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Journal articles on the topic 'ENDSARS'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Inobemhe, Kelvin, and Tsegyu Santas. "#EndSARS Protest." Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies 4, no. 4 (2022): 100–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v4i4.241.

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This paper “#EndSARS Protest: A Discourse on Impact of Digital Media on 21st Century Activism” examines the role of digital media in a new generation of activism with a critical assessment of the protest in Nigeria. Specifically, the paper expands on the meaning of social media activism, finds out ways digital media was deployed in mobilisation and management of the protest and also delves into how social media pose as challenge to activism within the context of series of anti-police brutality protests that took place in Nigeria. Specifically, the study looked at how, despite the failure of ma

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2

Omeni, Akali. "Framing Injustice: Special Anti-Robbery Squads (SARS) in Nigeria and the #EndSARS Protest Response from a Social Movement Theory Perspective." Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society 10, no. 2 (2022): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/modafr.v10i2.409.

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This article employs Social Movement Theory (SMT) to examine collective action mobilisation against malfeasance by Nigeria’s Special Anti-Robbery Squads (SARS). Created in the 1990s to counter armed gangs, SARS gradually became discredited. Finally, in October 2020, after weeks of public protest, the unit was disbanded. The #EndSARS movement proved instrumental here. The present article explores the origins, nature and decline of SARS until the #EndSARS protests. #EndSARS arguably provoked police reform in Nigeria. Furthermore, whereas social media has dominated the discourse on the protesters

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3

Godswill Akhimien, Prince. "The Effect of Endsars Protest on Small and Medium Enterprises (Sme’s) In Lagos State." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 10, no. 02 (2022): 3119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v10i2.em11.

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This study is centered on the effect of EndSars protest on small and medium enterprises (SME’S) in Lagos State. The specific objectives of this study are to examine the causes of the EndSars protest among youths in Lagos State; and also, to find out if the EndSars protest has any effect on Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State. Three hypotheses were drawn from the research questions and a self-administered questionnaire was used to measure the relationship between the variables using the filled questionnaires of 350 respondents of entrepreneurs in Ikeja Local Government Council. The anal

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Imoudu, Monica. "Post Endsars Protest: Exploring Subjective Perception of Police Victims in Lagos, Nigeria." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 13, no. 3 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2022-0021.

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This study examined public perception of police in post endsars mass protest. The aim of the study was to verify public relationship with police as spillover from violent mass protest. The study was hinged on value-added theory. Six-hundred respondents were surveyed and criteria for inclusion was victim of police brutality. Exploratory design was adopted using quantitative method. Sampling method consisted of purposive and accidental. Lagos was purposively chosen as epicentre of endsars protest; victims of police brutality were chosen purposively. Accidental method applied to select participan

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Ola, Nnennaya Uchendu. "State Anti-Robbery Squad operations and restructuring in Nigeria: Semiotics of the #EndSARS protests." IKENGA Journal of Institute of African Studies 22, no. 2 (2021): 82–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2021/22/2/005.

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End State Anti-Robbery Squad (#EndSARS) protests represent symptoms of systemic issues in Nigeria. Those issues range from ideological differences of the various ethnic nationalities to the constitutional and structural imbalance in the political and economic equation. This paper attempts to put in perspective the implications of the over-centralisation of both political and economic powers. To do this, this research examines the events leading up to the #EndSARS protest, as well as the various signs and symbols emanating from the #EndSARS movement. Semiotics Theory is employed as conceptual f

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6

Irene, Oseremen Felix. "From Peaceful Protest to Bloodbath: An Interrogation of the Link between the #EndSARS Protest and Policing Strategies in Nigeria." ABUAD Journal of Social and Management Sciences 4, no. 2 (2023): 298–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/ajsms.2023.0402.08-j.

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The #EndSARS protest by the Nigerian youths was against police brutality. It started peacefully but ended in violence and bloodbath. This study investigates the link between the #EndSARS protest and policing strategies in Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data from 194 randomly selected respondents from a population of Police officers. Secondary data was sourced from library materials such as textbooks, journals, newspapers and websites. SPSS was used to analyse the primary data collected for the study. Findings from the study revealed that there is a significant

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7

Makinde, Ebenezer. "International Political Contexts, Digital Technologies, and Political Outcomes in Nigeria’s #EndSARS Movement." Protest 4, no. 1 (2024): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667372x-bja10059.

