Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energies renouvelables'
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Schneider, Frédéric. "Les energies marines renouvelables face au droit." Thesis, Nice, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NICE0010.
Full textThe issue of marine renewable energies raises complex legal problems which interest the Law in its International, European and Domestic dimension. The effervescence of public and private initiatives on the matter requires a tailored approach to improve and develop legal instruments to support development of ocean energies. This approach elicits three levels of analysis. According to the International Law, it is marked by an environmental objective resulting from public interest. In this sense, marine energy conversion does not generate greenhouse gas emissions and its impact on the marine environment is generally minimal. With the help of these renewable energies, States will be able to respect their supranational commitments, particularly regarding climate change. In addition, the Law of the Sea provides legal certainty in the use of ocean space, by defining not only rights but obligations to coastal states. At the European level, legal certainty is connected to the target of at least 20 % share of energy from renewable sources in the Union's gross final consumption of energy by 2020, and is especially encouraged by the North Seas Countries' Offshore Grid Initiative in the context of the Europe's emerging renewable energy market. On a National perspective, the analysis of Comparative Law highlights the best practices related to offshore renewable development in terms of promoting investment and sustainable ocean management
Elkadhi, Hayfa. "Trois essais sur les investissements dans les energies renouvelables." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD013_ELKADHI.pdf.
Full textRecently, growth in global investments in renewable energy (IRE) has been so rapid. In fact, renewable energy (RE) is considered as an alternative to deal with global warming, with the scarcity of natural resources, with the increase in energy demand, with the volatility of fossil fuel prices and with the unequal distribution of energy sources. This study attempts to shed more light on the IRE. The study’s prime goal is to evaluate the return on the IRE. It analyses theoretically and empirically the impact of the IRE on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and on Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The study’s second goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of the policies that support the development of RE. The first chapter showed how the relationship between IREs and CO2 emissions is not linear, but, rather, it follows an inverted U-shaped curve. In other words, IREs have a positive impact on CO2 emissions until the investments reach a certain level, beyond which the IREs impact on CO2 emissions becomes negative. The current study has analyzed this relationship empirically by means of the panel threshold regression (PTR) model. The second chapter explores the relationship between IRE and productivity. Referring to the theory of endogenous growth, the study empirically tested the main hypothesis, that IRE positively affects the TFP growth. The empirical study was conducted on a panel of 43 developed and developing countries, using the GMM-system methodology. Study’s findings confirm that IRE have a positive affect on the Total Factor Productivity growth. Indeed, this positive impact is theoretically explained by the fact that the IRE encourages technology transfer and it generates significant knowledge spillovers. The third chapter of the thesis discusses the role and the impact of the policies that encourage the development of RE on IRE. Specifically, in this chapter we evaluate the effectiveness of these policies to attract renewable energy investments in electricity-generating capacity. The results show that the market instruments increase the IREs, although command or control instruments have no or a negative effect, with the exception of low-income countries. Moreover, a combination of "market-pull" and "market-push" instruments can supports the IREs. We also note that IRE support goes through the instruments that indirectly affect these investments. Indeed, to encourage IREs, it is better to act upstream, by spurring research, development and deployment (RDD) in the RE sector, and downstream, by stimulating the production of renewable electricity, through Guaranteed Purchase Rates or Feed-in-Tariffs (FIT)
Abdelouadoud, Seddik Yassine. "Intégration des énergies renouvelables au réseau de distribution d'électricité." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0071/document.
Full textMany countries have set up mechanism support in favor of renewable energy development at a short or long term, while, in parallel, long-term scenarios of predominantly renewable energy provisioning are studied. Some of these energies are intermittent and non-dispatchable and, due to the low economies of scale they exhibit, can be deployed in a decentralized manner, integrated in buildings and connected to the distribution system.However, the methods and tools currently used to plan and operate the power system rely on hypothesis of centralized generation and passive distribution network. In this context, this thesis contributes to the development of a method aimed at simulated an active distribution network by proposing three novel approaches: a decomposition and coordination method allowing the integrated simulation of the centralized power system and the active distribution network, an algorithm to solve the single-stage optimal power flow in the distribution system as well as two criticality criteria allowing to decrease the computational burden of the simulation when it is used for planning purposes
Ramahaleomiarantsoa, Fanjason Jacques. "Diagnostic des systèmes à énergies renouvelables de type éolien." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022178.
Full textVechiu, Ionel. "MODELISATION ET ANALYSE DE L'INTEGRATION DES ENERGIES RENOUVELABLES DANS UN RESEAU AUTONOME." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00179164.
Full textCependant, des améliorations dans la conception et le fonctionnement des SEH sont toujours nécessaires pour rendre cette technologie plus compétitive dans les régions isolées. Ainsi, le travail de recherche présenté dans cette thèse est une contribution à l'analyse du comportement et à la maîtrise des performances d'un SEH constitué par deux sources d'énergie renouvelable, un générateur diesel et des batteries de stockage. Ce type de système est étudié selon trois aspects : dimensionnement, maximisation de l'utilisation des ressources renouvelables et qualité de l'énergie électrique.
Pour maximiser l'utilisation des ressources renouvelables, le dimensionnement et le choix du fonctionnement des composants sont réalisés en tenant compte des ressources énergétiques disponibles, ainsi que des contraintes d'utilisation. Ensuite, les modèles de simulation pour les sources du SEH, les éléments d'interconnexion et le système de stockage sont développés et réunis dans une bibliothèque de modèles paramétriques sous l'environnement MATLAB/Simulink. Les modèles de simulation, suffisamment précis, sont utilisés de manière modulaire pour une plus grande flexibilité dans l'étude du comportement dynamique du SEH et pour tester différentes stratégies de commande. Cette démarche permet ainsi de créer des scénarios de conditions de fonctionnement pour le SEH et de faire varier par la simulation, les sources d'énergie et/ou le niveau et le type de charge. Chaque composant du SEH étudié inclut une stratégie de commande, dans le but soit de satisfaire un critère énergétique, soit de permettre de reproduire un comportement dynamique réaliste.
