Academic literature on the topic 'Energey policy'

China's interest in Sub-Saharan Africa, which can be summarized within the framework of 2 main objectives as the acquisition of fossil resources such as oil and natural gas, which are needed as a result of rapidly increasing production, as well as the marketing and supply of products obtained as a result of production, was first carried out with Angola, which has a very rich position in terms of oil. started as a result of contacts. Within the framework of the agreements made between the Chinese government and the Angolan government, which was selected as the pilot country in the opening towards the region, the long-term transfer of the oil extracted in Angola to China was ensured; In return for this sale, China made dams, power plants, electricity transmission, and distribution lines and various transportation infrastructure investments in the region. Key words: Africa, China, energy, resource, policy

This paper examines the continuity of Korean energy policy for the last 30 years and consistency of energy policy with other energy-related policies. Because energy policy environment is characterized by high level of uncertainty, long-range planning as well as skillful adaptation to changing environments are both needed. But there are costs the two different approaches must pay. Energy sector has its close connections with economic and environmental sectors. Energy policy-maker should find ways to minimize any conflict between related policies. Economic planning must be designed awaring of the constraints energy sector faces, and energy sector planning inevitably affects environmental quality. And priority among related policy areas must be adjusted according to changing situations. This paper calls policy-makers' attention to consistent policy process in the midst of favorable international energy market and emergence of green movement.

Energy security is a key idea of countries’ energy policy at both domestic and international levels. The aim of the paper is to reveal and describe the role and significance of the concept of energy security within the external energy policy of the USA with particular attention to its regional aspects. In a theoretical section, a number of definitions of energy security were discussed and summarized, presenting a brief theoretical overview of energy security. Besides, the need for a spatially diversified approach towards energy policy planning and implementation was described briefly. Analyzing relevant secondary data sources (Department of Energy and Congressional Research Service publications, energy statistics, etc.), the main priorities of U.S. external energy policy were identified and discussed: international assistance and capacity building, environmentally friendly energy development and ensuring energy security (of both the USA and its international allies and partners). Thus, the general framework of U.S. external energy policy was suggested and generalized. As a regional case overview, the main issues of European energy security and U.S. engagement were discussed in brief: geographical diversification of energy supply, legislative and institutional assistance, etc.

Der Artikel, der in den Themenschwerpunkt „Politische Steuerung von Transformation“ einführt, erläutert den Begriff der Transformation für die Forschung zur Staatstätigkeit. Er skizziert die Herausforderungen für die politische Steuerung von Transformation, die aktuell am Beispiel der Energie- und Klimapolitik diskutiert werden. Schließlich gibt er einen Überblick über die in diesem Heft zusammengestellten Beiträge zu diesem neuen Forschungsfeld.

The importance of gas as the major source of fuel energy has recently been on the rise, reducing the traditional dependence on coal and coal briquets significantly. Accordingly, how to distribute government incentives among alternative sources of energy becomes an important policy issue. While admitting that the decision will be ultimately swayed by political considerations, this paper suggests that there are several policy criteria which, if properly adopted, would help rationalize energy policymaking. The author argues that in addition to the traditional criteria such as efficiency and equity, the uncertainties of the energy policy system and the consistency and continuity of the policy should be considered as substantive policy criteria as well. Among those, this paper focuses on the equity effects of gas and coal subsidies for various income groups. Evaluating the current distribution of government subsidies fairly equitable and favoring a greater reliance on gas as major source of energy in the future in light of its higher social benefits, this paper warns against the negative equity effects of gas subsidy for the lower income class, particularly when it is combined with the withdrawal or reduction of coal briquet subsidy currently available to them.

