leaf revealed that ZmES22 protein located in nucleus. No transactivation activity could be detected for ZmES22 protein via yeast one-hybrid assay. Transformation of overexpressing plasmid 35S::ZmES22 into rice remarkedly reduced 1000-grain weight as well as the total starch content, while the soluble sugar was significantly higher in transgenic rice lines. Moreover, overexpressing ZmES22 reduced fractions of long branched starch. Scanning electron microscopy images of transverse sections of rice grains revealed that altered expression of ZmES22 also changed the morphology of starch granule from densely packed, polyhedral starch granules into loosely packed, spherical granules with larger spaces. Furthermore, RNA-seq results indicated that overexpressing ZmES22 could significantly influence mRNA expression levels of numerous key regulatory genes in starch synthesis pathway. Y1H assay illustrated that ZmES22 protein could bind to the promoter region of OsGIF1 and downregulate its mRNA expression during rice grain filling stages. These findings suggest that ZmES22 was a novel regulator during starch synthesis process in rice endosperm.
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Dermendjiev, Georgi, Madeleine Schnurer, Jakob Weiszmann, Sarah Wilfinger, Emanuel Ott, Claudia Gebert, Wolfram Weckwerth, and Verena Ibl. "Tissue-Specific Proteome and Subcellular Microscopic Analyses Reveal the Effect of High Salt Concentration on Actin Cytoskeleton and Vacuolization in Aleurone Cells during Early Germination of Barley." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 9642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179642.
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Cereal grain germination provides the basis for crop production and requires a tissue-specific interplay between the embryo and endosperm during heterotrophic germination involving signalling, protein secretion, and nutrient uptake until autotrophic growth is possible. High salt concentrations in soil are one of the most severe constraints limiting the germination of crop plants, affecting the metabolism and redox status within the tissues of germinating seed. However, little is known about the effect of salt on seed storage protein mobilization, the endomembrane system, and protein trafficking within and between these tissues. Here, we used mass spectrometry analyses to investigate the protein dynamics of the embryo and endosperm of barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) at five different early points during germination (0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after imbibition) in germinated grains subjected to salt stress. The expression of proteins in the embryo as well as in the endosperm was temporally regulated. Seed storage proteins (SSPs), peptidases, and starch-digesting enzymes were affected by salt. Additionally, microscopic analyses revealed an altered assembly of actin bundles and morphology of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in the aleurone layer. Our results suggest that besides the salt-induced protein expression, intracellular trafficking and actin cytoskeleton assembly are responsible for germination delay under salt stress conditions.
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Chen, Tingqiao, Mengyu Xie, Yumeng Jiang, and Tao Yuan. "Abortion occurs during double fertilization and ovule development in Paeonia ludlowii." Journal of Plant Research 135, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-021-01366-5.
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AbstractPaeonia ludlowii (Stern & Taylor) D.Y.Hong, an endangered species, is indigenous to Tibet, China and propagated only by seed under natural conditions. Its natural reproduction is constrained by low fecundity. Excess seed abortion is a key factor restricting its natural reproduction, cultivation, introduction, and protection. Understanding the specific origin and occurrence of aborted ovules is important for the protection of offspring. Using serial sectioning analysis, we studied the process of pollination and fertilization of P. ludlowii and examined the characteristics of aborted ovules, developmental differences after flowering of normal and aborted ovules, and their ratios at different positions in P. ludlowii ovaries. During pollination, fertilization, and seed development, ovule abortion was frequent, with a random abortion position. There were three types of abortion, namely, abnormal pistil, sterile ovules, and embryo and endosperm abortions. Of these, embryo and endosperm abortions could be divided into early abortion and middle abortion. The early aborted ovules stopped growing on day 12, the endoblast and endosperm in the embryo sac aborted gradually. Furthermore, the shape of the embryo sac cavity changed. The volume of aborted ovules was significantly different from that of fertile ovules. At ripening, the external morphology of different types of aborted seeds was significantly different. The possible reasons for the abortion of the ovules are also discussed.
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Baskin, Carol C., and Jerry M. Baskin. "A revision of Martin's seed classification system, with particular reference to his dwarf-seed type." Seed Science Research 17, no. 1 (March 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258507383189.
