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Journal articles on the topic 'Energetický materiál'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Fanelli, Tullio, and Federico Testa. "A proposito di strategia energetica nazionale." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 1 (April 2012): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2012-001003.

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Paese. Oggi questo non č piů vero: non č piů possibile trattare di energia e ambiente senza occuparsi di industria e sviluppo. Tre eventi hanno modificato drasticamente la situazione: l'ingresso dell'Italia nell'Euro nel 1999, l'ingresso della Cina nella World Trade Organization (WTO) nel 2001, l'ampliamento dell'UE da 15 a 25 Paesi nel 2004, divenuti poi 27 nel 2007. In questo mutato contesto occorre una "Strategia energetica" (o di ogni altro strumento programmatico) č quindi quella di fornire indicazioni ai cittadini, ma soprattutto alle imprese, non solo del settore energetico, sulle iniziative che lo Stato intende assumere e sulle conseguenze, in termini di disponibilitŕ, di prezzi, di impatto sull'ambiente, che da esse potranno derivare. L'Italia non č ricca di risorse energetiche fossili; questa č una ragione in piů perché sia ricca di mercati energetici liberi, competitivi e trasparenti, governati da Autoritŕ forti e indipendenti che inducano lo sviluppo efficiente di infrastrutture materiali ed immateriali per il trasporto, lo stoccaggio e le negoziazioni di prodotti energetici e di CO2 .

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2

Liu, Yifei, Zhen Dong, Rui Yang, Haiyan Li, Yaxin Liu, and Zhiwen Ye. "Imino-bridged N-rich energetic materials: C4H3N17 and their derivatives assembled from the powerful combination of four tetrazoles." CrystEngComm 23, no. 31 (2021): 5377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce00674f.

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3

Yount, Joseph R., Matthias Zeller, Edward F. C. Byrd, and Davin G. Piercey. "4,4′,5,5′-Tetraamino-3,3′-azo-bis-1,2,4-triazole and the electrosynthesis of high-performing insensitive energetic materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 37 (2020): 19337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05360k.

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Electrochemical azo coupling of guanazine yields novel thermally insensitive high-explosive. DFT and EXPLO6.05 calculations reveal energetic properties that rival RDX making this a potentially cheap, and green alternative to traditional energetics.

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4

Pichtel, John. "Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/617236.

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Energetic materials comprise both explosives and propellants. When released to the biosphere, energetics are xenobiotic contaminants which pose toxic hazards to ecosystems, humans, and other biota. Soils worldwide are contaminated by energetic materials from manufacturing operations; military conflict; military training activities at firing and impact ranges; and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of obsolete munitions. Energetic materials undergo varying degrees of chemical and biochemical transformation depending on the compounds involved and environmental factors. This paper addresses the occurrence of energetic materials in soils including a discussion of their fates after contact with soil. Emphasis is placed on the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and the propellant ingredients nitroglycerin (NG), nitroguanidine (NQ), nitrocellulose (NC), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and perchlorate.

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5

Dharavath, Srinivas, Jiaheng Zhang, Gregory H. Imler, Damon A. Parrish, and Jean'ne M. Shreeve. "5-(Dinitromethyl)-3-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole and its derivatives: a new application of oxidative nitration towards gem-trinitro-based energetic materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 10 (2017): 4785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta00730b.

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A family of 5-(dinitromethyl)-3-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole and its derivatives was prepared using a new application of oxidative nitration with gem-trinitro-based energetics. These new compounds show promise for future energetic materials.

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6

Hernández, Alberto M., and D. Scott Stewart. "Computational modelling of multi-material energetic materials and systems." Combustion Theory and Modelling 24, no. 3 (November 15, 2019): 407–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2019.1689299.

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7

Buzzacchi, Camilla. "Energia e ambiti materiali connessi: la lettura della Corte costituzionale." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 3 (November 2011): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2010-003007.