Aquesta tesi investiga les implicacions de la complexitat per a la producció de models de sistemes social-ecològics i per a la interfície ciència-política. Em centre en la política energètica a la Unió Europea (UE), a través d’estudis de casos desenvolupats dins del projecte MAGIC d’Horitzó 2020. A través d’una sèrie d’estudis de casos, desenvolupo les eines necessàries per descriure els sistemes energètics a diverses escales, qüestiono si les narratives que sustenten la política energètica de la UE són adequades per atendre les seves preocupacions i inspecciono el paper que juga el món acadèmic en la configuració d’aquestes narratives. Les implicacions metodològiques de la modelització de sistemes energètics a la interfície ciència-política s’aborden mitjançant un estudi de cas del sector energètic de Catalunya. Basant-se en la teoria de la jerarquia, el sistema energètic de la regió es descriu en termes estructurals i en termes funcionals, mostrant com una descripció funcional és útil per guiar les qüestions de política. Mitjançant la cartografia de les dimensions del nexe entre nivells jeràrquics, aquest primer estudi de cas proporciona les eines per generar avaluacions de nexes de manera oberta i transparent. En el segon cas pràctic, en col·laboració amb Zora Kovacic, em centro en la seguretat energètica, un dels pilars de la Unió Energètica de la UE. Inspeccionant les múltiples definicions i dimensions relacionades amb la seguretat energètica a la literatura acadèmica, argumentem que l’ambigüitat del terme és funcional en la formulació de polítiques i no és una qüestió que s’hagi de resoldre amb una major claredat definicional. Més aviat, l’ambigüitat està incrustada en la complexitat. Això suggereix que la producció de definicions i indicadors de seguretat energètica en el món acadèmic pot no ser útil per a les polítiques. El tercer estudi de cas analitza les narratives que envolten els vehicles elèctrics a la UE. Les narratives de polítiques dels documents de la UE s’identifiquen mitjançant una anàlisi de text i s’assignen a nivells jeràrquics. S’introdueix una taxonomia per classificar les narratives polítiques, distingint entre narratives normatives, narratives de justificació i narratives explicatives. Mitjançant una revisió d’estudis i informes existents, s’inspecciona la qualitat de la constel·lació de narratives que envolten els vehicles elèctrics, centrant-se en la relació entre les narratives normatives i de justificació. Els resultats mostren com aquesta relació és incerta en el millor dels casos. Centrant-se en el paper que juga la ciència en la informació de les polítiques, assenyalen la necessitat de reconèixer la manera en què les narratives de polítiques afecten i són afectades per les acadèmiques. El quart i més recent estudi de cas és una ampliació del primer, presentat aquí com a treball exploratori en curs. Els metabolismes energètics d’Espanya, Suècia i la UE es descriuen a través d’holarquies, incloent cada branca del sistema energètic (electricitat, calor, gas i combustibles). Aquest mapatge a gran escala s’utilitza per debatre dos temes centrals en la política energètica de la UE: la descarbonització i l’externalització. Poso en dubte les narratives de descarbonització de la UE i subratllo el coneixement incòmode sobre la dependència del sector energètic de la UE en les importacions.<br>Esta tesis investiga las implicaciones de la complejidad para la producción de modelos de sistemas social-ecológicos y para la interfaz ciencia-política. Me centro en la política energética en la Unión Europea (UE), a través de estudios de casos desarrollados dentro del proyecto MAGIC de Horizonte 2020. A través de una serie de estudios de casos, desarrollo las herramientas necesarias para describir los sistemas energéticos a diversas escalas, cuestiono si las narrativas que sustentan la política energética de la UE son adecuadas para atender sus preocupaciones e inspeccionar el papel que juega el mundo académico en la configuración de estas narrativas. Las implicaciones metodológicas de la modelización de sistemas energéticos en la interfaz ciencia-política se abordan mediante un estudio de caso del sector energético de Cataluña. Basándose en la teoría de la jerarquía, el sistema energético de la región se describe en términos estructurales y en términos funcionales, mostrando como una descripción funcional es útil para guiar las cuestiones de política. Mediante la cartografía de las dimensiones del nexo entre niveles jerárquicos, este primer estudio de caso proporciona las herramientas para generar evaluaciones de nexos de manera abierta y transparente. En el segundo caso práctico, en colaboración con Zora Kovacic, me centro en la seguridad energética, uno de los pilares de la Unión Energética de la UE. nspeccionando las múltiples definiciones y dimensiones relacionadas con la seguridad energética en la literatura académica, argumentamos que la ambigüedad del término es funcional en la formulación de políticas y no es una cuestión que deba resolver con una mayor claridad definicional. Más bien, la ambigüedad está incrustada en la complejidad. Esto sugiere que la producción de definiciones e indicadores de seguridad energética en el mundo académico puede no ser útil para las políticas. El tercer estudio de caso analiza las narrativas que rodean los vehículos eléctricos en la UE. Las narrativas de políticas de los documentos de la UE se identifican mediante un análisis de texto y se asignan a niveles jerárquicos. Se introduce una taxonomía para clasificar las narrativas políticas, distinguiendo entre narrativas normativas, narrativas de justificación y narrativas explicativas. Mediante una revisión de estudios e informes existentes, se inspecciona la calidad de la constelación de narrativas que rodean los vehículos eléctricos, centrándose en la relación entre las narrativas normativas y de justificación. Los resultados muestran cómo esta relación es incierta en el mejor de los casos. Centrándose en el papel que juega la ciencia en la información de las políticas, señalan la necesidad de reconocer la manera en que las narrativas de políticas afectan y son afectadas por las académicas. El cuarto y más reciente estudio de caso es una ampliación del primero, presentado aquí como trabajo exploratorio en curso. Los metabolismos energéticos de España, Suecia y la UE se describen a través de holarquies, incluyendo cada rama del sistema energético (electricidad, calor, gas y combustibles). Este mapeo a gran escala se utiliza para debatir dos temas centrales en la política energética de la UE: la descarbonización y la externalización. Pongo en duda las narrativas de descarbonización de la UE y subrayo el conocimiento incómodo sobre la dependencia del sector energético de la UE en las importaciones.<br>This thesis investigates the implications of complexity for the production of models of social-ecological systems and for the science-policy interface. I focus on energy policy in the European Union (EU), through case studies developed within the Horizon 2020 project MAGIC. The way I refer to complexity builds on the work of Robert Rosen, who defined a complex system as one which can be described in non-equivalent and non-reducible ways. This powerful definition, which I refer to as Rosennian (or relational) complexity, calls for deep reflections on the way scientific knowledge is used to inform our image of the world and how we act upon that image. It focuses on the role played by observers in perceiving systems and in modelling them, through devices that I refer to as narratives. Narratives allow reducing the information space of complex reality into a manageable storyline which can be used to guide action, establishing causal patterns across impredicative processes operating at different scales. As such, they are central both to science and to policymaking. Narratives cannot be true or false, only adequate or obsolete with respect to the perception of a system. Through a series of case studies, I develop the tools needed to describe energy systems across multiple scales, question whether narratives underpinning EU energy policy are adequate in addressing their concerns and inspect the role played by academia in shaping those narratives. The methodological implications of modelling energy systems at the science-policy interface are addressed through a case study of Catalonia's energy sector. Building on hierarchy theory, the region's energy system is described in structural terms and in functional ones, showing how a functional description is useful in guiding policy questions. By mapping nexus dimensions across hierarchical levels, this first case study provides the tools to generate nexus assessments in open and transparent ways. In the second case study, a collaboration with Zora Kovacic, I focus on energy security, one of the pillars of the EU's Energy Union. Inspecting the multiple definitions and dimensions connected with energy security in the academic literature, we argue that the ambiguity of the term is functional in policymaking and is not a matter to be solved with increased definitional clarity. Rather, ambiguity is embedded in complexity. This suggests that the production of definitions and indicators of energy security in academia may not be useful to policy. The third case study analyses the narratives surrounding electric vehicles in the EU. Policy narratives in EU documents are identified through a text analysis and mapped across hierarchical levels. A taxonomy to classify policy narratives is introduced, making the distinction between normative narratives, justification narratives and explanation narratives. Through a review of existing studies and reports, the quality of the constellation of narratives surrounding electric vehicles is inspected, focusing on the relationship between normative and justification narratives. Results show how this relationship is uncertain at best. Focusing on the role played by science in informing policy, they point to the need of recognising the way in which policy narratives affect and are affected by academic ones. The fourth and most recent case study is an expansion of the first one, presented here as exploratory work in progress. The energy metabolisms of Spain, Sweden and the EU are described through holarchies, including each branch of the energy system (electricity, heat, gas and fuels). This multi-scale mapping is used to discuss two issues that are central to EU energy policy: decarbonisation and externalisation. I question EU decarbonisation narratives and highlight uncomfortable knowledge regarding the reliance of the EU's energy sector on imports.<br>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals

This thesis analyses EU energy policy from a comparative agenda-setting perspective providing new theoretical and empirical insights into EU energy policy-making. Although two of the founding treaties of the European Communities covered the coal and nuclear sectors, the European Union has struggled ever since to establish itself in the field of energy policy. In particular, it failed to include an explicit Community competence on energy in Community primary law in subsequent treaty revisions – with the exception of the new Title XX on Energy introduced with the Lisbon Treaty. Nonetheless the European Union has established itself as an important player in European energy policy, as reflected in EU directives on energy market liberalisation, energy efficiency standards and targets for renewable energy sources. At the same time, policymakers at various levels, business, NGOs and experts agree that more EU energy policy is needed to face current and future transnational policy challenges, notably, climate change and energy security. This has led to numerous studies with policy recommendations on EU level action in the field of energy policy. By contrast, very few studies have analysed the drivers and barriers of EU energy policy-making and factors that can explain policy change and stability. Yet a better understanding of EU energy policy-making is a necessary precondition for the development of appropriate policy recommendations. This thesis provides an analysis of EU energy policy-making by identifying factors that can explain change and stability from an agenda-setting perspective. Drawing upon EU studies and agenda-setting literature the analysis distinguishes between two different agenda-setting routes, high and low politics, along the key stages of an issue career: initiation, specification, expansion and entrance. It accounts for the following key variables in EU agenda-setting: contextual factors, policy entrepreneurs, issue definition, and institutional venues. These are applied to two contrasting case studies of EU energy policy: nuclear energy and renewable energy. The study shows how and why Community initiatives failed in an institutionally ‘strong' EU energy policy arena under Euratom, but succeeded in the field of renewable energy under the EC Treaty.

