To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Ends-in-view.
Books on the topic 'Ends-in-view'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Ends-in-view.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Steven, Brezenoff, Revis Beth, Leveen Tom, et al., eds. Violent ends: A novel in seventeen points of view. Simon Pulse, 2015.
Find full text
2
1936-, Coombs Jerrold, Parkinson Shirley 1940-, Case Roland 1951-, University of British Columbia. Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction., and Simon Fraser University. Centre for Education, Law and Society., eds. Ends in view: An analysis of the goals of law-related education. Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction, University of British Columbia, 1990.
Find full text
3
Coombs, Parkinson Case. Ends in View - an Alaysis of the Goals of Law-Related Education. Csci, 1990.
Find full text
4
1951-, Case Roland, Coombs Jerrold R, Parkinson Shirley 1940-, Simon Fraser University. Centre for Education, Law and Society., and University of British Columbia. Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction., eds. Ends in view: An analysis of the goals of law-related education. Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction, University of British Columbia, 1990.
Find full text
5
Dancy, Jonathan. Loose Ends. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This short chapter ties up some loose ends. It considers briefly the question how much of the picture presented in this book is available to those who take a Humean approach to practical reason. It considers very briefly the relation of the views presented earlier to those of Anscombe, Peirce, and Dewey. It considers whether, on the account here given, we should accept anything worth calling the Primacy of Practical Reason—a general view about the relation between practical reason and theoretical reason, which is not the same as the Primacy of the Practical, which is a view about the relation between certain sorts of reasons. And it asks how much should change if we allow, as I do not, that propositions can be reasons.
6
Meyer, Michel. The question-view of logos. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199691821.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 2 redefines the three basic concepts of any rhetoric: ethos, logos, and pathos. It relates these elements to the questioning process by which they are rhetorically linked. Special attention is given to logos as a way of answering and expressing questions. This leads to the development of a radically new view of language and the principles of thought. The passage of a propositionalist view of language and reason, indifferent to questioning, to a problematological one, based on questioning is studied through examples of sentences. This leads to an integrative view, in which texts are also seen as answers to questions taken up (partially, i.e. as points of view) by the audience or the reader. The chapter ends with a reformulation of the basic principles of thought (identity, sufficient reason, and non-contradiction) as the three principles necessary to deal with questions, answers, and their relationship.
7
Mather, Olivia Carter. Race in Country Music Scholarship. Edited by Travis D. Stimeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.8.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews how country music scholarship deals with race. It then suggests how scholarship might move forward toward a more critical stance. While evidence points toward African American innovation at the origins of country, survey histories of country music trace the music’s origins to British culture in Appalachia. Revisionist scholarship attempts to uncover black contributions in most periods of country’s history. Its most common topics are the construction of whiteness by the country music industry and the segregation of southern music in the 1920s into “race” and “hillbilly” marketing categories. This chapter ends by suggesting that country scholarship focus on race as a chief concern of the field, complicate its view of segregation, and give more attention to musical sound.
8
Lorino, Philippe. Value and valuation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
The organizing inquiry continuously requires such value assessments as: “Are we on the right track? Is our action fair, effective?” Subjectivist approaches view value as an affective manifestation of isolated subjects, objectivist approaches as a scientific characteristic of situations. For pragmatists, value is neither subjective nor objective, but practical: Rather than value as a substantive feature, they consider valuation as an empirical act. The social process of valuation is a fundamental dimension of any action. The pragmatist view rejects the means/ends rationalist model, and stresses the relational nature of valuation: Valuation translates hypothetical values into practical ends-in-view, and thus contributes to redesigning and organizing activity, through a reciprocal and symmetrical mediation, the mediation of activity through ends (imposing a trial on the progress of activity towards ends-in-view) and the mediation of ends through activity (imposing a trial on the coherence of ends with activity and activity means).
9
Korsgaard, Christine M. A Kantian Case for Our Obligations to the Other Animals. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753858.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
When we act rationally, we treat things that are good for us as if they were good absolutely. We choose to pursue them, and demand that others respect our choices, thus treating ourselves as ends in ourselves. This argument—Kant’s argument for the Formula of Humanity—establishes that there are two senses in which rationality commits us to the view that we are ends in ourselves. The demands that we make on others commit us to the view that we are ends in ourselves as autonomous lawmakers, and ground our duties to other rational beings. The demands that we make on ourselves when we choose to pursue our good commit us to the view that we are ends in ourselves as creatures who have a good, and ground our duties to other animals. The chapter also examines the difficulties this raises for Kant’s ideal of the Kingdom of Ends.