En vue de pouvoir analyser et améliorer la qualité de la tension, nous avons développé des modèles capables de rendre compte et de traiter les déséquilibres. Un convertisseur bidirectionnel à quatre bras est proposé comme solution pour équilibrer la tension générée en conditions de charge déséquilibrée. Des commandes spéciales associées à cette structure ont été proposées pour améliorer la qualité de la tension aux bornes de la charge.
Les résultats obtenus en simulations montrent qu'avec l'électronique de puissance et des stratégies de commande appropriées, il est possible d'avoir un degré plus élevé d'intégration des sources d'énergie renouvelable et d'améliorer la qualité de l'énergie générée par un SEH.
Gonzalez, Vieyra Joel Abraham. "Estimation et Contrôle des Systèmes Dynamiques à Entrées Inconnues et Energies Renouvelables." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECLI0012/document.
Full textNowadays, industrial processes must be efficient, particularly at the production level and/or energy consumption.This research work aims at improving the process efficiency by analysing the influences of disturbances on their behaviour, from the conception phase to the synthesis of controller/observer, in an integrated approach.The disturbance rejection problem is first introduced as well as different control laws allowing attenuate/reject these disturbances. A control law based on the concept of derivative state variable is presented and validated while applied as disturbance rejection.In order to reject the disturbance, different physical variables must be estimated, such as state variables, derivative state variables as disturbance variables. An unknown input observer based on the bond graph representation is recalled and extended in the multivariable case. It is the first theoretical contribution of this work.We thus compare the efficiency of different so-called «modern control laws» for the disturbance rejection problems by simulation with the Torsion-Bar system example. We analyse the efficiency of our approach. One extension to the Input-Output decoupling problem allows us to extend the disturbance rejection problem to other control law type in an integrated approach. At least, these techniques are applied on the real Torsion-Bar system and compared. We validate our approach.Since this work aims at analysing and developing efficient control laws for industrial processes, a simplified model of a hydroelectric plant is developed, in order to apply our results. A simplified bond graph model is validated with simulations
Pillot, Benjamin. "Planification de l’électrification rurale décentralisée en Afrique subsaharienne à l’aide de sources renouvelables d’énergie : le cas de l’énergie photovoltaïque en République de Djibouti." Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0005/document.
Full textOver the 40 past years, growth of renewable energies benefited of the new world energy frame, which resulted of the questioning about what development of human societies had to be. Furthermore, although human development comes with electricity, the rural condition of many populations of sub-Saharan Africa incites us to look for suitable power supply alternatives. Eventually, in this specific context, renewable energies can represent a reliable solution to the off-grid electrification of rural peoples. However, this solution has to be economical and technical, and not only political.The Republic of Djibouti is a little developing country located in the Horn of Africa which perfectly symbolizes the social and energy challenges of rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Instability and limitation of the existing electrical grid, fuel cost and lack of fossil resources point to the geographically diffused solar resource as probably the best way to improve human development and reduce poverty of Djiboutian rural peoples. Therefore, we have considered the study of photovoltaic (PV) systems within the rural off-grid electrification frame.Firstly, in order to evaluate relevance of these systems, it was necessary to estimate level and repartition of the solar resource across the country. So we developed a solar atlas, i.e. cartography of the hourly solar irradiation reaching the ground, based on satellite-derived irradiance estimates retrieved between 2008 and 2011. For assessing the atlas quality, we compared irradiation estimates with ground measures retrieved on 4 different sites by 2 temporary weather stations deployed between 2010 and 2013. Finally, yearly map extracted from the atlas showed that, with a daily mean irradiation of 5,87kWh/m².day, the solar potential of Djibouti is one of the most significant in the world.Satellite models are useful for determining solar irradiance at ground level but they don’t take into account local topography effects. In order to incorporate these shading effects to the satellite-derived irradiance maps, and so improve irradiance accuracy and spatial resolution, we used a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Firstly, this disaggregation process was based on the development of a new fast horizon algorithm which was assessed by means of topographic measures in Corsica Island. Then, by correcting irradiance with this horizon for each pixel of the DEM, we improved geographic information of the solar irradiation atlas.Although solar resource is the first indicator of the photovoltaic potential, other elements, as environmental parameters or endogenous characteristics of photovoltaic modules, also have to be taken into consideration for precisely estimating energy produced by a PV system. Hence, by means of different models, we evaluated influence of irradiance and temperature onto the conversion efficiency of a PV generator to finally retrieve the atlas of the PV potential across the country. In conclusion, by combining this cartography to a multi-criteria approach comparing relevance between PV systems and classical power supply systems within the rural electrification scheme, we developed the first photovoltaic decision making tool of the country intended for all officials who are acting in the energy field
Labbé, Julien. "L’ hydrogène électrolytique comme moyen de stockage d’électricité pour systèmes photovoltaïques isolés." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1434.