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AbstractMartin's (1946) seed classification system has 10 types based on embryo and endosperm characteristics and two additional types based on seed size: dwarf (0.3–2.0 mm) and micro ( ≤ 0.2 mm). He listed 17 families and 12 genera (in five other families) as having dwarf seeds. Our recent discovery of morphophysiological dormancy in dwarf seeds of several taxa ofCampanulaceaeand one ofGentianaceaeprompted an evaluation of dwarf seeds. Martin's paper contains 37 families with one to several small (0.3–2.0 mm) seeded species that he did not list as being dwarf. Comparison of Martin's dwarf families and the 37 small-seeded non-dwarf families revealed no consistent differences between the two groups in endosperm texture, seed-coat anatomy, embryo morphology, class of seed dormancy or phylogenetic position. Also, Martin's dwarf seeds include a variety of embryo morphologies. Consequently, we have revised Martin's key to seed types. The dwarf category has been removed and the micro category replaced by ‘undifferentiated’ to reflect the state of the embryo in fresh seeds. Further, the key now includes linear fully developed, linear underdeveloped, spatulate fully developed and spatulate underdeveloped seed types, which Martin illustrated but did not include in his key. In the revised key, all seeds are distinguished on the basis of embryo and endosperm characteristics.
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Chia, Tansy, Marcella Chirico, Rob King, Ricardo Ramirez-Gonzalez, Benedetta Saccomanno, David Seung, James Simmonds, et al. "A carbohydrate-binding protein, B-GRANULE CONTENT 1, influences starch granule size distribution in a dose-dependent manner in polyploid wheat." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 1 (October 21, 2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz405.
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Abstract In Triticeae endosperm (e.g. wheat and barley), starch granules have a bimodal size distribution (with A- and B-type granules) whereas in other grasses the endosperm contains starch granules with a unimodal size distribution. Here, we identify the gene, BGC1 (B-GRANULE CONTENT 1), responsible for B-type starch granule content in Aegilops and wheat. Orthologues of this gene are known to influence starch synthesis in diploids such as rice, Arabidopsis, and barley. However, using polyploid Triticeae species, we uncovered a more complex biological role for BGC1 in starch granule initiation: BGC1 represses the initiation of A-granules in early grain development but promotes the initiation of B-granules in mid grain development. We provide evidence that the influence of BGC1 on starch synthesis is dose dependent and show that three very different starch phenotypes are conditioned by the gene dose of BGC1 in polyploid wheat: normal bimodal starch granule morphology; A-granules with few or no B-granules; or polymorphous starch with few normal A- or B-granules. We conclude from this work that BGC1 participates in controlling B-type starch granule initiation in Triticeae endosperm and that its precise effect on granule size and number varies with gene dose and stage of development.
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Commuri, P. D., and R. J. Jones. "Characterization of the effect of heat stress on maternal and embryonic tissues of maize (Zea mays L.) kernels using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (August 11, 1996): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100162909.
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Heat stress during the early formative stages of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development is detrimental to subsequent growth and grain yield. During this period, even a brief exposure to temperature above the optimum (25°C) can result in significant yield losses. The mechanisms involved in this response are not well understood, but appear to be associated with a thermally induced shift in hormone balance (cytokinin/ABA), which results in a reduction in kernel sink capacity (i.e. number of endosperm cells and starch granules formed) and the disruption of sugar metabolism and starch biosynthesis. However, the effect of heat stress on the morphology and ultra-structure of kernel component tissues (pedicel, pericarp, endosperm, and embryo) has not been studied. Therefore, the objective of our current study was to characterize heat stress induced changes in the pericarp (maternal) and the embryo (embryonic) tissues using SEM.
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D A Kamaruzzaman, N., A. Saleh, F. Pardi, N. Ahmat, and N. J Sidik. "Effect of Different basal Media on Callus Growth and Morphology of Barringtonia Racemosa L Endosperms Explant." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.14 (December 24, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27480.
