Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energetic management'

The Master’s Thesis deals with project management issues in the field of energetic, specifically diversification of fuel base with usage of renewable resources. The thesis is divided into two parts, from which the first part is focused on theoretical background of project, project management and feasibility study issues. In the second part particular feasibility study is elaborated. The goal of this thesis is to create feasibility study, which is one of the requested appendixes of grant application.

Actuellement, les Véhicules Electriques Hybrides (VEHs) sont considérés comme une partie essentielle du futur de l'industrie automobile. En effet, cette technologie permet de réduire la consommation de carburant et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et ce, sans réduire les performances. Les VEHs sont composées de deux ou plusieurs sources d'énergie. Ces sources peuvent être organisées selon plusieurs architectures. Dans cette thèse, l’architecture série-parallèle est choisie pour des véhicules types militaires et de collecte d’ordures. Les VEHs étudiés contiennent un double train planétaire. Ce nouveau répartiteur de puissance rend le système très complexe. Par conséquent, dans cette thèse, la modélisation des VEHs étudiés avec un double train planétaire est faite. L’utilisation de la Représentation Macroscopique Energétique (REM), représentation graphique permettant de déduire la structure de commande, est effectuée pour les deux véhicules étudiés. Cette thèse aborde également la problématique de la gestion de l'énergie des systèmes multi-sources pour les VEHs. Leur stratégie de gestion de l'énergie regroupe plusieurs disciplines et soulève différents challenges. Les défis résident principalement dans la gestion de la dépense d'énergie, la détermination de la répartition de l’énergie et l’établissement de méthode d'interface entre les différents systèmes de manière à répondre aux exigences de la propulsion et des autres exigences de la charge. Dans ce travail, une nouvelle organisation de la stratégie de gestion de l’énergie a été effectuée pour les véhicules étudiés (véhicules militaire et de collecte d’ordures) par une décomposition de cette gestion en 3 niveaux bien distincts
Currently, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) are considered to be a critical part of the future vehicle industry. This is because they allow for decreased fuel consumption and emissions without a decline in performance. HEVs are composed of two or more power sources and can be arranged in various topologies. In this thesis, a series-parallel architecture is chosen for military and garbage trucks. The studied HEVs contain a Double Planetary Geartrain as a Power Split Device (PSD), which makes the system very intricate and complex. Therefore, in this thesis, modeling of studied HEVs with a PSD is done. Later, through the assistance of Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) it is graphically represented and local control structure for both vehicles are deduced.This dissertation also addresses the problem of managing energy of multiple energy sources for the studied HEVs. The Energy Management Strategy (EMS) in application to HEVs encompasses several different disciplines and challenges. Primarily, the challenges lies in managing the energy expenditure, determining the proportional power splits and establishing methods to interface between the systems so as to meet the demands of the vehicle propulsion and other load requirements. In this work, an attempt has been made to provide a new organization of EMS by decomposition in 3 explicit levels for studied vehicles i.e. military and garbage truck

La dispersion, c’est-à-dire le déplacement d’un individu entre deux sites de reproduction, est un processus clé pour la dynamique des métapopulations et les flux de gènes. Son succès peut être modulé par des différences de phénotype ou syndromes de dispersion. Cependant, les contraintes environnementales (externes) et physiologiques (internes) qui sous-tendent ces syndromes restent mal connus. Ce projet vise à clarifier l’impact des variations environnementales et des contraintes oxydatives (liées aux espèces réactives de l’oxygène produites durant la respiration) sur les phénotypes associés à la dispersion chez un passereau, le gobemouche à collier Ficedula albicollis. La demande énergétique a été expérimentalement (i) augmentée en manipulant la surface alaire ou (ii) diminuée par une supplémentation en nourriture. L’équilibre oxydo-réducteur des gobemouches en reproduction est influencé par des interactions complexes entre facteurs intrinsèques (statut de dispersion) et extrinsèques (densité de couples reproducteurs, année, traitement expérimental). La capacité antioxydante dépend principalement des différences permanentes entre individus, alors que les pro-oxydants présentent de grandes variations intra-individu. Les variations environnementales et les contraintes énergétiques modulent aussi les différences de succès reproducteur et de comportement parental liées au statut de dispersion. Nos résultats confirment que les oiseaux dispersants et philopatriques diffèrent dans leur gestion de l’équilibre oxydo-réducteur lorsqu’il est en compétition avec l’investissement reproducteur. Ces différences pourraient avoir des conséquences à long terme sur la valeur sélective et compenser les différences de succès reproducteur entre individus dispersants et philopatriques dans les habitats de faible qualité. Ce travail souligne que les traits associés à la dispersion sont souvent déterminés par des normes de réaction à l’environnement et non des différences fixées entre individus, et améliore notre compréhension des syndromes de dispersion
Dispersal, i.e. individual movement between breeding sites, is a key process for metapopulation dynamics and gene flow. Its success can be modulated by phenotypic differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals, or dispersal syndromes. However, the environmental (external) and physiological (internal) constraints underlying such syndromes remain poorly known. This project aimed at clarifying the impact of environmental variation and oxidative constraints, linked to the reactive oxygen species produced during respiration, on phenotypes associated to dispersal in a passerine bird, the collared flycatcher Ficedulla albicollis. Energetic demand was experimentally (i) increased through a wing load manipulation or (ii) relieved through food supplementation. The oxidative balance of breeding flycatchers was influenced by complex interactions of dispersal status and extrinsic factors (breeding density, year, experimental treatments). Interestingly, antioxidant capacity was influenced both by permanent individual differences and by food availability, whereas measures of pro-oxidants were highly variables within individuals. Environmental variation and energetic constraints also modulated the differences in reproduction associated with dispersal: dispersing and philopatric birds differ in their management of the oxidative balance when it is competing with reproductive investment. This thesis highlights that reaction norms, rather than fixed differences, often shape traits associated to dispersal

La thèse vise à établir une gestion du risque technologique optimal pour assurer la réduction des dangers de nouveaux risques émergents, sans entraver le chemin de l'innovation. Les travaux de recherche apportent une contribution aux stratégies ex-ante et ex-post de la gestion des risques et fournissent des données théoriques et empiriques pour aborder la gestion des nouveaux risques émergents. La première partie de la thèse examine, du point de vue juridique et économique, l'efficacité de la règle de la responsabilité civile lorsque le décideur manque d'information sur la probabilité d'un événement. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte une attention particulière à la transition énergétique en France afin de se concentrer sur l'assurabilité de la performance énergétique dans le secteur du logement. Les résultats théoriques et expérimentaux de la première partie de la recherche attestent d'une forte validité empirique selon laquelle le droit de la responsabilité civile ne peut pas fournir des incitations optimales ex-ante en absence d'information sur la probabilité d'accident. Les régimes de la responsabilité illimitée et limitée conduisent à un surinvestissement dans la prévention par rapport aux nouveaux risques émergents. Les résultats empiriques de la deuxième partie de la thèse révèlent que 23,75% des ménages, qui ont participé au programme de rénovation "Je Rénove BBC", ne peuvent pas atteindre l'objectif d'énergie prévu, mais l'amplitude de l'écart de performance énergétique est relativement faible. Les résultats des travaux de recherche impliquent plusieurs recommandations politiques pour gérer les nouvelles technologies émergentes dans le futur
The thesis aims to establish an optimal technological risk management to ensure hazard reduction of new emerging risks without impeding the innovation path. The research work contributes to ex-ante and ex-post risk management strategies and provides theoretical and empirical evidence to address the management of new emerging risks. The first part of the thesis examines, from the perspective of Law and Economics, the effectiveness of the tort liability rule for the situation where the decision maker is lacking information about the probability of an event to occur. The second part of the thesis pays particular attention to the environmental energy transition in France and focus on the insurability of the energy performance in the housing sector. The theoretical and experimental findings from the first part of the research convey strong validity that tort law cannot provide ex-ante optimal incentives when there is lacking information about the probability of accident. The regime of unlimited and limited liability leads to overinvestment in prevention in regard to new emerging risks. The empirical results of the second part of the thesis reveal that 23.75% of households participated in the weatherization program "Je Rénove BBC" do not achieve the required energy target but the severity of the energy performance gap is relatively low. The findings of the research work imply several policy recommendations to manage new emerging technologies in the future