Full textStand alone systems supplied only by a photovoltaic generator need an energy storage unit to be fully self-sufficient. Lead acid batteries are commonly used to store energy because of their low cost, despite several operational constraints. A hydrogen-based energy storage unit (HESU) could be another candidate, including an electrolyser, a fuel cell and a hydrogen tank. However many efforts still need to be carried out for this technology to reach an industrial stage. In particular, market outlets must be clearly identified. The study of small stationary applications (few kW) is performed by numerical simulations. A simulator is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. It is mainly composed of a photovoltaic field and a storage unit (lead acid batteries, HESU, or hybrid storage HESU/batteries). The system component sizing is achieved in order to ensure the complete system autonomy over a whole year of operation. The simulator is tested with 160 load profiles (1 kW as a yearly mean value) and three locations (Algeria, France and Norway). Two coefficients are set in order to quantify the correlation between the power consumption of the end user and the renewable resource availability at both daily and yearly scales. Among the tested cases, a limit value of the yearly correlation coefficient came out, enabling to recommend the use of the most adapted storage to a considered case. There are cases for which using HESU instead of lead acid batteries can increase the system efficiency, decrease the size of the photovoltaic field and improve the exploitation of the renewable resource. In addition, hybridization of HESU with batteries always leads to system enhancements regarding its sizing and performance, with an efficiency increase by 10 to 40 % depending on the considered location. The good agreement between the simulation data and field data gathered on real systems enabled the validation of the models used in this study
Aye, Fouad. "INTEGRATION DES ENERGIES RENOUVELABLE POUR UNE POLITIQUE ENERGETIQUE DURABLE A DJIBOUTI." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00605579.
Full textCany, Camille. "Interactions entre énergie nucléaire et énergies renouvelables variables dans la transition énergétique en France : adaptations du parc électrique vers plus de flexibilité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC015/document.
Full textThe French power system is transitioning towards a more diversified low carbon mix. The power mix is characterised by a high nuclear share which is to remain significant and the target to increase variable renewables (wind and solar) by 2050. When introduced massively, wind and solar trigger new needs for back-up power, both in the short and long term, to answer the flexibility required in order to maintain the reliability target level of the power system. All flexibility options should be complementarily developed, given their characteristics, and nuclear will have a role to play in this context.How could the French power mix be adapted towards more flexibility while maintaining a low-carbon level and mastering associated costs? The purpose of this PhD thesis is to shed light on this issue thanks to a techno-economic analysisAt first, interactions between nuclear and variable renewables are analysed thanks to two complementary approaches. On the one hand, a technical perspective is adopted by confronting prospective nuclear load-following requirements to the fleet theoretical capabilities. On the other hand, thanks to a techno-economic approach, we evaluate the additional cost of ensuring part of the flexibility requirements with the nuclear fleet and examine options to reduce this cost to make nuclear back-up competitive. These two approaches are based on the construction of realistic scenarios by 2030 and 2050.The French nuclear fleet will be asked for a strong increase of the load following operations with growing wind and solar shares. Even if the nuclear fleet can enable higher power ramps and amplitude variations, when wind and solar account for more than 30% in the total demand, compensating for the power variations induced would require complementary means. From a fleet management perspective, it would be beneficial to favour wind compared to solar in the power mix. The latter induces extreme power ramps and amplitudes for the nuclear fleet.The nuclear production cost could be significantly increased with the decrease of the nuclear utilisation rate. In the transition phase, it would be of great importance to promote a progressive replacement of the nuclear fleet to compensate for the production cost increase. In the case of new nuclear investments, a carbon price increase could make nuclear back-up able to compete with combined-cycle gas turbine plants as the alternative back-up option. Anticipating the development of new outlets becomes crucial to guide future investments in low-carbon power plants.To bypass the issue of the nuclear utilisation rate reduction, it would be worth considering taking advantage of the available excess energy to produce valuable products while providing flexibility services to the grid. Hydrogen production, as a flexible power demand, could enhance synergies between nuclear and variable renewables through new markets to valorise the excess nuclear energy. When wind and solar shares increase, along with the hydrogen market expected growth driven by mobility uses, opportunities are created for the nuclear operator. If the French nuclear capacities are maintained and if an adapted business model is developed, nuclear-hydrogen coproduction could answer the hydrogen demand by 2030. Other options could be considered to find outlets to the excess power such as the development of power exportations or the coproduction of heat and electricity.Overall, in order to foster synergies between low-carbon power plants, the change of the nuclear share in the French power mix should be apprehended through dynamics adapted to the penetration of renewables as well as to the deployment of hydrogen markets, and new markets in general
Freundlich, Marie-Claire. "La promotion des energies nouvelles et renouvelables parmi les priorités d'une stratégie de développement spécifique à l'Afrique subsaharienne." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE0025.
Full textChaher, Mazigh. "Les collectivités territoriales et les énergies renouvelables." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2022COAZ0032.
Full textThe energy transition, understood as the gradual transition from the current energy model to an energy model based essentially on carbon-free energies, has led to increased accountability of local authorities and their groupings in the sense that they must now assume, through particularly effective and operational legal tools, an important part of the mission consisting in accelerating the development of renewable energies. In this context, since the beginning of the 2000s, we have witnessed an increase in the powers of local authorities and groupings of authorities in matters directly or indirectly related to the energy transition, which testifies to the awareness by the public authorities of the essential role of these communities in the energy transition and the need to strengthen this intervention through the creation of skills ex nihilo or by transferring skills from the central state to the local authorities. This movement has been encouraged particularly by the liberalization of the energy market, which has created fertile ground for the economic intervention of local authorities in the energy sector. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the implementation of the energy transition at the local level is inextricably linked to the problem of territorial decentralization and that therefore the strengthening of the place of the local level required by the energy transition comes up against to the limits and contradictions of this decentralization
Bertin, Aurélien. "Contribution au développement des énergies renouvelables intermittentes en milieu insulaire : étude du couplage photovoltaïque, éolien, et stockage en Guadeloupe." Institut de physique du globe (Paris), 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB0602.
Full textCloarec, Marc. "Estimation de la bathymétrie par observation de la terre pour les énergies marines renouvelables." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM071.
