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Journal articles on the topic 'Endothermic reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

CONROY, DEVIN T., and STEFAN G. LLEWELLYN SMITH. "Endothermic and exothermic chemically reacting plumes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 612 (October 10, 2008): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112008002917.

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We develop a model for a turbulent plume in an unbounded ambient that takes into account a general exothermic or endothermic chemical reaction. These reactions can have an important effect on the plume dynamics since the entrainment rate, which scales with the vertical velocity, will be a function of the heat release or absorption. Specifically, we examine a second-order non-reversible reaction, where one species is present in the plume from a pure source and the other is in the environment. For uniform ambient density and species fields the reaction has an important effect on the deviation fr

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2

Zhou, Guang Fen, Jie Ren, and Shao Wen Zhang. "Initial Surface Reactions Mechanisms of Atomic Layer Deposition TiO₂Using Ti(OCH₃)₄ and H₂O as Precursors." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.832.

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The initial surface reaction mechanisms of atomic layer depositionTiO2using Ti (OCH3)4and H2O as the precursors are investigated by density functional theory. The ALD process is divided into two half-reactions, i.e., Ti (OCH3)4and H2O half-reactions. The adsorption of Ti (OCH3)4on OH/Si (100)2×1 surface is exothermic. However, the overall reaction of Ti (OCH3)4is endothermic. In addition, H2O half-reactions are endothermic and thermodynamically unfavorable.

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3

Wu, Jun-Lin, Zhi-Hui Li, Ao-Ping Peng, Xing-Cai Pi, and Xin-Yu Jiang. "Utility computable modeling of a Boltzmann model equation for bimolecular chemical reactions and numerical application." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (2022): 046111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0088440.

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A Boltzmann model equation (kinetic model) involving the chemical reaction of a multicomponent gaseous mixture is derived based on Groppi's work [“A Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook-type approach for chemically reacting gas mixtures,” Phys. Fluids 16, 4273 (2004)], in which the relaxation parameters of elastic collision frequency for rigid elastic spheres are obtained based on the collision term, and the pivotal collision frequency of the chemical reaction is deduced from the chemical reaction rate that is determined by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. This kinetic model is shown to be co

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4

Desh, Deepak, and Jeenu R. "Endothermic fuels for supersonic ramjet." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 80, May 2003 (2003): 535–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839528.

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Fluid Mechanics & Internal Ballistics Division, Propulsion Group, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Trivandrum-695 022, India <em>E-mail</em> : ddeepak@vsnl.net     Fax: 91-471-562060 <em>Manuscript received 17 December 2002</em> Greater ease of use and higher density make hydrocarbon fuels an attractive option for hypersonic space transport vehicle. In addition to use of fuel for propulsive purpose, it is used for regenerative cooling of system structures. In order to achieve maximum heat sink, endothermic reactions of the hydrocarbon fuels must be employed to augme-nt fuel ent

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5

Sobel, D. R., and L. J. Spadaccini. "Hydrocarbon Fuel Cooling Technologies for Advanced Propulsion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 2 (1997): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815581.

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Storable hydrocarbon fuels that undergo endothermic reaction provide an attractive heat sink for future high-speed aircraft. An investigation was conducted to explore the endothermic potential of practical fuels, with inexpensive and readily available catalysts, under operating conditions simulative of high-speed flight applications. High heat sink capacities and desirable reaction products have been demonstrated for n-heptane and Norpar 12 fuels using zeolite catalysts in coated-tube reactor configurations. The effects of fuel composition and operating condition on extent of fuel conversion,

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6

Subbarao, Duvvuri, Reem Hassan Abd Elghafoor Hassan, and Marappagounder Ramasamy. "Heat Transfer with Chemical Reaction in Wall Heated Packed Bed Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.722.

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Information on wall heat transfer to packed bed reactors operating with exothermic or endothermic reactions is scarce. Overall wall heat transfer coefficients in a packed bed reactor in presence of an endothermic reaction are measured and observed to be smaller than the expected in the absence of reaction. This observation is in contrast with the reported observations with exothermic reactions in packed beds. A model equation based on energy balance is presented to explain the observations.