Il concetto fondante e le motivazioni alla base di questo lavoro di tesi sono costituiti dalla volontà di analizzare a fondo la problematica energetica ed ambientale, focalizzando l‟indagine sul ruolo delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili e contestualizzandola nel contesto “locale” relativo alla Regione Emilia Romagna: questo lavoro di tesi, infatti, è stato sviluppato nell‟ambito di un progetto di collaborazione stipulato tra Università e Regione Emilia Romagna e si è svolto all‟interno dell‟Assessorato alle Attività Produttive della Regione, lavorando con il “Servizio Politiche Energetiche” emiliano-romagnolo. La crisi energetica (e, contestualmente, la crisi ambientale) rappresenta una problematica al centro del dibattito globale da oltre mezzo secolo, affrontata finora in maniera non organica e realmente efficace dalle nazioni e dagli organismi sovranazionali coinvolti in tale dibattito. Tale tematica è divenuta ancora più pregnante (e la ricerca di una “soluzione” al riguardo, ancora più pressante) negli ultimi anni, in seguito alla deflagrazione di una crisi globale –economica e sociale- che ha intaccato i modelli di crescita e sviluppo (anche tecnologico) conosciuti finora, ponendo di fronte agli occhi dell‟umanità la necessità impellente di ridefinire politiche economiche, ambientali e, conseguentemente, energetiche, caratterizzate da una maggiore sostenibilità globale. La continua crescita della popolazione e il progressivo incremento generalizzato (e disomogeneo) degli standard di vita alimentano con ritmi esponenziali la domanda –e la conseguente produzione- di energia, inevitabilmente correlata (proprio a causa dei modelli di sviluppo seguiti finora) ad un drammatico incremento delle emissioni climalteranti, che continuano a nuocere irreversibilmente alla salubrità del nostro fragile ecosistema. Oltre alla problematica ambientale si aggiunge, con impellenza sempre più marcata, quella relativa alla disponibilità delle principali fonti energetiche (quelle fossili), che si profilano in esaurimento entro lassi temporali che potrebbero divenire drammaticamente prossimi: il “rischio reale” connesso alla prosecuzione di politiche energetiche poggiate sullo sfruttamento intensivo di tali fonti non è tanto connesso all‟eventuale esaurimento assoluto delle risorse stesse, quanto ad una loro progressiva riduzione, tale da renderle viepiù costose e sempre meno convenienti economicamente. Uno scenario di questo tipo si tradurrebbe inevitabilmente in una condizione per la quale solamente i Paesi più ricchi potrebbero usufruire di tali risorse, estremamente costose, mentre i Paesi meno evoluti economicamente rischierebbero di trovarsi nell‟impossibilità di approvvigionarsi, andando incontro a condizioni di deficit energetico: uno scenario inquietante, che però non appare così “ipotetico”, se si tiene conto di come –già ora- siano in aumento segnali di allarme e di conflitto, attivati da localizzate insufficienze energetiche. In un quadro globale di questo tipo le strade risolutive finora riconosciute e percorse dal mondo scientifico, politico ed economico sono sostanzialmente due: - L‟implementazione del risparmio energetico, in un‟ottica di drastica riduzione dei consumi globali; - La “conversione” della produzione energetica (attualmente fondata sulle fonti convenzionali, ossia quelle fossili) verso le cosiddette “Fonti Energetiche Alternative”. Questa seconda direttrice di marcia sembra poter essere quella in grado di reindirizzare verso un orizzonte di maggiore sostenibilità l‟attuale sistema energetico globale, e in quest‟ottica assumono quindi enorme importanza strategica le tecnologie alternative e, prime tra tutte, le Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili (FER). Queste consentirebbero infatti sia di ridurre l‟impatto ambientale connesso alla produzione energetica da fonti convenzionali, che di implementare politiche di autosufficienza energetica per quei Paesi che attualmente, dal punto di vista del bilancio energetico interno, dipendono in misura marcata dall‟importazione di combustibili fossili dall‟estero. La crisi energetica e il conseguente ruolo chiave delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili è quindi il punto di partenza di questa tesi, che ha voluto confrontarsi con tale problematica globale, misurandosi con le azioni e con i provvedimenti intrapresi al riguardo a livello locale, focalizzando l‟attenzione sulla realtà e sugli sviluppi delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili nella Regione Emilia Romagna. Per sviluppare il lavoro si è proceduto definendo prima di tutto un quadro complessivo della situazione, in termini di problematica energetica e di stato attuale delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili, scendendo progressivamente nel dettaglio: partendo da una fotografia a livello mondiale, quindi europeo, successivamente italiano (basandosi sui dati di pubblicazioni italiane ed estere, di enti competenti in materia come Terna, il GSE o l‟Enea per l‟Italia, e l‟IEA, l‟EIA, l‟UE per l‟Europa e il resto del mondo). Nella terza parte della tesi si è scesi al dettaglio di questo stato attuale delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili a livello Regionale (Emiliano-Romagnolo) e Provinciale (le nove Province della Regione): per procedere alla definizione di questo quadro la “tecnica operativa” è consistita in una raccolta dati effettuata in collaborazione con il ”Servizio Politiche Energetiche” della Regione Emilia Romagna, estesa alle 9 Province e ai 348 Comuni del territorio emiliano-romagnolo. La richiesta di dati avanzata è stata relativa agli impianti alimentati da fonte energetica rinnovabile in esercizio e a quelli in fase di valutazione sul territorio afferente all‟Ente considerato. Il passo successivo è consistito nell‟aggregazione di questi dati, nella loro analisi e nella definizione di un quadro organico e coerente, relativo allo stato attuale (Ottobre 2010) delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili sul territorio emiliano-romagnolo, tale da permettere di realizzare un confronto con gli obiettivi definiti per le FER all‟interno dell‟ultimo Piano Energetico Regionale e con lo stato delle FER nelle altre Regioni italiane. Sono stati inoltre realizzati due “Scenari”, relativi all‟evoluzione stimata del parco “rinnovabile” emiliano-romagnolo, definiti al 2012 (“Breve Termine”) e al 2015 (“Medio Termine”). I risultati ottenuti hanno consentito di verificare come, nell‟orizzonte “locale” emiliano-romagnolo, il sistema globale connesso alle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili abbia attecchito e si sia sviluppato in misura marcata: gli obiettivi relativi alle FER definiti nel precedente Piano Energetico Regionale sono infatti stati sostanzialmente raggiunti in toto. Dalla definizione degli “Scenari” previsionali è stato possibile stimare l‟evoluzione futura del parco “rinnovabile” emilianoromagnolo, verificando come questo risulti essere in continua crescita e risulti “puntare” su due fonti rinnovabili in maniera particolare: la fonte fotovoltaica e la fonte a biocombustibili. Sempre dall‟analisi degli “Scenari” previsionali è stato possibile stimare l‟evoluzione delle singole tecnologie e dei singoli mercati rinnovabili, verificando limiti allo sviluppo (come nel caso della fonte idroelettrica) o potenziali “espansioni” molto rilevanti (come nel caso della fonte eolica). Il risultato finale di questo lavoro di tesi è consistito nel poter definire dei nuovi obiettivi, relativi alle differenti Fonti Energetiche, da potersi inserire all‟interno del prossimo Piano Energetico Regionale: l‟obiettivo “complessivo” individua –avendo il 2015 come orizzonte temporale- una crescita incrementale delle installazioni alimentate da FER pari a 310 MWe circa. Questo lavoro di tesi è stato ovviamente organizzato in più “Parti”, ciascuna ulteriormente suddivisa in “Capitoli”. Nella “Prima Parte”, costituita dai primi 4 Capitoli, si è proceduto ad introdurre la problematica energetica e il contesto in cui si muovono le decisioni e le politiche (comunitarie, nazionali e sovra-nazionali) destinate a trovare soluzioni e risposte: Il Primo Capitolo, introduttivo, definisce prima di tutto gli “strumenti” e i concetti che verranno successivamente richiamati più volte nel resto della Tesi, partendo dal concetto di “energia”, definito sia “concettualmente” che attraverso le unità di misura utilizzate per quantificarlo. Il passo successivo è stato quello di contestualizzare l‟evoluzione dello sfruttamento di questa “risorsa”, in relazione allo sviluppo delle tecnologie e delle stesse condizioni di vita umane, così da definire un background storico per le considerazioni introdotte nel Capitolo successivo. Il Secondo Capitolo, infatti, introduce la problematica attuale (ma mutuata dal background storico evidenziato in precedenza) della “crisi energetica” e della “crisi ambientale” ad essa correlata, considerandone gli aspetti prima di tutto globali, connessi a considerazioni di natura sociale, demografica e –conseguentemente economica e sociale: all‟interno di questa analisi, vengono citati anche gli scenari previsionali elaborati da numerosi enti di ricerca e istituzioni, coinvolti su più livelli nell‟ottica di riuscire ad individuare una “risposta” alle problematiche sollevate dallo sfruttamento intensivo della risorsa energetica per vie convenzionali. Tale risposta è rappresentata dalle normative sovranazionali, europee e italiane varate nell‟ottica di attuare una “transizione etica” in materia di sviluppo sostenibile, impatto ambientale e sfruttamento energetico: un presupposto imprescindibile per la transizione energetica sostenibile è proprio l‟impegno a livello locale (quindi anche e prima di tutto di istituzioni quali, in Italia, le Regioni, le Province e i Comuni), senza il quale difficilmente si potranno raggiungere traguardi avanzati, che implicano anche un sostanziale cambio di mentalità. Nell‟ottica di approfondire ulteriormente il contesto all‟interno del quale vengono adottate azioni e intrapresi provvedimenti utili a concretizzare risposte a livello italiano –nazionale e locale- il Terzo Capitolo introduce il tema delle “politiche energetiche sostenibili”, partendo dalla definizione dell‟attuale condizione Italiana (in termini di inquinamento atmosferico e di sfruttamento intensivo della risorsa energetica, nonché di scenari previsionali), per definire successivamente le politiche nazionali per le fonti rinnovabili, per il settore dei trasporti, del riscaldamento e del raffreddamento, della pianificazione energetica e della generazione distribuita. Il Capitolo introduce anche il tema degli interventi in ambito di fiscalità energetica (“Certificati Verdi”, “Certificati Bianchi” e il “Conto Energia”). Proprio per definire al meglio i meccanismi di incentivazione, il Quarto Capitolo esplicita (facendo riferimento alla documentazione pubblicata da enti quali GSE, Terna, GRTN) il meccanismo del cosiddetto “mercato elettrico” e degli scambi che vi avvengono, in modo tale da comprendere come i metodi di incentivazione alle fonti alternative che si appoggiano su interventi di fiscalità energetica, riescano ad avere –o meno- presa sul sistema. La “Seconda Parte” (costituita dai Capitoli dal 5° al 13°) è invece dedicata al necessario approfondimento sullo stato delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili (FER): in ogni capitolo è stato infatti approfondita la condizione attuale delle principali FER (fonte a Biocombustibili, Eolica, Geotermica, Idraulica, Solare Fotovoltaica, Solare Termica, Solare Termodinamica). Tale approfondimento è stato condotto in termini di sviluppo della tecnologia, incidenza e contributo della singola FER sui bilanci elettrici (considerando prima il quadro mondiale, quindi quello europeo, per scendere infine al dettaglio italiano). Nella parte finale di ogni capitolo sono state riportate anche le principali criticità riscontrate per ogni fonte presa in considerazione, oltre che gli scenari previsionali stimati considerandone i potenziali sviluppi, in un‟ottica di medio termine e di lungo termine. La “Terza Parte” (comprendente i Capitoli dal 14° al 22°) di questa Tesi raccoglie invece il lavoro svolto e i risultati ottenuti e permette di definire lo stato attuale e gli scenari previsionali (a breve termine e a medio termine) per le Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili nella Regione Emilia Romagna, con un livello di dettaglio sia Regionale che Provinciale. Il lavoro, come detto, è consistito nella raccolta dati effettuata presso gli enti di “governo territoriale” emiliano-romagnoli (la Regione, le 9 Province e i 348 Comuni) e nella successiva aggregazione, elaborazione e interpretazione di questi stessi dati. I Capitoli dal 15° al 19° definiscono lo stato attuale (all‟Ottobre 2010) e gli scenari previsionali (a breve termine e medio termine) per le differenti FER (rispettivamente, Biocombustibili, Eolica, Fotovoltaica, Geotermica e Idroelettrica), prima a livello Provinciale, quindi a livello Regionale. Nella conclusione di ogni Capitolo è contenuto un confronto con lo stato della FER presa in considerazione relativo agli anni precedenti, oltre che il confronto con gli obiettivi definiti per la tecnologia al 2010 dal precedente Piano Energetico Regionale. Questi Capitoli si chiudono con l‟analisi del trend storico della Fonte Energetica Rinnovabile considerata e con la conseguente individuazione dei potenziali obiettivi al 2012 e al 2015 da inserire nel prossimo Piano Energetico Regionale. E‟ presente anche l‟evoluzione stimata del “mercato” della singola FER presa in considerazione, oltre che della “tipologia tecnologica” sulla quale gli installatori e gli investitori tenderanno ad orientarsi sia nel breve che nel medio termine. I Capitoli 20°, 21° e 22° contengono invece lo stato “riassuntivo” delle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili, definite per il panorama emiliano-romagnolo (anche in questo caso, prima a livello Provinciale, successivamente a livello regionale) sotto un‟ottica temporale differente: il Capitolo 20° riassume lo stato attuale del parco “rinnovabile” complessivo emiliano-romagnolo, definendone l‟evoluzione storica e confrontandolo con gli obiettivi fissati al 2010 dal precedente Piano Energetico regionale, permettendo così di verificare –nel complesso- se le stime del 2004 erano state corrette. Il Capitolo 21° definisce l‟evoluzione del parco “rinnovabile” complessivo emiliano-romagnolo al 2012, sia a livello Provinciale che Regionale, definendone in questo modo un trend stimato di crescita e dei conseguenti obiettivi di breve termine, riferiti alle singole FER. Il Capitolo 22° definisce infine l‟evoluzione del parco “rinnovabile” complessivo emiliano-romagnolo al 2015 (ancora una volta, sia a livello Provinciale che Regionale) permettendo così di ricavare un trend stimato di crescita e, soprattutto, gli obiettivi di medio termine -riferiti alle singole FER- da inserire all‟interno del prossimo Piano Energetico Regionale. La conclusione permette di chiudere sinteticamente il lavoro svolto in precedenza, traendo le indicazioni più rilevanti dai dati e dalle considerazioni pregresse: come si evincerà, l‟Emilia Romagna risulta una Regione in cui gli obiettivi rinnovabili (e di “conversione energetica”) sono stati sostanzialmente raggiunti e, in alcuni casi, perfino superati. Il mercato rinnovabile è in crescita e le politiche locali e sovra locali evidenziano una marcata volontà di puntare prevalentemente su settori e tecnologie quali quella della biomassa e quella solare fotovoltaica. Nonostante questo, si evidenzia anche la necessità di lavorare a livello di enti regionali e provinciali, per omogeneizzare ulteriormente la distribuzione energetica “rinnovabile” sul territorio (implementando lo sviluppo di determinate fonti su distretti territoriali al momento non ancora raggiunti da tali mercati) e per provvedere ad una riduzione dei consumi energetici che consenta alle FER di avere una maggiore incidenza sui bilanci energetici ed elettrici, locali e regionali. Si ricorda che la “costruzione” di questa tesi è stata sviluppata parallelamente ad un‟attività di stage presso il settore Politiche energetiche dell‟Assessorato alle Attività Produttive della Regione Emilia – Romagna, che in questa fase sta procedendo alla definizione del nuovo Piano Energetico Regionale, e alla conseguente individuazione d