Full textBathymetry is a key parameter for marine renewable energies development. The current acquisition these data is made by acoustic sounders on board ships. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images can be used to acquire bathymetric maps whose resolution could satisfy the actors of the MRE. The objective of the thesis is the evaluation of the potential of new satellites carrying radar imagers for bathymetry estimation and mapping. Repetition of measurements of the Sentinel-1 mission provides Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images of the same area every 6 days. This ability to capture images with sea states very different from one to another allows increasing the probability of capturing favorable conditions to estimate bathymetry with methods exploiting the swell bottom interaction. The approach proposed in this thesis is the use of wave propagation for the purpose of estimating depth. First, the use of a phase-resolved wave propagation model (Boussinesq Ocean & Surf Zone model) allowed establishing, testing and developing a method of bathymetry estimation on several free surfaces of the ocean. With favorable conditions, SAR images of the ocean can be considered as a linear representation of the sea state. Secondly, we adapted and apply the method implemented on the model to SAR images. Simple approaches of data fusion have been applied to exploit of the repetitiveness of the Sentinel-1 mission. Results obtained are able to satisfy the needs of actors in the domain of MRE. The prospects of this work are presented in this document
Omri, Amna. "Analyse de la transition vers les énergies renouvelables en Tunisie : Risques, enjeux et stratégies à adopter." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0030/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze the risks and barriers faced by renewable energy investors, in Tunisia, and to deduce strategies and mechanisms that should be adopted to accelerate the process of transition to renewable energies. Although the foundations of this thesis are based on the economic analysis, it favors, rather, an interdisciplinary approach of risk management.We conducted a case study of a project of concentrating solar power (the “TuNur” project) which will be held in southern Tunisia. We used the Global Risk Analysis method (GRA) which permits the determination of cartographies of risks (Kiviat diagram and Farmer diagram) and the ways to reduce them. The application of this method allowed us to generate a list of 8 major risks and the mechanisms and strategies to reduce them. At the end of this thesis, we presented the different forms of energy governance that facilitate the diffusion of renewable energies in Tunisia. We explained that the energy policy of transition to renewable energies must be made by public authorities, at the beginning, but it must quickly move to other forms of governance, through private sector participation and participative local governance until we get to a stage where the risk governance becomes necessary
Tchouate, Héteu Pépin Magloire. "Contribution des énergies renouvelables au développement durable du secteur électrique: le cas du Cameroun." Université catholique de Louvain, 2003. http://edoc.bib.ucl.ac.be:81/ETD-db/collection/available/BelnUcetd-12172003-125756/.
Full textTamizi, Khaled. "Control of multicellular power converters for microgrids and renewable energies applications." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS212/document.
Full textThe interleaved multicell DC-DC power converters are broadly used in many applications and systems especially in renewable energy systems and microgrids. They reduce the current ripple at the input and output side. Also, an implemented magnetic coupling between cells leads to reduce the current ripple in each of them and to improve the dynamical electrical behavior. These properties involve a reduction on the filtering requirements and so, allow to improve the converter compactness as well as its conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, for such power converters, the control complexity is also increased as well as the number of required sensors.The thesis aims to establish different mode of control of interleaved multicell DC-DC converters. The common point of these methods is to control the external quantities at the output of the converter but also the internal quantities, constituted by the circulating currents between parallel cells or in other words the differential currents. Three main strategies are investigated: the first one uses classical linear controllers with different decoupling technics and focuses on the robustness regarding the system parameters variations. The second one uses a Model Predictive Control technic which is designed to provide a fix switching frequency and interleaving of the cells PWM commands. The last one presents a space vector direct control of the differential currents.In a last part, these control principles are tested on a prototype and implemented on a Microcontroller and FPGA board in order to carry out an experimental verification
Baratgin, Laure. "Hydropower in a changing climate : coupled modeling of hydrological and electricity systems for adaptation and mitigation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAX078.
Full textFrench hydropower production is expected to undergo major changes in the coming years. On the one hand, global warming intensifies seasonal precipitation contrasts and increases evaporative demand, altering river flows and, consequently, the water resources available for hydropower plants. On the other hand, the growing integration of variable renewable energies, encouraged by CO2 emission mitigation policies, changes the flexibility requirements of the electrical system. Finally, the management of hydropower reservoirs also depends on the evolution of other water uses.In this thesis, we propose an integrated modeling approach to simulate and quantify these different effects and their interaction. Our approach is based on the coupling of a land surface model (LSM) and a power system optimization model (PSM), enabling us to jointly represent the constraints related to climate and the electrical system.We represent the multipurpose operation of hydropower reservoirs in the LSM and use the power generation time series simulated by the PSM as a target to guide reservoir operations. Conversely, the hydropower production constraints used in the PSM are defined based on LSM simulations. We show that this integrated approach enhances both the representation of river flows in the climate model and of production dispatch in the PSM. Most importantly, it allows us to simulate the response of hydropower production to different scenarios of climate change and power system configurations.Regarding the future of hydropower production in France, we find a limited impact of climate change at the annual scale but more pronounced seasonal contrasts, with increased production in winter and decreased production in summer. Besides, the integration of variable energy modifies the production pattern of reservoir power plants and increases the value of the flexibility provided by hydropower reservoirs.However, our study also highlights significant uncertainty in future production levels and electricity prices, linked to uncertainties in climate projections and the future cost of decarbonized thermal power plants
Muniglia, Mathieu. "Optimisation du pilotage d'un Réacteur à Eau Pressurisée dans le cadre de la transition énergétique à l'aide d'algorithmes évolutionnaires." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS261/document.
