Academic literature on the topic 'Energetical optimization'

Afin de réduire les émissions de polluants et de CO2 les constructeurs automobiles se tournent de plus en plus versdes solutions de chaîne de traction électrifiées. Cette électrification des véhicules augmente la complexité des systèmes à concevoir. Les outils MBSE basés sur une approche système peuvent être utilisés pour gérer cette complexité grandissante. Une optimisation globale nécessite de s’intéresser aux trois niveaux de conception suivants : architecture, composant et contrôle. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthode d’optimisation globale pour la conception de systèmes de refroidissement pour véhicules hybrides. A partir d’un jeu de composants et d’exigences systèmes à satisfaire, la méthode commence par générer automatiquement toutes les solutions possibles. La génération d’architectures est basée sur un concept d’arbre de décision. Chaque solution est ensuite optimisée d’un point de vue énergétique sous des contraintes hydrauliques, thermiques et d’intégration. Enfin, une optimisation multicritère permetd’aider les ingénieurs à prendre des décisions sur les choix de solution en phase amont de projet. L’application de la méthode globale d’optimisation de circuit de refroidissement pour véhicule HEV sur un projet existant chez Renault a montré que le système est porté par ses exigences. Une modification des exigences système est susceptible de modifier la solution d’architecture système optimale par rapport au cahier des charges<br>To reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions, automotive manufacturers tend to turn increasingly towards electrified powertrains solutions, such as Hybrid Vehicles (HEV). Model Based System engineering (MBSE) and computational tools are useful to support the development of HEV systems. Global optimization needs to investigate the following system design level: architecture, component and control. The aim of this thesis is to develop a global optimization framework to design cooling system for hybrid vehicles. The methodology starts from a set of component and system requirements to automatically generate all possible system architectures. The generation of solution is based on a concept of decision tree. An energentical optimisation under hydraulic, thermal and integration cosntraitns is done on each solution generated. Finally, amulticritetria optimization is used as decision making tool to support engineers on system archtiecture choices early in the development process. This framework has been applied on a Renault project. Results showed that the system is highly dependent on its requirements. Changing system requirements can potentially modify the optimal system architecture regarding the system specifications

La segmentation hiérarchique est une méthode pour produire des partitions qui représentent une même image de manière de moins en moins fine. En même temps, elle sert d'entrée à la recherche d'une partition optimale, qui combine des extraits des diverses partitions en divers endroits. Le traitement hiérarchique des images est un domaine émergent en vision par ordinateur, et en particulier dans la communauté qui étudie les images hyperspectrales et les SIG, du fait de son capacité à structurer des données hyper-dimensionnelles. Le chapitre 1 porte sur les deux concepts fondamentaux de tresse et de treillis énergétique. La tresse est une notion plus riche que celle de hiérarchie de partitions, en ce qu'elle incorpore, en plus, des partitions qui ne sont pas emboîtées les unes dans les autres, tout en s'appuyant globalement sur une hiérarchie. Le treillis énergétique est une structure mixte qui regroupe une tresse avec une énergie, et permet d'y définir des éléments maximaux et minimaux. Lorsqu'on se donne une énergie, trouver la partition formée de classes de la tresse (ou de la hiérarchie) qui minimise cette énergie est un problème insoluble, de par sa complexité combinatoriale. Nous donnons les deux conditions de h-croissance et de croissance d'échelle, qui garantissent l'existence, l'unicité et la monotonie des solutions, et conduisent à un algorithme qui les détermine en deux passes de lecture des données. Le chapitre 2 reste dans le cadre précédent, mais étudie plus spécifiquement l'optimisation sous contrainte. Il débouche sur trois généralisations du modèle Lagrangien. Le chapitre 3 applique l'optimisation par treillis énergétique au cas de figure où l'énergie est introduite par une « vérité terrain », c'est à dire par un jeu de dessins manuel, que les partitions optimales doivent serrer au plus près. Enfin, le chapitre 4 passe des treillis énergétiques à ceux des courbes de Jordan dans le plan euclidien, qui définissent un modèle continu de segmentations hiérarchiques. Il permet entre autres de composer les hiérarchies avec diverses fonctions numériques<br>Hierarchical segmentation has been a model which both identifies with the construct of extracting a tree structured model of the image, while also interpreting it as an optimization problem of the optimal scale selection. Hierarchical processing is an emerging field of problems in computer vision and hyper-spectral image processing community, on account of its ability to structure high-dimensional data. Chapter 1 discusses two important concepts of Braids and Energetic lattices. Braids of partitions is a richer hierarchical partition model that provides multiple locally non-nested partitioning, while being globally a hierarchical partitioning of the space. The problem of optimization on hierarchies and further braids are non-tractable due the combinatorial nature of the problem. We provide conditions, of h-increasingness, scale-increasingness on the energy defined on partitions, to extract unique and monotonically ordered minimal partitions. Furthermore these conditions are found to be coherent with the Braid structure to perform constrained optimization on hierarchies, and more generally Braids. Chapter 2 demonstrates the Energetic lattice, and how it generalizes the Lagrangian formulation of the constrained optimization problem on hierarchies. Finally in Chapter 3 we apply the method of optimization using energetic lattices to the problem of extraction of segmentations from a hierarchy, that are proximal to a ground truth set. Chapter 4 we show how one moves from the energetic lattice on hierarchies and braids, to a numerical lattice of Jordan Curves which define a continous model of hierarchical segmentation. This model enables also to compose different functions and hierarchies