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Barringtonia racemosa L. has many medicinal properties especially the fruit and leaf parts. The fruits are used to relief pain and inflammation, the leaves were proved to control high blood pressure whereas the roots barks are effective to treat chicken pox. Due to its medicinal importance for human health, it is essential to conserve this plant. A comparative study of different types of media was performed to study its effect on callus growth of endosperm explant from B. racemosa. Types of basal media studied including Murashige and Skoog (MS), Lloyd and McCown Woody Plant (WPM) and Gamborg (B5). The endosperm explant of B. racemosa were cultured on different basal MS, WPM and B5 media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L kinetin. The observation of callus growth and morphological characteristics of callus were done on weekly basis within 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of incubation period, the maximum fresh weight (0.300 ± 0.027g) and dry weight (0.025 ± 0.003g) were recorded from the explants cultured on MS medium followed by WPM and B5 media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L kinetin. The textures of callus produced from MS were nodular in shape and creamy colour. In conclusion, all the media studied had successfully induced the callus growth of B. racemosa with the present of 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L kinetin.
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Prado, Jenny Paola Corredor, Eder Carlos Schmidt, Douglas André Steinmacher, Miguel Pedro Guerra, Zenilda Laurita Bouzon, Lírio Luiz Dal Vesco, and Rosete Pescador. "Seed morphology of Vriesea friburgensis var. paludosa L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae)." Hoehnea 41, no. 4 (December 2014): 553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-08/2013.
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The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is a biodiversity hotspot, and bromeliads are omnipresent in this biome. This study was aimed at characterizing both morphological and histochemical aspects of Vriesea friburgensis var. paludosa L.B. Sm. seeds. The seeds are filiform with a brown seed coat and yellowish-colored plumose appendages. Seeds are typically 4.4 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, and 1000 seeds weigh 683.8 mg. The seed coat presents phenolic compounds. Starch represents the main reserve compound in the endosperm; however, it is also present in smaller amounts in the embryo. The embryo occupies one-third of the seed and has a zone of constriction in the hypocotyl-radicle axis. The results of this work will contribute to the overall biology of V. friburgensis var. paludosa , as well as its taxonomic delimitation.
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Souza, Luiz Antonio de, Maisa C. Iwazaki, and Ismar S. Moscheta. "Morphology of the pericarp and seed of Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 3 (May 2005): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000300012.
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The morphology and anatomy of the fruit and seed of Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae), a species typical of the Atlantic rainforest, is presented and discussed. The fruit was a loculicidal capsule, dehiscing through two slits, liberating a seminiferous column. The dehiscence process of the fruit involved separation tissue and two crossed sclerenchymatous mesocarpic layers (middle and subepidermic). The seed originated from an anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate ovule. It was exotestal and presented polyembriony. The endothelium and endosperm were conserved in the mature seed and protected the embryo. Adventive embryos were made up of hypostase cells.
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Shi, Huan, Yun Zhu, Peng Yun, Guangming Lou, Lu Wang, Yipei Wang, Guanjun Gao, Qinglu Zhang, Xianghua Li, and Yuqing He. "Fine Mapping of qWCR4, a Rice Chalkiness QTL Affecting Yield and Quality." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030706.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) chalkiness greatly reduces the rice quality and the commercial value. In this study, qWCR4, a previously reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) of white-core rate (WCR), was confirmed by a BC5F2 segregation population and further fine mapped to a 35.26 kb region. In the qWCR4 region, LOC_Os04g50060 and LOC_Os04g50070 showed significant differences in expression level in endosperm between two NILs, whereas four other genes had no expression. Starch granules in the central endosperm of chalky grains from NIL(J23B) with higher WCR exhibited a typically round and loosely packed morphology. NIL(J23B) with higher WCR accompanied a higher seed filling speed. Moreover, qWCR4J23B (qWCR4 allele in J23B) increased WCR, grain numbers per plant, seed setting rate, grain width, and thousand-grain weight, contributing to a superior yield per plant. All in all, our research results not only lay a foundation for map-based cloning of qWCR4 but also provide new genetic resources for rice yield and quality breeding.
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Chilpa-Galván, Nahlleli, Judith Márquez-Guzmán, Gerhard Zotz, Ileana Echevarría-Machado, José Luis Andrade, Celene Espadas-Manrique, and Casandra Reyes-García. "Seed traits favouring dispersal and establishment of six epiphyticTillandsia(Bromeliaceae) species." Seed Science Research 28, no. 4 (July 17, 2018): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258518000247.