Energy Security is a necessity of modern society and as technology and society evolve so does the requirement to secure energy to provide stability for state governments. Europe is in a transition period of increasing cohesion and integration, and Russia is leveraging its natural resources to conduct disruption campaigns coupled with energy coercion tactics. The EU is developing and has implemented policies conducive of energy security that requires member-states to enhance stability through energy security both through supply and demand. The European Energy Security Strategy established a system of pillars that was designed to increase overall energy security through a multidimensional approach. The effectiveness of EU energy policy is a critical issue that must be examined in order to establish that European energy security policy can be used as an effective countermeasure to Russian energy coercion and initiatives.<br>Master of Arts<br>This study focused on energy security policies in the European Union as a countermeasure to energy coercion. While this project sought to identify the effectiveness of the EU’s current policy, there were two outcomes. First, the thesis provided strong evidence to support that EU energy security policy is an effective countermeasure against energy coercion tactics. The second outcome was a model that enables the analysis of policy implementation in Europe. Topics discussed throughout this thesis include: Russian energy strategy, EU energy security policy, energy efficiency, and policy implementation. This study ultimately focused on the European Energy Security Strategy, which established a system of pillars that was designed to increase overall energy security through a multidimensional approach. The importance lies in the effectiveness of EU energy policy as a critical issue that must be examined to establish that European energy security policy can be used as an effective countermeasure to Russian energy coercion and initiatives.