This master thesis deals in first part with options and trends on field of municipal sewage sludge management. Further thesis describes legislation in relation with sewage sludge and its incineration in European union and also in Czech republic. Second part of thesis deals with design of mechanism for material and energetic use of sludge. In design is progressively processed chioce of aparates and material and energetic balance. This data are further used for mechine technical solution of the unit. Disposition of the unit is done acording to chosen and calculated parameter of chosen aparates. Economical evaluate of project if based on investment and operation costs and capacity design of unit in the end of thesis.

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O sorgo forrageiro pode ser cultivado em áreas e situações ambientais secas e quentes, onde a produtividade de outras forrageiras pode ser normalmente antieconômica. O revolvimento do solo pode ser efetuado somente nas linhas de semeadura (semeadura direta) ou totalmente na área destinada à semeadura (preparo convencional), com arações, gradagens, subsolagem e escarificação (cultivo reduzido). A velocidade de deslocamento ideal para a semeadura é aquela em que o sulco é aberto e fechado sem remover exageradamente o solo, permitindo a distribuição das sementes em espaçamentos e profundidades constantes. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido em condições de campo, em solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta da cultura do sorgo em quatro velocidades de deslocamento (3, 5 ,6 e 9 km h-1) e quatro sistemas de manejo de solo: SD (semeadura direta); GP (gradagem pesada + semeadura); GPL (gradagem pesada + duas gradagens leves + semeadura) e CR (escarificação + semeadura). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 e um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. Foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: massa seca da cobertura vegetal, porcentagem de cobertura do solo, resistência do solo à penetração, profundidade de deposição de sementes, área de solo mobilizada e profundidade de sulco de semeadura, velocidade média, patinagem do trator em operação, força média de tração na barra, potência média na barra de tração, capacidade de campo teórica do conjunto trator-equipamento, consumos horário e operacional...
Sorghum silage can be cultivated in dry and hot areas and environmental situations, in which productivity of some other forage is anti economic. Soil mobilization can be used only in seeding lines (no-tillage), or totally in the area for the seeding (conventional tillage), with plowing and drainage and sub soiling and chiseling (reduced crop). The ideal speed displacement for seeding is the one in which the rill is open and closed without exaggeratedly removing the soil, allowing seed distribution at constant spacing and depths. The experiment was installed and conducted in field conditions, in dystrophic Red Nitossol, at Fazenda Experimental Lageado, in Forest Sciences, College of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University-FCA/UNESP-Botucatu (SP). The present research aimed at evaluating the response of sorghum crop in function of 4 displacement speeds (3, 5, 6 e 9 km h-1) and 4 soil management systems: SD (No-tillage), GP (Heavy disk harrow + sowing), GPL (heavy disk harrow + two leveling harrows + sowing) and CR (chiseling + sowing). The obtained parameters were analyzed statistically through analysis of the median values in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme and a completely randomized block design with split-plots. The following parameters were determined: dry mass of cover crop, percentage of soil cover, soil resistance to penetration, seed deposition depths, area of displaced soil, sowing depths, mean flow velocity, tractor slip in operation, median power of traction in the bar, median drawbar pull, theoretical field capacity of the group tractor-equipment, hourly and operational fuel consumption, early and final plant population, plant heights, stem diameter, fresh and dry mass of the aerial part, thousand grain mass, fresh and dry mass productivity. Speed variation in the operation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Carlos Antonio Gamero
Banca: Silvio José Bicudo
Banca: Ciniro Costa
Banca: Kleber Pereira Lanças
Banca: Wagner dos Reis
Resumo: O sorgo forrageiro pode ser cultivado em áreas e situações ambientais secas e quentes, onde a produtividade de outras forrageiras pode ser normalmente antieconômica. O revolvimento do solo pode ser efetuado somente nas linhas de semeadura (semeadura direta) ou totalmente na área destinada à semeadura (preparo convencional), com arações, gradagens, subsolagem e escarificação (cultivo reduzido). A velocidade de deslocamento ideal para a semeadura é aquela em que o sulco é aberto e fechado sem remover exageradamente o solo, permitindo a distribuição das sementes em espaçamentos e profundidades constantes. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido em condições de campo, em solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta da cultura do sorgo em quatro velocidades de deslocamento (3, 5 ,6 e 9 km h-1) e quatro sistemas de manejo de solo: SD (semeadura direta); GP (gradagem pesada + semeadura); GPL (gradagem pesada + duas gradagens leves + semeadura) e CR (escarificação + semeadura). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de variância em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 e um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. Foram determinados os seguintes parâmetros: massa seca da cobertura vegetal, porcentagem de cobertura do solo, resistência do solo à penetração, profundidade de deposição de sementes, área de solo mobilizada e profundidade de sulco de semeadura, velocidade média, patinagem do trator em operação, força média de tração na barra, potência média na barra de tração, capacidade de campo teórica do conjunto trator-equipamento, consumos horário e operacional... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract : Sorghum silage can be cultivated in dry and hot areas and environmental situations, in which productivity of some other forage is anti economic. Soil mobilization can be used only in seeding lines (no-tillage), or totally in the area for the seeding (conventional tillage), with plowing and drainage and sub soiling and chiseling (reduced crop). The ideal speed displacement for seeding is the one in which the rill is open and closed without exaggeratedly removing the soil, allowing seed distribution at constant spacing and depths. The experiment was installed and conducted in field conditions, in dystrophic Red Nitossol, at Fazenda Experimental Lageado, in Forest Sciences, College of Agronomic Sciences, São Paulo State University-FCA/UNESP-Botucatu (SP). The present research aimed at evaluating the response of sorghum crop in function of 4 displacement speeds (3, 5, 6 e 9 km h-1) and 4 soil management systems: SD (No-tillage), GP (Heavy disk harrow + sowing), GPL (heavy disk harrow + two leveling harrows + sowing) and CR (chiseling + sowing). The obtained parameters were analyzed statistically through analysis of the median values in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme and a completely randomized block design with split-plots. The following parameters were determined: dry mass of cover crop, percentage of soil cover, soil resistance to penetration, seed deposition depths, area of displaced soil, sowing depths, mean flow velocity, tractor slip in operation, median power of traction in the bar, median drawbar pull, theoretical field capacity of the group tractor-equipment, hourly and operational fuel consumption, early and final plant population, plant heights, stem diameter, fresh and dry mass of the aerial part, thousand grain mass, fresh and dry mass productivity. Speed variation in the operation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

El propósito de esta tesis doctoral fue evaluar la influencia de los diferentes procesos de gestión de residuos, tales como la valorización material, energética y biológica de dos poliésteres clave de la industria del embalaje: el actual no-renovable poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) y el potencial candidato para sustituirlo en un futuro próximo, la polilactida (PLA) de base renovable. Se utilizaron diversas plantas piloto para simular las condiciones de la degradación sufrida por PET y PLA en el reciclado mecánico, la pirólisis, la combustión y el enterramiento en suelo. Los cambios fueron monitorizados por calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), análisis dinámico-mecánico-térmico (DMTA), análisis termogravimétrico (TGA), espectrometría infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR), espectroscopia de correlación 2D-IR para el análisis de gases (EGA), espectrometría de masas MALDI-TOF, microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), índice de fluidez de masa fundida (MFR), ensayos de tracción e impacto Charpy y viscosimetría. Se han propuesto, desarrollado y aplicado diversas estrategias y procedimientos analíticos para establecer parámetros fiables para ser utilizados como indicadores de la degradación y por tanto controlar la influencia de cada proceso de valorización en la calidad del material. El comportamiento de PET y PLA reciclados mecánicamente se evaluó en base a sus propiedades químicas, microestructurales, mecánicas y térmicas. Se observó una pérdida general de prestaciones de PET y PLA reprocesado una vez y dos veces, respectivamente. Además, las propiedades de los materiales reciclados de PLA fueron mejores en términos relativos a los productos reciclados de PET. Las descomposiciones térmica y termo-oxidativa causadas por los procesos de pirolisis y combustión se evaluaron sobre la estabilidad térmica, gases emitidos y cinéticas de descomposición. Se destaca el uso de la combustión controlada para ambos polímeros, ya que se necesita menos energía para iniciar la descomposición, y la mezcla de gases que se desprenden es más homogénea.
Badía Valiente, JD. (2011). Strategies and analytical procedures for a sustainable plastic waste management. An application to poly (ethylene terephthalate) and polylactide in the packaging sector [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12890
Palancia

