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1
Narmamatova, Guzada. "HISTORY OF VOWELS SYSTEM IN THE KYRGYZ LANGUAGE (Based on the manuscripts of Moldo Niyaz (1823-1896)." Alatoo Academic Studies 2022, no. 1 (2022): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2022.221.29.
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This article examines the history of the Kyrgyz vowel system based on the manuscripts of Moldo Niyaz, who lived 200 years ago. One of the main features of the vowel system is the data on ancient long vowels, which have not been studied in detail to date. Words with ancient vowels in the text were identified by the comparative historical method of linguistics with variants of other Turkic languages in which ancient long vowels were preserved. In accordance with the requirements of the study of manuscripts, the lines of each word in the text, a page of the original and electronic text were shown. Example: чуу 15(24/32). The use of diphthongs from the phonetic features of the ichkilich dialect (one of Kyrgyz dialect), the preservation of words from the phonetic features of the ancient Turkic language, the first syllable of which is open and the second syllable of which ends in a narrow vowel, add to the number of vowel systems in the text. The change of vowels in the text is the result of the fall of consonants, the effect of consonants on vowels, vowels in the accepted words, changes in the phonetic features of the Kyrgyz language.
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Kochetkova, Uliana. "Influence of Philosophical and Aesthetic Concepts on the Description of the Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels (Late 17th – Early 20th Centuries)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2020): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.3.13.
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The article deals with the potential explicit or implicit impact of the cultural and scientific tradition on the way of thinking of the researchers in different epochs. The hypothesis is that aesthetic and philosophical thoughts may influence in some way the results of the scientific experiments. The paper follows the order of the research. It starts from the results of vowel acoustics measurements in 19th century and ends by finding their conceptual basis in works of the 17th century. Measuring vowel acoustic characteristics, researchers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in most of cases used various sets of tuning forks. The brightest, i.e. characteristic tone of a vowel was defined by ear. The results of such experiments showed that there were intervals of one or more octaves between characteristic tones of various vowels. Among different factors that may lead to such results, beside the circumstances of the experiment itself, we suppose cultural, scientific and philosophical tradition. The analysis of the works of the authors who first explored acoustic characteristics of vowels, showed that the philosophy and aesthetics of the 17th century may have influenced directly or indirectly the descriptions of vowels during the following centuries. The idea of the main vowels of the Adam Alphabet may have had an impact on the acoustic instruments, while the idea of harmony and proportion, essential in time of the Scientific Revolution, may be found in vowel system descriptions up to the beginning of the 20th century.
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Al-Jarf, Reima. "Gemination and Degemination before the Feminine Sound Plural Suffix in Native and Loanwords in Arabic." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 6, no. 1 (2024): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2024.6.1.8.
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This study aimed to explore the gemination of consonants preceding the Feminine Plural suffix /-a:t/ in native and loanwords in Arabic, which consonants are geminated and when they are degeminated before /a:t/, to compare the conditions under which geminated and ungeminated consonants occur before /a:t/; and to define the relationship between the vowels preceding geminate and singleton consonants in syllables before /a:t/. A sample of 70 loanwords and 70 native Arabic nouns and/or adjectives having a Feminine Sound Plural (FSP) form with geminated and degeminated consonants before the suffix /a:t/ was collected from some websites. Data analysis showed that the FSP formation of both native and loanwords in Arabic follows the same Arabic pluralization rules. When a stem ends in a singleton consonant, the feminine plural suffix /a:t/ is directly added in لمسات /lamasa:t/ touches & درونات /dro:na:t/ drones. Almost all types of consonants can be geminated in word-final position in Arabic. In this case, the suffix /a:t/ is directly added to form FSP as in فلزّات /filizza:t/ metals & لمات /lamma:t/ gatherings. But when the stem ends with a vowel following the geminated consonant, the vowel is deleted as Arabic does not allow the sequence of two vowels (مودات /mawadda:t/ affections). The stops /p, b, k, g/, fricatives /f, ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ and graphemes {ll}; {lla}, {ette} are geminated in some loan stems before the plural suffix /a:t/ as in كليبات /klippa:t/ clips; تريلات /trilla+a:t/ trailers; بروفات /proof+a:t/ professors; تاتشات /tatʃtʃ+a:t/ touches; مانشيتات /manʃitt+a:t/ manchettes (headlines). In 48% of the loanwords in the sample, the final consonant of the stem is not geminated before /a:t/ ماركت) /ma:rkita:t/ markets( due to the long vowel in a preceding syllable. In loanwords where the stem is feminine singular ending in /a/, this vowel is deleted before /a:t/ as in صالات /Sala:t/ salles; كاميرات /kamira:t/ cameras, as it is the case in native Arabic words with stems ending in /a/. No gemination takes place before /a:t/ as there is a long vowel in a preceding syllable. The study concludes with recommendation for language and translation pedagogy and for future research.
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PHAM, Andrea Hoa. "Cliticization in casual speech in Vietnamese." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 36, no. 2 (2007): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000171.
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This paper examines clitics in colloquial Vietnamese. In Vietnamese, a clitic is a syllable that appears as a reduced form in casual speech and exhibits a phonological dependency on the material to its left. Only the tone of the former function word remains, while all its segments may be replaced. If the host ends in an obstruent, the clitic surfaces as a homorganic syllabic nasal. If the host ends in a vowel or a glide, the clitic surfaces as a lengthened part of that vowel or glide, unless it has a nasal rhyme, in which case it surfaces with its own nasal.
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Al-Jarf, Reima. "Feminine Sound Plurals Endings in /ya:t/ and /yya:t/ in Native and Loan Lexemes in Arabic." International Journal of Middle Eastern Research 3, no. 1 (2024): 04–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijmer.2024.3.1.2.