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Abstract When do social movements achieve political outcomes? Extant literature has identified two broad factors that can explain the political outcomes of social movements: movements’ infrastructure, and political opportunities. Focusing on the 2020 #EndSARS protest in Nigeria, I build on this literature to understand how and why social movements may achieve policy outcomes when social movements’ infrastructure and domestic political opportunities are relatively absent. I analyzed the Twitter activities of protesters during the 2020 #EndSARS Movement in Nigeria. I argue that the #EndSARS Move

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8

Obadare, Ebenezer. "A Hashtag Revolution in Nigeria." Current History 120, no. 826 (2021): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.826.183.

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Exploding in October 2020 and reverberating internationally, protests against police brutality under the hashtag #EndSARS exposed enduring patterns and emergent trends in Nigerian politics and society. This article examines various elements of the protests to advance hypotheses about the culture of social media, the weakening of old forms of solidarity, and the rise of a new generation of activists steeped in new rules and technologies of civic engagement. #EndSARS marks the possible ascent of an inorganic civil society with profound implications for Nigerian democracy.

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9

Okibe, Summer, and Essien Oku Essien. "EndSARS to EFCC: Trading One Nightmare for Another." American Journal of Society and Law 4, no. 1 (2025): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v4i1.3259.

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The transition from the EndSARS movement to increased harassment by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in Nigeria signifies a troubling swift shift in governmental repression. Although the EndSARS protests seemed to have successfully led to the dissolution of the notorious Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), they inadvertently led to a new form of persecution – EFCC. This study employs Discourse Analysis (DA) and this approach is particularly suited for analyzing the discourses around EndSARS and the EFCC, given the power struggles, ideological conflicts, and societal impacts i

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10

Egbe, Gabriel B. "ENGLISHIZATION AND THE DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSES OF THE #ENDSARS PROTEST IN NIGERIA." English Journal Literacy Utama 7, no. 1 (2022): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33197/ejlutama.v7i1.185.

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The social media has become a potent digital tool to make strong political and social statements globally especially with the internationalization of English. This has been underscored by the #EndSARS protest in Nigeria. The protest, led mainly by Nigerian youths, remains one of the most sweeping social media activisms in the history of the country. The reverberations and revolts which accompanied the initially peaceful protest have brought to the fore the power of the social media. This study identifies the discursive strategies and semiotic resources deployed during the #EndSARS protest to u

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Adedokun, Theophilus. "The Social Network and #EndSARS Agitation: Protests against Police Brutality and Bad Governance in Nigeria." LINGUA: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 19, no. 2 (2022): 81–96. https://doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v19i2.769.

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Protests in Nigeria have gained global attention in recent times and have attracted different explanations about their root causes. Violence may sometimes erupt because of protests; however, this does not usually happen until additional factors contribute to the protests. This study presents a Social Network Theory perspective on the agitation for #EndSARS among the Nigerian masses, especially the youths. #EndSARS is a movement against extra-judicial police brutality and a call to put an end to bad governance in Nigeria. This study was inspired by the following: (i) the rising popularity of so

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Okibe, Summer, and Essien Essien. "EndSARS to EFCC: Trading One Nightmare for Another." American Journal of Society and Law 4, no. 1 (2025): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v4i1.3259.

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The transition from the EndSARS movement to increased harassment by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) in Nigeria signifies a troubling swift shift in governmental repression. Although the EndSARS protests seemed to have successfully led to the dissolution of the notorious Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), they inadvertently led to a new form of persecution – EFCC. This study employs Discourse Analysis (DA) and this approach is particularly suited for analyzing the discourses around EndSARS and the EFCC, given the power struggles, ideological conflicts, and societal imp

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Ukor, Jonathan Ihunayachi. "Visual pragmatics and the EndSARS movement." Tropical Journal of Arts and Humanities 4, no. 1 (2022): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47524/tjah.v4i1.14.

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There is a paradigm shift in the study of language use from a purely verbal perspective to a multimodal viewpoint. This is the scope of visual pragmatics; it attempts to investigate linguistic and semiotic features from a pragmatic angle. This study is an attempt of such broadened pragmatic analysis, as it investigates the deployment of verbal and visual elements in the Nigerian #EndSARS movement. Extant researchers have also applied concepts of visual pragmatics in other multimodal discourses. This present study employs Mey‟s (2001) Pragmatic Act Theory and Hoye and Kaiser‟s (2007) Visual Act

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Dami, Caleb Danjuma. "The #EndSARS protest, corruption and insecurity debates in Nigeria." IKENGA Journal of Institute of African Studies 22, no. 2 (2021): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2021/22/2/009.