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7

Selim, Ezzat T. M., M. A. Rabbih та M. A. Fahmey. "Kinetic Energy Release and Position of the Transition State for С6Н7+ Ions Produced from Isomeric C7H8O Precursors". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 46, № 12 (1991): 1021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1991-1204.

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Abstract The energetic requirement and mechanisms for CHO' loss from the molecular ions of isomeric C7H8O precursors have been reported. The heat of formation of [C6H7]+ (protonated benzene) was determined and ε* evaluated. Measurement of the kinetic energy release TB gives the energy-partitioning quotients q= TB/εr* which range from 0.38 to 0.99. The energy available and TB are small for the strongly endothermic reaction of benzyl alcohol but increase sharply in the case of the weakly endothermic reaction of anisole. All reactions have "late" transition states, the position X0*of the transiti

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8

Stone, John Alfred, Xiaoping Li, and Patricia Anne Turner. "A high pressure mass spectrometric study of proton transfer between tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexamethylbenzene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 10 (1986): 2021–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v86-334.

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The proton affinities (PA) of some methylaromatic compounds and the rates of proton transfer reactions have been measured using high pressure mass spectrometry. The equilibria studied were of the form [Formula: see text]. Van't Hoff plots yielded the following PA values (kcal mol−1) relative to PA(ethylacetate) = 200.7 as standard: mesitylene 201.0, 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene 203.2, pentamethylbenzene 204.4, hexamethylbenzene 206.6. ΔS0 values for the proton transfer equilibria are not fully determined by changes in rotational symmetry numbers and it is suggested that vibrational and torsional

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9

Shen, Fan, Shao Long Huang, Zheng Sun, and Qing Jun Ding. "Research on Hardening Mechanism of Cement-Emulsified Asphalt-Epoxy Resin." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.434.

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This article researched the cementation and hardening mechanisms of cement asphalt emulsion and waterborne epoxy mortar by using the XRD, and heat of hydration testing methods. The results of this study show that the mixture of cement with epoxy and cement- asphalt-epoxy are endothermic reaction. There are occurring endothermic reactions between cement with epoxy. The waterborne epoxy resin and basic structure unit of ettringite [Ca3Al(OH)6•12H2O] were reacted and formed Ca-complex at earlier period of hydration.

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10

Watt, S. D., H. S. Sidhu, A. C. McIntosh, and J. Brindley. "Chaotic flow in competitive exothermic–endothermic reaction systems." Applied Mathematics Letters 115 (May 2021): 106960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aml.2020.106960.

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11

Simon, P. L. "Inhibition of flame propagation by an endothermic reaction." IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 68, no. 5 (2003): 537–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamat/68.5.537.

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12

Gubernov, V. V., A. V. Kolobov, A. A. Polezhaev, H. S. Sidhu, A. C. McIntosh, and J. Brindley. "Stabilization of combustion wave through the competitive endothermic reaction." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 471, no. 2180 (2015): 20150293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0293.

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In this paper, we numerically investigate the stability of propagating combustion waves in the competitive exothermic–endothermic reaction model. The analysis is based on the Evans function method and direct numerical integration of the governing partial differential equations. The critical conditions for the onset of instability are found for a broad range of parameter values of the model. It is demonstrated that for the parameter values for which the combustion wave is unstable in the one-step reaction model, the inclusion of the endothermic step can lead to flame stabilization.

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13

Taskin, M. Ertan, Alexandre Troupel, Anthony G. Dixon, Michiel Nijemeisland, and E. Hugh Stitt. "Flow, Transport, and Reaction Interactions for Cylindrical Particles With Strongly Endothermic Reactions." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, no. 19 (2010): 9026–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie1003619.

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14

Li, Ming Chun, Yu Sheng Wu, and Ying Tao Song. "The Coupled Heat and Mass Transfers in the Endothermic Chemical Reaction Packed Beds." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.436.