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A sample of 80 loanwords and 100 native Arabic words ending with /ya:t/ or /yya:t/ were analyzed and compared to find out the conditions under which /ya:t/ and /yya:t/ appear in Feminine Sound plural forms of those words. Results revealed that Arabic speakers pluralize native and loan nouns ending with the glide /y/, which is part of the words, as ناي/na:y/; & قبضاي /qabaDa:y/ (Turkish) by directly adding the feminine plural suffix /-a:t/ to the stem without making any other adaptations (نايات /na:ya:t/ flutes & قبضايات /qabadaya:t/ strong-arm). In native words with a stem ending in the graphemes ى or ي pronounced /a:/ and /i:/, the vowel is shortened and the glide /y/ is added as a liaison consonant as inتمنيات /tmanniya:t/ wishes; مديات /maday:at/ ranges). When the loan stem ends in the syllable يا /ya:/, the final long vowel /a:/ is deleted before the plural suffix /-a:t/ as Arabic phonotactics do not allow a sequence of two long vowels as in بكالوريا /bakalo:rya/ > بكالوريات /bakalory+a:t/ high school diplomas. A geminated glide /yy/ appears in the plural of native words as أدبيات /?adabiyy+a:t/ literature; برمجيات /barmadʒiyy+a:t/ software) and plural loanwords as سيديات /si:di:yy+a:t/ CD’s; سيلفيات selfies /selfiyy+a:t/; باربيات /ba:rbi:ya:t/ Barbies; سمفونيات /simfo:ni: +y+a:t/ symphonies. In these examples, there are two explanations of the stem: One assumes that the masculine singular stem ends in a geminated yy, after which the plural suffix /a:t/ is directly added. The second assumes that the stem is a feminine singular noun/adjective ending in a geminated yy followed by the grapheme ta marbouta ة ــة pronounced /a/. /a/ is deleted when the plural suffix /a:t/ is added, as Arabic does not allow the sequence of two vowels. The vowel preceding the geminate yy is shortened in the plural form of native and loanwords in Arabic. The study gives some recommendations for translation and pedagogy and for future studies on Arabic loanword morphology.
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Hermansky, Hynek, and Hector Raul Javkin. "Evaluation of ASR front ends using synthetic vowel‐like sounds." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, S1 (1986): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2023687.
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Hyman, Larry M., and Francis X. Katamba. "Final vowel shortening in Luganda." Studies in African Linguistics 21, no. 1 (1990): 1–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v21i1.107438.
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A process by which long vowels are shortened in "final position" has been noted by a number of linguists, e.g. Ashton et al [1954], Tucker [1962], Cole [1967], Stevick [1969], Katamba [1974], Clements [1986]. It is generally assumed that this shortening is characteristic of word-ends such that the process can even serve as a criterion for phonological word division. Despite the attention given to final vowel shortening (FVS), the relevant facts have not been exhaustively described. In this descriptive account, we show that FVS is a much more complex phenomenon than the Luganda literature suggests. We observe, for instance, that FVS does not work the same on nouns as it does on verbs and that an empirically adequate analysis must take into account the source of such word-final length, e.g. underlying vs. derived. In our solution, FVS first applies at the end of a phonological word (PW) and then again at the end of a clitic group (CG). In order for the facts to fall out from this analysis, we argue that at the PW level (1) the final vowel of verb forms is not affected because it is extrametrical, i.e. "invisible" and (2) the second mora of a monosyllabic stem is not affected because it is accented.
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Salih, Omaima Ismaeel, та Muhammad Barjes Salman. "The use of the Jussive Articles (لم-lam, لما- lamma, لا الناهية- prohibition la, and لام الامر- imperative L prefix) In the Holy Quran and Their Realization in English". Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 28, № 12, 1 (2021): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.28.12.1.2021.25.
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This work tackles the use of the first group of the jussive articles (لم-lam, لما- lamma, لا الناهية- prohibition la, and لام الامر- imperative L prefix) in the Holy Quran and their realization in English by consulting the opinion of four translators.
 Each Ayah is used to show the effect of a single article on the imperfect verb after it. This effect differs from one verb into another according to the type of this imperfect verb; The “Quiescence” (السكون) if the verb ends with a consonant, the elimination of the end vowel if the verb ends with a vowel and the elimination of N (حذف النون) if the verb is among the Arabic five verbs (الافعال الخمسة).
 Each Ayah is analyzed in certain steps: the translation of four translators, the exeges of the certain Ayah, a grammatical analysis according to the opinion of the Arabic grammarians, and an analysis of the four translations adopted in relation to jussive.
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Hyman, Larry M. "Positional prominence and the ‘prosodic trough’ in Yaka." Phonology 15, no. 1 (1998): 41–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675798003522.
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The issue of vowel height harmony – relatively rare in the world's languages – is one that most serious theories of phonology have addressed at one time or another, particularly as concerns its realisation in Bantu (e.g. Clements 1991, Archangeli & Pulleyblank 1994, Beckman 1997). As is quite well known, the majority of an estimated 500 Bantu languages exhibit some variant of a progressive harmony process by which vowels lower when preceded by an appropriate (lower) trigger. (Ki)-Yaka, a Western Bantu language spoken in ex-Zaire, designated as H.31 by Guthrie (1967–71), has a height harmony system which has been analysed as having a similar left-to-right lowering process. In this paper I argue against the general analysis given for Yaka, showing that this language differs in a major way from the rest of Bantu. The goals of the paper are threefold. First, I present a comprehensive treatment of the unusual vowel harmony system in (ki-)Yaka. Second, I introduce the notion of the ‘prosodic trough’ (τ), a domain which is needed in order to state important phonological generalisations in Yaka and in Bantu in general. Finally, I show the relevance of the Yaka facts for the study of positional prominence in phonology. A (partial) analysis is offered within optimality- theoretic terms, particularly as developed by McCarthy & Prince (1995). Although superficially resembling the vowel height harmony found in most Bantu languages, the Yaka system will be shown to differ from these latter in major ways. The paper is organised as follows. In §2 I establish the general nature of the Yaka harmony system, reanalysing previous accounts in terms of ‘plateauing’. In §3 I turn to the process of ‘imbrication’, which introduces a second motivation for vowel harmony: the avoidance of the sequence [wi]. A third source of vowel harmony is presented in §4, which also introduces the notion of the ‘prosodic trough’. The study ends with a brief conclusion in §5 and an appendix that discusses outstanding problems.
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Zuʿbi, Amal. "Interesting Pausal Forms in the Speech of Muslims and Christians in Kufᵘr-Kanna". Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 21 (14 грудня 2021): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jais.9270.
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The aim of this paper is to describe the system of vocalic variants in pause pertaining to speakers of Arabic in Kufᵘr-Kanna (AKK) and in this regard to determine the features that characterize the AKK. As in Nazareth, the incidence of pauses in AKK varies and depends on the content, the listener and the speaker’s intentions. In AKK I detected pausal forms in the speech of middle-aged and elderly Muslims and elderly Christians. In addition to changes in consonants and vowel quality in their speech, in pausal position final syllables also undergo other modifications as compared to the contextual forms.