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The mass protest to end the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (known as the #EndSARS protest) was a decentralized social movement and series of mass protests against police brutality in Nigeria. The protest started in 2017 as a Twitter campaign using the hash tag #ENDSARS to demand the disbanding of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad. This paper argues that the #EndSARS protest in Nigeria was a microcosmic manifestation of the deeply rooted dissatisfaction of Nigerians with the social, economic and political situation of the country. Data was collected using secondary sources such as internet material, j

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Aidonojie, Paul Atagamen, Oluwaseye Oluwayomi Ikubanni, and Alade Adeniyi Oyebade. "Legality of EndSARS Protest: A Quest for Democracy in Nigeria." Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 2, no. 3 (2022): 209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v2i3.40.

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An essential hallmark of a democratic society is a statutory institution responsible for protecting (Human Rights) the lives, properties, and catering to its people's needs. However, in Nigeria, there has been an incessant abuse of its citizens' rights by the Special Anti-robbery Squad (SARS) and complaints of low sustainable development, which had trigger the EndSARS protest. Hence, this study's essence is to ascertain the reason for the EndSARS protest and how to salvage the protest. Given this, the study used an online survey questionnaire sent to 363 respondents (randomly selected) residin

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ISANBOR, Philip Osarobu. "Ethics of EndSARS Protest Philosophy for Social Change in Nigeria." PROGRESS: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5, no. 1 (2024): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.71016/tp/4yhprd25.

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Aim and Objective: This paper is directed towards the examination of the ethics of national consciousness for the realization of Sustainable National Development (SND) through the visitation of EndSARS Protest Philosophy (EPP). Hence, the objective of the study is on the needs to revisit the courses of social change as basis of EPP, and this will necessarily lead the Nigerian youths in achieving the courses of SND especially towards the values of committed and constant positive change of attitudes. Methodology: being non-empirical research, the paper employed the expository, speculative and ph

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Emoedumhe, Inagbor, Eregbuonye Obieshi, Isaac Ogbemudia, and Paul Aidonojie. "Catalyzing Change: Analyzing the Dynamics and Impact of EndSARS Protests in Nigeria." NIU Journal of Humanities 8, no. 4 (2023): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.58709/niujhu.v8i4.1729.

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The EndSARS protests that swept across Nigeria in [insert year] marked a pivotal moment in the nation's history, representing a collective outcry against systemic police brutality and an impassioned demand for justice and accountability. Rooted in the discontent with the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), the movement garnered unprecedented momentum, drawing diverse groups into a unified call for societal change. However, given the current Nigeria situation after the EndSARS protest, does it p and social media activisming impact on the socio-political landscape of Nigeria? It is in this regard

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Rasheed, Buhari Olaoluwa. "CITIZEN JOURNALISM PRACTICE AND SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE DURING SOCIAL DARWINISM (#EndSARS) PROTEST AMONG YOUTHS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA." KOMUNIKE 16, no. 2 (2024): 229–46. https://doi.org/10.20414/jurkom.v16i2.11613.

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The study investigated social media usage for the popular #EndSARS protest that changed and shook the nation's landscape. Social Darwinist ideas was used to rationalize the marginalization of certain groups who may be seen as less capable or inferior. It explored the usage of social media that allowed the effective sharing of audio-visual messages by the #EndSARS protesters, especially the youths in Ikeja. 400 copies of questionnaire data were tested using simple percentages and presented in frequency distribution tables, the study concluded that youths use the media peculiar to them like soci

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Okoye, Anthony Chukwuebuka, and Coronation Edward Tokpo. "The Role of Social Media in Mobilizing Nigerian Youths during the #EndSARS Protests: Implications for Policy and Activism." Niger Delta Journal of Library and Information Science 4, no. 2 (2023): 91–105. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11218076.