10
Yan, Bing. Milton in China ‘Yet Once More’. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754824.003.0026.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter overviews Chinese reception of Milton, with an emphasis on some of the most well-known Chinese translations of Paradise Lost. Close readings of these translations against Milton’s original demonstrate the difficulties of and resolutions for rendering Milton’s verse specific to Chinese. The subsequent discussion of the paratexts accompanying Chinese translations and of ‘introduction to world literature’ series gives a sense of the collaborative context that has shaped and continues to shape today’s general reception of Milton in China. That politically charged reception, eager to view Milton’s Satan as the embodiment of the poet’s revolutionary spirit, also dominates some recent works of Chinese literary criticism. The chapter ends by conceding that, while Milton scholarship in China has been relatively univocal and is still young, recent developments in world literature promise that innovative and intriguing work on Milton can be expected from China in the near future.
11
Sinha, Shalini. The Metaphysics of Self in Praśastapāda’s Differential Naturalism. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.45.
Full textAbstract:
In A Compendium of the Characteristics of Categories (Padārthadharmasaṃgraha) the classical Vaiśeṣika philosopher Praśastapāda (6th century ce) presents an innovative metaphysics of the self. This article examines the defining metaphysical and axiological features of this conception of self and the dualist categorial schema in which it is located. It shows how this idea of the self, as a reflexive and ethical being, grounds a multinaturalist view of natural order and offers a conception of agency that claims to account for all the reflexive features of human mental and bodily life. Finally, it discusses the ends of self’s reflexivity and of human life as a return to the true self. It argues that at the heart of Praśastapāda’s metaphysics of self is the idea that ethics is metaphysics, and that epistemic practice is ethical practice.
12
Brady, Michael S. The Nature of Unpleasantness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812807.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter, Brady argues in favour of a desire view of unpleasantness, which is the central element of suffering. He considers, and rejects, distinctive feeling theories of unpleasantness, and then proposes a novel desire view, according to which unpleasantness is a relational property, constituted by having a sensation that we desire to cease. In the chapter he defends this view against the most important objections, he then goes on to show how this view is preferable to rival views, and he ends by explaining how this view of unpleasantness, and the view of suffering given in Chapter 1, are mutually supporting.
13
Manis, R. Zachary. Sinners in the Presence of a Loving God. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190929251.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book is a philosophical exploration of the various facets of the problem of hell, the reasons that the usual responses to the problem are unsatisfying, and the way that an adequate solution to the problem can be constructed. What drives discussion of the problem of hell, most fundamentally, is the question of why a perfectly good and loving God would consign anyone to eternal suffering in hell. Four main lines of response have been developed to answer it—viz., traditionalism, annihilationism, the choice model, and universalism—but, for different reasons, each of these standard options ends up being deficient in some crucial respect. The alternative view that the author defends in this book, the divine presence model, stands within the tradition that understands hell to be a state of eternal conscious suffering, but develops this idea in a way that is able to avoid the worst problems of its counterparts. The key idea is that the suffering of hell is not the result of any divine act that aims to inflict it, but rather the way that a sinful creature necessarily experiences the unmitigated presence of a holy God. Heaven and hell are not two “places” to which the saved and damned are consigned, respectively, but instead are two radically different ways that different persons will experience the same reality of God’s omnipresence once the barrier of divine hiddenness is finally removed.
14
Arneil, Barbara. Farm Colonies for the Mentally Ill and Disabled in Europe and America. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803423.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
In Chapter 5, the volume turns to the second category of domestic colonies, namely, farm colonies for the ‘irrational’ (the mentally ill, disabled, and those with epilepsy), focusing on the first farm colonies in Europe and then America through archival records and secondary literature but also the justifications advanced in their defence by domestic colonialists including Walter Fernald, Charles Bernstein, and Henry Goddard. The chapter shows how these defenders of the farm colony repeatedly deployed the same arguments used by external colonialists to justify farm colonies, namely, both the economic benefits of colonization (working the land creates revenues to offset the cost to the state of maintaining such populations) and ethical benefits (segregation and farm labour had therapeutic value). Finally, while most historians view farm colonies as the product of eugenics, I argue that domestic colonialism provides a better explanation. Indeed, domestic colonies were viewed as institutions that served eugenicist ends but also were alternatives to both eugenics and the constraints of asylums. Thus, as sterilization was introduced, colonialists in America such as Bernstein rejected it, and argued for the colony as an alternative solution.