Full textThe increase of the renewable energies contribution (as wind farms, solar energy) is a major issue in the actual context of energetic transition. The part of intermittent renewable energies is indeed forecast to be around 30% of the total production in 2030, against 6% today. On the other hand, their intermittent production may lead to an important imbalance between production and consumption. Consequently, the other ways of power production must adapt to those variations, especially nuclear energy which is the most important in France. This work aims at increasing the availability of thepower plants to load-follow, by optimizing their manageability all along their operation cycle. Among the French nuclear fleet, the pressurized water reactors(PWR) producing $1300$ electrical MW and operated in the "G" mode are considered as they show the higher capability to load-follow. In a first step, a multi-physics PWR model is designed taking as inputs the main parameters of the control rods, and computing in few minutes the criteria of interest whichare linked to the control diagram and to the effluents volume. The optimization problem which consists in minimizing those two values of interest is then solved thanks to a parallel asynchronous master-worker evolutionary algorithm. Finally, the efficient operating modes are discussed
Poggi, Philippe. "INTEGRATION DES SYSTEMES ENERGETIQUES A SOURCES RENOUVELABLES DANS LES RESEAUX ELECTRIQUES INSULAIRES." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pascal Paoli, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00604868.
Full textBourcet, Clémence. "Déploiement des énergies renouvelables : déterminants globaux et financement participatif en france." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA131032.
Full textIn the context of mitigation actions in the energy sector to reduce greenhouse gasemissions, renewable energy (RE) sources appear as relevant solutions. They canbe used for electricity production, in the heating and cooling, and the transportsectors. However, these low-carbon sources have only developed slowly andsignificant differences exist between countries.In this thesis, I first explore the empirical determinants of RE sources deploymentby systematically reviewing the existing quantitative country-level literatureon this topic. I find that this strand of literature is quite fragmented andanalyze the authors’ results based on the framework considered to investigatethe existence of a consensus on possible determinants of RE development at acountry level.To complement this multi-country approach, I focus on two significant barriersthat have been found to hinder a wide spread use of RE sources: financingand acceptance. More specifically, I look at the RE crowdfunding sector. Indeed,crowdfunding is an innovative financing tool that enables the participation ofcitizens in the funding of RE projects, thus involving them in the energy transitionprocess towards low-carbon sources. In particular, I focus on the FrenchRE crowdfunding sector because it has experienced a strong growth in the contextof a favorable regulatory environment. I conduct a case study of a Frenchcrowdfunding platform specialized in RE projects to better understand its businessmodel and the risks associated with it. Then, to shed some light on thecharacteristics of the sector, I give an overview of the different actors that are involvedin the French RE crowdfunding sector: platforms, project promoters, andcontributors. Finally, I carry out an empirical analysis of survey data regardingthe decision-making process of French citizens that have invested in RE crowdfundingprojects
Michalena, Evanthie. "Energie renouvelable et développement touristique durable dans les îles helléniques? : échelles géographiques et enjeux du développement durable." Thesis, Paris 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA040130.
Full textThis research discusses the notion of sustainable development, and the way in which this concept is translated in the fields of renewable energies and “sustainable tourism” from the international to the local level. From this starting question, we wished to analyze the challenges of renewable energies regarding sustainability within tourist activity and understand the mechanisms which participate in the introduction of a new energy status compatible with “sustainable development”. The sustainable development not being an accepted concept in a uniform way by all the researchers, our study highlights the diversity of challenges met to various geographical scales. Our work is based on multiple information sources, while trying to distinguish theoretical and empirical analyses and to approach European reality through national and local realities. As field of application in our research, we have chosen the islands of Greece and we sought to see how political decision makers of this country have tried to develop renewable energies allocating them the status of “fundamental energy forms” in compliance with European guidelines. We sought to widen and validate our conclusions through the evaluation of “better and worst practices” among various islands of the world. We revealed that there are several dimensions of the problem: - interactions between actors of different scales, with often different challenges to meet - interactions between sectorial logics - interactions between specific logics applied to certain geographical environments. After our recommendations which insist on the importance of institutional and organisational factors in the process of sustainable development, we conclude that, even if the multiplicity of the scales implies a great complexity in the implementation of sustainable development practices, there is always a hope to transmit the message from Brussels to the local level, under the condition that certain parameters are taken into account
Kadkhodaei, Maryam. "Sensitivity of Energy Systems with Large Shares of Variable Renewable Energies to Climate Data Uncertainty and Climate Change." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0122.
Full textDecarbonizing the energy system by increasing the use of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources is essential to reducing the impacts of climate change and keeping global warming below 2°C. Energy system models are used to plan future energy mixes and assess different options. As VRE sources become more dominant, these models become more sensitive to weather conditions. This means it is important to manage uncertainties related to factors like capacity factor (CF) modeling and the effects of climate change.To better understand the effects of uncertainty in CF modeling, this thesis investigates the sensitivity of total system costs and optimal installed capacity of the EOLES energy system model to both uniform and quantile range perturbations of PV and wind CFs. It also compares the sensitivity when optimizing both capacity investments and dispatch, as well as when optimizing only dispatch. Additionally, we compare the sensitivity to CF perturbations with that to capital expenditures (CAPEX). Results indicate that system outputs are more sensitive to wind CF perturbations than to PV. For both PV and wind, more substantial impacts are observed at lower quantile ranges, representing low-generation events. In systems with fixed installed capacity, negative perturbations lead to significantly higher sensitivities than positive ones. Moreover, we find that sensitivity to CFs is comparable to the sensitivity to CAPEX. Our study suggests that greater attention should be given to the accuracy of VRE CF modeling, particularly for low-generation events, and that capacity planning should account for potential negative shocks in VRE CF. We also analyze the effect of climate change on the energy system in France. To this end, the effect of climate change on both energy demand and the CF of VRE (PV and wind) is considered, using a multi-model approach incorporating five different climate models under the RCP8.5 scenario. The analysis uses the EOLES energy system model to simulate a detailed representation of carbon-free France's energy mix. Our findings indicate that with climate change, the total cost of the energy system decreases mainly because of changes in dispatch and not adapting the installed capacities. The optimal installed capacity of the wind and PV also decreases. Notably, the study shows that climate change does not threaten energy supply security, even without adaptation of installed capacities. Additionally, the analysis highlights that to accurately assess the impact of climate change on the energy system and plan for installed capacities, it is crucial to consider its effects on both energy demand and CF of VRE simultaneously
Béhar, Laurie. "L'influence des savoirs sur la construction des politiques énergétiques : le cas des énergies renouvelables en Midi Pyrénées." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20128/document.