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The #EndSARS protests in Nigeria, a multifaceted attempt to address some pressing challengesin Nigeria at the time found expression in the unfettered harassment need to address policebrutality and advocate for comprehensive policy and policing reforms, witnessed significantmobilization through social media channels. This study investigates how Nigerian youtheffectively utilized platforms like Facebook, X (Twitter), WhatsApp, and Instagram to organizeand sustain their peaceful protests. By drawing insights from the strategic use of social mediaduring the #EndSARS movement, we explore the impact

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Adedokun, Theophilus. "Social media as a strategy for protest movements: A study of #EndSARS in Nigeria." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 6 (2022): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1927.

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The 2020 #EndSARS protests in Nigeria gained global attention. The protests drawn thousands of youths to the streets in a wave of rolling fury that built into one of the largest demonstrations for years in the country. Unlike previous protests in the country, the 2020 year's protests played out across social networks in a buildup of videos, images, and stories on Twitter Facebook, and other platforms displaying pictures and footage from the streets. This study employed the Social Network Theory in identifying the influence of social media as a strategy for protest movements and for the diffusi

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Agbo, George Emeka. "The #EndSARS Protest in Nigeria and Political Force of Image Production and Circulation on Social Media." IKENGA Journal of Institute of African Studies 22, no. 2 (2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2021/22/2/002.

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For many years, the unit of the Nigerian Police Force, Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) was accused of violent crimes and violation of human rights of citizens. One wondered if SARS had dual operational duties – to kill and dehumanise those it ought to protect. Between October and November 2020, multitude of Nigerian youths took to the street to demand for abolition of SARS, thus #EndSARS protest. Photography was at the heart of the social movement. Employing digital methods including compositional analysis and audience interpretation, this paper examines a selection of #EndSARS-related photo

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Oghogho, Maryjane Y., and Dr O. M. C. Osazuwa. "The #Endsars Movement and the Reshaping of Political Discourse in a Digital Age: A Nigerian Case Study." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. VI (2024): 194–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.906017.

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Social media has become a powerful tool for activism, enabling movements like #EndSARS to advocate for human rights and social justice. This paper examines the impact of social media on the #EndSARS movement in Nigeria, focusing on how it empowered activists, raised awareness about police brutality, and promoted freedom of expression. Drawing on existing literature and empirical data, the study analyzes the role of social media in mobilizing support, documenting human rights abuses, and pressuring the government to address systemic issues within law enforcement. The findings highlight the posi

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David-Ojukwu, Ifeyinwa, Florence O. Orabueze, and Stella Okoye-Ugwu. "Transitivity and youth violence in #EndSARS discourse." IKENGA Journal of Institute of African Studies 22, no. 2 (2021): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2021/22/2/006.

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, Florence O. Orabueze2 & Violence in Nigeria has reached its peak such that policies that should engage the youths positively are inevitable. This paper aims to establish that Nigerian youths should not be held accountable for #EndSARS protest. Using Halliday and Matthiessen’s Transitivity model, the paper examined the transitivity processes of the major participants in the discourse, and the circumstances implicated. Explication of images appropriated as discursive strategies were accounted for through insights from Kress and van Leeuwen’s Compositional Metafunction in Reading Image Theo

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Ndem Okon, Enoch, and Victor Ojakorotu. "The #EndSARS Protest and Violence in Calabar." African Journal of Business and Economic Research 1, no. 1 (2022): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31920/1750-4562/2022/sina3.

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Akinmusuyi, Samuel Akindeji. "‘I am not a criminal!’: social semiotics and ideology in cartoons related to the #EndSARS movement." International Journal of African Reflections 2024, no. 1 (2024): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.47348/ijar/2024/a1.

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The #EndSARS social movement in Nigeria garnered considerable attention in 2020 as activists employed diverse means of communication to increase awareness of police brutality and advocate justice. This research aimed to examine the verbal and non-verbal communication strategies employed in cartoons associated with the #EndSARS social movement. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (2006) Social Semiotics, this study sought to unveil the underlying ideologies and socio-political messages conveyed through the strategic use of semiotic resources in the cartoons. The re

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Eze, Cyprian Chidozie, Emmanuel Eziaku Chukwuezi, Ngozi Jovita N. Umelo, and Ifeyinwa J. Umeh. "A Speech Act Analysis of the Language of Protest in 2020 Endsars Protest in Nigeria." Journal of Legal and Cultural Analytics 3, no. 2 (2024): 239–56. https://doi.org/10.55927/jlca.v3i2.10690.