15
Sriram, Chandra, ed. Transitional Justice in the Middle East and North Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The social and political uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, designated the “Arab Spring” because the most visible ruptures appeared in the spring of 2011, drew global attention not only because they presented broad-based political protest against regimes which were long- entrenched, whether authoritarian or monarchical. They were landmark events because they led to the removal of several heads of state, and prompted discussions of institutional reform. Notably, they also entailed a broad range of human rights claims, both those related to abuses by prior regimes of civil and political rights and bodily integrity, but also of socio-economic rights. In short, they not only put transitional justice on the political agenda in a region of the world where it was seldom discussed (despite limited experiments in Morocco), but also put forward a broader view of transitional justice than that which has traditionally been implemented. However, many of these transitions have since stalled, leaving transitional justice similarly stalled, stunted, or manipulated for political ends. These phenomena are not unique to the MENA region, but rather experiences from elsewhere with limited or frozen transition may be informative to the region. The chapters in this volume, written largely by experts in the region, draw upon pre- and post-Arab Spring use of transitional justice mechanisms in a range of countries, including Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Libya, Morocco, and Bahrain.
16
Van Anglen, K. P., and James Engell, eds. The Call of Classical Literature in the Romantic Age. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429641.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The book reveals the extent to which writers we call “romantic” venerate and use the classics to serve their own ends in transforming poetry, epic, the novel, mythology, politics, and issues of race, as well as in practicing translation and reshaping models for a literary career and personal life. On both sides of the Atlantic the classics—including the surprising influence of Hebrew, regarded then as a classical language—play a major role in what becomes labeled Romanticism only much later in the nineteenth century. The relation between classic and romantic is not one of opposition but of a subtle and deep interpenetration. Classical texts retain an enduring, but newly transformational presence. While romantic writers regard what they are doing as new, this attitude does not prompt them to abjure lessons of genre, expression, and judgment flowing from classical authors they love. Their view is Janus-faced. Aside from one essay on Coleridge, the volume does not address major canonical British poets. Considerable work on their relation to the classics exists. Writers treated in detail include William Gilpin, Phillis Wheatley, Robert Lowth, Walter Savage Landor, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, James McCune Smith, Herman Melville, S. T. Coleridge, and Edward Gibbon. Four chapters each treat multiple authors from both sides of the Atlantic. Topics include the picturesque, political rhetoric, epic invocation, mythology, imitation, ekphrasis, slavery, feminism, history and historiography, and the innovative influence of ancient Hebrew, especially its poetry.
17
Streumer, Bart. Further Defences of Realism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785897.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses several further defences of realism. It argues that reductive realists cannot defend their view by appealing to underspecified descriptive predicates, that reductive realists cannot defend their view by appealing to the reduction argument, that non-reductive realists cannot defend their view by appealing to the false guarantee and regress objections, and that reductive realists cannot defend their view by saying that the difference between normative and descriptive properties is a difference in the nature of these properties. The chapter ends by showing that the conclusions of the previous two chapters together entail that normative properties do not exist.
18
Griffel, Frank. The Formation of Post-Classical Philosophy in Islam. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886325.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This is a comprehensive study of the far-reaching changes that led to a reshaping of the philosophical discourse in Islam during the sixth/twelfth century. Whereas earlier Western scholars thought that Islam’s engagement with the tradition of Greek philosophy ended during that century, more recent analyses suggest its integration into the genre of rationalist Muslim theology (kalam). This book proposes a third view about the fate of philosophy in Islam. It argues that in addition to this integration, Muslim theologians picked up the discourse of philosophy in Islam (falsafa) and began to produce books on philosophy. Written by the same authors, books in these two genres, kalam and philosophy (hikma), argue for opposing teachings on the nature of God, the world’s creation, and the afterlife. This study explains the emergence of a new genre of philosophical books called hikma that stand opposed to Islamic theology and at the same time wish to complement it. Offering a detailed history of philosophy in Iraq, Iran, and Central Asia during the sixth/twelfth century together with an analysis of the circumstances of practicing philosophy during this time, this study can show how reports of falsafa, written by major Muslim theologians such as al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111), developed step-by-step into critical assessments of philosophy that try to improve philosophical teachings and eventually become fully fledged philosophical summas in the work of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (d. 606/1210). The book ends in a discussion of the different methods of kalam and hikma and the coherence and ambiguity of a Muslim post-classical philosopher’s œuvre.
19
Kellner, Menachem, and David Gillis. Maimonides the Universalist. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764555.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Maimonides ends each book of his legal code, the Mishneh torah, with a moral or philosophical reflection, in which he lifts his eyes, as it were, from purely halakhic concerns and surveys broader horizons. This book analyse these concluding paragraphs, examining their verbal and thematic echoes, their adaptation of rabbinic sources, and the way in which they coordinate with the Mishneh torah's underlying structures, in order to understand how they might influence our interpretation of the code as a whole — and indeed our view of Maimonides himself and his philosophy. Taking this unusual cross-section of the work, the book concludes that the Mishneh torah presents not only a system of law, but also a system of universal values. It shows how Maimonides fashions Jewish law and ritual as a programme for attaining ethical and intellectual ends that are accessible to all human beings, who are created equally in the image of God. Many reject the presentation of Maimonides as a universalist. The Mishneh torah especially is widely seen as a particularist sanctuary. This book shows how profoundly that view must be revised.