Graduation theses deals with problems of nuclear energetics and its impact on the environment. It presents the progress of nuclear power station in all contexts and tries to demostrate that the nuclear energetics is unavoidable progression. The work further describes the influence of Nuclear power station Dukovany on its close environment, especially on animals, plants and the health of inhabitants.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre l'impact, sur les résultats de conception, des différents choix de modélisation réalisés lors de la conception de microréseaux. Une attention particulière est portée sur la prise en compte du vieillissement et de ses conséquences sur les performances de certains composants des microrésaux (batteries, piles à combustibles, électrolyseurs). Un second focus concerne l’intégration des diverses incertitudes (incertitudes d’environnement ou de modèles) dans les approches de co-optimisation robuste.Nos contributions clés sont :- Développement de modèles de composants des microréseaux intégrant l’efficacité et le vieillissement de façon découplée ou couplée (i.e. tenant compte de la dégradation des performances au cours du vieillissement) ;- Évaluation de l’impact du niveau de précision/coût de calcul des modèles précédents dans la co-optimisation technico-économique de microréseaux ;- Évaluation de l’impact des incertitudes liées à l’environnement et à la paramétrisation des modèles dans des approches de co-optimisation robuste ;- Quantification de l’impact de l’horizon temporel et du nombre de scénarios au sein de ces approches ;- Développement de méthodes d'analyse et de métriques permettant de répondre aux problématiques précédentes dans un cadre multi-objectif ;- Développement d’un ensemble modulaire d'outils de simulation et d'optimisation pour la conduite de nos plans d’expérience.La thèse présente une mise en contexte du problème de conception des microréseaux, des motivations pour cette thèse et du positionnement des travaux vis à vis de l'état de l'art. Le chapitre 2 adresse la modélisation des éléments du microréseau avec l’objectif d’intégrer l’efficacité énergétique, le vieillissement et l’impact de celui-ci sur la dégradation des performances. Pour chacun des objectifs de modélisation ciblé, on décline dans ce chapitre un ensemble de propositions allant de modèles « fins » — visant à répliquer le plus fidèlement possible les dynamiques et comportements des composants - à des modèles « grossiers » — à coût de calcul minimal. Le chapitre 3 présente un cas d'étude simple permettant une analyse en profondeur des facteurs de modélisation des batteries et de l'impact sur la conception. Enfin, le chapitre 4 s’inscrit dans un cas d'étude d’un système multi-stockage (batterie, hydrogène). Il propose la mise en place d'outils d'analyse et d’évaluation des facteurs d'impact liés à la modélisation et l'optimisation. Une annexe est également proposée pour décrire le code ayant permis l’implantation de ces expériences. Cette annexe offre un aperçu de l'utilisation, mais surtout de la conception de l'outil. En adressant particulièrement les logiques qui permettent la modularité de l'outil, l’annexe vise à donner des clés aux différents lecteurs qui pourraient vouloir concevoir ce type d'outil.Les résultats obtenus à l'issue des deux études de cas mettent en évidence :- La nécessité d’intégrer la perte de capacité de la batterie au cours de son vieillissement ;- L'importance de la prise en compte des dynamiques de long terme dans la conception, imposant un horizon temporel de l’ordre de la durée de vie. Cette conclusion s’oppose à une pratique couramment utilisée dans la littérature qui consiste à concevoir le microréseau sur une unique année représentative puis d’extrapoler les performances sur la durée de vie ;- La moindre influence du nombre de scénarios de données sur les objectifs ; cependant, un nombre trop faible peut affecter les décisions de manière significative. Cela suggère qu'un nombre réduit de scénarios sur un horizon temporel significatif pourrait suffire pour capturer les variations statistiques des facteurs environnementaux.- L’importance d’évaluer l’influence des incertitudes paramétriques dans les modèles, pouvant conduire à des écarts en terme d'objectif comparables aux différents niveaux de finesse de modélisation (pour l’efficacité énergétique et le vieillissement)
This thesis aims to understand the impact of different modeling choices made during microgrid design on the design outcomes. Special attention is given to accounting for aging and its consequences on the performance of specific microgrid components (batteries, fuel cells, electrolyzers). A second focus is on integrating various uncertainties (environmental or model uncertainties) in robust co-optimization approaches.We can summarize our main contributions as follows:Development of microgrid component models incorporating efficiency and aging, either decoupled or coupled (i.e., accounting for performance degradation over aging);Evaluation of the impact of model precision/computational cost on the techno-economic co-optimization of microgrids;Assessment of the impact of uncertainties related to the environment and model parameterization in robust co-optimization approaches;Quantification of the influence of time horizon and number of scenarios within these approaches;Development of analysis methods and metrics to address the previous issues in a multi-objective framework;Creation of a modular set of simulation and optimization tools to conduct our experimental plans.The thesis is organized into four chapters, starting with an introductory chapter presenting the microgrid design problem context, the motivations for this thesis, and the positioning of the work relative to the state of the art. Chapter 2 addresses the modeling of microgrid elements with the aim of integrating energy efficiency, aging, and its impact on performance degradation. For each modeling goal, this chapter outlines a set of proposals, ranging from "fine" models — designed to replicate component dynamics and behaviors as accurately as possible — to "coarse" models — with minimal computational cost. Subsequently, Chapter 3 presents a simple case study for in-depth analysis of battery modeling factors and their impact on design. Finally, Chapter 4 focuses on a case study of a multi-storage system (battery, hydrogen). It proposes the implementation of analysis and evaluation tools for the various impact factors associated with modeling and optimization. An appendix is also provided to describe the code used to implement these experiments. This appendix provides an overview of tool use, but more importantly, its design. By specifically addressing the logics enabling tool modularity, the appendix aims to offer insights to readers who may wish to design such a tool.The results obtained from the two case studies highlight:- The need to integrate battery capacity loss over its aging process;- The importance of considering long-term dynamics in design, requiring a time horizon matching the lifespan. This conclusion contrasts with a common practice in the literature, which involves designing the microgrid over a single representative year and then extrapolating performance over its lifespan;- The limited influence of the number of data scenarios on the objectives was observed; however, when the number of scenarios is too low, it can significantly affects decisions. This suggests that a reduced number of scenarios over a significant time horizon might be sufficient to capture the statistical variations associated with environmental factors.- The importance of assessing the influence of parametric uncertainties in models was underscored, as they could lead to deviations in objectives comparable to those arising from different levels of modeling precision (e.g., for energy efficiency and aging)

This thesis deals with heating system in accommodation facility. It clarifies the way of controlling multiple decentralized systems which results in automatization of the whole heating system. Heating distrubition into individual zones is controlled by central server which communicates with reservation system of accommodation facility. The main goal is to lower expenses for heating.

The diploma thesis is focused on the creation of a control interface for a polygon simulating the electrical distribution network of the Czech Republic, where communication between substations is realized by IEC 60870-5-104 protocol. The theoretical part of the thesis explains the basic principles, properties and possibilities of communication standards IEC 60870 and IEC 61850. The next part is focused on the actual implementation and subsequent implementation of the control interface, including the implementation of the IEC 61850-80-1 module for data transfer between the mentioned standards. The last part describes the created behavior scenarios or the analysis of communication itself.

The main goal of this thesis called Energy Management in Public Sector is to analyze the current state of the facilities and premises of Prostějov municipality with the emphasis on power and gas supplies and the prospective changes in energy consumption. The first part of the thesis focuses on defining energy management, the role of energy manager, renewable and non-renewable energy sources, and relevant Czech and European legislation. Furthermore, it covers the strategic documents pertaining to energy management such as state energy policy, energy audits and energy performance certificates. The second part represents the practical part which is devoted to the implementation of energy management and introduction of energy management software for controlling, measuring and evaluating consumption levels, and attempts to find cheaper power and gas supplies. The data collected in the practical part of the thesis serve as a basis for a proposal ensuring power savings and convenient supplies for facilities operated or funded by Prostějov municipality.

Após a divulgação recente pela Petrobrás, da descoberta de uma grande quantidade de Gás Natural (GN) na bacia de Santos, as políticas de incentivo ao seu consumo e conseqüente aumento de sua participação na matriz energética nacional ganham força. Aliada a isto, a busca crescente da adoção dos conceitos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (DS) e do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos (PIR) na utilização dos recursos energéticos em favor da sociedade, necessita da implementação de novos métodos de abordagem dos usos destes recursos de forma integrada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a contribuição do GN no Setor Elétrico. O estudo será feito através de uma análise de cenários de expansão do mercado do gás no estado de São Paulo a partir da previsão indicativa de usinas termelétricas do Plano Decenal de expansão do Setor Elétrico. Para isto, serão estudados os usos do GN diretamente associados à energia elétrica no país: geração termelétrica, cogeração industrial e aquecimento residencial de água para banho. Após a apresentação dos usos e suas tecnologias, será proposta a metodologia para a execução deste estudo. A metodologia será baseada nos aspectos de Consumo de Gás Natural, Custo de Investimento e Emissão de CO2. Será então desenvolvido um estudo de caso aplicado à região central do estado de São Paulo, nas proximidades do Gasoduto Bolívia Brasil (GASBOL), região com alto grau de industrialização e infra-estrutura, e próxima dos principais pontos da malha de Gás Natural existente no país. Os resultados apontam para a importância da integração entre os planejamentos dos setores de GN e EE, dando mais atenção aos usos distribuídos do GN, que possuem maior rendimento e contribuem ainda mais para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável.
After the recent announcement by Petrobrás about the discovery on a large amount of Natural Gas (NG) in the Santos Field, consumption incentive policies and the expectation about its growth on national energy matrix are taking place again. Besides, the growing search towards the Sustainable Development (SD) and Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) concepts on energetic resources utilization at service of society needs new integrated resources utilization approach methods. This dissertation intends to study the contribution of Natural Gas use on Electric Energy Sector. The study is based on a market expansion scenarios analysis applied to the São Paulo NG market starting from the indicative thermoelectric plants planning presented on the Electric Brazilian Sector Expansion Decade Plan. For this, the straightly related to EE uses of NG: thermoelectric generation, industrial cogeneration and residential water heating are being discussed. After the uses and their technology discussion, the methodology for this study execution will be presented. It is based on NG Consumption, Investment Cost and CO2 Emission. It will be then presented a case study applied to the central region of São Paulo State, on the neighbors of Bolivia-Brazil Gas Duct (GASBOL), a region with good industrialization and infrastructure degree, near to the most important points of Brazilian NG mesh. The results show the importance of the integration between NG and EE sectors planning, with special attention to the distributed uses of NG, more efficient and better contributing to the sustainable development.