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AbstractThere are a number of studies describing the gross range of morpho-anatomical variability in epiphyticTillandsiaspecies, but the interspecific variation in seed traits remain largely unexplored, although these play an important role in determining dispersal and establishment success. In order to evaluate interspecific variation in seed morphology, anatomy and germination, we sampled sixTillandsiaspecies from the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico, distributed along a precipitation gradient. We studied morpho-anatomical traits (seed length, seed mass, ratio of coma to seed, ratio of embryo to endosperm), seed terminal velocity in still air, and performed histochemical analyses and germination trials under controlled conditions.Tillandsia recurvatadiffers from the other five species in the structure of the plumose coma; it was the only species lacking an endosperm and showed distinct seedling development. Among the species, bigger seeds were related to longer comas, and had higher germinability. Overall, seed terminal velocity was invariably slow, compared with reports of other anemochorous species, suggesting a high dispersal potential. Taxonomical and ecological implications of our results are discussed.
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Zang, Jie, Yanqing Huo, Jie Liu, Huairen Zhang, Juan Liu, and Huabang Chen. "Maize YSL2 is required for iron distribution and development in kernels." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 19 (July 28, 2020): 5896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa332.
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Abstract Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient and plays an irreplaceable role in plant growth and development. Although its uptake and translocation are important biological processes, little is known about the molecular mechanism of Fe translocation within seed. Here, we characterized a novel small kernel mutant yellow stripe like 2 (ysl2) in maize (Zea mays). ZmYSL2 was predominantly expressed in developing endosperm and was found to encode a plasma membrane-localized metal–nicotianamine (NA) transporter ZmYSL2. Analysis of transporter activity revealed ZmYSL2-mediated Fe transport from endosperm to embryo during kernel development. Dysfunction of ZmYSL2 resulted in the imbalance of Fe homeostasis and abnormality of protein accumulation and starch deposition in the kernel. Significant changes of nitric oxide accumulation, mitochondrial Fe–S cluster content, and mitochondrial morphology indicated that the proper function of mitochondria was also affected in ysl2. Collectively, our study demonstrated that ZmYSL2 had a pivotal role in mediating Fe distribution within the kernel and kernel development in maize.
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Peng, Bo, Yan Liu, and Shuang Tu, et. al. "OsAAP3 Gene Mutation Promotes the Chalkiness Character in Rice." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 84 (December 19, 2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.84.46.53.
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Rice chalkiness is one of the most important appearance quality traits and has a great impact on its processing quality, nutritional quality, cooking, and eating quality traits. It has important theoretical significance and application value to clarify the genetic mechanism of rice chalkiness. To reveal the relationship between chalkiness of OsAAP3 mutant rice and the shape, structure and arrangement of endosperm cells and starch grains, which will lay a foundation for further research on the formation mechanism of chalkiness character of rice and the cultivation of new high-quality rice varieties. The results showed that the chalkiness, chalkiness rate, and chalkiness area of OsAAP3 mutant rice significantly increased compared with the control ZH11, and there were significant variations in the arrangement, morphology, and cross-section starch grain distribution of the endosperm cells of the mutant rice: the white heart area of the mutant increased, and the white belly almost distributed in the edge of the whole rice cross-section. The chalky part and transparent part of the OsAAP3 mutant chalky rice also have obvious variations in the shape, structure, and arrangement of starch grains, but there is no significant difference between the transparent part of the mutant chalky rice and the starch grains of the non-chalky rice. The starch grains in the endosperm center of the OsAAP3 mutant of rice are well developed, but the starch grains in the abdomen and back are loosely arranged, and the starch grains are poorly developed. Therefore, the chalkiness character of OsAAP3 mutant rice increased significantly. The chalkiness character of its mutant mainly occurred in the abdomen, and the rest occurred in the center of the endosperm of rice. Moreover, the arrangement of starch grains in OsAAP3 mutant rice was loose, the grain shape was mostly irregular polyhedrons, and the starch development was poor.
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Chen, Xinyu, Yu Zhu, Yuan Ding, Rumo Pan, Wenyuan Shen, Xurun Yu, and Fei Xiong. "The relationship between characteristics of root morphology and grain filling in wheat under drought stress." PeerJ 9 (August 19, 2021): e12015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12015.