20
Stokke, Andreas. Lying, Deception, and Deceit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter presents the traditional view of lying, according to which to lie is to say something one believes to be false with the intent to deceive. It is argued that this view is too narrow in that lying does not necessarily involve intentions to deceive, and this alternative account of lying is defended against critical attempts to reconcile the deceptive view of lying with so-called bald-faced lying. The chapter ends by laying out the account of lying argued for in the book. According to this view, to lie is to assert something one believes to be false, where assertion is understood as saying something and thereby propose that it become part of the common ground of the conversation.
21
Perry, John. The incremental self. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter John Perry introduces his incremental theory of truth-conditions to account for cognitive differences between I have the flu and Elwood has the flu, both uttered by Elwood. He argues for his view over more traditional accounts of content and truth-conditions, and draws implications for the nature of the attitudes in general and self-knowledge in particular. He ends by contrasting his account with David Lewis's theory of ‘de se belief.
22
Boland, Lawrence A. Building models of learning and the equilibrium process. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reconsiders the two contrary views of knowledge and hence of learning that was discussed in Chapter 6. One is the quantity-based view, which plays a role whenever model builders appeal to some form of inductive learning, and a quality-based view, which is the view promoted by Plato’s early Socrates but rarely recognized by equilibrium model builders. Whichever view is adopted, learning needs to be addressed when recognizing any role for knowledge in equilibrium economic models. In this regard, the chapter addresses the main limitation of almost all equilibrium models—namely, the failure to incorporate a realistic theory of the decision makers’ knowledge and learning in the model. The chapter ends by showing how methodological individualism can be generalized. And if it is, it can thereby serve as a basis for a more realistic explanation of an equilibrium’s stability.
23
Korsgaard, Christine M. Fellow Creatures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753858.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book argues that we are obligated to treat all sentient animals as “ends in themselves.” Drawing on a theory of the good derived from Aristotle, it offers an explanation of why animals are the sorts of beings who have a good. Drawing on a revised version of Kant’s argument for the value of humanity, it argues that rationality commits us to claiming the standing of ends in ourselves in two senses. As autonomous beings, we claim to be ends in ourselves when we claim the standing to make laws for ourselves and each other. As beings who have a good, we also claim to be ends in ourselves when we take the things that are good for us to be good absolutely and so worthy of pursuit. The first claim commits us to joining with other autonomous beings in relations of reciprocal moral lawmaking. The second claim commits us to treating the good of every sentient animal as something of absolute importance. The book also argues that human beings are not more important than, superior to, or better off than the other animals. It criticizes the “marginal cases” argument and advances a view of moral standing as attaching to the atemporal subjects of lives. It offers a non-utilitarian account of the relationship between the good and pleasure, and addresses questions about the badness of extinction and about whether we have the right to eat animals, experiment on them, make them work for us, and keep them as pets.
24
Nachtomy, Ohad. Modal Adventures between Leibniz and Kant. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786436.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explores the philosophical transitions in the relations between existence and possibility in Leibniz and Kant. It begins with Leibniz’s formulation of a strictly logical notion of possibility; proceeds with Kant’s pre-critical statement in 1763 that existence is not a predicate; and ends with the Critique of Pure Reason in which the theory of possibility is constrained by the subjective conditions of experience (to supply the material for thinking possibilities) and is thus relativized to the human mind. I present Leibniz’s view of possibility against the traditional view of temporal modalities; and, in this light, his dual notion of existence. I then argue that, in Kant’s pre-critical essay of 1763, the view that existence is not a predicate is strongly related to the logical view of possibility advanced by Leibniz. I conclude with Kant’s transition to the critical period and its implications on the analysis of modality.
25
Storrie, Stefan. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers developments in estimation of the philosophical value of the Three Dialogues over the last 100 years. It examines the view, presented in the early and mid-twentieth century, that the Three Dialogues is nothing more than a popular recasting of the Principles of Human Knowledge. It is argued that the stylistic and philosophically substantial reasons for holding such a view are highly questionable and that the emerging view, that the Three Dialogues is a more mature work where Berkeley develops his views after three years of additional exposure to criticism and further contemplation on his philosophical position, is a more accurate description of the work. It ends with a summary of the structure of the Three Dialogues and how the papers in this volume address the issues raised in that work.