In ragione che il consumo di energia sta aumentando più del 2% ogni anno, il risparmio energetico è uno dei principali obiettivi dei momento e probabilmente diverrà ancora più importante nelle prossime decadi, in virtù della crescita economica nei paesi in via di sviluppo quali Cina, India e Brasile. Di conseguenza è richiesto a ricercatori, industrie e politici di mettere in campo significativi sforzi in questo campo cruciale. Efficienza energetica negli utilizzi finali, aumento dell’energia nucleare, sviluppo dell’energia alternativa e ottimizzazione della tecnologia dei trasporti sono i principali argomenti delle linee guida,suggerite dalle principali agenzia internazionali dell’energia, come ad esempio l’AIE. In questo contesto, il gruppo di Ricerca di Veicoli Ibridi ed Elettrici dell’Enea, insieme alle Università di Roma, ha progettato la realizzazione di un power train adatto per un piccola city car. Il principale obiettivo del progetto, è quello di realizzare un propulsore in grado di ottenere dei consumi molto bassi (2,5 l/km), basse emissioni (in linea con la normativa EURO 5), con una semplice configurazione ed a bassi costi. Per conseguire questo risultato è stato scelto di realizzare un veicolo ibrido serie equipaggiato con supercapacitori. Il compito del nostro gruppo di ricerca dell’Università “Tor Vergata” è quello di realizzare e ottimizzare il sistema di gestione della potenza per soddisfare le prestazioni richieste (potenza, velocità massima, accelerazione, ecc.) la difficoltà principale è dovuta all’uso dei supercapacitori come sistema d’accumulo a causa della scarsa densità energetica. Allo scopo di raggiungere tale obiettivo, sono state valutate diverse strategie di gestione del motogeneratore, con l’ausilio di simulazioni numeriche. Le caratteristiche principali e i risultati del sistema di gestione della potenza sono illustrati. Vengono anche riportati alcuni test sperimentali eseguiti su strada per supportare l’efficacia del sistema sviluppato. Oltre che nella gestione di sistemi complessi di veicoli, il nostro gruppo di ricerca è coinvolto, negli ultimi tre anni, nello sviluppo di una metodologia integrata in grado di consentire la gestione ottimale di centrali energetiche di autoproduzione in stabilimenti industriali, edifici commerciali, ospedali, ecc. I bilanci di massa ed energia esistenti tra la struttura e la centrale energetica sono stati rappresentati attraverso un modello matematico basato su equazioni vettoriali, che tiene conto del comportamento di ciascun sottosistema. Il principale output è la definizione dell’utilizzo di ciascun sottosistema della centrale energetica per la soddisfazione di fabbisogni energetici secondo dei criteri di ottimizzazione. A tale scopo è stato sviluppato un codice informatico per eseguire l’analisi e la simulazione del sistema, pensato a supporto dell’energy manager o del progettista di impianti. I dati di input sono i carichi energetici richiesti all’impianto, sia elettrici che termici, le caratteristiche tecniche delle macchine e i costi dell’energia. Per mostrare le potenzialità del metodo proposto è descritta una simulazione eseguita sulla centrale energetica di un ospedale italiano.
As energy consumption is rising more than 2%/year, energy saving is one of the main tasks of present times and it is likely to become even more important in the next decades, as the economic growth is being pursued in developing countries, as China, India and Brazil. As a consequence, researchers, industries and politicians are required to make significant efforts in this crucial field. Energy efficiency in ending utilisation, nuclear energy increase, alternative energy development and vehicle technology optimization are the main issues of the guidelines, suggested by the principal international energy agency, as IEA. In this scenario, the Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Research Group of ENEA, together with the three University of Rome, planned the realization of an hybrid power train suitable for small city car. The main target of the project, is to realise a power train able to achieve low fuel consumption (2.5 litre/ 100 km), low emissions (comparable to EURO 5 rules), with simple configuration and low power train cost. To fulfil this target a hybrid series power train has been chosen. The task of our research group of Tor Vergata University is to realise to calibrate a power management system able to satisfy the requested performances (power, max speed, acceleration, etc.). The difficulty is due to the use of ultracapacitors as energy storage system because of the low energy capacity. In order to achieve this goal, different control strategies are tried to manage the auxiliary power unit, with numerical simulation tools. The principal aspects and results of the power management system are shown. Some driving tests results are finally reported to instance the effectiveness of the developed management. Moreover, besides the management of automotive complex systems, we are involved, during the last three years, in the development of a methodology allowing the optimal management control strategy for power systems in industrial plants, commercial buildings, hospitals, ecc. The energy/mass balances existing between building and power plant has been depicted through a mathematical model based on vector equations, taking into account the behaviour of each system component. The main result is the definition of the power plant component set points satisfying the energy load under predefined optimization criterion (i.e. system efficiency, costs, pollutant emissions). A dedicated code has been developed to perform system analysis and simulation, in order to support the energy manager and the power plant designer. Input data are the industrial plant loads, both electric and thermal, the technical characteristic of the installations, and the cost of electricity and fuels. An yearly simulation is performed on an existing energy system of an Italian hospital underlying the methodology capability.

Il livello di emissioni di inquinanti e gas serra negli ultimi decenni è salito vertiginosamente anche a causa della produzione di energia elettrica, nonostante la sempre crescente quota riguardante le rinnovabili, le fonti fossili e nucleari sono ancora le più utilizzate. Nell’ambito della gestione della risorsa elettrica è sempre più frequente l’utilizzo di sistemi ibridi off-grid ed on-grid come nel nostro caso. I sistemi HES e RES che possono essere combinati utilizzando fonti rinnovabili come solare ed eolico o geotermico o integrati a piccoli generatori nel caso di sistemi stand-alone. Nell’elaborato si valuta con l’implementazione in un software di calcolo di strategie di energy management la fattibilità economica, attraverso l’LCOE (Levelized cost of energy), di un impianto composto da pannelli fotovoltaici e sistema di accumulo installato presso la sede di Ingegneria dell’Università di Bologna di Via Terracini e la sede del Politecnico di Bari in Via Edoardo Orabona. L’analisi ha l’obiettivo di valutare la fattibilità economica dell’impianto e valutare quanto incidono le condizioni climatiche al contorno sul calcolo dell’LCOE. Il calcolo dell’LCOE verrà confrontato con i valori attuali del prezzo dell’energia elettrica e verranno valutate le differenze.

Com o salto no desenvolvimento advindo das Revoluções industriais do século passado, a necessidade de fontes energéticas que atendessem a esse desenvolvimento aumentou vertiginosamente; e os recursos de origens não-renováveis atenderam a essa indigência. Porém, com as crises do petróleo no final da década de 80, os governos perceberam a necessidade de diversificação de suas matrizes energéticas. No Brasil, o primeiro programa de produção de biocombustível tendo a biomassa como matéria-prima surgiu após a crise, mas com a recuperação do mercado petrolífero, o programa não se fortaleceu. No final do século passado, o impacto ambiental da exploração dos combustíveis de origem fóssil se tornou mais evidente; logo, acordos entre países foram firmados com a finalidade de reduzir as emissões de GEE. No ano de 2003, através de um decreto, foi criado o Programa Nacional de Produção de Biodiesel (PNPB), e em 2005 a Lei nº 11.097 tornou obrigatória a adição de biocombustível no diesel. Com o aumento da demanda de matéria-prima para a produção de biocombustíveis, as pesquisas com a finalidade de avaliar o ciclo de vida da produção da matéria-prima foram impulsionadas. Diante desse panorama, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho ambiental e energético da produção de cachos frescos de dendê no Estado do Pará, em relação aos plantios a Malásia, maior produtora mundial de dendê. A metodologia utilizada foi a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida, normatizada pelas ISO da série 14 000. A etapa mais impactante da produção foi o preparo da área. Nas categorias de impacto, mudanças climáticas, eutrofização e acidificação, o plantio brasileiro foi menos impactante. Para o balanço energético, o Estado do Pará produziu 5 unidades de energia a menos que a Malásia, mas ainda assim, comparando a espécie com outras já utilizadas como matéria-prima para os biocombustíveis, é econômica e ambientalmente viável a produção de biodiesel à base de óleo de dendê.
With the leap in development arising from the industrial revolutions of the past century, the need for energy sources that met this development has increased dramatically; and the non-renewable source of resources responded to this indigence. However, with the oil crisis in the late 80s, governments realized the need for diversifying their energy matrix. In Brazil, the first biofuel production program of biomass as raw material emerged after the crisis, but with the recovery of the oil market the program was not strengthened. At the end of the last century, the environmental impact of the exploitation of fossil fuels became more evident; therefore, agreements between countries were signed in order to reduce GHG emissions. In 2003, through a decree, the National Program for Biodiesel Production, PNPB was created, and in 2005, Law n.° 11.097 made the addition of biofuel in diesel a mandatory thing. With the increasing demand of raw material for biofuel production, researches in order to assess the life cycle of production of the raw material were driven. Before this background, the aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental performance and energy production of fresh palm bunches in the state of Pará, referring to plantations in Malaysia, world's largest producer of palm oil. The methodology used was the Life Cycle Assessment, standardized by the ISO series 14 000. The most striking stage of production was the preparation of the area. In the categories of impact, climate change, eutrophication and acidification, brazilian plantation was less impressive. For energy balance, the state of Pará produced 5 power units less than Malaysia, yet still comparing the species with others already used as a feedstock for biofuels, the production of palm oil based on biodiesel is economically and environmentally feasible.

A l’aide de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) comme outil de modélisation graphique, la modélisation et la gestion d’énergie d’une application stationnaire isolée à base d’un système PEMFC couplé à l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque comme source principale d’énergie sont développées. Afin d’assurer une autonomie du système en combustible, un électrolyseur PEM est intégré au dispositif. En outre, des packs de batteries et de supercondensateurs permettent un stockage d’énergie et de puissance.Grâce à la modularité de la REM, les modèles respectifs des différentes entités énergétiques du système ont été développés avant de les assembler pour reconstituer un modèle global. Une caractéristique propre de la REM étant la commande, une Structure Maximale de Commande (SMC) est déduite du modèle REM du système par application de règles d’inversion.Le phénomène d’effet échelle a permis de dimensionner le système grâce à un profil de consommation domestique d’énergie électrique. Une stratégie de gestion énergétique basée sur la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et prenant en compte les dynamiques de chaque source a été développée. Différents modes de fonctionnement ont été étudiés. Grâce è un profil d’ensoleillement d’une journée, la pertinence du modèle a été évaluée. Il a été en outre introduit un couplage entre la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et la logique floue afin que la stratégie de gestion redéfinisse les références des grandeurs électriques en tenant compte de l’état de charge des batteries et de celui des supercondensateurs
A stand alone multi-source system based on the coupling of photovoltaic energy and both a PEM electrolyser and a PEMFC for stationary application is studied. The system gathers photovoltaic array as main energy source, ultracapacitors and batteries packs in order to smooth respectively fast and medium dynamic by supplying the load or by absorbing photovoltaic source overproduction. Because of the necessity of fuel availability, especially for islanding application like this one, a PEM electrolyser is integrated to the system for in situ hydrogen production.The main purpose being modeling and management of the power flows in order to meet the energy requirement without power cut, a graphical modeling tool namely Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is used because of its analysis and control strengths. Thanks to the modular feature of the EMR, the different models of each energetic entity of the system are performed before their assembling.By using scale effect, the energetic system sizing is performed according to a household power profile. Then, by the help of the multi-level representation, the maximal control structure (MCS) is deduced from the system EMR model. The electrical reference values of the MCS are generated by applying the power balancing method involving the own dynamic of each source into the energy management strategy. Different behavior modes are taken into account. By considering an irradiance profile for one day, the system is simulated highlighting its suitable behaviour. Moreover, the relevance of the introduced coupling between fuzzy logic controller and the power balancing method is pointed out

This thesis focuses on energy management and implementation of ISO 16001:2010. The first two chapters describe DEZA a.s., its operations and activities. The third chapter explains the requirements of ISO 16001:2010 and in the fourth chapter, the process of implementation of these requirements in operation is described.The last chapter describes the requirements of ISO 50001:2012 and compares them with the requirements of ISO 16001:2010.