 Unlike in Nazareth, four further types were identified in AKK: (1) lengthening of short vowels in final position: ‑Cv > ‑Cv̄#, -CvC > -Cv̄C#; lengthening of normal and anaptyctic short vowels in final closed syllables: -CvC#; (2) devoicing of voiced consonants in word-final position; (3) glottalization after consonants and vowels in word-final position; and (4) aspiration: addition of (h) in pausal position where the word ends in long vowels.
 Key words: Arabic dialects – Pausal forms – Syllables – Long vowels – Short vowels – Christians and Muslims.
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Mohamed, Miski A., and Matthew B. Winn. "Acoustical analysis of Taylor Swift’s speech and singing throughout her career." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (2023): A296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018912.
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Taylor Swift has changed geographic environments, speaking communities, and singing communities throughout her career, inviting question into changes in her voice acoustics. Capitalizing on the availability of interviews and multiple song recordings, we tracked changes in vowel formant trajectories and other vocal properties from different points in her life to see how her voice might have been influenced by these changes in community (e.g switching from country to pop style, moving from Philadelphia to Nashville). Comparing vowel space from 2012 to 2019, we observe higher tongue position (lower frequency F1) for numerous vowels, especially for /eɪ/ and /aʊ/. Rounding for /ɔ/ was reduced, and /æ/ was pronounced farther back in the mouth. We also observed reduced distinction between the varieties of /ɑɪ/ before voiced and voiceless consonants (e.g., ride versus write), as well as greater front-back movement for /u/. Studio re-recordings show remarkable consistency of word timing and intensity. Conversely, Swift’s live singing voice includes some variation from the recording, including fewer silences between words. Live versions feature extended duration for words that are emphasized for emotion, and/or ends of phrases, compensated by shorter durations for other segments so that the overall song length was very consistent.
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Muhamedova, Saodat, and Khankishi Mammadov. "SEMANTICS OF THE POETIC STRUCTURE OF THE “EVVEL-AKHYR” PARADIGM ‘BEGIN-NING-END’ OF AZERBAIJANI, RUSSIAN AND UZBEK PROVERBS." Uzbekistan:Language and culture 5, no. 2 (2023): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.uzlc.aphil.2023.2.5/ftbf9979.
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In this study, Azerbaijani, Russian and Uzbek proverbs and sayings in the form of “evvel-akhir” (samples that begin and end with the same letter) characteristic of Turkic versification are studied. It should be noted that “evvel-akhyr” is one of the special cases of assonance and alliteration / consonance. It is known that assonance is a multiple repetition of sim-ilar vowel sounds in poetic speech, alliteration is a repetition of similar consonant sounds in poetic speech, and there are no rules of repetition of consonant and vowel sounds here. They can be found at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the text. However, the stylistic technique of versification “evvel-akhyr” differs from assonance and alliteration. Despite the fact that here too consonants and vowels are repeated, but they occur not only in the middle of the phrase, but necessarily at the beginning and end. For example, in the Uzbek proverb: “Avval ўйла, keyin сўйла” the pro-verbial verse begins and ends with the vowel sound [a]. It should be noted that proverbs forming rhyme at the beginning and end of proverbial verse in Azerbaijani, Russian and Uzbek languages are considered for the first time in a comparative plan. And this testifies to the relevance and scientific novelty of the research. Studies show that there are enough examples of “evvel-akhir” in Azerbaijani, Russian and Uzbek proverbs. And this testifies to the richness of thought of our ancestors, indicates their spiritual and ar-tistic wealth, global ideas and aesthetics, greatness of all three languages, deep intelligence of peoples and their inclination to poetry, sharpness of memory philosophy of all three peoples.
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Elaine, Brandão Santos, and Fagundes de Oliveira Lacerda *. Mariana. "Through the hands of the Lords of Campo Seco: source for studying the history of penetration and propagation of the written language in the highlands of Bahia." Revista Letras Raras 10, no. 1 (2023): 165–83. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10278117.
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This article aims to present the linguistic study of a private manuscript, the Livro do Gado do Brejo do Campo Seco, written by a Lusitanian and his Brazilian descendants, in the Sertão da Bahia, between the ends of the colonial period in the middle of the times post-colonial. It is a relevant linguistic testimony for the studies of the social and linguistic reconstruction of Brazilian Portuguese, especially for the history of the penetration and diffusion of writing in the interior of Bahia. Thus, we sought to investigate the graphic aspects of the writers of this manuscript, investigating, from a qualitative perspective, the issue of disability / skill and the description of possible graph-phonetic indexes. For this study, Marquilhas (2000); Barbosa (1999, 2017). Regarding the results, it was found that the three authors of the Livro do Gado are not very skilled with written practice. In relation to the survey of graphical-phonetic indices, some occurrences, derived from the notes of Brazilians, appear to be aspects of lowering vowels; diphthong reduction; nasalization; vowel elevation. As for the graphic features, they identified aspects such as: graphics; latinization; grapheme replacement; grapheme elimination; inversion of grapheme order, spelling for nasal diphthong and vowel variation. This investigation collaborates with the third research agenda of PHPB, carrying out the linguistic study of the referred material, thus contributing with a significant corpus so that it is possible to reconstruct the past of Brazilian Portuguese (PB).
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Febriyanti, Rike. "Pronunciation Patterns and Challenges of the Japanese Long Vowel (Chouon) /ei/ Among Indonesian Students." Chi e Journal of Japanese Learning and Teaching 12, no. 2 (2024): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/chie.v12i2.11364.
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This study examines the pronunciation patterns of the Japanese vowel sequence /ei/ among 62 students from six universities across six provinces in Indonesia. In Japanese, the vowel sequence /ei/ is commonly neutralized to /e:/. According to Takayama (1992), this neutralization is incomplete in formal or careful speech, where /ei/ is pronounced distinctly as /ei/. Hashimoto (2006) observed that speakers alternate between /ei/ and /e:/, particularly at the ends of sentences. This research explores how Indonesian students, who typically pronounce words according to their written forms, produce the vowel sequence /ei/ in both the initial and final positions of familiar Japanese words. This study was conducted between January to June 2024. Participants were tasked with identifying instances where native Japanese speakers used the long vowel /ei/ in sentences. They then recorded their pronunciations of these words in various positions. The recordings were analyzed using PRAAT software. Results show that native Japanese speakers typically pronounce /ei/ as a long /e:/ with an average duration of 0.173 seconds. In comparison, Indonesian learners pronounced /ei/ in "reizouko" with an average duration of 0.204 seconds and in "yotei" with 0.148 seconds, indicating a tendency for longer pronunciation at the beginning of words. The longest recorded duration was 0.49 seconds, and the shortest was 0.04 seconds, possibly due to hesitation. Furthermore, learners tended to simplify the /ei/ sound, especially at the start or end of sentences. This study highlights the need for targeted pronunciation instruction and additional practice time in Japanese language curricula to address these specific phonetic challenges.