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This study evaluates the language of protest which has been examined using different approaches. Certain linguistic features such as claim, threat, demand, appeal and dissatisfaction have been reported. However, it appears that similar studies are yet ti be done in Nigeria despite constant occurrence of protest in the country. The present study examines the language of protests in Nigeria using the 2020 EndSars protest. The data for the study were collected from social media and reputable news platforms, 36 data were gathered and grouped under their linguistic features. This research reveals t

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Saka, Luqman, and Segun Emmanuel Ojo. "Digital Activism in Transitional Democracies." Comparative Sociology 23, no. 1 (2024): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341563.

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Abstract This study examines the deployment of digital tools in pushing citizen activism on political accountability and empowerment using the 2018 #EndSARS campaign in Nigeria as point of reference. In so doing, the article explores the utility of digital activism and analyze the successes and challenges associated with the effectiveness of its use to advance citizens’ voices in transitional democracies. The study deployed Chorus Analytics to harvest and thematically analyze 13,000 tweets of Nigerians that relate to the 2018 #EndSARS campaign. The article argues that the campaign can be deeme

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Okpaleke, Ikenna Paschal. "From Twitter to the Streets." Secular Studies 6, no. 1 (2024): 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1163/25892525-bja10063.

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Abstract One of the most tweeted events of 2020 is the #EndSARS protest that was carried out by Nigerian young people against police brutality. Yet the protest did not only happen on digital media. It eventually became evident on the streets, taking different dimensions including religious highlights. Apart from narrative accounts of the 12-day event that was brutally suppressed on 20 October 2020, there is yet to be any analysis of the critical aspects of the protest that attracted so much global interest. This article critically examines the #EndSARS protest within the background of a threef

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Shija, Terhemba, and Ifeoma Catherine Onwugbufor. "Soro-Soke Polemic & the contemporary African Female Revolutionary Trend: An Ngugian Perspective." IKENGA Journal of Institute of African Studies 22, no. 2 (2021): 23–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2021/22/2/003.

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A video revealing the assault of two men who were pulled out of a hotel and the execution of one of them by the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) became viral on October 4, 2020 spurring random protests across Nigeria. The protests which began as pockets of pickets snowballed into crowded rallies in the major cities comprising mainly, the youth shortly after the outbreak of a virtual protest with the hashtag #EndSARS littering the social media, and eventually, the print media, and banners. Christened, Soro-Soke, these protests can be linked with a certain history - the actuality of the #EndSAR

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Alozie, Bright. ""The Feminist Coven Did It": Nigerian Women's Feminist Leadership and Coalition Against Police Brutality during the 2020 #EndSARS Protests." Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 45, no. 3 (2024): 152–83. https://doi.org/10.1353/fro.2024.a952260.

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Abstract: The 2020 #EndSARS protest—a movement against police brutality and state violence in Nigeria—is an excellent locale for the historical study of African women's activism and contributions to social movements. Young Nigerian women actively spearheaded this movement. Employing oral history methods, social media, and other primary sources, I place these women at the center of the narratives surrounding the #EndSARS protest. Their exceptional leadership and coordination contributed to the success of the most extensive youth-led protests in Nigeria's contemporary history. In locating their

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Ogbuju, Emeka, Ikechukwu Mpama, Temitope Martha Oluwafemi, et al. "The Sentiment Analysis of EndSARS Protest in Nigeria." Journal of Applied Artificial Intelligence 3, no. 2 (2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jaai.v3i2.560.

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The extraction of public opinions from online communication platforms can serve several purposes in corporate institutions, state politics, and governance. The analysis of these opinions may be useful for both immediate business decision making and professional planning. This analysis is becoming relevant in managing social movements and digital activism by applying computational technology. There is a need to deploy this opinion mining technology to the recent largest digital activism in Nigeria known as the #EndSARS movement. In this work, we proposed the EndSARS live analytics framework whi

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Ajaegbu, Oguchi, Chigozirim Ajaegbu, and Rosemary Quilling. "Nigeria EndSARS Protest: False Information Mitigation Hybrid Model." Ingénierie des systèmes d information 27, no. 3 (2022): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/isi.270311.