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La giurisprudenza della Corte costituzionale in tema di energia sta mettendo in evidenza, a partire dal 2004, un complesso di interessi che sono coinvolti dalle decisioni energetiche, talvolta prevalendo sull'interesse alla sicurezza dell'approvvigionamento energetico, talvolta recedendo rispetto ad esso. Si tratta degli ambiti tutela dell'ambiente, della tutela del paesaggio, della tutela della salute, della tutela della concorrenza, dei livelli essenziali delle prestazioni, della sicurezza: il contributo analizza singolarmente i vari ambiti materiali interessati dalle decisioni di Stato e Regioni in materia di energia, indicando il bilanciamento che di essi č stato effettuato da parte della Corte costituzionale.

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8

Gottfried, Jennifer L., Steven W. Dean, Eric S. Collins, and Chi-Chin Wu. "Estimating the Relative Energy Content of Reactive Materials Using Nanosecond-Pulsed Laser Ablation." MRS Advances 3, no. 17 (2018): 875–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.62.

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ABSTRACTRecently, a laboratory-scale method for measuring the rapid energy release from milligram quantities of energetic material has been developed based on the high-temperature plasma chemistry induced by a focused, nanosecond laser pulse. The ensuing exothermic chemical reactions result in an increase in the laser-induced shock wave velocity compared to inert materials. Laser-induced air shock from energetic materials (LASEM) provides a method for estimating the detonation performance of novel organic-based energetic materials prior to scale-up and full detonation testing. Here, the extension of LASEM to non-organic energetic materials is discussed. The laser-induced shock velocities from reactive materials such as Al/PTFE, Al/CuO, Al/Zr alloys, Al/aluminum iodate hexahydrate, and porous silicon composites have been measured; in many cases, the high sensitivity of the samples resulted in propagation of the reaction to the surrounding material, producing significantly higher shock velocities than conventional energetic materials. Methods for compensating for this effect will be discussed. Despite this limitation, the relative comparison of the shock velocities, emission spectra, and combustion behavior of each type of material provides some insight into the mechanisms for increasing the energy release of the material on a fast (μs) and/or slow (ms) timescale.

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9

Sorokina, Larisa, Roman Ryazanov, Yury Shaman, and Egor Lebedev. "Electrophoretic deposition of Al-CuOx thermite materials on patterned electrodes for microenergetic applications." E3S Web of Conferences 239 (2021): 00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123900015.

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In this paper, the features and main nuances of electrophoretic deposition of energetic nanoscale powder materials based on Al and CuOx were investigated and formulated. We have successfully demonstrated the advantage of using suspension non-stop ultrasonic mixing and horizontal electrode placement during deposition. The possibility of local deposition of energetic materials on an electrically conductive topological pattern was shown. The influence of the mass of the deposited material on the behavior of the wave combustion process of a locally formed energetic material was investigated. This study provides guidance for the multiobjective optimization and increasing the reproducibility of the local electrophoretic deposition process of energetic materials. The results indicate that Al-CuOx mixture can be integrated into microenergy systems as a material with excellent specific energy characteristics and high combustion rate.

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10

Prauzner, Tomasz, and Adrian Kułak. "Węgiel brunatny – przyszłość czy przeszłość? Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski w kontekście wydobycia surowca." Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa 5 (2017): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/tiib.2017.05.09.

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11

Iyer, Sury, and Norman Slagg. "Energetic Materials." Advanced Materials 2, no. 4 (April 1990): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.19900020404.

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12

Apak, Reşat. "Energetic Materials." Chemistry International 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2019-0124.

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13

Rashkovskiy, Sergey A. "ГОРЕНИЕ ЗАРЯДОВ КОНДЕНСИРОВАННЫХ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ С ИСКРИВЛЕННОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТЬЮ." Gorenie i vzryv (Moskva) — Combustion and Explosion 11, no. 01 (February 7, 2018): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/ce18110111.

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14

Zhi, Xiao Qi, and Shuang Qi Hu. "RDX-Based Energetic Material Cook-Off Characters in Different Clearances." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1503.

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This paper presents the effects of clearance on reactive violence to RDX-based energetic material at the temperature rate of 2 ± 0.2°C / min. The experimental effort is to introduce the safe use of energetic materials in ammunitions and to reduce the vulnerability of energetic materials in practice. The results indicated that reactions were violent when charge clearance occurred. These phenomena are explained in relation to detonation theory. So clearance should be restricted for the safe use energetic materials in practice.