Full textEven though energy policymakers were novices when wind power was introduced in the Midi Pyrenees region, the situation had changed when the photovoltaic was implemented. The new challenges policymakers experimented about the wind power and their opponents, the wood energy and the primacy of the wood's industrials, the photovoltaic and the preservation of the agricultural lands, fostered their learning and gradually lead them to change their perception of inherent issues. The coalitions forged between technical experts and policymakers unbind along the progressive empowerment of the formers. Shared between different forms of knowledge, however, the resources needed to implement renewable energies projects cannot be reduced to the technical dimension. Local knowledge and engineering knowledge increasingly compete with expert knowledge. This evolution corresponds to a policy arrangement change. Since the dynamic but also the elements that compose this political system change, a new reality gradually emerges. This whole process will be the main concern of this thesis. We will finally notice that there are some differences between the implementation of these renewable energies among the territories but also among the three forms of renewable energies we analyze. This means that although renewable energy policy are based on interactions between actors' resources, discourse and rules, they also emerge from the action of intermediates actors, and from the characteristic of each territories in which they are implemented
Darson, Alice. "Transition énergétique et transition juridique : le développement des énergies de sources renouvelables en France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0095/document.
Full textThe way to an energy transition will be reached with an integration of renewable energies inour energy mix. This development includes a legal transition because the current legal context that appliesto green energies is not efficient and does not contribute to this emergency. Changing the legal framebecomes a necessity and particularly the way these energies are governed, planned and supported. It’salso important that administrative procedures that regulate the implantation of energies productionsystem are set. At last, this legal transition will have to conciliate imperatives linked to the development ofrenewable energies with those governing the protection of surroundings, all aiming to a sustainabledevelopment
Thiam, Djiby Oumar Racine. "L'analyse de la transition vers les énergies propres dans les pays en développement : enjeux, modèlisation et mécanismes de financement." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40054/document.
Full textThe objective of this doctorate thesis is to investigate the contribution of renewable technologiesto energy transition in developing nations. In the theoretical framework such a contribution couldbe justified in two points. First, it analyses conditions, means and consequences of a modificationof a fuel-based energy production scheme to a new structure based on a more sustainableorientedpathway. Second, the analysis of energy transition provides institutional, technological,sociological and managerial frameworks strengthening the convergence toward a sustainableoriented energy paradigm through a diffusion and adoption of renewable technologies. From theexisting approaches, the core of this thesis is to assume a requirement to consider a mixedapproach of energy transition in developing nations through a combination of both decentralizedand centralized options. The decentralized energy transition approach allows an insertion ofspatial and geographical characteristics of remote locations in developing nations while thecentralized approach strengthens an inclusion of developing nations in a sustainable energyparadigm. From this orientation, we propose an interdisciplinary methodology, empirically basedon South Africa and Senegal in order to investigate the possible contribution of renewabletechnologies to energy transition. To investigate these questions, we combine a bottom-up energymodeling approach with optimization techniques through a linear programming algorithm
Di, Menno Di Bucchianico Daniele. "Development of processes for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass based on renewable energies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMIR27.
Full textThe world is facing the impacts of climate change due to its long dependence on fossil fuels, and specifically Europe, which is facing an energy crisis, has recognized the fragility of its fossil fuel-dependent energy system and has moved strongly towards renewable energy resources. Among renewables, biomass not only powers bio-energy production but also serves as a vital source of bio-carbon, used to create high-value molecules, replacing fossil-based products. Alkyl levulinates, derived from biomass, particularly stand out for their potential as bio-additives and bio-fuels. Acid solvolysis of hexose sugars from biomass appears to be a promising and cost-effective production route, which requires further investigation not yet found in the literature. The potential of alkyl levulinate extends to its conversion into γ-valerolactone (GVL), a promising bio-solvent, commonly obtained by hydrogenation through molecular-hydrogen. Besides being a key reagent, hydrogen is also a promising energy carrier, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources into the market. Hydrogen energy storage systems support this integration, promoting 'green' industrial transformation. This thesis focuses on technological investigation and sustainability assessment of a potential biorefinery system, integrating lignocellulosic biomass valorization, energy production, and hydrogen generation. The study encompasses experimental investigations, optimizing technologies for the production of butyl levulinate and its subsequent hydrogenation to GVL. Sustainability considerations are fundamental to the process configuration, aligning with the global shift towards renewable and carbon bio-resources. In order to answer the question of sustainability, the research presents a first section focused on the experimental investigation of the optimal technology for the production of butyl