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Brunet, Étienne. "Rhymes in Victor Hugo: Les Feuilles D'automne and Les Chansons Des Rues Et Des Bois." Empirical Studies of the Arts 10, no. 2 (1992): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/t03l-1hcv-lpd9-g8pp.
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This article is a comparative description of rhyme used in two of Victor Hugo's collections of poems, Autumn Leaves (1831), an early collection, and Songs of the Streets and Woods (1865), one of the later ones. The most frequent rhymes are ranked and briefly studied in terms of their semantic content and the grammatical categories they belong to. The last stressed vowel of each rhyme word is also examined in order to establish the dominant phonetic patterns present at line ends. Finally, the striking asymmetry in the ordering of frequent rhymes (“sombre” [dark] then “ombre” [shadow] rather than the reverse) is examined and explained.
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Chang, Chiung-Yu, and Lisa D. Sanders. "On the temporal aspect of post-consonantal fundamental frequency perturbation in English voicing perception." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 156, no. 4_Supplement (2024): A50. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0035072.
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The fundamental frequency (F0) after English voiceless obstruents is generally higher than their voiced counterparts. This difference is usually largest at the vowel onset and diminishes before the vowel ends. Past research has established that the F0 perturbation influences English listeners' voicing perception. While many studies have highlighted the effect of F0 onset height, the temporal extent of the F0 perturbation is less investigated. In the present study, listeners categorized bilabial stops as voiced or voiceless. We manipulated the voice onset time (VOT), the F0 contour, and the presence of background noise. Except for one level contour at the baseline F0 value, all other F0 contours started at 20 Hz higher than the baseline. Critically, these contours fell to reach baseline at different times, rendering them different slopes. The experimental results revealed an interaction between VOT, F0, and noise. Specifically, when the stimuli were presented in noise and had VOTs near the category boundary, listeners were more likely to categorize F0 falling at slower rates as voiceless than those at faster rates. These results suggested that the duration of F0 perturbation also affects voicing perception in English and might play a role in developing tonal languages.
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Agustina, Hani. "PERILAKU PRONOMINA PERSONA /ITE/ UNTUK MENYATAKAN ASPEK DAN KEPEMILIKAN DALAM STRUKTUR KALIMAT BAHASA SASAK MASBAGIK." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 15, no. 1 (2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v15i1.427.
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This study focuses on the behavior of pronouns persona /te/ to express aspects and possessions in the structure of the Masbagic sasak language sentence. This research is descriptive conducted solely based on the facts that exist or the phenomenon that empirically live on the speakers. Researchers describe the data contained in the systematic data related to the problems studied. Data collection referred to the technique of lively cognate and recording techniques. Data were analyzed using intralingual pad method, presenting the result on informal method. The results are pronomina persone has a clitic form of proclitik te- and enclitik -te. When the pronominal persona of the proclical form meets with the verb it will express an aspect and there will be phoneme changes in the verb. When the pronouns persona of the enclosed form meets the nouns it will declare an ownership that there will be an addition of phoneme /n/ if the word attached ends in the vowel and there is no phoneme change in the noun attached if the consonant ends.
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Shirobokova, N. N., and N. N. Fedina. "Some of the features of the consonant system of the Chalkan language." Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, no. 38 (2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2019-2-51-57.
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In the following article, we describe the changes that have occurred in Chalkan phonetics over the last 70 years. We compare the consonant system data collected by N. A. Baskakov to modern research data of Siberian experimental phonetics. Certain differences between the Chalkan phonetic systems and other Siberian languages are revealed. We also describe the phonetic processes that are currently taking place in the modern Chalkan language. We list the following changes in Chalkan consonantism: nasalization of labial consonants in anlaut (p- → m-), denasalization of labial consonants in inlaut (-m- → -β-), spirantization of occlusive labial phonemes in inlaut (-p- → -β-), replacement of the anlaut č- by the Altai ħ-, removal of the final fricative low-obstruent super-weak -ɣ. In Siberian Turkic languages, including the Chalkan language (as well as some Kipchak languages, including Kyrgyz, Kazakh, etc.), one may observe a process that can be characterized as a shift of phonotactic trends typical for monosyllabic roots in inter-morphemic clusters of consonants. As the model of affix annexation via connective vowels disappeared, the number of inter-morphemic consonant combinations increased, intensifying the processes of assimilation. Cases of progressive assimilation are the most common: if a stem ends with a vowel or a sonorous consonant, the first obstruent consonant of the affix is either voiced or sonorous (tүn=de ‘at night’, palъ=ɡe ‘to the child’ in Chalkan). If a stem ends with a voiceless consonant, the first consonant of the affix is also voiceless (pᴜlᴜt(t)e ‘on a cloud’, kaske ‘to a goose’ in Chalkan). The Chalkan languages possesses traits typical for Southern Siberian Turkic languages; however, it also has traits similar to those of Kipchak languages, namely the relatively high degree of preservation of voiceless intervocalic consonants in stems (whereas in inter-morphemic positions they are voiced).
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Mayeux, Oliver. "Racial segregation and language variation in Louisiana Creole: Social meaning in language loss." Sociolinguistica 38, no. 1 (2024): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soci-2023-0006.
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Abstract This paper investigates how and whether speakers of endangered languages employ variation as a stylistic resource to make social meaning and index their identities. The study is set in historically Creole-speaking communities in rural Louisiana, which have now shifted almost completely to English. The Americanization of Louisiana induced language shift, but also a shift to the Anglo-American racial binary which supplanted local constructs of ethnicity and race. The study crafts a historical-sociolinguistic account of this process of Americanization, examining how linguistic differentiation was enacted through the enregisterment of iconic ‘Creole’/‘French’ variants as indexical links to the ‘Black’/‘White’ racial binary. Today, to a very limited extent, some speakers of Louisiana Creole still consider some variants socially meaningful and employ them to stylistic ends. This depends especially on racial identity and the variant in question. Subject pronouns retain some indexical value, occasionally employed stylistically by speakers racialized as White. However, front vowel rounding has fossilized: highly meaningful in the early-20th century, its social meaning has been lost resulting in synchronic personal-pattern variation. The paper ends by trying to reconcile classic studies of Language Death with contemporary variationist critique, answering recent calls for more nuanced approaches to sociolinguistic variation in threatened languages.