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According to the assumption of local thermal non-equilibrium and the heat transfer controlled regime, a mathematical model describing the coupling between the heat and mass transfer processes in a porous packed bed with endothermic chemical reactions was established and solved by the alternate dimension implicit method. The calculated results showed that, the profiles of the temperature distributions of the two phases and the solid conversion ratio all decay near the radial boundary wall corresponding to the momentum boundary layer. However, the concentration of the product gas increases near

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15

Zhou, Guang Fen, Jie Ren, and Shao Wen Zhang. "Initial Surface Reactions Mechanisms of Atomic Layer Deposition TiO₂ on H/Si(100)-2×1 Surface." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1052–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1052.

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The initial surface reaction mechanisms of atomic layer deposition TiO2on H/Si (100 )-2×1 surface using Ti (OCH3)4and H2O as precursors are investigated by density functional theory. The ALD process is divided into two half-reactions, i.e., Ti (OCH3)4and H2O half-reactions. The adsorption energy of Ti (OCH3)4on H/Si (100)2×1 surface is only-2.4 kJ/mol. The overall reaction of Ti (OCH3)4is exothermic, which indicates that Ti (OCH3)4half-reactions are favorable on thermodynamic. Howerver, H2O half-reactions are endothermic and thermodynamically unfavorable.

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16

Avramenko, Andriy A., Igor V. Shevchuk, Margarita M. Kovetskaya, Yulia Y. Kovetska, Andrii I. Tyrinov, and Dmytro V. Anastasiev. "Normal Shock Waves in Chemically Reacting Flows with Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions Under High-Temperature Conditions." Aerospace 12, no. 2 (2025): 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020091.

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This article theoretically investigates the interaction of a normal shock wave in a flow with chemical reactions under high-temperature conditions. The main novelty of the work is that the thermal effect of chemical reactions is modeled as a function of the temperature. A modified Rankine–Hugoniot model for a shock wave in a flow with chemical reactions has been developed. It is shown that for an exothermic reaction the pressure jump increases with increasing Arrhenius numbers. This is due to the additional energy introduced into the flow as heat is released during the chemical reaction. For e

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17

Tamaura, Y. "Heat absorption process using endothermic reaction with metal oxide." Progress in Nuclear Energy 29 (January 1995): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0149-1970(95)00039-m.

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18

Naidenov, V. I. "Hydrodynamic mechanism of spontaneous retardation of an endothermic reaction." Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 26, no. 6 (1986): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00919524.

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19

Tinacci, Lorenzo, Simón Ferrada-Chamorro, Cecilia Ceccarelli, et al. "The GRETOBAPE Gas-phase Reaction Network: The Importance of Being Exothermic." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 266, no. 2 (2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/accae9.

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Abstract The gas-phase reaction networks are the backbone of astrochemical models. However, due to their complexity and nonlinear impact on the astrochemical modeling, they can be the first source of error in the simulations if incorrect reactions are present. Over time, following the increasing number of species detected, astrochemists have added new reactions, based on laboratory experiments and quantum mechanics (QM) computations, as well as reactions inferred by chemical intuition and the similarity principle. However, sometimes no verification of their feasibility in the interstellar cond

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20

Kim, Joongyeon, Sun Hee Park, Byung-Hee Chun, Byung Hun Jeong, Jeong Sik Han, and Sung Hyun Kim. "Improvement of the heats of reaction in endothermic reactions of methylcyclohexane with zeolites." Catalysis Today 185, no. 1 (2012): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2011.09.020.

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21

Fröck, Hannes, Christian Rowolt, Benjamin Milkereit, et al. "In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction of precipitation and dissolution reactions during heating of Al alloys." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 35 (2021): 19697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06548-z.

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AbstractDuring heating of Al alloys, typically a sequence of precipitation and dissolution reactions occurs and the single (partly opposing) reactions superimpose. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is one common technique to analyse the kinetic development of precipitation and dissolution in Al alloys, but the superposition of the exothermic precipitation and endothermic dissolution reactions complicates the DSC signal interpretation, as DSC measures the sum of any heat effect. Synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) allows the kinetic development of phase transformations to be

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22

Xie, Yao Zhong, De Jun Fei, and Ya Gu Dang. "Kinetic Study on the Transport of Chromium(III) by Emulsion Liquid Membrane." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2750.