Renewable energy sources support policy employs a great variety of economic tools in order to promote the use of green energy. Following thesis at first offers an overview and economic insight into the most applied ones. Since the majority of the European Union Member States nowadays prefer so-called feed-in tariffs schemes we proceed in-depth analysis of effectiveness of that instrument in electricity sector in four selected European countries Austria, Czech Republic, Germany and Spain. An effectiveness indicator which compares marginal electricity generation potential with additional realizable potential of particular renewable energy sources technology is used for that analysis. The results clearly show that the best practice of feed-in tariff design is pursued in Germany where the special set of tariff design and adjustment measures is applied.

As is now generally accepted, climate change and environmental degradation has largely been triggered by carbon emissions and energy modeling for policy analysis has therefore attained renewed urgency. It is important for governments to satisfy emission targets and timetables set down by international agreements without disregarding macroeconomic concerns and restrictions. In this study, we present a large-scale nonlinear optimization model that allows the analysis of macroeconomic and multi-sectoral energy policies in respect of technological and environmental options and scenarios. The model consists of a detailed representation of energy activities and disaggregates the rest of the economy into five main sectors. Economy-wide solutions are obtained by computing a utility maximizing aggregate consumption bundle on the part of a representative household. Intersectoral and foreign transaction balances are maintained using a modified accounting matrix. The model also computes the impact on macroeconomic variables of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission strategies and abatement schemes. As such the model is capable of producing solutions that can be used to benchmark regulatory instruments and policies. Several scenarios are presented for the case of Turkey in which the impact of a nuclear power programme and power generation coupled with carbon-capture-and-storage schemes are investigated as well as setting quotas on total and sectoral GHG emissions.

Motivated by global climate change, enhancing innovation systems for energy technologies is seen as one of the largest public policy challenges of the near future. The role of policy in enhancing energy innovation systems takes several forms: public provision of research and develop funding, facilitating the private sector’s capability to develop new technologies, and creating incentives for private actors to adopt innovative and appropriate technologies. This dissertation explores research questions that span this range of policies to develop insights in how energy technology innovation policy can be reformed in the face of climate change. The first chapter of this dissertation explores how decision making to allocate public research and development funding could be improved through the integration of expert technology forecasts. I present a framework to evaluate and optimize the U.S. Department of Energy’s research and development portfolio of applied energy projects, accounting for spillovers from technical complimentary and competition for the same market share. This project integrates one of the largest and most comprehensive sets of expert elicitations on energy technologies (Anadón et al., 2014b) in a benefit evaluation framework. This work entailed developing a new method for probability distribution sampling that accommodates the information that can be provided by expert elicitations. The results of this project show that public research and development in energy storage and solar photovoltaic technologies has the greatest marginal returns to economic surplus, but the methodology developed in this chapter is broadly applicable to other public and private R&D-sponsoring organizations. The second chapter of this dissertation explores how policies to transfer technologies from federally funded research laboratories to commercialization partners, largely private firms, create knowledge spillovers that lead to further innovation. In this chapter, I study the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Laboratories, and provide the first quantitative evidence that technology transfer agreements at the Labs lead to greatly increased rates of innovation spillovers. This chapter also makes a key methodological contribution by introducing a technique to utilize automated text analysis in an empirical matching design that is broadly applicable to other types of social science studies. This work has important implications for how policies should be designed to maximize the social benefits of the $125 billion in annual federal funding allocated to research and development and the extent to which private firms can benefit from technology partnerships with the government. The final chapter of this dissertation explores the effectiveness of international policy to facilitate the deployment of low-emitting energy technologies in developing countries. Together with Joern Huenteler, I examine wind energy deployment in China supported through international climate finance flows under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism. Utilizing a project-level financial model of wind energy projects parameterized with high-resolution observations of Chinese wind speeds, we find that the environmental benefits of projects financed under the Clean Development Mechanism are substantially lower than reported, as many Chinese wind projects would have been built without the Mechanism’s support, and thus do not represent additional clean energy generation. Together, the essays in this dissertation suggest several limitations of energy technology innovation policy and areas for reform. Public funds for energy research and development could be made more effective if decision making approaches were better grounded in available technical expertise and developed in framework that captures the important interactions of technologies in a research and development portfolio. The first chapter of this dissertation suggests a politically feasible path towards this type of reform. Policies to “unlock” publicly sponsored inventions from the organizations that develop them have broad impact on private sector innovation. These policies multiply the effect of public research and development funds, but should be strengthened to more rapidly advance the scientific frontier. The second chapter of this dissertation provides some of the first quantitative evidence to support reform in this area. Finally, international policies to facilitate the deployment of climate-friendly technologies in developing countries face serious implementation challenges. The current paradigm of utilizing carbon markets to fund individual projects that would not have otherwise occurred has failed to encourage energy technology deployment in one of the sectors with the greatest experience with such policies. The third chapter of this dissertation suggests that this failure has been largely due to poorly designed procedural rules, but options for reform are available. Mitigation of global climate change will require broad policy response across the full range of scales, sectors, and policy spheres. Undoubtedly, climate mitigation will result in widespread transformation of energy systems. This dissertation focuses on the role of innovation policy in accelerating the transformation of these systems. The range of policies studied in this dissertation can make climate change mitigation more politically feasible and more cost effective by expanding the set of technological choices available to public and private actors faced with incentives and requirements to lower their greenhouse gas emissions to collectively safe levels.<br>Public Policy