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False Information can lead to chaos and destruction of lives and properties, as was the case during the EndSARS protests in October 2020. Young people took to social media to campaign for the scrapping of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) and for better governance in the country. Social media, especially Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram were used to garner the support of people to join the protests across the country. The use of social media platforms gave rise to a proliferation of unverified information in the social space. As events unfolded, some reports were confirmed as fake and some

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Jinadu, Faosat Olayiwola, Abimbola O. Fasan-Odunsi, Olukayode Ademola Adegboyega, et al. "The EndSARS debacle: Radiological observations in simultaneous upheavals." West African Journal of Radiology 29, no. 2 (2022): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/wajr.wajr_29_22.

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Abstract Background: Mass upheavals across Nigeria, especially in Lagos and its environs, ultimately resulted in many deaths. The protesters seized the opportunity of the #EndSARS protest to commit atrocities across the Lagos State and the city of Lagos, in particular on October 21, 2020. Clashes occurred at Lekki Toll Gate, Surulere, Oyingbo, Alausa, Mushin, Ikotun, Agege, and Somolu areas of Lagos, as well as Ikorodu. Prison riots allegedly simultaneously occurred at Ikoyi and Kirikiri prisons. The police and soldiers had been invited to quell the demonstrations, and many people died across

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Adeyemi, Qasim. "#EndSARS and Digital Persuasion: Moving People to Action through Visuals." southern semiotic review 2023 ii, no. 18 (2023): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33234/ssr.18.5.

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Abstract This study examines visual narratives of police brutality in Nigeria, with a view to revealing their ideological potentials and strategic functions. Seven purposively selected cartoons drawn from the social media were investigated using critical multimodality with insights from the speech act theory. The descriptive analysis revealed that two broad ideological strategies – demonisation of SARS and intensification of victims’ innocence – were used to foreground SARS officers’ power abuse in order to instigate the #EndSARS protests. To legitimate the protests, the officers were denigrat

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Uwalaka, Temple. "Mobile Internet and Contentious Politics in Nigeria: Using the Organisational Tools of Mobile Social Networking Applications to Sustain Protest Movements." Journalism and Media 4, no. 1 (2023): 396–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia4010026.

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This study investigates the impact of mobile social networking applications in the organisation of protest movements by examining how protesters documented their participation during the 2020 #EndSARS protests as well as evaluating the themes that emerged from online activists’ tweets during the 2022 #EndSARSMemorial2 protests in Nigeria. Data for this study was obtained from a survey conducted in 2020 during the protests in Lagos and Port Harcourt, Nigeria (N = 391), and a qualitative content analysis of tweets and replies (N = 67,691) from the 2022 #EndSARSMemorial2 protest in Nigeria. Resul

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Ogbuehi, Friday Ifeanyichukwu. "A comparative analysis of African traditional method of curbing crime and the EndSARS protest in Nigeria." Integrity Journal of Arts and Humanities 3, no. 5 (2022): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31248/ijah2022.062.

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The Nigerian police as a law enforcement agency is saddled with the responsibilities of protecting lives and property and maintenance of law and order in Nigeria. It is noteworthy that the Nigerian Police set up Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) to fight the high rate of Armed Robbery and other criminality in the country. Consequently, the manner in which it carried out its duties resulted in the Nigerian youths protesting for the squad to be disbanded with the slogan ‘EndSARS’. It is observed that during the protest, Nigeria became restive that finally led to the loss of lives and property. T

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Uroko, Favour, Chinyere Nwaoga, and Ezichi Ituma. "A Socialist Analysis of the Mutual Aid Solidarity During the #EndSARS Protest in Multi-Religious Nigeria." Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 33, no. 2 (2023): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ken.2023.a904081.

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ABSTRACT: This study describes the results of a social analysis of mutual aid solidarity during Nigeria's #EndSARSprotests against Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) brutality in Nigeria. The results reveal that the protests achieved success with the assistance of mutual aid solidarity networks. Yet there is a dearth of literature exploring the reasons for this accomplishment. Nigeria is a country where everything done usually has a religious coloration and interpretation; however, the 2020 mutual aid solidarity in the #EndSARS protests proved otherwise. Using in-depth interviews, data were eli

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Patrick, Leesi, and Bolanle Austen-Peters. "Context for The Olurombi Musical." Studies in Musical Theatre 18, no. 3 (2024): 331–42. https://doi.org/10.1386/smt_00177_7.