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15

Kuklja, Maija M., Roman Tsyshevsky, Anton S. Zverev, Anatoly Mitrofanov, Natalya Ilyakova, Denis R. Nurmukhametov, and Sergey N. Rashkeev. "Achieving tunable chemical reactivity through photo-initiation of energetic materials at metal oxide surfaces." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 43 (2020): 25284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp04069j.

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16

Hackett, Robert M., and Joel G. Bennett. "An implicit finite element material model for energetic particulate composite materials." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 49, no. 9 (2000): 1191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0207(20001130)49:9<1191::aid-nme997>3.0.co;2-v.

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17

Hunt, Emily M., and Matt Jackson. "Coating and Characterization of Mock and Explosive Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/468032.

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This project develops a method of manufacturing plastic-bonded explosives by using use precision control of agglomeration and coating of energetic powders. The energetic material coating process entails suspending either wet or dry energetic powders in a stream of inert gas and contacting the energetic powder with atomized droplets of a lacquer composed of binder and organic solvent. By using a high-velocity air stream to pneumatically convey the energetic powders and droplets of lacquer, the energetic powders are efficiently wetted while agglomerate drying begins almost immediately. The result is an energetic powder uniformly coated with binder, that is, a PBX, with a high bulk density suitable for pressing. Experiments have been conducted using mock explosive materials to examine coating effectiveness and density. Energetic materials are now being coated and will be tested both mechanically and thermally. This allows for a comprehensive comparison of the morphology and reactivity of the newly coated materials to previously manufactured materials.

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18

Murakami, Tatsuya. "Labor Mobilization and Cooperation for Urban Construction: Building Apartment Compounds at Teotihuacan." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 4 (December 2019): 741–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.78.

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Teotihuacan underwent an urban renewal during the Tlamimilolpa phase (AD 250–350) in which more than 2,000 apartment compounds were constructed to accommodate its estimated 100,000 residents. Although the orderly layout and canonical orientation of the city imply top-down planning, growing evidence suggests a bottom-up process of urban transformation. This study combines architectural energetics with archaeometric analysis of nonlocal construction materials (lime plaster and andesitic cut stone blocks) to examine the labor organization behind the construction of the apartment compounds. The results of the energetic analysis suggest that residents relied on labor forces external to their compounds, whereas materials analysis indicates that the procurement, transportation, and production of building material were centrally organized and thus indicative of a state labor tax. Based on these results, I argue that compounds were assembled through corporate group labor exchange or communal (neighborhood-level) labor cooperation/obligation, with differing degrees of support from the state labor tax. Apartment compound construction was not uniform but rather a diverse process in which state labor mobilization, communal labor obligations, and corporate labor exchange were articulated in various ways.

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19

Jiang, Chunlan, Shangye Cai, Liang Mao, and Zaicheng Wang. "Effect of Porosity on Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Impact Response Characteristics of High Aluminum Content PTFE/Al Energetic Materials." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010140.

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In order to obtain the effect of porosity on the dynamic mechanical properties and impact response characteristics of high aluminum content PTFE/Al energetic materials, PTFE/Al specimens with porosities of 1.2%, 10%, 20%, and 30% were prepared by adding additives. The dynamic compression properties and impact response characteristics of high aluminum content PTFE/Al energetic materials with porosity were studied by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) impact loading experimental system. Based on the one-dimensional viscoplastic hole collapse model, an impact temperature rise analysis model including melting effects was used, and corresponding calculation analysis was performed. The results show that with the increase of porosity, the yield strength and compressive strength of the material will decrease. Under dynamic loading, the reaction duration of PTFE/Al energetic materials with different porosities generally shows a tendency to become shorter as the porosity increases, while the ignition delay time is basically unchanged. In this experiment, the material response has the optimal porosity with the lowest critical strain rate, the optimal porosity for PTFE/Al energetic materials with different porosity and high aluminum content (50/50 mass ratio, size of specimens Φ8 × 5 mm) is 10%. The research results can provide an important reference for the engineering application of PTFE/Al energetic materials.

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20

Rossi, Carole, Alain Estève, and Priya Vashishta. "Nanoscale energetic materials." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 71, no. 2 (February 2010): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2009.10.015.