26
Arras, John D., James Childress, and Matthew Adams. One Method to Rule Them All? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190665982.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers the method of reflective equilibrium, and how it has been used in the context of debates in bioethics. It uncovers the method’s origins in the work of John Rawls and explores how it came to be adopted by Beauchamp and Childress as the unifying method of bioethics. After distinguishing between narrow and wide versions of reflective equilibrium, the chapter proceeds to discuss some problems with the view. The preliminary difficulty that is raised about wide reflective equilibrium in particular is that it is too comprehensive and indeterminate to be useful in bioethics. The chapter ends by outlining deeper concerns with the view, and to what extent internal morality’s conception of “coherence” possesses justificatory force.
27
Pedersen, Nikolaj J. L. L., and Michael P. Lynch. Truth Pluralism. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.31.
Full textAbstract:
Monism about truth is the view that there is precisely one way of being true. Nihilism about truth is the view that there is no such thing as being true. Pluralism about truth is the view that there are several ways of being true. For the pluralist, truth is Many; in particular, different ways of being true apply to different domains of discourse. The way in which propositions about physics may be true could differ from the way in which the propositions of morality may be true. This chapter provides an introduction to truth pluralism and offers a brief survey of different incarnations of the view. It discusses whether different kinds of pluralist have the resources adequately to address the various challenges and objections, and ends with a brief discussion of what connections, if any, pluralism about truth might bear to other kinds of pluralism.
28
Sangiovanni, Andrea. Beyond the Political–Orthodox Divide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198713258.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter urges us to abandon the belief that there is a single human rights practice. Belief in what is called the Single Practice Assumption gives rise to the misguided idea—common to both Orthodox and Political views of human rights—that a philosophical theory should aim to reconstruct the moral core to this practice, derive a ‘master list’ of human rights from that core, and then use that list as a critical standard to reform and improve the practice. It is argued instead that we need a concept of human rights broad enough to capture the diversity of ways in which the term ‘human rights’ is used across the world today. The chapter defends what it calls the Broad View—which subsumes Political and Orthodox views as special cases, deployed for different ends in different contexts—and ends by delineating a systematic methodology for deriving particular conceptions of human rights for the very different contexts in which human rights are invoked.
29
Williams, Donald C. Introduction. Edited by A. R. J. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810384.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Introduction begins with a brief biographical treatment of Williams’s early career, with reference to philosophers of the previous generation. His general philosophical commitments are then outlined. They are empiricism, realism, and naturalism. According to Williams, empiricism entails the view that all knowledge pertaining to matters of fact is known inductively. Realism is the view that there is an external world independent of our conscious experience. Naturalism is the view that every existent is located and extended in a single system of space-time. His conception of metaphysics, his ontology of tropes and universals, his doctrine of actualism, and his metaphysics of time are then explained with reference to the chapters that follow. The Introduction ends with a brief assessment of Williams’s place in the history of analytic philosophy.
30
Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper. ‘(Luck and Relational) Egalitarians of the World, Unite!’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813972.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, egalitarian political philosophy has been marred by a family dispute between luck and relational egalitarianism. This chapter presents a certain view about what constitutes the core difference and disagreement between the two views. This enables us to set aside a number of issues, e.g., the role of responsibility, which are better discussed as intraluck or intrasocial relational egalitarian issues. Second, a defense is made of a guarded reductionist claim that any objectionable inegalitarian social relation can be analyzed as an unequal distribution of a relevantly related social good. Third, the chapter ends with a proposal of an ecumenical egalitarian theory that incorporates insights from both views, as well as a third egalitarian view: dispositional egalitarianism, which seems implicit in Samuel Scheffler’s work. A specific luck-ist version of the ecumenical view, which is grounded in the value of fairness, is tentatively suggested.
31
Hans, Steiner, Daniels Whitney, Kelly Michael, and Stadler Christina. Introduction to Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265458.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter introduces the history of disruptive behavior disorders. The achievements of the Chicago Reformers, who introduced the idea that juveniles should be granted exceptions before the law based on their immaturity, began the process of bringing the world of development, psychiatry, and medicine to delinquents. August Aichhorn, the director of the Vienna Reform School system, is primarily responsible for the idea that abnormal development underlies crime, and, as such, psychoeducational approaches can be helpful in restoring the youth. The concepts of treatment and rehabilitation factor in to this view. The chapter ends by introducing the complexities of diagnosing antisocial and aggressive behavior.
32
Phillips, Ian. No More than Meets the Eye. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722304.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter develops a view of shadows as pure visibilia: objects constitutively and exhaustively connected in nature, existence and qualities to our experience of them. It takes as its stalking horse Sorensen’s very different view, arguing that, contrary to his intended purpose, the hypothesis that shadows are pure visibilia provides a more satisfying account of his striking cases of shadow movement. The claim that shadows are pure visibilia is further motivated by drawing on considerations from aesthetics and vision science. The chapter ends with a puzzle: if shadows do not strictly represent independent elements of our environments, why do we perceive them at all? A speculative answer is tendered. Shadows are visual artefacts: creatures of the light world, carved by our visual systems in the service of the better detection and discrimination of ordinary material objects.