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Drought is a common yield limiting factor in wheat production and has become a significant threat to global food security. Root system is the organ responsible for water uptake from soil and root growth is closely associated with yield and quality of wheat. However, the relationship between morphological and structural characteristics of root growth and caryopsis enrichment in wheat under drought stress is unclear. In this study, two wheat cultivars (YM13 and YN19) were treated with drought from flowering to caryopsis maturity stage. The changes in morphological structure of roots and characteristics of endosperm enrichment were investigated. Drought stress significantly reduced the root length, plant height, root dry weight and aboveground parts dry weight, whereas the root-shoot ratio of YM13 and YN19 increased by 17.65% and 8.33% under drought stress, respectively. The spike length, spike weight, grains number per spike and 1,000-grains weight of mature wheat also significantly declined under drought stress. Meanwhile, the cross section structure of roots was changed with the enlargement of vascular cylinder and dense distribution of xylem vessels under drought stress. Additionally, drought stress affected the substance enrichment in wheat caryopses, decreasing starch accumulation and increasing protein accumulation of endosperm. Correlation analysis suggested that the root length was closely correlated with the relative areas of amyloplast (0.51) and protein body (0.70), and drought stress increased the correlation coefficient (0.79 and 0.78, respectively). While the root dry weight had a significantly positive correlation with the plant height and aboveground parts dry weight. The results can provide theoretical basis for root architecture optimization, water-saving and high-yield cultivation and quality improvement in wheat.
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Wang, Juan, Zichun Chen, Pan Hu, Lingxiao Zhao, Lingshang Lin, and Cunxu Wei. "Seed Plumpness of Rice with Inhibition Expression of Starch Branching Enzymes and Starch Properties, Grain Position on Panicle." Agronomy 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2018): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110252.
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Cereal crops with inhibition expression of starch branching enzyme (SBE) contain highly resistant starch in the endosperm, and have potential health benefits for human. However, seed plumpness is significantly different, with different inhibition effects of SBE expression, resulting in differently shrunken seeds. In this study, a transgenic resistant starch rice line, which has highly resistant starch and is developed through inhibition expression of SBEs, had non-, slightly, and moderately shrunken seeds with plumpness from high to low. The differently shrunken seeds had significantly different seed weight and starch content. Different morphological starch granules were detected in the endosperm and had similar spatial distribution pattern among the non-, slightly, and moderately shrunken seeds. Starches from differently shrunken seeds had similar amylose content and amylopectin structure. The protein amount of amylose/amylopectin synthesis key enzymes in endosperm was no different between differently shrunken seeds. The primary branch of the panicle had a higher percentage of non-shrunken seeds than did the secondary branch at the same part of the panicle. From the upper part to the base of the panicle, non-shrunken seeds gradually decreased but slightly and moderately shrunken seeds gradually increased. The above results indicated that the differently shrunken seeds in transgenic rice line had the same SBE dosage, and the starch morphology and structure had no relationship with seed plumpness. The grain position on the panicle influenced seed plumpness, but had no effect on starch properties.
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Kasem, S., D. L. E. Waters, N. F. Rice, F. M. Shapter, and R. J. Henry. "The Endosperm Morphology of Rice and its Wild Relatives as Observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy." Rice 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9060-4.
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Sun, Mingzhe, Yumeng Li, Tianxin Wang, Yanwei Sun, Xiyuan Xu, and Zesheng Zhang. "Isolation, fine structure and morphology studies of galactomannan from endosperm of Gleditsia japonica var. delavayi." Carbohydrate Polymers 184 (March 2018): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.003.
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Bredenkamp, C. L., and A. E. Van Wyk. "Taxonomic significance of inflorescences, floral morphology and anatomy in Passerina (Thymelaeaceae)." Bothalia 31, no. 2 (September 17, 2001): 213–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v31i2.528.