levulinate. The solvolysis of the biomass-derived hexose Fructose to butyl levulinate was investigated, in terms of optimal process conditions and kinetic modelling. Selected an effective heterogeneous catalyst, the effect of the solvent was investigated, showing the benefits of using GVL as co-solvent, together with butanol, on the conversion and dissolution kinetics of fructose. In these conditions, the solvolysis to butyl levulinate was studied in depth from a kinetic point of view, first by proposing a model for the solvolysis of 5-HMF, an intermediate in the fructose pathway, and then extending the modelling from fructose itself. A robust kinetic model, describing the reaction mechanism of solvolysis, was defined and validated, particularly under conditions of high initial fructose concentration (applying the concept of High-gravity), and including in the modelling the kinetics of dissolution, and degradation of fructose, under acidic conditions.In the second part of the research, the technological perspective was extended to the hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to GVL. Starting from a conceptual design phase, the overall fructose-to-GVL process scheme was defined, simulated, and optimized on the basis of the process intensification concept. In the third part, the process was then dropped into a real case study in Normandy, France, adapting the analysis to the local availability of lignocellulosic biomass and wind energy. The study defines a methodology for designing and integrating the energy-supply system, evaluating different scenarios. The sustainability assessment, based on key performance indicators spanning economic, environmental, and social dimensions, culminates in an aggregated overall sustainability index. The results highlight scenarios integrating the GVL biorefinery system with wind power and hydrogen energy storage as promising, demonstrating high economic profitability and reduced environmental impact. Finally, sensitivity analyses validate the robustness and reliability of the methodology, generally extendable also to other technological systems
Come previsto, il mondo sta affrontando gli effetti tangibili del cambiamento climatico come conseguenza di un'economia basata sui combustibili fossili per centinaia di anni. Oltre a dover affrontare e adottare misure correttive per limitare gli effetti del riscaldamento globale, l'Europa sta affrontando una grave crisi energetica, che rivela la fragilità del sistema energetico europeo, prevalentemente dipendente dalle importazioni di combustibili fossili. La geopolitica delle risorse fossili ha innescato la necessaria rimodulazione dell'economia energetica europea, che si sta spostando "forzatamente" verso le risorse energetiche rinnovabili per diventare un'economia fossile e a zero emissioni di carbonio. Nel panorama delle rinnovabili, le risorse più sfruttate sono l'energia solare, eolica e da biomassa. Oltre alla produzione di bioenergia, la biomassa è una fonte inestimabile di biocarbonio, che può essere sfruttata e valorizzata per la produzione di molecole ad alto valore aggiunto che possono essere utilizzate in vari settori industriali, per la produzione di carburanti, prodotti chimici, materiali e sostituendo i corrispondenti prodotti di origine fossile. In questo contesto, sono stati sviluppati sistemi innovativi di bioraffinazione della biomassa di seconda generazione per trasformare e decostruire la complessa struttura della biomassa in molecole piattaforma più semplici, che possono poi essere trasformate in molecole ad alto potenziale. Tra queste, gli alchil levulinati sono stati identificati per il loro notevole potenziale come bioadditivi e biocarburanti. Esteri dell'acido levulinico, questi composti possono essere ottenuti da derivati della biomassa, come i monosaccaridi dello zucchero, secondo diverse vie di reazione; tra queste, la solvolisi acida degli zuccheri esosi può essere una via di produzione promettente ed economicamente vantaggiosa, che richiede ulteriori indagini non ancora presenti in letteratura. Il potenziale degli alchil levulinati risiede anche nella possibilità di un ulteriore trasformazione mediante idrogenazione per produrre γ-valerolattone (GVL), una molecola con un mercato promettente come bio-solvente, grazie alle sue proprietà di stabilità, ecotossicità e biodegradabilità. L'uso dell'idrogeno gassoso è la via più comune per l'idrogenazione del GVL, ma, oltre a essere un reagente chimico fondamentale, l'idrogeno è anche uno dei principali protagonisti della transizione energetica. Infatti, come vettore energetico, l'idrogeno può portare alla piena penetrazione delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili nel mercato dell'energia, costituendo un complemento-tampone per lo stoccaggio delle energie rinnovabili intermittenti, attraverso la progettazione di sistemi di stoccaggio dell'energia dell'idrogeno (HydESS). L'accumulo di energia a idrogeno a lungo termine può consentire l'autosufficienza dei sistemi di energia rinnovabile, in quanto agisce da ponte tra le funzionalità dei sistemi Power-to-Hydrogen, in grado di assorbire i surplus energetici delle energie rinnovabili e di immagazzinarli, e quelle dei sistemi Hydrogen-to-Power, che restituiscono energia rinnovabile quando le fonti di energia primaria non sono disponibili. In quest'ottica, lo sviluppo di tali sistemi può portare all'integrazione completa e stabile delle fonti di energia rinnovabile in asset industriali già esistenti, così come in nuovi mercati industriali, come le bioraffinerie di biomassa lignocellulosica, promuovendo lo sviluppo di realtà industriali "verdi" in termini di trasformazione di materiali ed energia. Il mercato industriale globale si sta evolvendo verso la decarbonizzazione e la riqualificazione di diversi asset, attraverso investimenti in efficienza energetica e l'introduzione di processi green per la valorizzazione delle fonti rinnovabili, ma l'implementazione su larga scala di queste iniziative richiede un'analisi completa e approfondita della loro sostenibilità
Dubois, Antoine. "Comparative analysis of biocolonization of stuctures in the presence of artificial reefs and impact on the acceptability of Marine Renewable Energies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU4023.