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Li, Wenchao. "Sequential Voicing in Old Japanese." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 5 (2020): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i5.17733.
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This study tackles sequential voicing in Old Japanese with a focus on three matters: (a) the interaction of the eight vowels and aspirated consonants; (b) the association of the written system and sequential voicing; and (c) the interaction between the combinationality of each constituent and sequential voicing. Four hundred and seventy-two compound nouns of Old Japanese were collected from the corpus ‘The Japanese Lexicon: A Rendaku Encyclopedia’ by NINJAL. The findings reveal that (i) /k/ has the largest token number of sequential voicing and /p/ has the second largest token number, followed by /s/ and /t/; (ii) regarding the eight vowels /a/, /e1/, /e2/, /i1/, /i2/, /o1/, /o2/ and /u/, /a/ is most likely to form a [N1-N2] whose initial consonant is /k/, /p/ and /t/. It is not likely for the vowel /a/ to invite a voiced ‘/s/-initial’ N1’; /o1/ and /o2/ are both likely to combine with a voiced consonant /k/; /t/ and are less likely to yield a voiced /s/; /e1/ is more likely to invite a voiced consonant than /e2/, but /e1/ does not invite a voiced /p/; /e2/ does not yield a voiced /s/; and /i1/ is likely to take a voiced consonant than /i2/. /k/ and /t/ are the two consonants that are most likely to be voiced when forming a N-N with N1 ends with /i1/. /i2/ does not invite a voiced /p/, /s/ or /t/; /u/ never results in a voiced /s/; (iii) there is a split in the characters that renders a voiced phoneme or an unvoiced phoneme; and (iv) the semantic relationship of N1 and N2 in [N1-N2] that bears sequential voicing is of six types, of which the most frequent relationship of N1 and N2 is [Modifier - N2]. The [prefix-N2] construction is not subject to sequential voicing.
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Elias, Alexander. "Development of a *kl- Consonant Cluster into Phrase-Initial Epenthetic Breathiness in Ende (Eastern Indonesia)." Oceanic Linguistics 63, no. 1 (2024): 79–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ol.2024.a928204.
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Abstract: Ende is a Central Flores (Austronesian) language of eastern Indonesia which features a contrast between vowel-initial words and words that begin with an underlying glottal stop. The contrast is realized by the insertion of an epenthetic [ɦ-] before vowel-initial words in phrase-initial position. Comparison with the other Central Flores languages shows that the epenthetic Ende [ɦ-] is the regular outcome of what was once a *kl- consonant cluster in Proto-Central Flores. I propose that *kl- clusters underwent a series of sound changes resulting in a segment pronounced [ɦ-], which was reanalyzed as an epenthetic phrase boundary marker instead of a fricative phoneme. The presence and development of epenthetic breathiness in nearby languages such as Keo, Ngadha, Palu'e, Sika, and Kedang will be discussed as well.
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Daley, Mike. "Patti Smith's ‘Gloria’: intertextual play in a rock vocal performance." Popular Music 16, no. 3 (1997): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000008394.
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In this article I hope to take on some questions of meaning in a rock vocal performance, examining Patti Smith's reworked version of Van Morrison's garage band standard ‘Gloria’. By looking particularly at Smith's textual accretions and timbral manipulation, I will demonstrate some of the ways that her performance can be thought of as an intertextual, critical recasting of Morrison's tale of male sexual conquest. Smith's ‘Gloria’ differs from Morrison's not only in its altered lyric text, but also in a number of musical details which include harmonic structure, melodic range and form. In this article, though, I devote the most attention to Smith's timbral manipulation, especially the ways that she alters her pronunciation of words for expressive ends. In order to examine this in detail, I have developed a system of notation that tracks Smith's sung vowel sounds alongside her use of pitch. Some of the sonic details so revealed will be used to construct a meta-narrative of Smith's ‘Gloria’ performance.
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Dinkin, Aaron J., and Robin Dodsworth. "Gradience, allophony, and chain shifts." Language Variation and Change 29, no. 1 (2017): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394517000035.
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ABSTRACTThe monophthongization of /ay/ in the Southern United States is disfavored by following voiceless consonants (price) relative to voiced or word-final environments (prize). If monophthongization is the trigger for the Southern Shift (Labov, 2010) and chain shifts operate as predicted by a modular feedforward phonological theory (cf. Bermúdez-Otero, 2007), this implies price and prize must be two ends of a phonetic continuum, rather than two discrete allophones. We test this hypothesis via distributional analysis of offglide targets and statistical analysis of the effect of vowel duration. As predicted, we find price and prize share a continuous distribution in the Inland South, the region where the Southern Shift probably originated (Labov, Ash, & Boberg, 2006). We use Raleigh, North Carolina, outside the Inland South, as a comparison point; there, the same methodologies indicate price and prize are more discretely separated. Our results thus offer empirical support for the phonological theory that motivated the hypothesis.
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Ulicheva, Anastasia, and Max Coltheart. "How word-beginnings constrain the pronunciations of word-ends in the reading aloud of English: the phenomena of head- and onset-conditioning." PeerJ 3 (December 3, 2015): e1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1482.
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Background.A word whose body is pronounced in different ways in different words is body-inconsistent. When we take the unit that precedes the vowel into account for the calculation of body-consistency, the proportion of English words that are body-inconsistent is considerably reduced at the level of corpus analysis, prompting the question of whether humans actually use such head/onset-conditioning when they read.Methods.Four metrics for head/onset-constrained body-consistency were calculated: by the last grapheme of the head, by the last phoneme of the onset, by place and manner of articulation of the last phoneme of the onset, and by manner of articulation of the last phoneme of the onset. Since these were highly correlated, principal component analysis was performed on them.Results.Two out of four resulting principal components explained significant variance in the reading-aloud reaction times, beyond regularity and body-consistency.Discussion.Humans read head/onset-conditioned words faster than would be predicted based on their body-consistency and regularity only. We conclude that humans are sensitive to the dependency between word-beginnings and word-ends when they read aloud, and that this dependency is phonological in nature, rather than orthographic.
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Horváth, Péter Iván. "Személynevek a szakfordításban." Névtani Értesítő 30 (December 29, 2008): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29178/nevtert.2008.2.