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Comparative studies were undertaken on the inflorescence, bracts and floral morphology of all taxa of the genus Passerina L. in southern Africa. Information is given in tabular form and a key based on bract morphology is presented.Floral morphology supported the status of the intrageneric taxa and also proved to be of taxonomic significance in the genus. Controversy surrounding the interpretation of a number of floral morphological structures in Passerina has been resolved. Morphological and anatomical evidence allowed a re-interpretation of the structure of the receptacle, hypanthium and sepals, ovary type and position, structure of the seed coat, ovule type and position, obturator, fruit and seed. On this basis an authentic generic description of the floral morphology was compiled. Passerina is distinguished by the following set of characters, a very short floral receptacle, tubular hypanthium, petaloid calyx, absence of petals and petaloid scales, diplostemonous dimorphic androecium, extrorse anthers, superior ovary, anatropous, ventrally epitropous ovule, an obturator of elongated cells, a I-seeded berry or an achene and tegmic seed with nuclear endosperm becoming cellular throughout.On this basis the flower in Passerina is considered a phylogenetically advanced structure, supporting the view that the genus is advanced within the Thymelaeoideae. The proposed taxonomic relationship between Thymelaeaceae and Malvales is confirmed by floral morphological evidence. Comparative studies were undertaken on the inflorescence, bracts and floral morphology of all taxa of the genus Passerina L. in southern Africa. Information is given in tabular form and a key based on bract morphology is presented.Floral morphology supported the status of the intrageneric taxa and also proved to be of taxonomic significance in the genus. Controversy surrounding the interpretation of a number of floral morphological structures in Passerina has been resolved. Morphological and anatomical evidence allowed a re-interpretation of the structure of the receptacle, hypanthium and sepals, ovary type and position, structure of the seed coat, ovule type and position, obturator, fruit and seed. On this basis an authentic generic description of the floral morphology was compiled. Passerina is distinguished by the following set of characters, a very short floral receptacle, tubular hypanthium, petaloid calyx, absence of petals and petaloid scales, diplostemonous dimorphic androecium, extrorse anthers, superior ovary, anatropous, ventrally epitropous ovule, an obturator of elongated cells, a I-seeded berry or an achene and tegmic seed with nuclear endosperm becoming cellular throughout.On this basis the flower in Passerina is considered a phylogenetically advanced structure, supporting the view that the genus is advanced within the Thymelaeoideae. The proposed taxonomic relationship between Thymelaeaceae and Malvales is confirmed by floral morphological evidence.
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Geist, Katherine S., Joan E. Strassmann, and David C. Queller. "Family quarrels in seeds and rapid adaptive evolution in Arabidopsis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 19 (April 25, 2019): 9463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817733116.
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Evolutionary conflict can drive rapid adaptive evolution, sometimes called an arms race, because each party needs to respond continually to the adaptations of the other. Evidence for such arms races can sometimes be seen in morphology, in behavior, or in the genes underlying sexual interactions of host−pathogen interactions, but is rarely predicted a priori. Kin selection theory predicts that conflicts of interest should usually be reduced but not eliminated among genetic relatives, but there is little evidence as to whether conflict within families can drive rapid adaptation. Here we test multiple predictions about how conflict over the amount of resources an offspring receives from its parent would drive rapid molecular evolution in seed tissues of the flowering plant Arabidopsis. As predicted, there is more adaptive evolution in genes expressed in Arabidopsis seeds than in other specialized organs, more in endosperms and maternal tissues than in embryos, and more in the specific subtissues involved in nutrient transfer. In the absence of credible alternative hypotheses, these results suggest that kin selection and conflict are important in plants, that the conflict includes not just the mother and offspring but also the triploid endosperm, and that, despite the conflict-reducing role of kinship, family members can engage in slow but steady tortoise-like arms races.
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Tashiro, T., and IF Wardlaw. "The effect of high temperature on kernel dimensions and the type and occurrence of kernel damage in rice." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 3 (1991): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910485.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Calrose) growing at 27/22�C was either transferred to day/night temperatures ranging from 24/19 to 39/34�C 7days after heading and held at these temperatures until maturity, or transferred to a temperature of 36/31�C for 8 day periods at regular intervals commencing from heading. Kernel dimensions were measured directly and the types of kernel damage at maturity were characterized by direct viewing under the light microscope of intact and sectioned kernels, or by scanning electron microscopy of the exposed surface of kernels cut transversely with a razor blade. Kernel thickness was reduced most by high temperature treatments commencing 12 days after heading, but other kernel dimensions (length and width) were most sensitive to high temperature earlier in development. Sterility and pathenocarpy were most evident when temperature treatments commenced at heading (approximately 2 days before anthesis) and were greatest at the highest temperature (39/34�C). Abortive and opaque kernels were most evident when the high temperature commenced 4 days after heading and were also most numerous at the highest temperature tested. From observations on the morphology of the kernels it appears that temperatures above 27/22�C can interfere with the early stages of cell division and development in the endosperm. Chalky endosperm tissue occurred in several forms depending on both the temperature level and the timing of the temperature treatment. White-core kernels were only evident at a temperature of 27/22�C. White-back kernels were most numerous at 36/31�C and when the high temperature treatment commenced 16 days after heading. Milky-white kernels were found in all but the lowest temperature treatment (24/19�C), with a peak at 36/31�C and this type of damage was most evident when the high temperature treatment commenced 12 days after heading. Differences in endosperm cellular morphology were observed between the different types of damage, and in accord with other published data the chalky appearance was associated with the development of numerous air spaces between loosely packed starch granules and a change in light refraction.