33
Larsen, Timothy. Called Unto Liberty. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753155.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores Mill’s classic text, On Liberty (1859), and what it reveals about his attitudes towards organized religion, as well as religious reactions to it and his responses to them. It shows the origin of the project during a visit to St Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Mill’s harm principle is presented as is the contents of On Liberty in general, including his conflicted view of social disapproval and his critique of Christian morality. The chapter ends with an account of Mill’s friendship with the members of the Society of Friends, Barclay Fox and Caroline Fox. Mill is surprisingly spiritual in his Cornish reflections with them.
34
Pattison, George. A Phenomenology of the Devout Life. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813507.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
A Phenomenology of the Devout Life offers a phenomenological approach to the kind of Christian spirituality set out in François de Sales’s Introduction to the Devout Life but with parallels in other movements in both Protestant and Catholic spirituality. Situating the subject in relation to contemporary philosophical discussions of selfhood, the book arrives at a view of the devout self as essentially motivated by an affective orientation towards God that, via the experience of temptation and the practice of humility, subordinates reason to love and ends with self-annihilation. In this annihilated condition it becomes capable of a pure love of God, devoid of self-interest, willing only what God wills. These themes of pure love and nothingness are explored with particular reference to the writings of Archbishop Fénelon. Although this may suggest that the devout life is a kind of mysticism, it is argued that as a programme for practical life in the world it is distinct from experientially oriented kinds of mysticism, though sharing the ideal of union with God. As the first of a three-part Philosophy of Christian Life, the book ends by questioning what it could mean to insist that the source of the affective lure of devotion is God.
35
James, Elaine T. The Cityscape. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190619015.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
While scholars have tended to view the city in the Song of Songs negatively, this chapter traces a more ambivalent conceptualization of the city, as a space for conviviality and relationship, as well as a space of boundaries and violence. It draws on urban theory to explore these aspects in turn. Ultimately the Song imagines the city as dependent on and susceptible to its surrounding environment, gendered female according to the conventions of the ancient world, and a potent image of both protection and vulnerability. It offers readings of Song 3:1–5 and 5:2–8, and it ends with a close reading of the urban metaphor in Song 8:8–10.
36
Simons, Peter. Lowe, the Primacy of Metaphysics, and the Basis of Categorial Distinctions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796299.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter continues and amplifies themes from my paper in the volume Contemporary Aristotelian Metaphysics entitled ‘Four Categories – and More’, a paper which begins with the words ‘Jonathan Lowe’ and ends with the words ‘I salute him’. It continues my appreciation of and predominant agreement with the methods, tone, and philosophical attitude of Jonathan Lowe, while continuing to demur from several of his key metaphysical theses. I emphasize here our independent convergence on what seems an odd, even an inconsistent view, but is I think deep, important, and under-recognized, namely that the most basic attributes characterizing and linking the fundamental categories of being are not themselves beings.
37
Sargent, Thomas J. The Ends of Four Big Inflations. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158709.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines several dramatic historical experiences that are consistent with the “rational expectations” view but that seem difficult to reconcile with the “momentum” model of inflation. The idea is to identify the measures that successfully brought drastic inflations under control in several European countries in the 1920s, namely: Austria, Hungary, Germany, and Poland, all of which experienced a dramatic “hyperinflation” in which, after the passage of several months, price indexes assumed astronomical proportions. The experience of Czechoslovakia is also considered. Within each of Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Germany, there occurred a dramatic change in the fiscal policy regime, which in each instance was associated with the end of a hyperinflation. Czechoslovakia deliberately adopted a relatively restrictive fiscal policy regime in order to maintain the value of its currency.
38
Lleó, Conxita. Bilingualism and Child Phonology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.53.
Full textAbstract:
The present article poses some fundamental questions related to bilingualism and to the acquisition of two phonological components, by very young children. It discusses different types of bilingualism and their outcomes. After a brief consideration of alleged pros and cons of bilingualism brought up in the past decades, two perspectives of bilingualism are sketched—psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic—and certain aspects of bilingual child phonology are presented from each of these points of view. The essential issue is whether different outcomes of bilingual child phonology are predictable, and to find the crucial criteria to support the predictions. Finally, the discussion addresses some basic questions about bilingual acquisition, and ends with a summary of various types of cross-linguistic interaction.