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This paper sets out to demonstrate that despite their seemingly slight relevance to technical translation, personal names have a major influence on the end product of the translation process. Personal names are not normally translated but transliterated or slightly modified to fit the target language as much as possible. Technical translators do not need to draw a boundary between proper names and common names, identify an individual known by various names or a single name borne by several people, nor decide whether a name belongs to a real or fictitious person. By contrast, they often have to ascertain: the base form of personal names in inflectional and agglutinative languages; their pronunciation for correct declension subject to vowel harmony, if any; the order of given names and surnames for inversion as necessary; the first and last item of multi-element names; the namebearer’s nationality for correct spelling, and their sex for gender agreement, including pronouns and verbal suffixes. The paper ends with the proposal that the behaviour of personal names in technical translation should be the subject of corpus-based research.
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Garidjav, Bayarmaa. "A Contrastive Study on the Final Ending of Mongolian and Korean Language." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 74 (August 31, 2023): 29–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2023.74.29.
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This paper examines the response patterns according to the meaning and function of individual termination endings by comparing the termination endings system of Korean and Mongolian. The characteristics of the system are summarized as follows by comparing the termination ending system of the two languages.
 First of all, in the case of the Korean and Mongolian ending systems, there are two criteria for classifying the terminating endings in Korean: the sentence style and the Korean relative honorifics system. The ending of the Korean language ends the sentence, so the sentence style is the standard. In addition, Korean relative honorifics system becomes an important criterion because the ending end treats the opponent. On the other hand, in Mongolian, the ending is classified according to the tense and number of personal names.
 Next, similarities and differences were examined in contrast to the end of Mongolian, focusing on the end of Korean. As a result, the imperative ending of Mongolian was most consistent with the ending form of each Korean relative honorifics system. In addition, in the case of the request ending, the promised ending, the permitted ending, and the boundary ending, respectively, it was Korean relative honorifics system did not appear separately and correspond to one form. In addition, when the Mongolian form of '-ya/ye/yo' indicates the speaker's will, it corresponds to the promised ending of the Korean language. When suggesting joint participation to listeners, it corresponds to the request ending of the Korean language, respectively. Looking at this, it can be seen that one morpheme represents two meanings. In the case of declarative, exclamatory, and interrogative endings, the corresponding forms are different depending on the verb and adjective. However, there are four Mongolian declarative endings corresponding to one form of Korean, and two for the interrogative endings. The final ending of the Korean language varies according to the Korean relative honorifics system, and there are these forms according to the vowel harmony rule. In addition, when conjugation it, there is a form depending on whether the previous word stem is a vowel or a consonant, so irregular use should be noted. On the other hand, in Mongolian, there is a form according to the rules of vowel harmony, but there is no form according to irregular use.
 There is also an end to Mongolian that does not correspond to Korean. In other words, the Mongolian blessing origin '-tygai/tugei, hope -aasai4, -sygai/sugei, -g' does not have a termination ending corresponding to the Korean language. However, there are grammatical expressions that can correspond to each other in terms of function and meaning. In this paper, the Mongolian blessing origin ‘-tygai/tugei is corresponding to the Korean ‘-기를 바란다’ grammatical form, and the Mongolian hope ‘-aasai4’ is expressed in the Korean grammar form ‘-었/았/였으면 한다’, ‘-sygai/sugei’ as a “-m” genitive ending, and the “-g” ending is corresponding to the Korean ‘-도 좋다, -도록 하다’ grammatical forms.
 There will also be linguistic significance in revealing parts that have not been made through system classification and functional contrast studies of these termination ends. In addition, it is expected to be a basic material that can be used in Korean-Mongolian translation and foreign language education.
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Abu Ahmad, Hanadi, and David L. Share. "Foundations of early literacy among Arabic-speaking pre-school children." Applied Psycholinguistics 42, no. 5 (2021): 1195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716421000242.
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AbstractThe present study aimed to shed light on (i) the most accessible phonological unit and (ii) the nature of letter knowledge among native Arabic-speaking preschool children living in Israel. One hundred and sixty-seven children were assessed on phonological awareness with initial and final isolation tasks as well as knowledge of the standard names and sounds of Arabic letters. Children’s responses in these tasks were categorized in accordance with the phonological unit that the child supplied. Regarding phonological unit accessibility, the novel finding of this study was the prevalence of a tri-phonemic /ʔεC/ unit that begins with the prefix /ʔε-/ and ends with the target (consonantal) phoneme which we have termed the “demi-phoneme” (e.g., /ʔεs/ for the consonant /s/). Awareness of the consonant–vowel unit was the next most prevalent unit followed lastly by the “smallest unit” – the phoneme. It appears that the demi-phoneme functions as a psycholinguistic aid to facilitate phoneme perception and pronunciation (as proposed by the 8th-century scholar – Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi) and both phoneme and demi-phoneme responses are underpinned by the same knowledge. With regard to letter knowledge, the standard name for Arabic letters was the preferred response and letter sounds were retrieved as a demi-phoneme unit.
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Boudjemaa, Habib, and Noureddine Mouhadjer. "Deconstructing the linguistic features of hybrid text-based online social network communication among Algerian Facebook users: A case study." Topics in Linguistics 23, no. 1 (2022): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2022-0005.
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Abstract This paper aims at dissecting the foremost innovative linguistic features that characterize the hybrid text-based online social network communication of some Algerian Facebook users. It also seeks to emphasize the role of computer-mediated communication, mainly social networking sites (SNSs), in the modernization of stigmatized informal language varieties as in the case of Algerian Dialectal Arabic (ADA). To achieve this, a qualitative research approach, in which both the researcher’s long-term participant observation and a descriptive content analysis of a corpus of 30 hybrid text-based Facebook posts, is adopted for investigation. Moreover, the relevant data was collected from a virtual Facebook group community that was chiefly created by some younger Algerian EFL students at Ibn Khaldoun University of Tiaret in Algeria in order to share information related to their studies. Interestingly, the findings of our case study revealed that the ADA is linguistically accommodated to some nonstandard and unconventional spellings of hybrid informal writing such as transliteration in its two forms, the use of distinctive signs such as numbers for some letters, the partial and/or full removal of vowel sounds for shortenings, the occurrence of written code switching/mixing and loanwords, and deficiency in using punctuation marks. Ultimately, the research ends with some recommendations for future research in the domain of text-based online communication with reference to the sociolinguistic situation in Algeria.
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Faust, Noam. "La-fala:lac’a ħĭčʾey". Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 7, № 2 (2015): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-00702001.