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21

Lee, Junwung. "Polynigrogen Energetic Materials." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 19, no. 3 (June 5, 2016): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2016.19.3.319.

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22

Kato, Masaharu. "Crystallography and Energetics of Second Phases and Interfaces." Materia Japan 56, no. 5 (2017): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.56.331.

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23

Rice, Betsy M., and Edward F. C. Byrd. "Theoretical chemical characterization of energetic materials." Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 10 (October 2006): 2444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2006.0329.

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Our research is focused on developing computational capabilities for the prediction of properties of energetic materials associated with performance and sensitivity. Additionally, we want to identify and characterize the dynamic processes that influence conversion of an energetic material to products upon initiation. We are attempting to achieve these goals through the use of standard atomistic simulation methods. In this paper, various theoretical chemistry methods and applications to energetic materials will be described. Current capabilities in predicting structures, thermodynamic properties, and dynamic behavior of these materials will be demonstrated. These are presented to exemplify how information generated from atomistic simulations can be used in the design, development, and testing of new energetic materials. In addition to illustrating current capabilities, we will discuss limitations of the methodologies and needs for advancing the state of the art in this area.

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24

Buckley, Steven G., Allen L. Robinson, and Larry L. Baxter. "Energetics to energy: Combustion and environmental considerations surrounding the reapplication of energetic materials as boiler fuels." Symposium (International) on Combustion 27, no. 1 (January 1998): 1317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80536-5.

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25

Guan, Fayang, Hui Ren, Lan Yu, Qingzhong Cui, Wanjun Zhao, and Jie Liu. "Nitrated Graphene Oxide Derived from Graphite Oxide: A Promising Energetic Two-Dimensional Material." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010058.

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In order to synthesize a novel two-dimensional energetic material, nitrated graphene oxide (NGO) was prepared by the nitrification of graphite oxide to make a functional modification. Based on the morphological characterization, the NGO has a greater degree of curl and more wrinkles on the surface. The structure characterization and density functional theory calculation prove that epoxy and hydroxyl groups on the edge of graphite oxide have reacted with nitronium cation (NO2+) to produce nitro and nitrate groups. Hydrophobicity of NGO implied higher stability in storage than graphene oxide. Synchronous simultaneous analysis was used to explore the decomposition mechanism of NGO preliminarily. The decomposition enthalpy of NGO is 662.0 J·g−1 and the activation energy is 166.5 kJ·mol−1. The thermal stability is similar to that of general nitrate energetic materials. The hygroscopicity, thermal stability and flammability of NGO prove that it is a novel two-dimensional material with potential applications as energetic additives in the catalyst, electrode materials and energetic devices.

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26

PRC�K, Martin, and Mari�n KOTRLA. "Different planting material for establishment of the Miscanthus energy grass plantation." Journal of Central European Agriculture 17, no. 3 (2016): 778–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5513/jcea01/17.3.1775.

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27

Shao, Ying Hui, Zi Ru Liu, Xiao Ning Ren, Shu Yun Heng, Pu Yue, and Xi Ning Xu. "Kinetic Compensation Effect of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Explosion Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 1408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.1408.

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The kinetic parameters of thermal explosion tests with five-second delay for 273 energetic materials were analyzed. The compensation effect exists between the two thermal explosion kinetic parameters of these energetic materials, e.g. lnA and Eb. The kinetic parameters of these energetic materials can be expressed by a single linear regression equation for the single compound or mixture under all conditions. The slopes of the regression equation for various systems are in the range from 0.1952 to 0.2413 (mol•kJ-1). The regression equation for single compound or mixture with one type of energetic material as main component has better linearity. Therefore, their “iso-kinetic temperature” Tik is close to their thermal explosion temperature Tb and the “iso-kinetic delay period”τik is also close to the 5 seconds.

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28

Amend, Jan P., Douglas E. LaRowe, Thomas M. McCollom, and Everett L. Shock. "The energetics of organic synthesis inside and outside the cell." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1622 (July 19, 2013): 20120255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0255.