Il mio elaborato tratta dell'emirato del Qatar e di come e fino a che punto le risorse energetiche, di cui il Qatar abbonda, possano influenzare le proprie politiche estere. Nello specifico il mio lavoro si divide in tre principali capitoli. Il primo capitolo, di carattere storico, riporta le varie fasi che l’emirato ha attraversato per affermarsi come Stato indipendente, passando da un’economia basata solo sul commercio di perle nel Golfo Persico ad un’economia leader nel settore energetico mondiale. Il secondo capitolo, di carattere economico, analizza lo sviluppo e lo stato attuale del settore energetico del Qatar, in particolare del petrolio, del gas e dei prodotti petrolchimici. Il terzo capitolo del mio elaborato prevede invece un’analisi di come le politiche energetiche siano strettamente correlate alle politiche estere, in particolare nel caso di un Paese di piccole dimensioni come il Qatar. A dimostrazione di ciò, analizzerò prima le relazioni tra Qatar e Gulf Cooperation Council (con cui il Qatar condivide il Dolphin Project, relativo alla vendita e trasporto di gas ai Paesi del Golfo), poi tra Qatar e Repubblica Islamica dell’Iran (con cui spartisce il più grande più grande giacimento mondiale di gas naturale, denominato North Dome/South Pars e contenente in totale circa 1,800 milioni di miliardi di piedi cubici di gas non-associato), ed infine tra Qatar e Paesi dell’Asia, quali Giappone, India, Cina e Corea del Sud (con i quali il Qatar ha accordi commerciali a breve e lungo termine per la vendita di gas).

Georgia's positioning in the context of the European Union's foreign energy policy has become the subject of discussion in the context of the threats coming from the current Russia-Ukraine war. At the same time, determining the effectiveness of the country's energy policy is related to the seventh Sustainable Development Goal - affordable and safe energy. In 2016, Georgia signed the protocol of joining the Energy Community, which determines the conditions for the introduction of EU energy legislation in Georgia in order to deepen Georgia's energy integration with the EU. The purpose of the study is to offer recommendations for the formation of an effective energy policy of Georgia, taking into account the demand for integration with the EU. In terms of theoretical approach, the work is based on the views of the followers of the Neorealist School of international relations, where the issue of energy security dominates. In the research process, Georgian energy policy documents, projects, reports of national and international organizations on energy policy, as well as general directives of the European Union were studied, as they determine energy policy priorities, such as sustainable energy development, energy efficiency improvement and use of renewable energy sources. The research is based on using the political-economic analysis method. The research was conducted also using the method of bibliographic research and comparative analysis: the problems of Georgia's energy policy, their causes and consequences are analyzed; Recommendations for an effective policy of energy integration between Georgia and the European Union have been developed. The use of research foundlings will help to define differentiated tasks and activities for the development of energy development policy in Georgia.