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The interfacial reactions and thermodynamic properties of the emulsion liquid membrane on separation and concentration of chromium (III) were discussed. Interfacial chemical reaction equations of membrane phase with P204 and mass transfer mechanism of ELM system were determined. The extraction reaction enthalpy is 11.41 kJmol1, while stripping reaction enthalpy is-143.65 kJmol1, were obtained by investigating reaction temperature on the distribution ratio under two different conditions. So extraction is an endothermic process and stripping is an exothermic process. And the main driving force o

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23

Thierry-Jebali, Nicolas, Rodica Chiriac, and Christian Brylinski. "Evidence of Low Temperature Decomposition of GaN Hetero-Epitaxial Layers on C-Plane Sapphire Surface Characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 1185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.1185.

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This work reports on the characterization of the decomposition of GaN layers epitaxied on c-plane Sapphire substrate by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Many configurations have been characterized from two different GaN epilayer providers with a large range of doping concentrations from Non-intentionally Doped layers up to 2x1019cm-3. All intentionally doped layers exhibit an endothermic reaction starting at 200-300 °C while the NiD layer thermogram is the same as the blank experiment. XPS and SEM observations demonstrated that the endothermic reaction is related to the GaN decomposition thr

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24

Zhao, Zhanyong, Peikang Bai, Liang Li, et al. "The Reaction Thermodynamics during Plating Al on Graphene Process." Materials 12, no. 2 (2019): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020330.

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This research explored a novel chemical reduction of organic aluminum for plating Al on a graphene surface. The thermodynamics of the Al plating reaction process were studied. The Al plating process consisted of two stages: the first was to prepare (C2H5)3Al. In this reaction, the ΔH(enthalpy) was 10.64 kcal/mol, the ΔG(Gibbs free energy) was 19.87 kcal/mol and the ΔS(entropy) was 30.9 cal/(mol·K); this was an endothermic reaction. In the second stage, the (C2H5)3Al decomposed into Al atoms, which were gradually deposited on the surface of the graphene and the Al plating formed. At 298.15 K, t

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25

Chen, Junjie. "Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production in microchannel reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal Storage 1, no. 4 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/cejs.v1i4.6176.

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Many attempts have been made to improve heat transfer for thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactors. However, the mechanisms for the effects of design factors on heat transfer characteristics are still not fully understood. This study relates to a thermochemical process for producing hydrogen by the catalytic endothermic reaction of methanol with steam in a thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactor. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are conducted to better understand the consumption, generation, and exchange of thermal energy between endothermic and exothermic proce

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26

Chen, Junjie. "Methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production in microchannel reactors." Chemical Engineering Journal Storage 1, no. 4 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/cejs.v1i4.6176.

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Many attempts have been made to improve heat transfer for thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactors. However, the mechanisms for the effects of design factors on heat transfer characteristics are still not fully understood. This study relates to a thermochemical process for producing hydrogen by the catalytic endothermic reaction of methanol with steam in a thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactor. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are conducted to better understand the consumption, generation, and exchange of thermal energy between endothermic and exothermic proce

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27

Junjie, Chen. "Thermally integrated microchannel methanol steam reforming reactors for hydrogen production." Algerian Journal of Chemical Engineering 1, no. 1 (2022): 01–10. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6126563.

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Thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactors have attracted considerable interest for a wide variety of applications. However, the mechanisms for the effects of design factors on heat transfer characteristics are still not fully understood. The present study relates to a thermochemical process for producing hydrogen by the catalytic endothermic reaction of methanol with steam in a thermally integrated microchannel reforming reactor. Numerical simulations are conducted using computational fluid dynamics to understand the consumption, generation, and exchange of thermal energy between en

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28

Omran, Mamdouh, Timo Fabritius, Yaowei Yu, and Guo Chen. "Thermal and Mass Spectroscopic Analysis of BF and BOF Sludges: Study of Their Behavior under Air and Inert Atmosphere." Metals 10, no. 3 (2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030397.