This diploma thesis deals with the issues of Business Process Management (BPM) in companies engaged in the energy distribution and trading in the Czech Republic (with a focus on the electricity and natural gas market). The first part introduces the basic terms and specifies the theoretical principles of Business Process Management in comparison with the classical functional management approach including the benefits, risks and issues associated with the implementation of Business Process Management in the organization. Thesis also outlines the issues and current status in the market with tools for BPM support. Next part of the thesis is devoted to analysis of the energy market in Czech Republic including its specifics and providing a sample of companies into the research which is the subject of the last part of the thesis. The goal of the realized research is to describe the current status of Business Process Management in the selected companies including formulation of conclusions and evaluation of the current level of usage of BPM.

Energy Performance Contracting is an energy saving method, when the supplier guarantees a certain minimal level of energy savings to the customer, as well as non-rising energy costs. The method was developed at the turn of 70's and 80's in the USA and has spread to dozens of countries around the world till today, although the rate of the EPC market development differs from country to country. The method is useful mostly for heating, electricity and gas cost savings by the end-users. In the Czech Republic, the method has been used since 1993. Until now, several dozens, or even hundreds of projects have been realized, mostly for public sector customers. This paper analyzes the current state of the EPC method usage around the world as well as in the Czech Republic, the key part comprises of the EPC principles description, based on data from real EPC contracts. The work is concluded by a SWOT analysis of the method and by a discussion of the following question: "Can EPC projects blockade the overall saving potential in some cases?" The key information source for most of the work were answers to questions sent to eight Czech ESCO companies representatives, as well as the outputs from guided interviews with four of them, which were taking place between January and May 2009.

The work focuses on risk management in the Czech power engineering, introduces its functioning and connections. It also explains some of the general principles of risk management, its importance in the energy sector and energy projects. Selected risk management methods are described, which is the basis for the recommendation of one of them for application in the field of power engineering. The selected method is further demonstrated in the example of power energy project and its enhancements are proposed.

Diploma thesis deals with issues related to final treatment sludge. Sewage sludge is an inevitable product of wastewater treatment. Also, most of them concentrated pollution. Most of pollution are concentrated in to them. And because it contains a large percentage of combustibles. Before thermal utilization, it is necessary to appropriately adjust the sludge. Thermal sludge utilization offers the most effective method of energy recovery. It is an energy conversion in the sludge, to heat and electricity. In the vast majority, if not the co-firing, it is necessary to modify the sludge and so it is dried. This is the optimal use of modern technology. There are several variations possible use. Unfortunately it is not in general able to propose the most appropriate technology or methodology, how to make best use of sewage sludge. Specific assignment usually have their own characteristics. In my work I will therefore first try to outline possible technology and in the second part to suggest sludge terminal for WWTP Hodonín.

La seguente tesi ha lo scopo di illustrare il Project Management come metodologia per l’organizzazione e la gestione d’interventi finalizzati ad un efficientamento energetico e di sostenibilità ambientale. Il miglioramento in termini energetici è stato effettuato in un'azienda di retail di realtà internazionale presente nell’intero contesto italiano che però si riserva di non divulgare il brand della compagnia. In particolare sono stati proposti interventi tali da consentire l’innalzamento dell’attuale classe di efficienza energetica B alla futura Classe A+. La metodologia utilizzata è quella del Project Management in ottica soggettiva che però riprende tutte le principali fasi delineate dalla letteratura. Nello specifico la metodica si basa sull'analisi di business process che ripercorre i cambiamenti dallo stato attuale (as is) allo stato finale (to be). I risultati ottenuti ripropongono cinque soluzioni di efficientemento presentate con una valutazione economica di payback dalla quale emerge un break even point per ogni proposta al di sotto dei sei anni in accordo con gli obiettivi aziendali posti all'avvio del progetto. Inoltre vengono presentati i vantaggi ambientali in termini di riduzioni di consumi e di emissioni, in riferimento a quest'ultima risultano essere per tutte e cinque le proposte maggiori del 60%, fino al 100%. Dall'analisi argomentativa di questo elaborato si evince che il Project Management è un metodo efficace ed efficiente per la gestione di progetti complessi, riducendo drasticamente i casi di fallimento e promuovendo, al contrario, il raggiungimento degli obiettivi prefissati.

This master`s thesis is concerned with a business plan of changing the heating medium. The thesis analyses the current conditions and problems of the company, and offers a business plan, implementation of which will increase the profit of the company and ensure its future growth.

Progettazione ed implementazione di un modulo che gestisca il consumo di energia in uno Smart Environment, contestualizzato nell'ambito di un progetto europeo, SOFIA (Smart Object For Intelligent Applications), che ambisce ad accelerare l'integrazione di oggetti intelligenti nella vita quotidiana. Il consumo energetico da gestire e' quello di una rete di sensori; e' stato dimostrato che, riducendo le trasmissioni di dati tra sensori ed il resto della rete, le batterie durano quasi il doppio del tempo e, di conseguenza, la vita della rete e' raddoppiata, con vantaggi evidenti per l'ambiente.

V současné době se problematika energetických úspor dostává do popředí zájmu jak na úrovni jednotlivých podniků, tak i na úrovni celého státu. Často bývá příčinou sporů ve vědeckých kruzích i mezi odborníky z praxe. Lidstvo tradičně začalo využívat energii z minerálních přírodních zdrojů, které však ve srovnání s obnovitelnými zdroji energie mají omezení. Výzkum a implementace moderních technologií jsou ztíženy otázkou investic a časově omezeny. Proto se evropská strategie energetické bezpečnosti zaměřuje na energetickou účinnost, která je jedním z nejefektivnějších způsobů zlepšení bezpečnosti spotřeby energie. Velké společnosti a podniky jsou jedním z hlavních spotřebitelů energie. Proto je tato vědecká práce zaměřena na problematiku úspor energie a zlepšování energetické účinnosti podniku. Těžiště práce spočívá ve vytvoření a zavedení metodiky pro úsporu energie a managementu hospodaření s energií ve výrobním procesu automobilového podniku. Dále je pro účely této práce vytvořen a popsán způsob vizualizace spotřeby energie v prostředí virtuální reality

Dans le contexte Européen visant la réduction de l’utilisation des pesticides, la connaissance des effets des insecticides sur les auxiliaires est une piste novatrice et prometteuse au développement de nouveaux programmes en Production Fruitière Intégrée (PFI). Prédateur généraliste le forficule (perce oreille), Forficula auricularia L., contribue à la lutte biologique grâce à son efficacité sur certains ravageurs tels que les pucerons en vergers de pommiers.Les forficules sont prélevés dans des vergers de pommiers (PACA, France) conduits en agriculture biologique (AB), en Production Fruitière Intégrée (PFI), en agriculture conventionnelle ou dans des vergers ne recevant aucun traitement phytosanitaire. Nos résultats montrent que cet auxiliaire est capable de développer des mécanismes de résistance/tolérance à un insecticide organophosphoré (OP), le chlorpyriphos-éthyl. Après exposition au chlorpyriphos-éthyl à la dose autorisée en vergers, les organismes provenant d’un verger conduit en agriculture conventionnelle sont caractérisés par une faible mortalité. Cette diminution de la mortalité est expliquée par une activité élevée des glutathion-S-transférases et des carboxylestérases, deux enzymes impliquées dans les voies de détoxication, et par une diminution de la sensibilité de l’acétylcholinestérase (cible moléculaire des OP au niveau du système nerveux). L’étude de la sensibilité de l’AChE vis à vis des OP, montre une dichotomie entre les mâles plus sensibles et femelles plus résistantes.Nous nous sommes également intéressés à l’induction des Hsp70 après exposition au chlorpyriphos, pour évaluer les mécanismes de défense cellulaire mis en place. Les résultats, malgré leur grande variabilité, soulignent la différence de sensibilité entre vergers, et entre sexes au sein du même verger. Il est connu que les mécanismes de défense génèrent un coût métabolique important. Nous avons donc analysé la quantité de réserves énergétiques (glucides, lipides et protéines) ainsi que certaines caractéristiques morphologiques chez F. auricularia selon le verger d’origine des forficules. Les perce-oreilles prélevés en vergers conventionnels sont généralement plus petits que ceux provenant des autres vergers. La quantité de réserves dépend des conditions environnementales liées à l’utilisation des pesticides et de la période de prélèvement des forficules en vergers. En particulier la quantité élevée de glycogène observée chez les femelles prélevées à l’automne (deux mois après la fin des traitements) dans les vergers conventionnels, est en accord avec une réallocation des réserves pour la reproduction.Cette étude met en évidence pour la première fois l’acquisition de mécanismes de résistance chez le forficule fortement exposé aux insecticides en vergers conventionnels. Elle ouvre la voie à de nouvelles pistes de recherche sur l’apparition de cette résistance en fonction de la pression anthropique exercée sur un auxiliaire des cultures
In the European context of reducing pesticide use, knowledge of the effects of insecticides on natural enemies is an innovative and promising approach for the development of new Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. European earwigs Forficula auricularia (Linnaeus) are considered as efficient predators in apple orchards and contribute to the biological control of aphids, leaf rollers and psyllids.Earwigs were sampled in apple orchards in Provence, (South-Eastern France), managed under contrasting strategies: organic, integrated pest management (IPM), conventional, or untreated orchards. Our study underlines the differences in metabolic pathway responses in F. auricularia populations influenced by their historic management strategies. In particular, we have shown that earwigs collected in conventional orchard exhibited lower mortality and higher enzyme activities (glutathion-S-transferases and carboxylesterases) involved in detoxification, compare to organic orchard. A decrease in sensitivity of the acetylcholinesterase (the molecular target of OP insecticides, involved in the nervous system functioning) was also observed in earwigs pre-exposed in the conventional orchard with higher sensitivity of AChE in male compared to female earwigs. We have investigated the induction of Hsp70s as an efficient defense mechanism, which could play an important role in tolerance to insecticide. Our results underlined the differences previously observed depending on management strategy and for a considered orchard, depending on earwig sex.It is well known that insecticide tolerance can be associated with fitness costs. That is why energetic reserves (glycogen, lipids and proteins) and morphological traits have been quantified on earwigs from orchards with different management practices. F. auricularia from conventional orchards were smaller than the other earwigs. Moreover, we have shown that the amount of energetic reserves depended on insecticide use and on the period of sampling. The high glycogen content observed in females collected in conventional orchards, 2 months after the end of treatments, supports a reallocation of reserves to the reproduction.This work brought to light the emergence of resistance to insecticides of the natural enemy F. auricularia, exposed to pesticides in conventional apple orchard