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Thermodynamic modelling of organic synthesis has largely been focused on deep-sea hydrothermal systems. When seawater mixes with hydrothermal fluids, redox gradients are established that serve as potential energy sources for the formation of organic compounds and biomolecules from inorganic starting materials. This energetic drive, which varies substantially depending on the type of host rock, is present and available both for abiotic (outside the cell) and biotic (inside the cell) processes. Here, we review and interpret a library of theoretical studies that target organic synthesis energetics. The biogeochemical scenarios evaluated include those in present-day hydrothermal systems and in putative early Earth environments. It is consistently and repeatedly shown in these studies that the formation of relatively simple organic compounds and biomolecules can be energy-yielding (exergonic) at conditions that occur in hydrothermal systems. Expanding on our ability to calculate biomass synthesis energetics, we also present here a new approach for estimating the energetics of polymerization reactions, specifically those associated with polypeptide formation from the requisite amino acids.

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29

Navrotsky, Alexandra, Ivan Petrovic, Yatao Hu, Cong-yan Chen, and Mark E. Davis. "Energetics of microporous materials." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 192-193 (December 1995): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(95)00392-4.

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30

Pulham, Colin, Paul Coster, Craig Henderson, Steven Hunter, Annette Kleppe, Wiilliam Marshall, and Carole Morrison. "Pressure-induced phase transitions in energetic materials." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314097381.

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Explosives and propellants, known generically as energetic materials, are widely used in applications that include mining, munitions, and automotive safety. Key properties of these materials include: reliable performance under a range of environmental conditions; long-term stability; environmental impact; processability; sensitivity to accidental initiation through stimuli such as impact, shock, friction, and electrostatic discharge. Many of these properties are affected by the crystal structure of the energetic material. Explosives experience elevated pressures and temperatures under detonation conditions – such conditions often induce phase transitions in the energetic material. Hence detailed studies of pressure-induced structural changes in these materials are essential in order to understand and model fully their behaviour. This presentation will describe some recent high-pressure studies (using a combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques) on 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), an insensitive explosive that is replacing TNT in some applications [1,2]. DNAN shows rich pressure-induced polymorphism, with at least four high-pressure forms having been identified to date. One of the structures provides insight into as to why DNAN is particularly insensitive to initiation by shock. The presentation will also describe the interplay between experiment and theory, which will be illustrated by experimental and computational high-pressure studies of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE or FOX-7). A very subtle phase transition has been identified at a pressure of ~2.0 GPa and the implications of this will be discussed in relation to the observed structural changes and properties of this material.

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31

Sadek, Mohammad. "NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENERGETIC MATERIALS." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 5, no. 6 (May 1, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2010.37495.

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32

Koutsospyros, Agamemnon D. "Composting of energetic materials." Journal of Energetic Materials 13, no. 3-4 (September 1995): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370659508019390.

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33

Klapötke, Thomas M., Davin G. Piercey, and Jörg Stierstorfer. "Amination of energetic anions: high-performing energetic materials." Dalton Transactions 41, no. 31 (2012): 9451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2dt30684k.

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34

Kawamiya, Nobuo. "Energetic and Material Technology as Seen from the Environmental Viewpoint." Materia Japan 33, no. 5 (1994): 565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.33.565.

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35

Teipel, Ulrich, and Irma Mikonsaari. "Size Reduction of Particulate Energetic Material." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 27, no. 3 (June 2002): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4087(200206)27:3<168::aid-prep168>3.0.co;2-d.

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36

Ramaswamy, Alba Lalitha. "Mesoscopic Approach to Energetic Material Sensitivity." Journal of Energetic Materials 24, no. 1 (January 2006): 35–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370650500374342.

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37

Duan, Xiao-Hui, Cheng-Jian Liu, Yu-Long Qiao, Yong Zhou, Fu-De Nie, Chong-Hua Pei, and Jie Chen. "Dendrite growth of energetic material RDX." Journal of Crystal Growth 351, no. 1 (July 2012): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.03.054.

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38

Dahotre, Narendra B., and Sudipta Seal. "Materials and surfaces for energetics." JOM 60, no. 9 (September 2008): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-008-0114-z.

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39

Abdillah, Luthfia Hajar, Heri Budi Wibowo, and Kendra Hartaya. "PENGGUNAAN BINDER HTPB BERENERGI TINGGI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN ENERGETIK PROPELAN KOMPOSIT." Jurnal Teknologi Dirgantara 16, no. 1 (September 17, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.jtd.2018.v16.a2974.