This thesis discusses the operational coordination of electrical appliances and devices in a smart home. At present, the diminishing volume of fossil fuels and the increasing pressure to use renewable sources of energy necessitate the integration of such volatile sources into electrical grids. This process, however, results in higher energy costs, and the consumers are thus more willing to change their behaviour to either reduce the expenses or maintain them at a reasonable level. One of the relatively few customer-oriented options to optimise energy costs consists in the demand – response principle, which utilises external information to minimise energy consumption during high price periods. Assuming the constantly changing conditions in electrical grids, and thus also the varying demands, it is vital to provide for automatic optimisation excluding the need of user intervention. The thesis presents a method which, after being implemented into the control member, will facilitate the optimal use of appliances and devices within a smart home. As the behaviour considered optimal from the perspective of demand - response is often inconsistent with the consumer‘s requirements for comfortable use of the appliances, the proposed technique offers a compromise through enabling the consumer to select the appropriate strategy. Five universal optimisation models are designed within the thesis; these models facilitate description of common home appliances and local electricity sources. The core of the method lies in formulating and optimising a mixed integer quadratic problem (MIQP). The optimisation task yields an operational schedule for the individual appliances, and this scheme considers the energy costs, the working cycle of the appliance, the user’s demands, the system restrictions and/or other input data. Furthermore, the author extends the above-discussed general technique, enabling it to adopt robust behaviour. The method then secures the preset strategy even during a marked change of the input conditions, and its robustness is a viable precondition for the overall applicability of the technique in the real control member.

The main aim of this thesis is to create a sequence of mathematical optimization models with different levels of complexity for the efficient management and waste energy utilization. Stochastic programming approach was utilized to deal with random demand and uncertain heating values. Hence, more applicable model of the waste-to-energy plant has been developed. As the next step, the model is enhanced by heating plant extension. Computations are realized for real-world data and optimal solution is found by using GAMS implementation.

L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis és desenvolupar eines sistemàtiques de suport per la presa de decisions basades en mètodes matemàtics pel disseny òptim d’edificis amb mínim cost i mínim impacte ambiental. Avui en dia la societat és cada vegada més conscient de la importància que té respectar el medi ambient. Com a resultat, les autoritats i moltes empreses i consumidors estan interessats en productes econòmicament eficients però també respectuosos amb el medi ambient. En aquest context l’eficiència energètica hi juga un paper molt important. L’aïllament d’edificis és particularment interessant, ja que fa disminuir el consum d’energia i, conseqüentment, permet reduir també l’impacte ambiental. El problema general que pretenem solucionar en aquesta tesis és el disseny d’edificis ambientalment respectuosos amb el mínim cost econòmic, centrant-nos en l’optimització de l’aïllament tèrmic exterior. Per tal de demostrar les possibilitats de les nostres eines, considerem un cas d’estudi: Una casa tipus cubicle localitzada a la regió de Lleida. No obstant les nostres metodologies són suficientment generals per treballar amb diferents models d’edifici, variables de decisió i funcions objectiu. Els nostres mètodes s’han desenvolupat amb la intenció d’ajudar als agents involucrats en el disseny d’edificis.<br>El objetivo de esta tesis es desarrollar herramientas sistemáticas de soporte para la toma de decisiones basadas en métodos matemáticos para el diseño óptimo de edificios con mínimo coste y mínimo impacto ambiental. Hoy en día la sociedad es cada vez más consciente de la importancia que tiene respetar el medio ambiente. Como resultado, las autoridades y muchas empresas y consumidores están interesados en productos económicamente eficientes pero también respetuosos con el medio ambiente. En este contexto la eficiencia energética juega un papel muy importante. El aislamiento de edificios es particularmente interesante, ya que hace disminuir el consumo de energía y, consecuentemente, permite reducir también el impacto ambiental. El problema general que pretendemos solucionar en esta tesis es el diseño de edificios ambientalmente respetuosos con el mínimo coste económico, centrándonos en la optimización del aislamiento térmico exterior. Para demostrar las posibilidades de nuestras herramientas, consideramos un caso de estudio: Una casa tipo cubículo localizada en la región de Lleida. No obstatnte nuestras metodologías son suficientemente generales para trabajar con diferentes modelos de edificio, variables de decisión y funciones objetivo. Nuestros métodos se han desarrollado con la intención de ayudar a los agentes involucrados en el diseño de edificios.<br>The goal of this thesis is to provide systematic mathematical decision-support tools for the design of optimal buildings with minimum cost and minimum environmental impact. Nowadays the society is becoming more aware of the importance of being environmentally conscious. As a result, the authorities and many companies and consumers seek for products that are cost efficient but also environmentally friendly. Here energy efficiency plays an important role. Building insulation is particularly appealing, since it decreases the energy demand, thereby leading to significant environmental savings. The general problem we aim to solve in this thesis is the design of environmentally friendly buildings with the lowest possible cost focusing on the optimization of the external thermal insulation. To illustrate the capabilities of our approaches, we consider a case study: A house-like cubicle located in the Lleida region. However our methodology is general enough to work with different building models, decision variables and objective functions. Our methods are intended to assist decision-makers in the design of buildings.