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The Olurombi Musical was produced and directed by Bolanle Austin-Peters (BAP). It ran from 26 December to 29 December 2020 in Lagos State, Nigeria. Olurombi is a popular folk tale among the Yorùbá people in Nigeria. It tells the story of the beautiful and newly wedded Queen of Idi-Iroko, Olurombi, who desperately seeks the help of Iroko Oluwere (the forest tree spirit) to solve her life of misery due to barrenness. Against the vehement admonition from Iroko Oluwere, Olurombi forges ahead despite the caveat of huge consequences associated with the help she seeks. The Olurombi Musical was produc

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Udenze, Silas. "Mental health and emotional labour: Evidence from the EndSARS digital protest." Health & New Media Research 9, no. 1 (2025): 58–70. https://doi.org/10.22720/hnmr.2025.00080.

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This study examines how protesters in the EndSARS (Special Anti-Robbery Squad) movement experienced and managed mental health challenges, and how these experiences impacted their online advocacy and psychological well-being. Through interviews with 19 protesters, this research reveals three themes: (a) emotional exhaustion and trauma exposure, (b) online harassment and fear of repression, and (c) burnout and disengagement, which answered the research question. The findings highlight how social and digital media, while instrumental in mobilizing dissent, also functioned as a vector for psycholo

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Nwabunnia, Onyeka Antoinette. "#EndSARS movement in Nigeria: tensions and solidarities amongst protesters." Gender & Development 29, no. 2-3 (2021): 351–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2021.1982180.

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Unachukwu, Daniel, and Ugochukwu Obumneme Ezewudo. "Implications of EndSARS Protest on National Security and Development." International Journal of Law and Public Policy (IJLAPP) 6, no. 1 (2024): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0601.670.

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The EndSARS protest, which was sparked by public outcry against police brutality, had a significant impact on Nigeria’s national security and development. The protest primarily called for the dissolution of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS), a unit notorious for its human rights abuses. Underlying issues such as poor governance, rampant corruption, and the Federal Government's failure to reform the Nigerian police system were key factors leading to the massive demonstrations in 2020. Citizens were frustrated with the systemic negligence and lack of accountability, which prompted them to de

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Ulanova, Natalya S., and Ivan A. Zakharov. "Pentecostalism and New Social Movements: ENDSARS Protests in Nigeria." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 40, no. 4 (2024): 676–88. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2024.409.

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Pentecostalism is one of the fastest growing branches of Christianity in the world. In some regions it claims to be a significant player in political and public life. The number of Pentecostals is growing steadily in the countries of South America, Asia, and Africa. Studying the role of the Pentecostal mobilization potential in the protest movements can give deeper understanding of what is going on in these macro-regions as they play a significant role in the processes of global destabilization. The paper presents an analysis of the features of the ENDSARS protest movement, which took place in

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Chiluwa, Innocent. "#EndSARS Protests and the Search for Social Justice in Nigeria: Examining Activist Discourses on Police Brutality, Politics and Human Security." Protest 3, no. 2 (2023): 200–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667372x-bja10047.

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Abstract On October 3, 2020, members of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (sars) of the Nigerian Police Force arrested a young man at Wetland Hotel, Ughelli in Delta State, and later shot and killed him, and threw him out of a moving police van. In addition to eye witnesses of what happened, the video of this incident was also trending on social media. Again, on October 5, another video went viral of sars officers’ killing a young musician popularly known as “Sleek,” in unjustifiable circumstances. This was the last straw that broke the camel’s back. What initially began as spontaneous peaceful p

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Afolabi, Taiwo, and Friday Gabriel. "Sòrò-Sókè: A Framing Analysis of Creative Resistance During Nigeria’s #EndSARS Movement." Journalism and Media 6, no. 2 (2025): 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6020069.

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This study examines the role of creative resistance, or “artivism”, in Nigeria’s #EndSARS movement, a youth-led campaign against police brutality that peaked in October 2020. Drawing on Robert Entman’s Framing Theory, it analyzes how different art forms reframed public perceptions of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) and countered government efforts to delegitimize the protests. Using a qualitative approach, the research employs purposive sampling of Twitter-sourced art forms to explore how these pieces exposed systemic injustice, amplified protester voices, and mobilized local and global

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Filibus, Yaweh, Reuben Anjugu Joseph, and Saleh Andy Saleh. "Popular Resistance and Political Conformity in Nigeria’s Democratic Decline: A Historical Analysis of EndSARS and The VeryDarkMan Phenomenon." HISTORICAL: Journal of History and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2025): 258–69. https://doi.org/10.58355/historical.v4i2.198.