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Differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetry (TG), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to study the thermal behavior of the blast furnace (BF) and basic oxygen furnace (BOF) sludges generated from the iron-making industry. The results indicated that under air atmosphere the two types of sludge are different in their thermal behavior. In BF sludge, the exothermic carbon gasification (CO/CO2) reaction dominated the process, while in BOF sludge, the significant reaction occurred at 755 °C and was associated with a slight mass gain owing to the partial oxidation of Fe3O4 to Fe2O3. Under

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29

Li, Wenzhi, Yichao Zhu, Zhiping He, Lihong Gao, and Zhuang Ma. "Effect of the Dynamic Porous Structure Generation in Laser Irradiated Multi-Functional Coatings." Materials 17, no. 18 (2024): 4493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184493.

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Focusing on solving the adverse laser-inducing damage problem, high-power laser-resistant strategies have attracted more attention. In order to improve the laser-resistant property, a novel dynamic porous structure generation idea for laser irradiation was presented in this study, both of high-reflection and reaction endothermic effects. A detailed investigation on phase structure change, optical properties variation, micro-structure evolution, and substrate temperature development during laser irradiation was performed. The initial reflectivity of two coatings at 1064 nm was high, around 80–9

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30

Quyen, Nguyen Duc Vu, Tran Ngoc Tuyen, Dinh Quang Khieu, Ho Van Minh Hai, Dang Xuan Tin, and Kiyoshi Itatani. "Oxidation of dibenzothiophene using the heterogeneous catalyst of tungsten-based carbon nanotubes." Green Processing and Synthesis 8, no. 1 (2019): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2017-0189.

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Abstract Highly effective tungsten-based carbon nanotubes (W/CNT) were synthesized and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) with the oxidant H2O2. The obtained materials were characterized by modern methods. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics model described the precursor mechanism of the reaction well through an intermediate compound. The low activation energy showed that the reaction was mainly controlled by diffusion. The positive activation enthalpy proved the endothermic nature of the activation process, and this process did not alter the inside stru

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31

Watt, Simon, Zhejun Huang, and Harvinder Sidhu. "Analysis of two-dimensional combustion waves arising in the presence of a competitive endothermic reaction." ANZIAM Journal 60 (July 15, 2019): C95—C108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v60i0.14065.

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We consider a system of reaction-diffusion equations describing combustion dynamics. The reaction is assumed to undergo two competitive reactions, one which is exothermic and one which is endothermic. The one-dimensional model has been shown to exhibit complex behaviour, from propagating combustion waves with a constant speed to period doubling cascades and the possibility of chaotic wave speeds. In this study, we extend the combustion model from one to two dimensions by exploring a model of an insulated strip with no heat loss and axially symmetric spread. In particular, we compare and contra

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32

Arsene, Ion, Eduard Coropceanu, and Viorica Purcel. "DFT study of condensation mechanisms of 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde with o-, m-, p-aminobenzoic acids." Acta et commentationes: Ştiinţe Exacte şi ale Naturii 13, no. 1 (2022): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36120/2587-3644.v13i1.122-132.

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It was theoretically studied the mechanism of the condensation reaction of 4-pyridinecarbo\-xaldehyde with o-, m- and p-aminobenzoic acids. Theoretical calculations represent a primary advantage in studying these reactions, along with the determination of a wide range of molecular properties. The studied reactions take place in two stages, each stage is accompanied by a transition state and for each stage it is calculated the activation energy. Thermodynamically speaking, all reactions are endothermic and the most convenient from an energetic point of view is the reaction for obtaining 4-(pyri

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33

Harutyunyan, Avetik R., Oleg A. Kuznetsov, Christopher J. Brooks, Elena Mora, and Gugang Chen. "Thermodynamics behind Carbon Nanotube Growth via Endothermic Catalytic Decomposition Reaction." ACS Nano 3, no. 2 (2009): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn8005569.

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34

Horák, Josef, and Zina Valášková. "Characteristics for evaluating the reactor regime with endothermic reversible reaction." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 4 (1987): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19870929.