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Untuk mendapatkan performa propelan yang lebih energetik, penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan penggunaan material-material yang bersifat lebih energetik, misalnya penggunaan binder energetik. Pengawasan yang ketat atas peredaran material energetik seperti ini cukup menyulitkan untuk mendapatkan material-material tersebut. Oleh karena itu kemandirian untuk memiliki material tersebut sudah seharusnya menjadi perhatian. Binder propelan komposit yang paling banyak digunakan saat ini adalah HTPB yang bersifat non-energetik. Untuk membuatnya lebih berenergi tinggi dapat dilakukan dengan menambahkan gugus yang bersifat energetik seperti gugus nitro, namun tetap aman digunakan (bersifat stabil). Tulisan ini mengkaji potensi konversi binder HTPB menjadi nitro-HTPB yang bersifat energetik, meliputi material, peralatan, dan metode yang dapat diaplikasikan di Indonesia. Prosesnya adalah nitrasi HTPB menjadi nitro-HTPB. Berdasarkan kajian energetiknya, nitro-HTPB memiliki potensi untuk meningkatkan sifat energetik propelan padat komposit. Metode proses pembuatan nitro-HTPB yang paling efektif dan optimal adalah proses nitrasi dengan menggunakan bahan sodium nitrit pada suhu rendah (0oC).kata kunci : HTPB, nitro-HTPB, binder energetik, propelan

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Ananthanarayanan, T. S., W. E. Mayo, R. G. Rosemeier, and R. S. Miller. "Rapid Non-Destructive X-Ray Characterization of Solid Fuels/Propellants." Advances in X-ray Analysis 30 (1986): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021492.

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AbstractNumerous studies have been conducted into the microstructural origin of the instability and unpredictability of various energetic materials. Some of these materials are RDX/HMX, Ammonium Perchlorate, Aluminum, etc. Many techniques both destructive and non-destructive have so far been utilized in an attempt to quatify the energetic properties of their composites. These composites may contain one or more energetic constituents in an elastomeric binder. Non-destructive X-ray characterization techniques have been successfully employed to measure several microstructural parameters. Previous studies have shown considerable differences among various production grade RDX. These studies reveal marked differences in the amounts of residual elastic strain and the distribution of dislocations (residual plastic strain) in the constituent RDX phase.The focus of this study is to develop a technique for quantitative constituent phase analysis of solid-propellant (fuel) composites using conventional diffractometry. The use of a Curved Position Sensitive Detector (CPSD) greatly enhances the technique and allows real time applications in production environments. Through the use of computer based Systems and "user friendly" software the required Operator, skill and training have been considerably reduced. The CPSD System has been successfully used to quantify constituent phases (peak heights) and the amounts of residual elastic strain (peak shifts) in these molecular crystal powder mixtures.It is envisioned that rapid, automated, non-destructive X-ray characterization techniques will greatly facilitate production based propellant quality control. A thorough understanding of the relationship between the energetics and microstructural parameters can also he obtained.

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Klapötke, Thomas M., and Tomasz G. Witkowski. "Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic 1,2,5‐Oxadiazole‐Tetrazole – Based Energetic Materials." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 40, no. 3 (March 11, 2015): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201400294.

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Hori, Fuminobu, and Noboru Taguchi. "Characterization of Nano-particles Synthesized under Energetic Irradiation Induced Reduction Fields." Materia Japan 49, no. 2 (2010): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.49.62.

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Qin, Hong Wu, Hai Fu Li, and Xiao Li Wang. "Hardware-Software Complex of Transfer Analysis Features of NDT Objects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 1311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.1311.

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The term “acoustic emission” means radiation processes of exertion waves which are produced by internal sources located in the thickness of material under investigation. Acoustic emission method is used as a means of analysis of materials, constructions, productions control and diagnosis during operating time. Energetic parameters as the acoustic emission energy itself may be obtained only based on the whole spectrum analysis. It is strictly contraindicated to measure signal energy in narrow band, naming such measures as “energetic parameters”. Energetic parameters as the acoustic emission energy itself may be obtained only based on the whole spectrum analysis.