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This article investigates how civic resistance and political conformity intersect in Nigeria's evolving democratic parlance, with a focus on the 2020 EndSARS protests and the digital activism of Martins Vincent Otse, popularly known as VeryDarkMan. The study aims to understand how ordinary citizens negotiate political space in response to state repression and institutional failure. Employing a historical-analytical method, the paper draws upon secondary sources, digital media content, and public discourse to examine the patterns, tactics, and implications of both street and online resistance.

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Dalamu, Taofeek O., and Ke Yang. "Exploring 2020 #ENDSARS Protests’ Components in Nigeria within the Schematics of Social Semiotics / Explorando os componentes dos protestos #ENDSARS de 2020 na Nigéria dentro dos esquemas da semiótica social." REVISTA DE ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM 31, no. 3 (2024): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2237-2083.31.3.1136-1183.

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Abstract: This study examined the semiotic resources of the October 2020 #ENDSARS protests in Nigeria, manifesting the affordances operational in the protests. The investigation beckoned on 13 different communicative semiotic configurations, employing Halliday’s grammatical group rank, to delineate the structures. This paved the way for tables and graphs to account for the written modes’ recurrent components. Kinesics such as proxemics, gestures, and gaze supported the analysis, providing relevant semantic implications to non-verbal elements and body language of protesters. This investigation

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Alugbin, Matthew, and Osas Iyoha. "Narratives of Resistance: Discursive Strategies in Nigeria’s 2020 #EndSARS Protest." Àgídìgbo: ABUAD Journal of the Humanities 12, no. 1 (2024): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/agidigbo.2024.1201.07-j.

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The #EndSARS hashtag, which started in 2017, was one of the tools used to share, on Twitter, experiences and advocacy on police brutality in Nigeria. Extant works have explored the use of social media for civic engagement, consciousness re-awakening, counter-narratives and societal disruption, amongst other uses. The present study focuses on how discursive strategies of resistance were deployed to create and sustain agitations using Twitter as a mobilising force of mass movement to achieve political goals. van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) with insights from

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Michael Nnaemeka Ajemba. "Authentic leadership versus servant leadership, movement to salvage young people in Nigeria in the era of crisis: #End SARS protests & COVID-19 pandemic." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 2 (2022): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.13.2.0334.

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Background: Leadership is necessary in groups, organizations, and nations to influence, guide, lead or direct persons, individuals, teams, or entire nations. It is both an area of research and a practical skill and it is very important especially in this era of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic, economic crisis around the world and ENDSARS protests in Nigeria. Objective: This article evaluated the authentic and servant leadership styles, compared, and contrasted them, reviewed how leadership is practiced in Nigeria, looked at the movement to salvage the young people of Nigeria, the #ENDSARS

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Michael, Nnaemeka Ajemba. "Authentic leadership versus servant leadership, movement to salvage young people in Nigeria in the era of crisis: #End SARS protests & COVID-19 pandemic." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 13, no. 2 (2022): 234–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7671034.

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Background: Leadership is necessary in groups, organizations, and nations to influence, guide, lead or direct persons, individuals, teams, or entire nations. It is both an area of research and a practical skill and it is very important especially in this era of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic, economic crisis around the world and ENDSARS protests in Nigeria.   Objective: This article evaluated the authentic and servant leadership styles, compared, and contrasted them, reviewed how leadership is practiced in Nigeria, looked at the movement to salvage the young people of Nigeria, the #

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Asogwa, Kenneth Chinedu, Herbert C. Ede, Anthony Chinonso Ajah, et al. "The state, EndSARS protests and human rights violation in Nigeria." IKENGA Journal of Institute of African Studies 22, no. 2 (2021): 57–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2021/22/2/004.

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In November 2017, there was an online protest against police brutality and highhandedness in Nigeria. By October 2020, the citizens’ discontent and dissatisfaction with the activities of the police led to a mass revolt against the institution, specifically against the Special Anti-Robbery Squads (SARS) of the force. The response of the Nigerian state to the protest was total repression and subjugation of the demonstrators. Given the scale of the protest and the government’s response, this momentous event has attracted scholarly attention. The extant literature has identified governance deficit

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