39
Gardner, John. The Way Things Used To Be. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818755.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter turns to the question of the measure of damages. In particular, it considers the question of why they should be oriented towards restoring the life the wronged person would have had, had the wrong not been committed. The chapter sketches a picture according to which it is often reasonable to want to keep things one already has, or would have had but for the wrongdoer, even in a situation in which (thanks to the wrongdoer) one now has an ideal opportunity to do things differently and better. It ends with brief reflections on the socially conservative implications of such a view, which turn out to be more apparent than real. Security, including the security that private law can provide, thus should be more of a preoccupation of progressive politics than it is.
40
Vetoshkina, Liubov, Yrjö Engeström, and Annalisa Sannino. On the Power of the Object. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806639.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
By skillfully shaping and producing objects human beings externalize and make real their future-oriented imaginaries and visions. Material objects created by skilled performance make human lifeworlds durable. From the point of view of history making, wooden boat building is a particularly rich domain of skilled performance. This chapter is based on two research sites, one in Finland and the other in Russia. The analysis is divided into four layers or threads of history making, namely personal history, the history of the wooden boat community, the political history of the nations and their relations, and the history of the boats themselves as objects of boat-building activity. The chapter ends by discussing our findings and their implications for the understanding of skilled performance and history making in work activities and organizations.
41
Halliday, Daniel. Inheritance and Luck. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803355.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews and criticizes varieties of the luck egalitarian conception of justice. It begins with the ‘naïve’ distinction between choice and circumstance, on which inequalities are permissible insofar as they depend on the former rather than the latter. The bulk of the chapter discusses more sophisticated versions of luck egalitarianism, which either supplement the naïve view with some countervailing principle (e.g. by appeal to personal prerogatives) or by constraining its scope (e.g. by focusing on the mediating effects of institutions). Later parts of the chapter evaluate other contemporary oppositions to inherited wealth grounded in interpretations of reciprocity and a concern about the role of inheritance in enabling freeriding. The chapter ends with a discussion of Ronald Dworkin’s views, which bear a formal resemblance to the position defended in the following two chapters.
42
Gerken, Mikkel. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The introduction consists of a nontechnical presentation of the central themes and ambitions of the book. It begins by characterizing folk epistemology and by noting the centrality of the ascriptions of knowledge in it. Subsequently, the central view defended in the book—strict purist invariantism—is introduced along with the equilibristic methodology that guides the investigation. In particular, it is emphasized that folk epistemological judgments may be biased and that they, therefore, cannot straightforwardly play a role as data that a theory must be made to fit. Consequently, it is suggested that empirical research on folk epistemology depends on epistemological theorizing. In slogan: Our folk epistemological practices should inform epistemology but folk epistemology should not rule epistemology. The introduction ends with a brief chapter-by-chapter survey and a guide for how the book might be read selectively.
43
Calhoun, Cheshire. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851866.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This brief conclusion reviews central themes of the book. One central theme is living meaningfully. The book defends the view that meaningful living consists in spending your life’s time on ends that you take yourself, in your best judgment, to have reason to value and thus to use yourself up on. Meaningful living depends not only on what characterizes one’s whole life, but also on one’s actual time expenditures. The book argues that locking in the future by making commitments is not essential to meaningful living; it also explores the connections between meaningful living and boredom. A second theme of the book concerns the difficulties in living life as a temporal evaluator: the vulnerabilities to demoralization, estrangement, boredom, loss of practical hope and basal hopefulness, discontentment, and meaninglessness at the temporally local level. A third theme is the way our lives as evaluators are shaped in important ways by the personal, the nonrational, and optional styles.
44
Faxneld, Per. Sylvia Townsend Warner’s Liberating Devil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664473.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter11 scrutinizes Sylvia Townsend Warner’s (1893–1978) debut novel Lolly Willowes (1926), which tells the tale of spinster Laura ‘Lolly’ Willowes, who ends up becoming a witch liberated and empowered by Satan. The book caused a major stir, and is, it is argued, the most explicit and conspicuous literary example ever of programmatic Satanic feminism. It is demonstrated how Warner drew on contemporary understandings of witch cults and worked very much within a pre-existing tradition of Satanic feminism. Hence, the focus is in particular on aspects of the text that relate to the motifs seen repeatedly in preceding chapters, such as demonic lesbianism, a view of Christianity as a central pillar of patriarchy, and nature being coded as Satan’s feminine realm where he can offer immunity from the pressures of a male-dominated society. The chapter closes with a consideration of the critical reception of the novel.
45
Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. The Conceptual Framework: Collective Action, Trust, Culture, and Ideas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter completes the theoretical framework of the book by juxtaposing institutional economics with the literature on the collective action problem, social norms, culture, and ideas. It discusses the foundations of the collective action problem and the role of institutions—formal (laws) and informal (social norms)—in overcoming it. It links these studies with those on social capital, civicness, and the origins of generalized inter-personal trust. It criticizes the view—frequent in analyses of Italy—that a society’s culture is an independent obstacle to its development, and argues conversely that institutions, civicness, trust, and culture are part of the extant social order, and co-evolve. It ends with a discussion of the role of ideas, which are freer from the grip of the extant equilibrium and can lead elites, distributional coalitions, and ordinary citizens and firms to revise their assessment of their own interests and support efficiency-enhancing reforms.