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This paper presents and discusses a text in the Tigre language, delivered by a speaker of the Samhar dialect. The accompanying notes indicate several grammatical issues that arise from the text and are either specific to this dialect or have never been discussed explicitly in the Tigre literature. Among these are: receding vowel harmony in rounding, length in closed syllables, the two-syllable stress window, the purposive əgəl in the infinitive construction and in object marking, the connectives yɛni and ende, negation, focus and direct and indirect speech.
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Setiawan, Budi Rahmat, and Tatang Hariri. "Phonology, Morphology, and Sound Symbolism in the First Pokémon Generation." Jurnal Onoma: Pendidikan, Bahasa, dan Sastra 11, no. 2 (2025): 1818–28. https://doi.org/10.30605/onoma.v11i2.5693.
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Linguistics is unconsciously used in naming. Many human creativity in naming were done by applying linguistic theories. The study explores how Pokémon names were created based on linguistic theories. It is because more new names and terminologies have always been created following the development of technology and human civilizations. Literary works are one of human creativity that never ends. As a result, many new words are coined to be distinctive and memorable for the ‘market’. For thirty years, Pokémon has always updated their creativity in naming thousands of terminologies and Pokémon species. It makes scholars intrigued in understanding human capability in applying linguistic theories on forming their names. Phonological, graphemical as well as morphological theories were used in forming new Pokémon names. This is a descriptive-qualitative research. Data used were obtained from a webpage named Pokémon database. The data used in this research were limited to the first generation of the Pokémon game names. The research is expected to bring new horizons as the results of how Pokémon names were created. The results show that there are additional ways of naming literary characters phonologically and morphologically. The result shows consonant insertion and vowel deletion in addition to Balteiro’s (2013) theory and suffixation in addition to Mattielo’s (2013) theory used in forming Pokémon names. There is also certain sound used in order to create an archaic effect such as the ending -th.
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Lippmann, Richard P. "Review of Neural Networks for Speech Recognition." Neural Computation 1, no. 1 (1989): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1989.1.1.1.
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The performance of current speech recognition systems is far below that of humans. Neural nets offer the potential of providing massive parallelism, adaptation, and new algorithmic approaches to problems in speech recognition. Initial studies have demonstrated that multilayer networks with time delays can provide excellent discrimination between small sets of pre-segmented difficult-to-discriminate words, consonants, and vowels. Performance for these small vocabularies has often exceeded that of more conventional approaches. Physiological front ends have provided improved recognition accuracy in noise and a cochlea filter-bank that could be used in these front ends has been implemented using micro-power analog VLSI techniques. Techniques have been developed to scale networks up in size to handle larger vocabularies, to reduce training time, and to train nets with recurrent connections. Multilayer perceptron classifiers are being integrated into conventional continuous-speech recognizers. Neural net architectures have been developed to perform the computations required by vector quantizers, static pattern classifiers, and the Viterbi decoding algorithm. Further work is necessary for large-vocabulary continuous-speech problems, to develop training algorithms that progressively build internal word models, and to develop compact VLSI neural net hardware.
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Syam, Abdi Rahmat, Sheena Gardner, and Michael Cribb. "Pronunciation Features of Indonesian-Accented English." Languages 9, no. 6 (2024): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9060222.
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English as a Lingua Franca is emerging in Indonesia, but it is not a well-documented variety. This paper aims to describe the pronunciation features of Indonesian-Accented English (IAE). Fifty educated Indonesians who were regular users of English were recorded reading two texts. The phonological features of consonants, clusters, and vowels were investigated through acoustic analysis and spectrographic observation. The results show that IAE is not predictable from contrastive Indonesian English analyses; that IAE may confuse listeners (e.g., if ‘she’ is realised as [si:]); and that speakers may regularly produce sounds at the beginning of words that they do not produce at the ends of words.
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Nwoye, Chukwuebuka. "A Contrastive Analysis of English and Igbo Segmental Features: Implications in ESL Learning." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 6, no. 6 (2023): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.6.4.
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The aim of a Contrastive study is to examine the differences that exist between languages, as well as to ascertain the challenges they pose to second language learners. This paper focuses on a contrastive analysis of the segmental features of the Igbo and the English languages with emphasis on the implication of the differences in the learning of English as a second language by people whose first language is Igbo. The study reveals that while the Igbo language has more consonants than the English language, the English language has more vowels than the Igbo language. Here lies the problem of the Igbo learner of the English language. The study ends with some suggestions on how to eradicate or, at least, grossly minimize the resultant interference.
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William, W.S. Chen. "Inclusion and Exclusion probability." Journal of Progressive Research in Mathematics 13, no. 1 (2018): 2204–11. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3974818.
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We use mathematical induction method to prove the Poincare Formula. To demonstrate the usefulness of this formula, we provide five examples. This formula is related to a broad class of counting problems in which several interacting properties either all must hold, or none must hold. When there are only two or three events that need to be counted, we usually use a Venn diagram. In section 4, we present a general mathematical formula to count any finite number of inclusion and exclusion events. This leads to an easy way to apply the Poincare Formula to define the probability.
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He, Wenyun, Thomas A. Hamilton, Andrew R. Cohen, et al. "Automated Three-Dimensional Tracing of Neurons in Confocal and Brightfield Images." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, no. 4 (2003): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760303040x.
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Automated three-dimensional (3-D) image analysis methods are presented for tracing of dye-injected neurons imaged by fluorescence confocal microscopy and HRP-stained neurons imaged by transmitted-light brightfield microscopy. An improved algorithm for adaptive 3-D skeletonization of noisy images enables the tracing. This algorithm operates by performing connectivity testing over large N × N × N voxel neighborhoods exploiting the sparseness of the structures of interest, robust surface detection that improves upon classical vacant neighbor schemes, improved handling of process ends or tips based on shape collapse prevention, and thickness-adaptive thinning. The confocal image stacks were skeletonized directly. The brightfield stacks required 3-D deconvolution. The results of skeletonization were analyzed to extract a graph representation. Topological and metric analyses can be carried out using this representation. A semiautomatic method was developed for reconnection of dendritic fragments that are disconnected due to insufficient dye penetration, an imaging deficiency, or skeletonization errors.
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Galafa, Beaton. "A Grammatical Sketch of Chitumbuka." International Journal of Linguistics 10, no. 4 (2018): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v10i4.13385.