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Li, Fuhai, Hantao Liu, and Yanwen Xiao. "Study of the Impact Energy Releasing Characteristics of Al/PTFE/W Energetic Jets." Shock and Vibration 2020 (August 30, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8942523.

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Compared with traditional jets, energetic jets have more efficient damage effects. To study the reaction characteristics of polytetrafluoroethylene- (PTFE-) based energetic jets under impact loading, the static mechanical properties of Al/PTFE/W composite energetic materials are studied by using a universal testing machine at a strain rate of 0.01 s−1, and the dynamic mechanical properties are tested on a slip Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system at a strain rate of 1000∼5500 s−1. A dynamic energy acquisition system is established to quantify the energy generated by the response of the Al/PTFE/W energetic jets to impact targets. The effects of the material proportion and impact energy on the mechanical and energy release properties of the Al/PTFE/W energetic jets are analyzed. The results show that the Al/PTFE/W composite has an obvious strain rate effect. As the W content in the composite increases, the yield strength and compressive strength of the material increase gradually, but the strain at break decreases. When the W content is 45%, the peak pressure, total release energy, pressure platform duration, and total pressure duration of the Al/PTFE/W energetic jets are the highest. As the impact energy increases, the pressure peak and energy release values of the energetic jets increase. At an impact energy threshold of 106.1 MJ/m2, the chemical reaction of the Al/PTFE/W (45%) energetic jets is saturated. The results provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the application of energetic jets.

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Honus, Stanislav, Veronika Sassmanová, Jaroslav Frantík, Przemyslaw Bukowsk, and Dagmar Juchelková. "Energy Balance Sheet of a Semi Operational Thermic System." Chemical and Process Engineering 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cpe-2014-0024.

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Abstract The article is focused onthe energetical balance of a technical system for the conversion of crushed tyres by pyrolysis. Process temperatures were set in the range from 500 to 650°C. Mass input of the material was 30 kg per hour. The aim of the article is to answer the following questions as regards the individual products: Under which process conditions can the highest quality of the individual products related to energy be reached? How does the thermal efficiency of the system change in reaction to various conditions of the process? On the basis of the experimental measurements and calculations, apart from other things, it was discovered that the pyrolysis liquid reaches the highest energetic value, i.e. 42.7 MJ.kg-1, out of all the individual products of the pyrolysis process. Generated pyrolysis gas disposes of the highest lower calorific value 37.1 MJ.kg-1 and the pyrolysis coke disposes of the maximum 30.9 MJ kg-1. From the energetic balance, the thermal efficiency of the experimental unit under the stated operational modes ranging from about 52 % to 56 % has been estimated. Individual findings are elaborated on detail in the article.

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Korandová, Beáta, Alena Straková, Jiří Beránek, and Dana Vrublová. "The raw material potential of the Czech Republic." Environmental Economics 9, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.09(3).2018.03.

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This article summarizes the information on raw materials in the Czech Republic. Although mining was significantly reduced not long ago, there are still rich deposits of ores, non-metallic raw materials, as well as energetic and construction ones. Many of them are potentially utilizable in future, especially those which are economically favorable, and their mining is not in any conflict with environmental interests. Deposits are distributed irregularly, and their raw materials are different in both the Bohemian Massif and Western Carpathians. In order to be complete, the text also comprises deposits, which are restricted by environmental limits or their mining promises a low-cost effectiveness. The article is amended with actual statistical data.

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SADEK, M. "NEW TRENDS IN ENERGETIC MATERIALS." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 4, no. 6 (May 1, 2008): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2008.38515.

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Politzer, Peter, Jane S. Murray, Jorge M. Seminario, Pat Lane, M. Edward Grice, and Monica C. Concha. "Computational characterization of energetic materials." Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 573, no. 1-3 (October 2001): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-1280(01)00533-4.

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Kuznetsov, Igor R., and D. Scott Stewart. "Curvilinear deflagration of energetic materials." Combustion Theory and Modelling 11, no. 4 (June 22, 2007): 615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830601091731.

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Tappan, B. C., R. W. Beal, and T. B. Brill. "Thermal decomposition of energetic materials." Thermochimica Acta 388, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(02)00048-5.

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