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Criteria are proposed in the paper for evaluating the reactor regime (with endothermic reversible reaction, heated by radiation of combustion products) from thermodynamic and kinetic points of view. The limiting reactor regimes in which the controlling process is the process kinetics or the heat transfer are defined. The effect of the catalyst activity on the reactor output and the surface temperature of the reaction tube and the effect of heat input power of the reactor radiation section on the conversion and the surface temperature of the tube are discussed. The results are verified on a sim

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35

Cao, Jianwei, Yanan Wu, Haitao Ma, Zhitao Shen, and Wensheng Bian. "Dynamics and kinetics of the Si(1D) + H2/D2 reactions on a new global ab initio potential energy surface." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 10 (2021): 6141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp05540a.

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36

Forbes, Lawrence K. "Thermal solitons: travelling waves in combustion." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2150 (2013): 20120587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0587.

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A competitive reaction system is considered, under which some chemical reagent decays by means of two simultaneous chemical reactions to form two separate inert products. One reaction is exothermic, and the other is endothermic. The governing equations for the model are presented, and a weakly nonlinear theory is then generated using the method of strained coordinates. Travelling-wave solutions are possible in the model, and the temperature is found to have a classical sech-squared profile. The stability of these moderate-amplitude temperature solitons is confirmed both analytically and numeri

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37

Thirabunjongcharoen, Sasinun, and Pattaraporn Kim-Lohsoontorn. "Effect of impurity on thermally self-sustained double reactor coupling hydrogen production from glycerol reforming and methanol production from carbon dioxide and hydrogen." E3S Web of Conferences 155 (2020): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015501004.

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Thermally self-sustained double reactor (TSSDR) operating without external heat source consists of dual channels for endothermic and exothermic reactions. Hydrogen (H2) is produced from wasted glycerol by aqueous-phase glycerol reforming (APGR) at 200-250 ºC and 20-25 bar while carbon dioxide (CO2) is a by-product. Produced H2 and CO2 are used as raw materials for methanol synthesis (MS) at 200-250 ºC and 50-80 bar. Methanol synthesis and glycerol reforming occur at inner and outer channels of TSSDR, respectively. The TSSDR is fully packed with catalyst. Generated heat of exothermic reaction i

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38

Singare, Pravin U., Akmal L. Khan Mohammed, and N. N. Dixit. "Comparative Study of Uni-Univalent H⁺/Na⁺ and Uni-Bivalent H⁺/Ca²⁺ Ion Exchange Reactions Using Nuclear Grade Resin Indion-223." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 33 (May 2014): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.33.127.

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The present paper deals with the ion exchange equilibrium studies of uni-univalent and uni-bivalent ion exchange reactions using nuclear grade anion exchange resin Indion-223 in H+ form towards Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the solution. It was observed that with rise in temperature the equilibrium constants K values for H+/Na+ uni-univalet ion exchange reaction increases from 0.01389 to 0.01855. Similarly for H+/Ca2+ uni-bivalet ion exchange reaction the equilibrium constants K values increases from 0.000397 to 0.000639. The increase in equilibrium constant values with rise in temperature indicate end

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39

Singare, Pravin U., Akmal L. Khan Mohammed, and N. N. Dixit. "Comparative Study of Uni-Univalent H<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> and Uni-Bivalent H<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> Ion Exchange Reactions Using Nuclear Grade Resin Indion-223." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 33 (May 11, 2014): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-66md9e.

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The present paper deals with the ion exchange equilibrium studies of uni-univalent and uni-bivalent ion exchange reactions using nuclear grade anion exchange resin Indion-223 in H+ form towards Na+ and Ca2+ ions in the solution. It was observed that with rise in temperature the equilibrium constants K values for H+/Na+ uni-univalet ion exchange reaction increases from 0.01389 to 0.01855. Similarly for H+/Ca2+ uni-bivalet ion exchange reaction the equilibrium constants K values increases from 0.000397 to 0.000639. The increase in equilibrium constant values with rise in temperature indicate end

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40

Dong, Mao Jin, Ran Fang, Yu Qing Xiong, et al. "Reaction Mechanism of Atomic Layer Deposition of Al on the Si (100) Surface: A Density Functional Theory Study." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1283.