Abstract Winter energy management in small passerines living year-round in boreal or alpine areas presumably results in strong selective pressure since they need to find food, at a time when natural resources diminish and become less available, and energy requirements increase dramatically. In this thesis energy management during the non-breeding season was studied in three species of tits (Parus spp.), from three different populations: Coll de Pal (Spanish Pyrenees), Lund (Southern Sweden) and Oulu (Northern Finland). Energy management strategies vary significantly between species and among populations and individuals of the same species. Such differences may depend on several environmental factors, food predictability and individual characteristics. Birds from the studied populations appear to react to energetic challenges on a short-term basis and in a highly flexible way. The coal tit (Parus ater) in Coll de Pal and the willow tit (Parus montanus) in Oulu, both hoarding species, relied mostly on short-term management of energy for winter survival. Social and residence status appeared to be the most important factors in determining the level of energy reserves, underlining the importance of food predictability for energy management in wintering tits. Further studies were carried out on two distinct populations of great tit (Parus major) exposed to different winter hardiness. Birds from both populations increased their resting metabolic rate (MR) with experimentally decreasing ambient temperatures. Birds from Oulu maintained higher expenditures than birds from Lund in all cases, but also experienced higher energetic cost of thermoregulation at the lowest temperatures. The differences probably did not arise from a differential insulation capacity between populations, despite the differences in plumage structure found, but from a differential metabolic acclimatization. Birds from Lund probably became hypothermic at the lowest temperatures, which may have exceeded the levels they were acclimatized for. The observed differences in basal MR in laboratory conditions were consistent in wild birds throughout the non-breeding season. Birds from both populations experienced similar patterns of variation in basal MR, with expenditures increasing with mass but decreasing with day length, size and age. Great tits modulate their energy expenditure in a flexible way as a means for surviving the non-breeding season. Further, despite such flexibility, populations appear to be locally adapted for such metabolic acclimatization. These results may have important implications on their life-history and distribution. Winter acclimatization appears to be a complex set of entangled strategies that are based on a metabolic adjustment to cope with changing energy requirements. Other mechanisms that apparently play a secondary role, for example the long term management of reserves through fattening or hoarding, or conserving heat through hypothermia and by developing a better insulative plumage, are certainly important emergency strategies that in natural conditions may explain how some populations can endure winter conditions.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Mariotoni
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santiago_CassioMohallem_M.pdf: 8387426 bytes, checksum: f7427186d8dd59eff467f6fbbd2ad776 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002
Resumo: Ao profissional responsável por um projeto hoteleiro são apresentadas variáveis estéticas, funcionais e estruturais da edificação para análises e viabilização do empreendimento, bem como requisitos numéricos, exigências de órgãos específicos que regulamentam a categoria do hotel. Além destes parâmetros, a nova concepção deve prever a viabilização da obra, com cronogramas e custos pré-definidos, com a finalidade de reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica do edifício. Neste estudo, objetiva-se enfocar a relação entre a otimização energética, viabilidade e implementação dos mecanismos de controle de consumo, e como eles devem ser pré-definidos; traçar um mapeamento das primícias básicas de projetos a serem observadas principalmente pelos arquitetos, na concepção de projeto de hotéis três estrelas; descrever o levantamento inicial e as etapas de implantação do Hotel Mirador, em fase final de montagem, da cidade de Passos, MG, escolhido como canteiro experimental e realista das necessidades de implementação de instalações; mostrar um estudo de simulação de consumo nos dormitórios do local pesquisado para argumentar e caracterizar programas de otimização no setor; comparar o consumo energético dos diversos equipamentos e avaliar a relação custo-benefício da utilização dos mesmos. A presente dissertação sugere as vantagens que o uso racional da energia poderá trazer ao setor hoteleiro
Abstract: Engineering and architectural hotel design must consider aesthetic, functional and structural variables. The analyses and enterprise profitability depends on several factors, inc1uding numerical required tasks, rules and recommendations presented by specifics organs that regulates the hotel category. Beside this, the new conception needs to fore schedules and expenses determined previously, prioritizing quickest payback and planning to decrease the building electric energy consumption. In this discourse, the object is concerned in energy-saving control mechanisms and the way that they will be determined; lists the basics points observed by the architects in hotels conception; describes first raising and implementation stages of the Mirador Hotel, located in Passos city, MG; shows demand simulations in this hotel' s dormitories to argue and characterize energy efficiency programs; compares the equipments energy consumption and evaluate their performance. The present dissertation suggests the advantages that the rational energy use could bring to the hotel' s management
Mestrado
Edificações
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This dissertation thesis is concerned with the diagnostics of the main production facilities in Czech power engineering with a focus on its integrating role in the process of gaining, saving and processing information for the purpose of evaluating the technical state of the operated facilities and the plan to manage their lifetime. It is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part presents the conclusions of examination of the needs of involved workers in the areas of diagnostics, maintenance and expert assessment of technical state of equipment. These conclusions were formulated based on the completed analysis of the current status ("as - is" analysis) of performing diagnostics of systems operated in the technological units of both nuclear and classical power engineering. The monitored equipment involves electrical installations and machinery, steel and building constructions, measuring instruments and vibrodiagnostics. Based on the analysis results, process diagrams are created for the solution of partial tasks. The analysis of the proposed solution for problems in question ("should - be" analysis) includes a design of the fundamental scheme of the data model for a software solution and a design of data flows from the individual data sources. The following part presents an application layer which includes a detailed description of major functionalities. Further, important activities and procedures are described that are necessary to evaluate the technical state of equipment. The practical part deals with the implementation of the LTO suite software product in the environment of power engineering in Czech Republic, specifically within ČEZ, a.s.. The LTO suite functionality is demonstrated in this part of the thesis by screens recorded within the LTO suite individual modules, which work above the actual data. It starts with the initial screen for configuration of displayed data, continues to present examples of the equipment register, planning, processing and saving of information collected through the diagnostic activities over to the module of integration – analytical layer, which is designed for evaluation of the technical state of equipment at the entered date with a reporting output. The thesis also includes the chapters on "Aims of the Study" and "Conclusion". The key chapter presents the "Benefits of the Study", whose overview describes the original results of the research as well as those applicable also outside the power engineering area.

The diploma thesis is focused on the energy utilization of sewage sludge before and after microwave pyrolysis process. The first part of the thesis deals with sludge management, treatment of sludge and its subsequent use or disposal. In the second part of the thesis prepared and modified samples of sludge from WWTP 1 and WWTP 2 are subjected to microwave pyrolysis process. Subsequently, samples are taken for analyzes to determine the total organic carbon, the specific surface area, the heavy metal content and the calorific values. The resulting data was processed in Microsoft Office Excel and presented at work. At the end of the thesis two case studies are then proposed for a specific design of the conceptual location of microwave pyrolysis for the sludge drying process and the drying process of the sewage sludge in the direct combustion boiler room.

PhD thesis deals with the application of the simulation and optimization methods in the waste-to-energy field. An introduction describes the current state of the waste management in the EU with the focus on the Czech Republic. In the following chapter the evaluation criteria for investment intentions and the basic principles of stochastic programming are discussed. The core of the work lays in the mathematical models for the planning and operation of the process plants as well as in the mathematical models for the waste collection. The transportation problem involves all considered technological elements and therefore it is possible to simulate the waste streams between the producers and processors. This approach is demonstrated with five case studies. In the first three studies the calculations for the potential investor are presented. The main outcome of these case studies is the determination of the level of attractiveness of investment and the identification the greatest risks. Another case study is devoted to an analysis with the focus on perspective of government policies and in the last case study the issue of the waste management is analyzed in detail from the perspective of the waste producers. Developed computational tools are flexible and can be further developed and adapted based on the objectives of the specific tasks.

Scopo della tesi è quello di osservare come l'adozione di un sistema BEMS (Building Energy Management System) sia in grado di migliorare l'efficienza energetica di un impianto tecnologico già esistente. Individuate le funzioni di monitoraggio e regolazione che generano un impatto sui sistemi energetici, si sono raccolti i dati di campo utili a creare un computo generale dei consumi termici ed elettrici. Ciò consente di ideare proposte di soluzioni impiantistiche alternative che consentono di abbattere le spese energetiche. Il risparmio in termini qualitativi e quantitativi verrà poi valutato in funzione dello stato attuale.

This work covers process continuity as the source of a business continuity management. In first theoretic part this work connects continuous behavior of systems with the business continuity and the process continuity. Then in second part of the work we look into present knowledge in business continuity management systems and we cover key standards for business continuity management. We also look into connections among those standards for business continuity and we pinpoint chapters of British standard BS 25999-1 with its counterparts in IT service frameworks such as ITIL v3 and COBIT 4.1. In the final part, this work covers use of process analysis and process models as tools for delivering business continuity through process continuity and preparing business continuity plans in utilities.

The master's thesis deals with actual possibilities of acquisition water from air humidity in order to obtain fresh water, focusing on energy intensity of vapor-compression refrigeration for it is production. There is a basic determine study for Czech climatic zone in selected localities. For graded cooling capacity dependencies describing the acquisition of water from the air, where is the energy intensity ranges on average between 0,3 ÷ 0,5 kWh/l. For the selected family house are set the individual variants of non-potable rainwater management.

Questo elaborato di tesi è nato con l'esigenza di sviluppare un nuovo modulo per la stima di variabili energetiche da inserire nel software On.Energy, per dare la possibilità a tutti gli utilizzatori di capire quanto i valori osservati nella realtà si discostino da un modello teorico appositamente creato, e fornire quindi un ulteriore strumento di analisi per mantenere sotto controllo il sistema nell'ottica del miglioramento continuo. Il risultato sarà uno strumento che verrà provato in via sperimentale sugli stabilimenti di due aziende leader in Italia in settori produttivi largamente differenti (Amadori - alimentare, Pfizer - farmaceutico), ma accomunati dalle esigenze di monitorare, analizzare e efficientare i consumi energetici.

This master thesis deals with the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and available medical waste treatment methods. The first part summarises the legislation of waste treatment and contains an analysis of the current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison to the situation in the European Union. The second part describes medical waste treatment methods and following technologies for energy utilization when thermal treatment method is applied. In the main part of this thesis, a complex medical waste-to-energy system in a model region is designed according to the input data. The design includes description of the collecting and transportation system of the waste, capacity of the unit and suitable thermal treatment and heat utilization technology choice. A calculation model is created for the proposed unit and based on this model, an analysis on energy utilization effectivity is made. As a result of the thesis, environmental, technical and economical assessment is created based on the estimation of the investment and operating costs.

Il presente elaborato si propone di studiare e analizzare l’intero sistema di aria compressa utilizzato all’interno dei plant produttivi, al fine di determinare soluzioni di ottimizzazione per la riduzione dei consumi energetici e dei costi generati. Tra i principali interventi saranno presentati: l’implementazione di compressori a controllo variabile di velocità, l’eliminazione delle perdite attraverso un processo di leak management, la riduzione di pressione di esercizio, solo per citarne alcuni. Per fare questo, verrà proposta una struttura metodologica capace di guidare passo a passo il progetto verso il raggiungimento degli obiettivi prefissati. A tal proposito, diviene fondamentale la costruzione di un sistema di indicatori di prestazione equilibrato, contenuto nel numero, ma in grado di fornire una descrizione accurata del caso in esame. L’elaborato è strutturato su tre sezioni, una breve introduzione, una sezione teorica sugli argomenti principali descritti in precedenza e, infine, per evidenziare il carattere pratico ed operativo della tesi, lo studio e l’implementazione sul caso aziendale Technogym spa.