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Kramina, Tatyana E., and Svetlana V. Polevova. "Taxonomic and ecological significance of seed morphology and ultrastructure in species of Lotus formerly classified in Dorycnium (Leguminosae – Loteae)." Turczaninowia 25, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.25.1.17.
Full textAbstract:
Seed morphology and ultrastructure of Lotus species from sections Dorycnium (L. dorycnium and L. graecus), Bonjeanea (L. rectus, L. hirsutusand L. strictus) and Lotus (L. corniculatus) have been studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. The seeds of studied species have a conservative structure typical for most Papilionoideae. Seed size, shape and color only partially allow distinguishing species in the studied group. The most morphologically distinguishable seeds are those of members of the polyphyletic section Bonjeanea, with L. rectus having the smallest and L. strictus the largest seeds. Seed size ranges in the species of the section Dorycnium overlap both between the members of the section and with seeds of L. hirsutus (section Bonjeanea). Seed surface ultrastructure around the hilum is very stable among studied species, whereas that on the lateral seed side is more variable. The types of surface sculpture on the lateral seed side do not strongly correlate with taxonomic position of species, but some correlations with eco-geographical patterns can be traced. The type of seed surface micromorphology with inconspicuous primary sculpture and thick secondary cuticular deposits was revealed in taxa, which distribution is connected with the Mediterranean region (L. hirsutus, L. dorycnium subsp. gracilis and partially L. rectus). Foveolate-papillose primary sculpture with thin secondary cuticular deposits is typical for species occurring in milder climate (L. corniculatus, L. strictus, L. graecus). Studied species can be subdivided into two groups by endosperm thickness. We believe that thin endosperm revealed in L. strictus and L. corniculatus may be a trait connected with the acceleration of development when spreading from the Mediterranean to the temperate climatic zone.
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Sun, Chun-Qing, Zhi-Hu Ma, Guo-Sheng Sun, Zhong-Liang Dai, Nian-jun Teng, and Yue-Ping Pan. "Cellular Mechanisms of Reproductive Barriers in Some Crosses of Water Lily (Nymphaea spp.) Cultivars." HortScience 50, no. 1 (January 2015): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.1.30.
Full textAbstract:
Reproductive barriers exist in some water lily crosses that result in low seed set and low breeding efficiency. We investigated pollen morphology, pollen viability, microspore development, pistil receptivity, and embryo and endosperm development in six water lily crosses using paraffin section as well as light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results indicated that the percentage of pollen with normal morphology ranged from 8.9% to 55.2%. The pollen viabilities of ‘Fen Zhuang’, ‘Bai Lu’, and ‘Hong Ying’ were 33.9%, 3.3%, and 20.7%, respectively. Stigmatic pollen germination peaked at 12 h after pollination and varied from 0.3 to 65.7 grains per stigma among the crosses. The production of embryos with normal morphology ranged from 0% to 43.6% at 5 days after pollination, from 0% to 31.4% at 15 days after pollination, and from 0% to 19.7% by 20 days after pollination. The seed sets of the six crosses were from 0% to 10.9%. Our results suggest that the low seed set in some crosses is the result of low pollen viability, low pistil receptivity, and embryo abortion.
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Li, Fali, Xinyu Chen, Xurun Yu, Mingxin Chen, Wenyi Lu, Yunfei Wu, and Fei Xiong. "Novel insights into the effect of drought stress on the development of root and caryopsis in barley." PeerJ 8 (January 31, 2020): e8469. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8469.