The renewable energy industry, whose global market size was es­timated at US$ 1030,95 billion in 2022, faced numerous obstacles including financing issues ranking at the top during the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the importance of the topic, this study addresses these obstacles as well as potential solutions to financing renewable energy during the COVID-19 out­break. The study discusses that economic uncertainty, disruption of supply chains, reduced investor confidence, reduced demand for energy, and poli­cy changes are among the major problems in renewable energy financing during the outbreak. The study also proposes global solutions in order to provide policy stability and a predictable policy environment.

This Clean Energy Brief assesses the available evidence, opportunities, and challenges for the inclusion of women and youth, through micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), for global clean energy policy innovations. In this context, policy innovations are understood to be the actions and instruments which both support low-carbon energy (renewable and non-renewable) transitions, and disincentivise the use of fossil fuels. This is particularly significant where, to date, low-carbon energies have been additions to the global energy mix, rather than replacements for fossil fuels (Bell et al. 2020). The brief was prepared for the Clean Energy for Development: A Call to Action (CEDCA) initiative’s February 2024 learning workshop in Nairobi, funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and hosted by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in their knowledge translation role. The initiative generates evidence to inform public policy reform and innovation to support clean energy transitions where women and youth play a key role. This brief is nota systematic review of the available literature; it is instead intended to serve as a discussion point for the researchers working on clean energy for development projects.

Saudi Arabia has announced plans to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 278 million tons of CO2 equivalent (CO2e). In this regard, this paper contributes a modeling view of the climate-related effects of various energy policies on the Saudi energy system. The baseline entails the continued progression of current domestic policies without energy price reform. We examine two main alternative scenarios: The announced policies scenario (APS) incorporates some of the plans that the Saudi government has announced. In the other scenario, we run the baseline scenario with a cap on total CO2 emissions equal to those displayed in the announced policies.

This article examines the complex issue of energy poverty and its various dimensions, including energy access and affordability. It explores the challenges of addressing energy poverty and the trade-offs that may exist between energy poverty and climate change policy.

Energy Systems Integration (ESI) is an emerging paradigm and at the centre of the EU energy debate. ESI poses significant public policy implications, because, by identifying and exploiting the synergies within and between the sectors, ESI aims to increase flexibility in the energy system, maximize integration of renewable energy and distributed generation, and reduce environmental impact.

Latin America's energy transition is advancing at different speeds across the region, with Chile and Peru representing two distinct approaches. Chile, a leader in renewable energy deployment, faces structural challenges, including financial difficulties among generators and transmission bottlenecks due to a lack of a robust infrastructure. Meanwhile, Peru remains in the early stages of its energy transition, with recent legal reforms attempting to facilitate non-conventional renewable integration but lacking a comprehensive national strategy. This paper examines regulatory challenges in both countries, focusing on their impact on market stability, investment climate, and long-term sustainability. The study underscores the importance of strategic policy design to avoid unintended economic consequences while ensuring a just and efficient transition to renewables. Lessons from Chile and Peru serve as a reference for neighboring countries navigating similar energy transitions.

This paper is an output of sub-task 2 of the Gender and Energy Research Programme within the User-Centred Energy Systems (UsersTCP) which is part of the IEA Technology Collaboration Programme. The sub-task set out to gain an understanding of the systematic inertias in the sociotechnical energy system hindering the formation of gender aware policies and interventions and then to identify ways of countering the inertias. This paper presents a synthesis of three case studies carried out within the subtask with some supporting evidence from other sources. The cases looked at different aspects of energy policy in three countries in Europe.