This master's thesis deals with current situation of medical waste management in the Czech Republic and it also analyzes the quality of existing units for thermal treatment of the medical waste. In the second part of the thesis, available off-gas cleaning methods were described as well as the emission limits for waste incineration, which correspond to the legislative regulations effective in the Czech Republic. These emission limits are considered as input data for off-gas cleaning system design. In the main part of this thesis, two technological solutions of off-gas cleaning methods for Up-to-Date medical waste incineration unit were designed. The unit is designed for energy utilization of 1400 tons of medical waste accumulated during one year in a regional hospital of model region. From given input parameters, two appropriate apparatus concepts were created. After that, both concepts were evaluated either form energetic point of view as well as from material one. From these evaluations, key apparatuses of both concepts were designed which provided necessary design dimensions for further investment price estimation of each individual key apparatus. In the conclusion of this thesis, the best solution of an off-gas cleaning method was picked according to the comparison of operating and investment costs.

Master thesis is concerned with assessing the state of information security and its use as an indicator of corporate performance in energy company. Chapter analysis of the problem and current situation presents findings on the state of information security and implementation stage of ISMS. The practical part is focused on risk analysis and assessment the maturity level of processes, which are submitted as the basis for the proposed security measures and recommendations. There are also designed metrics to measure level of information security.

Lo sfruttamento della flessibilità energetica negli edifici rappresenta una delle soluzioni più promettenti per consentire il passaggio a sistemi energetici ad alta penetrazione di rinnovabili. Disporre di un edificio flessibile significa poter applicare efficientemente strategie di gestione della domanda (Demand Side Management, DSM) che rappresentano uno degli aspetti principali caratterizzanti il concetto di Smart Grid. Il DMS è definito come l'insieme di tutte quelle strategie volte a influenzare gli usi dell'elettricità degli utenti in modo da produrre cambiamenti nella forma della loro curva di carico. Data la crescente domanda elettrica del settore residenziale, soprattutto per la diffusione di impianti di riscaldamento e raffrescamento alimentati elettricamente (es. split e pompe di calore), gli edifici mostrano una predisposizione a produrre variazioni programmate della loro domanda elettrica, grazie ai diversi livelli di inerzia termica in essi già disponibile (es. massa termica dell’involucro o dispositivi dedicati come serbatoi di acqua calda o fredda). Inoltre, grazie a tecniche di controllo avanzate, possono sfruttare diverse fonti energetiche per soddisfare i propri fabbisogni termici, riducendo al contempo i prelievi dalla rete elettrica. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi si inserisce in questo contesto. L'obiettivo è quello di fornire un'analisi dei diversi aspetti che caratterizzano la flessibilità ottenibile dalla gestione dei carichi termici ed elettrici negli edifici residenziali dotati di pompe di calore. L'analisi si estende progressivamente dal contesto dello scenario progettuale dei singoli edifici a quello operativo degli aggregati. Nella tesi inoltre sono presentate metodologie innovative di quantificazione in aggiunta alla simulazione di diversi casi di studio. In generale, tutti i risultati consentono di confermare la potenzialità degli edifici nella fornitura di servizi di flessibilità energetica.
The exploitation of energy flexibility in buildings represents one of the most promising solutions to allow the transition to energy systems with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Having a high flexible building means to be able to efficiently apply demand side management strategies (DSMs) which represent one of the main aspects characterizing the concept of Smart Grid. DMS is defined as the set of all those strategies aimed at influencing customer uses of electricity in ways that will produce desired changes in the utility’s load shape. Given the increasing electricity demand in the residential sector, especially for the diffusion of heating and cooling systems electrically powered (e.g., split systems and heat pumps), buildings show a predisposition to produce variations in the electrical demand, due to the different levels of thermal inertia already available in them (e.g., the thermal mass embedded in the envelope or dedicated devices as cold and/or hot water tank). Moreover, thanks to advanced control techniques, buildings could exploit different energy sources to satisfy their thermal requirements, while reducing withdrawals from the power grid. The work presented in this thesis fits into this context. The objective is to provide an overview of the different aspects that characterize the energy flexibility obtainable from the management of thermal and electrical loads in residential buildings equipped with heat pumps. The analysis is gradually extended from the context of the design scenario of single buildings to the operative analysis of clusters of buildings. Novel methodologies of quantification and evaluation are introduced in addition with the examination of different simulation-based case studies. In general, all the analyses allow to confirm the great potential of residential buildings in providing energy flexibility services.

The issue of energy saving building is a current topic of today. The increasing costs of operating buildings reduce economic efficiency of the organization operations. A large part of the operating cost is energy cost. An effective tool for improving the energy performance of buildings is an EPC method. The implementation of energy projects through EPC is offered by Energy Services Company. This thesis evaluates the economic efficiency of the project implemented by the EPC and analyses its risk factors. The subject of EPC project is modernisation of an energy sector of a hospital building. The economic efficiency of the project is interpreted on the basis of economic indicators Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Profitability Index. There was also performed Monte Carlo simulation supported by Oracle Crystal Ball software within the analysis of risk factors for the project.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A adoção de esquemas de alimentação com restrição e realimentação para peixes pode induzir a ocorrência de ganho de peso compensatório e permite redução no fornecimento de ração, principal componente do custo de produção. Além disto, o uso de dietas que forneça os nutrientes necessários para esta fase de rápido crescimento e o não comprometimento da resistência imunológica do peixe, representam vantagens adicionais. Nesse sentido, juvenis de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (36,9 l 2,8 g) foram submetidos a três estratégias de alimentação (alimentação continua; 3 dias restrição e 3 dias de realimentação controlada; 3 dias restrição e 3 dias de realimentação até a saciedade aparente) com duas dietas experimentais (45 e 52% CHO). Foram avaliados o desempenho produtivo e metabolismo energético em duas etapas, aos 36 e aos 84 dias de alimentação. Após os 84 dias, os peixes foram submetidos à infestação pelo parasito Dolops carvalhoi, sendo avaliadas as respostas fisiológicas de estresse. Ocorreu ingestão compensatória, tanto durante os 36 como durante os 84 dias, mas sem ocorrência de ganho de peso compensatório. Os parâmetros do metabolismo energético, aos 36 dias de alimentação, sugerem grande capacidade do pacu em mobilizar as reservas energéticas endógenas. Aos 84 dias, os parâmetros fisiológicos do metabolismo energético, evidenciam a habilidade do pacu em manter a homeostase e recuperar-se da privação alimentar através da dinâmica de suas reservas. As estratégias de alimentação adotas associadas as dietas experimentais não comprometeram as respostas do pacu frente ao desafio com o ectoparasito. A adoção de períodos curtos de restrição e realimentação, pode ser recomendada em condições específicas de manejo, sem prejuízo irreversível aos peixes e com redução nos custos de produção.
Schemes of food restriction and refeeding can induce compensatory growth in fish and reduction of production costs. Additionally, the use of diets providing needed nutrients for the fast growth and adequate immune status of fish can be beneficial. In this way, pacu juveniles Piaractus mesopotamicus (36.9 l 2.8 g) were submitted to three feed strategies (continuous feeding; 3 days of restriction and 3 days of controlled refeeding; 3 days of restriction and 3 days of refeeding until apparent satiation) and two experimental diets (45 and 52% carbohydrate - CHO). Growth performance and energetic metabolism were evaluated at 36 and 84 days of feeding. After 84 days, fish were exposed to Dolops carvalhoi, and physiological responses were evaluated. Compensatory food intake was registered at 36 and 84 days, without compensatory growth. At 36 days of feeding, metabolic indicators suggested that pacu is able to mobilize endogenous energy stores. At 84 days od food restriction, pacu exhibited ability to keep its body homeostasis by mobilizing endogenous reserves, and to recover the tissue losses provoked by food restriction. Feed strategies and experimental diets did not affect the ability of pacu to face the parasite infestation. Cycles of food restriction and refeeding for short periods (3 days restriction/3 days refeeding) can be recommended for pacu in specific conditions, since no irreversible biological damage was detected and, in addition, reduction of production cost is possible.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

The representation of the thermal behaviour of the building is achieved through a relatively simple dynamic model that takes into account the effects due to the thermal mass of the building components. The model of a intra-floor apartment has been built in the Matlab-Simulink environment and considers the heat transmission through the external envelope, wall and windows, the internal thermal masses, (i.e. furniture, internal wall and floor slabs) and the sun gain due to opaque and see-through surfaces of the external envelope. The simulations results for the entire year have been compared and the model validated, with the one obtained with the dynamic building simulation software Energyplus.

Dans le cadre du transport de marchandises par voie ferroviaire, un certain nombre de verrous limitent les efforts consentis pour un fret plus "propre". Des améliorations doivent être faites afin de limiter le nombre de locotracteurs assurant les charges/décharges de marchandises en bout de ligne. Dans cette perspective, FEMTO-ST et Alstom Transport ont pour objectif de concevoir et développer un système de gestion d'énergie pour locomotive électrique hybride. Composée d'un groupe électrogène couplé à des accumulateurs électrochimiques et des super-condensateurs, la locomotive électrique hybride permet d'accroître la souplesse et l'efficacité du transport ferroviaire électrique, tout en réduisant encore son impact environnemental. Cette étude a consisté dans un premier temps à développer une modélisation macroscopique de la chaîne de traction électrique hybride et à proposer une structuration de la commande avec l'identification des capteurs matériels et logiciels nécessaires au contrôle optimal de la chaîne de traction. La caractérisation expérimentale des moyens de stockage a permis l'amélioration comportementale et dynamique des modèles correspondant. Dans un second temps, le contrôle de la tension de sortie d'un hacheur dévolteur a permis d'étudier l'application de la logique floue de type-2 (intervalle et générale) dans le cas d'applications industrielles (relativement simples). Enfin, une gestion innovante des flux d'énergie au sein d'un système plus complexe: locomotive électrique hybride, a été développée. Mettant en œuvre la logique floue de type-2 et des algorithmes s'inspirant de la théorie de l'évolution, cette gestion d'énergie optimale opère en temps réel et sans connaissance à priori du cycle de conduite. La gestion fréquentielle ainsi que le contrôle des états de charge des sources secondaires du véhicule contribuent également à leur bon fonctionnement
To achieve a "greener" freight transport, efforts are still needed to overcome some technological barriers. New improvements must be carried at to limit the shunting locomotives' use intended for the goods' load/unload. Considering this aim, FEMTO-ST and Alstom Transport decided to conceive and develop an energy management strategy system for hybrid electric locomotives. Such locomotives include a diesel driven generator set which is coupled with batteries and ultra-capacitors. The architecture aims at improving the flexibility, the effectiveness of the electrical railway transport and at reducing the environmental impact of these activities again. Firstly, the study consists in implementing a macroscopic modelling of the hybrid electric powertrain. Then, the control is optimally designed by identifying the hardware and software sensors of the powertrain. The dynamics and the behavior of the secondary sources' models are improved thanks to their experimental characterizations. Secondly, the use of Type-2 Fuzzy Logic (interval and general) controllers permits to study their efficiency in the control of a very simple industrial system: the output voltage of a buck converter. Lastly, based on the obtained results, an innovative management of the system's energy flows is developed in the case of the hybrid electrical locomotive. The use of the type-2 fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms permit to optimally perform a real time energy management strategy without a priori knowledge of the duty cycle. The frequency approach and the secondary sources' state of charge control contribute to their efficient use