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Using H2 and Al (CH3)3(TMA) as precursor, we investigated the atomic layer deposition mechanism of the metal Al on Si (100) surface by density functional theory. The reaction process comprises two half-reaction depositions: TMA "half-reaction" includes I and II on the H blunt reaction surface; H2 "half-reaction" includes the subsequent reaction Ⅲ and Ⅳ. In the TMA half reaction process, trimethyl aluminum first molecularly adsorbed in the active site of H*-Si9H12-H* to form a stable complex in the form of chemical adsorption state. Potential curves show that at 298 K, adsorption energy is -2.2

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41

Horák, Josef, and Simona Červenková. "The Effect of Interparticle Heat and Mass Transfer on the Behaviour of Catalytic Adiabatic Reactors with Endothermic Reactions. I. The Reactor Model." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 57, no. 9 (1992): 1888–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19921888.

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The effect of gas-particle heat and mass transfer on the reaction rate and the catalyst temperature in an adiabatic reactor with strongly endothermic reaction was studied using a mathematical model. It was found that subcooling of the catalyst surface against the reaction mixture is the prevailing phenomenon affecting the effectiveness factor and the longitudinal profile of the reaction rate.

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Salmeia, Khalifah A., Akef T. Afaneh, Reem R. Habash, and Antonia Neels. "Trivinylphosphine Oxide: Synthesis, Characterization, and Polymerization Reactivity Investigated Using Single-Crystal Analysis and Density Functional Theory." Molecules 28, no. 16 (2023): 6097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28166097.

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Organophosphorus chemicals are versatile and important in industry. Trivinylphosphine oxide (TVPO), for example, exhibited a promising precursor as a flame-retardant additive for industrial applications. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were used to explore the kinetic and thermodynamic chemical processes underlying the nucleophilic addition reactions of TVPO in order to better understand their polymerization mechanisms. An experimental X-ray single-crystal study of TVPO supported this work’s theory based on its computed findings. TVPO was prepared using POCl3 and VMB in a temperatu

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Wang, Y., and C. M. Kinoshita. "Temperature Field and Reaction Zones in Biomass Gasification." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 113, no. 4 (1991): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929966.

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A method used to measure and validate the temperature field in an experimental downdraft biomass gasifier and reformulate the discrete test data into continuous mathematical functions is described. The reformulated temperature field is analyzed to identify different reaction zones within the gasifier. Distinct endothermic and exothermic regions, separated by rather complicated boundaries, are found.

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Wang, Keyun, and Michael D. Sacks. "Mullite Formation by Endothermic Reaction of alpha-Alumina/Silica Microcomposite Particles." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 79, no. 1 (1996): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb07874.x.

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Zhang, Xiangwen, Enhui Xing, Gexin Chen, and Zhentao Mi. "Monomolecular endothermic reaction of n-decane catalyzed by HZSM-5 films." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 89, no. 2 (2006): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-006-0133-0.

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Van Der Vaart, D. R., and H. R. Van Der Vaart. "Use of a second endothermic reaction to desensitize a tubular reactor." AIChE Journal 37, no. 2 (1991): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690370208.

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van der Vaart, D. R., and H. R. van der Vaart. "Use of sensitivity analysis to describe an endothermic/exothermic reaction system." AIChE Journal 38, no. 3 (1992): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380315.

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Wee, Wilson, Harvinder Sidhu, Jason Sharples, Isaac Towers, and Vladimir Gubernov. "Properties of reaction fronts in a non-adiabatic two stage exothermic-endothermic competitive reaction scheme." ANZIAM Journal 54 (October 10, 2013): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.21914/anziamj.v54i0.6302.

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Feng, Yu, Silong Zhang, Kun Wu, Jiang Qin, Yong Cao, and Hongyan Huang. "Numerical investigation of distribution of reaction rate during convective heat transfer with endothermic chemical reaction." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 83 (April 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2016.12.021.

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Ito, Naotsugu, Toshikatsu Hakuta, Hiroshi Yoshitome, and Teiriki Tadaki. "Reaction progress mechanism in a rotary drum reactor of solid particles with an endothermic reaction." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 11, no. 6 (1985): 721–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.11.721.

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