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The paper provides a grammatical sketch of Chitumbuka, a language widely spoken in the northern region of Malawi, and therefore used as a lingua franca in the region. The paper focuses on four key linguistic aspects of the language in its analysis. These include phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Data analysis followed interviews with native speakers of the language drawn from four districts of Mzimba, Rumphi, Nkhata Bay and Kasungu. There was also a significant reliance on data from published materials exploring the language. The paper agrees with available literature ascertaining the existence of 5 vowels and 27 consonant phonemes, a CV syllable structure, assimilation and strengthening processes in the language. It also shows that Chitumbuka is not a tonal language. The paper further ascertains the existence of 18 noun classes in the language and a complex verbal morphology with different types of markers for subject, object and tense. It also shows that the general sentence structure of Chitumbuka is Subject-Verb-Object with several other possible alterations. The paper ends with an exploration of loan words in the language and the realization of the notions of borrow and lend through a single lexical item.
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Ramli, NFN, and Novia Erwandi. "ANALISIS KOMPARATIF ANTARA BAHASA JAMEE (ACEH) DAN BAHASA MINANGKABAU (BUKITTINGGI)." Linguistik Indonesia 37, no. 1 (2019): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v37i1.85.
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The problems in this study are the differences in phonology, lexical, morphology, and syntactic structure between Jamee (Aceh) and Minangkabau (Bukittinggi). The aim of this research is to know the difference of phonology, lexical, morphology, and syntactic structure between Jamee language and Minangkabau Bukittinggi language. The method used in this research was descriptive with qualitative approach. Data were collected by observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The data sources in this research were 5 speakers of Jamee language and 5 speakers of Minangkabau Bukittingi language. the data analysis procedures were data selection, data classification, and data presentation. The results of research in this article phonological differences, there were / ɛ / and / ɔ / in vocal system of Jamee, / a / while vocal system of Minangkabau Bukittinggi language and Jamee / ɣ / or / R / language consonant system, while Minangkabau Bukittinggi language / r /, then there were pronunciation differences include single vowels, double vowels, and consonants. These differences consist of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. For affixation, the difference lies in the insertion (infix) -al-, -ar- in Jamee and -am-, -um- in Minangkabau Bukittinggi. The suffixes (suffixes) -en, -ken in Jamee, -in the Minangkabau language of Bukittinggi, and the ends (confix) there were me-ken, me-en, ma-kan, ma-an in Minangkabau language Bukittinggi, except prefixes. The prefixes of the two languages have similarity. The differences was also seen from word classification in verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerelia, and adverbs. In terms of the type of word repetition there was no difference only in the form of words or basic words only, while the sentence structure of the two languages have in similarities.
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Mok, Peggy P. K. "Effects of Vowel Duration and Vowel Quality on Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation." Language and Speech 54, no. 4 (2011): 527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830911404961.
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Carré, René, and Samir Chennoukh. "Vowel-consonant-vowel modeling bysuperposition of consonant closure on vowel-to-vowel gestures." Journal of Phonetics 23, no. 1-2 (1995): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(95)80045-x.
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Mok, Peggy P. K. "Does Vowel Inventory Density Affect Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation?" Language and Speech 56, no. 2 (2012): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830912443948.
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Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel, and Rebecca Lurie Starr. "Vowel system or vowel systems?" Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 2 (2020): 253–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00061.won.
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Abstract The Manila variety of Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH-M) or Lánnang-uè is a contact language used by the metropolitan Manila Chinese Filipinos; it is primarily comprised of Hokkien, Tagalog/Filipino, and English elements. Approaching PHH-M as a mixed language, we investigate linguistically and socially conditioned variation in the monophthongs of PHH-M, focusing on the extent to which the vowel systems of the three source languages have converged. This analysis draws on data gathered from 34 native speakers; Pillai scores are calculated to assess the degree of merger. Contrary to certain predictions of prior work on mixed languages, PHH-M is found to have a unified, eight-vowel inventory distinct from any of its sources. Older women use more stable vowels across source languages, suggesting that they have led in the development of PHH-M as a mixed code; however, signs of change among younger women suggest either the endangerment of the code or its evolution in response to the community’s shifting identity. We contextualize our conclusions in relation to the sociohistory and language ecology of metropolitan Manila’s Chinese Filipino community.
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Kim, Hyun. "Phonetic realization of vowel-vowel sequences." Eomunhak 151 (March 31, 2021): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37967/emh.2021.3.151.37.
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Maddieson, Ian. "Vowel spacing in four‐vowel systems." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, no. 4 (2003): 2331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4780844.
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Neel, Amy, and Jean Andruski. "Vowel identification and vowel space characteristics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (2007): 3187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782388.
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Carré, R., and M. Mrayati. "Vowel–vowel trajectories and region modeling." Journal of Phonetics 19, no. 3-4 (1991): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30334-1.
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Carré, René, and Mohammed Mrayati. "Vowel‐vowel transitions, analysis, and modeling." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, S1 (1990): S107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2027814.
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Carré, René, Marc Bourdeau, and Jean-Pierre Tubach. "Vowel-Vowel Production: The Distinctive Region Model (DRM) and Vowel Harmony." Phonetica 52, no. 3 (1995): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000262172.
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Jeong-Im Han. "Effects of Vowel Inventory and Vowel Density in Language Specific Patterns of Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation." Korean Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 4 (2007): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2007.32.4.012.
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Yusifli, A. "THE VERB IN GERMAN AND THE DIFFICULTIES OF LEARNING IT." Sciences of Europe, no. 130 (December 11, 2023): 63–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10352562.
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In German, the verb is one of the main parts of speech. It is used to express actions, states, processes, and changes. The study of the verb in German includes several stages: Familiarity with the main types of verbs. In German, verbs can be weak (in which the infinitive ends in -en) and strong (have variable vowels). It is necessary to study the main types of verbs, their conjugation in different tenses and features of declension. The study of verb tenses. In German, there is a wide range of tenses, including the present, past, future tense, as well as various types of conditional and subjunctive moods. At this stage, it is necessary to study the main time forms and their use. Vocabulary expansion. To use a variety of verb constructions, it is necessary to study a large number of verbs and their meanings, as well as to study the various grammatical constructions in which verbs can be used. Practice and practice of the use of verbs in speech. While studying verbs, it is important to actively use them in various contexts in order to consolidate their correct use and learn to freely express their thoughts and actions. The stages of learning a verb in German can be different depending on the level of the language and the teaching methodology, but these main stages allow you to create a framework for learning verbs and their use in speech.
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Jacobs, Haike. "Cross-level interactions in Latin: Vowel shortening, vowel deletion and vowel gliding." Catalan Journal of Linguistics 18 (December 18, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/catjl.261.
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