Contain of master´s thesis is a energy assessment of multifunctional building in Komňátka. The theoretical part deals with the analysis of legislativ documents, current technical solution and practical application to the specified building. In the practical part thesis focus on experimental determination of the heat transfer coefficient using thermography.

This masters thesis is dealing with energetic evaluation of selected municipal WWTP – WWTP Polička. First chapter, introduction explains basic terms and goals of thesis. Second chapter explains energy audit, energy audit process its scope and contents. Third chapter deals with assesing life cycle using LCA (life cycle assesment). Fourth chapter deal with energy consumption at WWTP in Czech Republic as well as in the world. Fifth chapter describes technology of WWTP Polička and its fundamental objects. Sixth chapter is assesment of WWTP Polička from hydraulic point of view and assesment of selected machinery. Further there is summation of capital and operational costs followed by capital investment return.

The research part of the diploma thesis is focused on an issue of energy consumption in sludge treatment at wastewater treatment plants divided by the number of population equivalent. The aim of the practical part is to set indicators and propose evaluative criteria concerning energy performance of urban wastewater treatment plants. The verification of proposed criteria and energetic analysis result from data of the wastewater treatment plant in Novy Jicin.

The aim of this Master Thesis is to study numerically the aerodynamic performance of two small examples of horizontal axis domestic wind turbines: a conventional Savonius rotor, designed and built by a group of students of the Polytech of Tours (France), and its optimization, a helical Savonius rotor. In the first research project, the exploration is conducted even experimentally, testing the turbine in a wind tunnel present in the Polytech. The numerical investigation is carried out by the use of a software based on Computational Fluid Dynamics named Star CCM+, which helps studying the main fluid dynamics aspects as flow velocity, pressure and coefficients of performance. The second project consists in a helical Savonius rotor: according to the literature, the helical shape, comparing with the conventional Savonius rotor, usually shows better performances. After the 3D design on Catia, the turbine was printed using the 3D printer, on a reduced scale. CFD simulations allow to study the fluid dynamic features. Afterwards, thanks to a comparison between the two Savonius models, the performance enhancement of the new one is shown, together with a practical understanding gained of the parameters influencing aerodynamics the most. By means of the simulations, the helical rotor presents a power coefficient of 10%, which is better than the one of the conventional rotor, found at 7% for the same Tip Speed Ratio. Consequently, even the power produced by the new turbine, resulted to be better than the conventional windmill.

PhD thesis deals with the application of the simulation and optimization methods in the waste-to-energy field. An introduction describes the current state of the waste management in the EU with the focus on the Czech Republic. In the following chapter the evaluation criteria for investment intentions and the basic principles of stochastic programming are discussed. The core of the work lays in the mathematical models for the planning and operation of the process plants as well as in the mathematical models for the waste collection. The transportation problem involves all considered technological elements and therefore it is possible to simulate the waste streams between the producers and processors. This approach is demonstrated with five case studies. In the first three studies the calculations for the potential investor are presented. The main outcome of these case studies is the determination of the level of attractiveness of investment and the identification the greatest risks. Another case study is devoted to an analysis with the focus on perspective of government policies and in the last case study the issue of the waste management is analyzed in detail from the perspective of the waste producers. Developed computational tools are flexible and can be further developed and adapted based on the objectives of the specific tasks.