Full textAbstract:
Drought is a common natural disaster in barley production, which restricts the growth and development of barley roots and caryopses seriously, thereby decreasing yield and debasing grain quality. However, mechanisms for how drought stress affects barley caryopses and roots development under drought stress are unclear. In this paper, Suluomai1 was treated with drought from flowering to caryopses mature stage. The morphological and structural changes in roots growth and caryopses development of barley were investigated. Drought stress increased root/shoot ratio and eventually led to the 20.16% reduction of ear weight and 7.75% reduction of 1,000-grain weight by affecting the biomass accumulation of roots and caryopses. The barley roots under drought had more lateral roots while the vessel number and volume of roots decreased. Meanwhile, drought stress accelerated the maturation of caryopses, resulting in a decrease in the accumulation of starch but a significant increase of protein accumulation in barley endosperm. There was a significantly positive correlation (0.76) between the area of root vessel and the relative area of protein in endosperm cells under normal condition and drought increased the correlation coefficient (0.81). Transcriptome analysis indicated that drought induced differential expressions of genes in caryopses were mainly involved in encoding storage proteins and protein synthesis pathways. In general, drought caused changes in the morphology and structure of barley roots, and the roots conveyed stress signals to caryopses, inducing differential expression of genes related to protein biosynthesis, ultimately leading to the increase in the accumulation of endosperm protein. The results not only deepen the study on drought mechanism of barley, but also provide theoretical basis for molecular breeding, high-yield cultivation and quality improvement in barley.
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Hejnowicz, Zygmunt, and Wiesław Włoch. "Growth and development of shoot apex in barley I. Morphology and histology of shoot apex in vegetative phase." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 49, no. 1-2 (2014): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1980.002.
Full textAbstract:
The vegetative phase of development of the main shoot apex lasts over 5 plastochrons after germination. The endosperm has a sufficient store of nutrition for this period. At the beginning of this phase the apex has a one-layer tunica. The cells of the latter divide above the level of bulge formation for leaf primordia, exclusively anticlinally, although somewhat lower within the leaf bulge periclinal divisions may occur. The cells immediately under the first tunica layer in the apical part grow tangentially to the surface. These cells divide only anticlinally forming gradually the second tunica layer. In the course of the entire phase the shape of the meristeanatic caulis from the tip to the 4th frustum remains unchanged.
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Clarke, Kerri, and Nallamilli Prakash. "Floral morphology and embryology of two Australian species of Citrus (Rutaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 2 (2001): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99054.
Full textAbstract:
The floral morphology and embryology of two species of Australian Citrus L. occurring in the most southerly range of the genus, C. australasica F.Muell. and C. australis (Mudie) Planchon, have been studied. Cytokinesis in the microsporocytes was simultaneous resulting in tetrahedral tetrads. Tapetal cells were bi- to multinucleate and unevenly one- or two-layered. Microspore development was frequently asynchronous. Anther wall consisted of a layer of endothecium, three to five middle layers and one or two layers of Secretory tapetum. The ovules were anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Although multiple sporogenous cells that grew into multiple megasporocytes were common, occurrence of twin or multiple gametophytes was rare. Development of the female gametophyte was of the Polygonum type, with antipodal cells frequently persisting until after fertilisation. Endosperm was of the Nuclear type while embryogeny was of the Onagrad type. Both integuments contributed to the seed coat. Cells of the outer layer of the testa developed fibrous thickenings and secreted mucilage. Seeds were monoembryonate and seed germination was hypogeal. The recent move incorporating Australian native citrus species in to the genus Citrus was supported on the grounds of close embryological similarities.
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Quinn, James, James E. Simon, and Jules Janick. "Histology of Zygotic and Somatic Embryogenesis in Borage." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 3 (May 1989): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.3.516.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Embryo sac formation in borage (Borago officinalis L.) was of monosporic, Polygonum type. Zygotic embryogenesis resembled the Piperad type (Myosotis Variation) without a suspensor after the four-cell stage with free nuclear endosperm. Cotyledons were initiated 4 days after pollination (DAP) and grew rapidly until 12 to 14 DAP, with seed maturity at 18 DAP. There were two patterns of in vitro somatic embryo development from embryogenic callus: 1) from single cells, which proceeded through typical zygotic embryo stages; or 2) from groups of cells that developed as a meristem. The advanced stages of somatic embryogenesis were characterized by abnormal cotyledon and hypocotyl morphology and incomplete apical development.