46
Harford Vargas, Jennifer. Plotting Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190642853.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores how the novel can plot out fantasies of justice, using Héctor Tobar’s novel The Tattooed Soldier to demonstrate how the novel can challenge mass impunity in the Americas. The novel’s protagonist takes advantage of the chaos of the Rodney King uprisings in Los Angles to shoot and kill the Guatemalan military soldier who murdered his wife and son and who received counterinsurgency training at the United States’ School of the Americas. These diverse acts of rage against institutionalized impunity are comparatively illuminated in the novel via intersecting plot lines, rotating points of view, disruptive flashbacks, iterative events, and shifting geographies. The chapter further unpacks the political and formal valences of plot, arguing that the novel’s structure is at odds with the two main protagonists’ narrative desires. Though the novel’s revenge plot is resolved, the novel does not resolve the larger plot for justice; the chapter ends by considering alternative means of generating social transformation and attaining justice.
47
Bañuls, Anne-Laure, Thi Van Ahn Nguyen, Quang Huy Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Anh Nguyen, Hoang Huy Tran, and Sylvain Godreuil. Antimicrobial resistance: the 70-year arms race between humans and bacteria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Antimicrobial resistance started to become a human health issue in the 1940s, following the discovery of the first antibiotics. The golden age of antibiotics (the 1950s through 1970s) marked the beginning of the arms race between humans and bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance is now among the greatest threats to human health; occurring in every region of the world and with the potential to affect anyone, anywhere. We describe the main mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, as well as how the bacteria evolve into “superbugs.” We detail the role of human activities on the emergence and spread of highly drug-resistant bacteria. Currently, data to identify the specific causes, and to establish the baseline in low-income countries, are lacking. Because of the continual increase of multidrug resistance, the situation is urgent. The chapter ends with a view to the future, with a discussion of the specific problems of low-income countries and initiatives taken.
48
Stock, Kathleen. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
In this book, a central aim has been to defend what many have taken to be an indefensible view: extreme actual intentionalism about fictional content. This book has the aim of demonstrating that extreme intentionalism should be taken seriously. Meanwhile, if the ideas about fictional content presented here are right, then, as the book has shown, a number of interesting consequences follow for other matters, among them, that a theory of fiction as a set of instructions to imagine certain things is provided with additional motivation. This account also furnishes a neat explanation of how testimony-in-fiction can provide the reader with justified beliefs, and a plausible explanation of what has come to be known as ‘imaginative resistance’. Propositional imagining is revealed to be a flexible action which can be directed at various valuable ends, and which is neither inevitably constrained as belief is, nor inevitably radically unconstrained. A theory of supposition has also been provided.
49
Effingham, Nikk. Time Travel. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842507.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
There are various arguments for the metaphysical impossibility of time travel, e.g. it’s impossible because objects could then be in two places at once, or it’s impossible because some objects could bring about their own existence. This book argues that no such argument is sound and that time travel is metaphysically possible. The main focus is on the Grandfather Paradox: if someone could go back in time, they could (impossibly!) kill their own grandfather before he met their grandmother, thus time travel is impossible. This book argues that, in such a case, the time traveller would have the ability to do the impossible (so they could kill their grandfather) even though those impossibilities will never come about (so they won’t kill their grandfather). The remainder of the book explores the ramifications of this view, discussing issues in probability and decision theory. It ends by laying out the dangers of time travel and why, even though no time machines currently exist, we should pay extra special care to ensure that nothing, no matter how small or microscopic, ever travels in time.
50
Dalal, Reeshad S., and Nichelle Carpenter. The Other Side of the Coin?: Similarities and Differences Between Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Counterproductive Work Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.4.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the relationship between two important forms of job performance: organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. There are several reasons (e.g., construct definitions, relationships with antecedents) to suspect that these two constructs are strongly negatively related, perhaps even opposite ends of a single behavioral continuum. However, empirical results demonstrate a relationship that is typically weakly to moderately negative and occasionally even positive. We discuss theory and empirical results (where possible, meta-analytic) at not just the traditional between-person level of analysis but also the within-person and between-unit levels. Our review suggests several important future research opportunities at the traditional between-person level (e.g., a pressing need for more and better theory). Yet, in our view, the most exciting research opportunities exist at the within-person level. Overall, the relationship between citizenship and counterproductive behavior promises to remain a vibrant and influential area of research for the foreseeable future.