Full textIn order to limit climate change linked to the use of fossil fuels, some nations are turning to the use of renewable energy sources, particularly wind power. Benefiting from the experience and technologies of the offshore oil industry, the wind energy industry has been able to expand into the open sea. However, with environmental and societal issues at stake, this move offshore is not without its impacts. Offshore wind turbines can have undesirable effects on marine life. The literature also shows the rapid colonization of submerged structures by sessile benthic communities. This biocolonization can impact this booming sector by significantly altering the parameters of submerged components. In this manuscript, this point was investigated via underwater media analysis of French floating wind turbine anchor lines. In parallel, the perceptions and concerns of coastal communities in the Northeastern USA and Westem France were collected. This highlighted recurring concerns about impacts on marine biodiversity or local fisheries. These results were subsequently used to develop a concept for an environmental mitigation structure for floating wind turbines. The concept, presented to coastal communities in the USA and France, quantified the willingness to pay for its application in future floating wind farms. Finally, the concept was tested on a reduced scale off the coast of Les Sables d’Olonne
Chiba, Fadoua. "Energy transition : Difficulties, implications and solutions." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0224/document.
Full textL’Europe et, en particulier, la France ont engagé une politique de transition énergétique, consistant à diminuer de 20 % les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, réduire de 20 % la consommation d'énergie et à atteindre 20 % d'énergies renouvelables dans le bouquet énergétique d'ici à 2020. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, plusieurs pistes doivent être déployées afin de promouvoir les énergies renouvelables qui sont de nature intermittente. Dans le cadre de ce projet de thèse on propose trois pistes pour contribuer au développement de ces énergies : la première consiste à déterminer la combinaison efficace des sources intermittentes et de sources fiables telle que les combustibles, ainsi que le montant optimal à investir dans les technologies renouvelables intermittentes sachant leur productivité imprévisible et variable. La deuxième piste de recherche consiste à déterminer, à l’aide d’un modèle dynamique, dans quelles circonstances on stocke de l’électricité et dans quelles circonstances on la délivre. Dans ce cadre, on essayera de déterminer un seuil optimal de stockage. La troisième piste consiste à déterminer comment on organise le secteur de l’effacement électrique. on appliquera le même principe que pour les parties précédentes : on a le modèle de base qui est l’intermittence modélisée par la variable aléatoire à laquelle on rajoutera l’effacement électrique. Dans le cadre de la thèse on espère publier trois articles complémentaires, un article sur chaque piste. Le lien entre ces trois pistes sera l’analyse et à la modélisation des différents instruments politiques, qui sont en ce moment en discussion au niveau français. L’objectif de cette analyse sera de faire un classement en fonction de leur capacité à atteindre un état optimal (ou à s’en approcher) sur chaque piste
Chrin, Phok. "Contribution to electric energy generation for isolated-rural areas using 2nd life components and renewable energies : modelling and control of an induction generator." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30137.
Full textCambodia is a country located in Southeast Asia, with its high potential of renewable energy resource. Even if this country has a high potential for renewable, the installed power is still not high enough to cover the whole country. About 80% of population living in rural areas and 75% of the households live without electricity. They survive by using battery, diesel engine, candle, kerosene for lighting, TV, multimedia and some other household appliances. A few of residents in northern part of the country use pico-hydro power units bought from neighbor countries in order to electrify their houses. In these systems, the output voltage and frequency are not really stable while the load under load or speed variations. Consequently, the lifetime of household appliances could be reduced or the items damaged and local repairs are needed. Moreover, millions of Cambodian people cannot access neither take an advantage from the available energy resources due to two main factors: technology barriers and high investment cost. This research aims to remove technology barriers by designing simple systems for pico-hydro power generation with fast and simple installation, suitable for local applications with high quality of electrical supply. The first part of this work briefly describes the energy situation in rural areas of Cambodia where people are facing the lack of electrical supply which. They cannot neither improve their living standard nor develop their community. Rich villagers use car battery, solar PV applications, pico-hydro power while poor villagers use candle/kerosene for lighting. Local enterprises can provide renewable energy solutions but the prices are unaffordable and far from their expectations. Therefore, an original solution is proposed in this thesis by using wasted electric and electronic equipment (second-life components) to form the new power generation systems for remote rural areas. This is frugal innovation to serve the bottom of the social pyramid. The used components are: induction machine, Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), power supply of a computer and other electronic equipment, etc. These wasted components can be arranged together to form a good solution with an interesting output power. The second part of this thesis presents the modelling of the power stage of three-phase induction machine as a single-phase induction generator by using one phase for excitation while the other two phases are connected in series to supply load, named "Excited Induction Generator (EIG)". Capacitor banks are added to EIG for compensating the reactive power. Capacitor values influence poles and zeros locations which are described and analyzed in the root locus according to the parameter variations. The third part of this thesis is devoted to onsite modelling of losses in induction machine. The method should achieve results simply, rapidly, without any prior information on the machine, in order to further integrate this model into energy optimization algorithms. Design of experiments is a good candidate. Experimental models of the total loss (iron loss and rotor copper losses) are proposed for motor operation and generator mode for different machines of different powers. The last part of this thesis describes output voltage/current response for both simulation results and experimental results of the induction generators. Proportional-integral and proportional-resonant controllers are tested. The implementation of closed loop controller is first achieved in an analog circuit and then, with dSPACE/MATLAB Simulink environment
El, Amine Ali. "Radio resource allocation in 5G cellular networks powered by the smart grid and renewable energies." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IMTA0167/document.
Full textWe live in the digital era where the Internet has become an essential part of our daily lives. With more than 750 million connected households and over 6.8 billion mobile subscribers, mobile networks are dominating the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector with more than 75%. The trend is of further increase and appears to have no signs of slowing down in the near future due to the ongoing new services and applications. However, this radical surge of ICT devices and services has pushed corresponding energy consumption and its footprint on the environment to grow at a staggering rate consuming more than 5% of the world’s electrical energy and releasing into the atmosphere about 2% of the global CO2 emissions. Since base stations, the core elements to provide internet access, consume most of the energy in cellular networks, it is essential to study new strategies and architectures in order to deter this energy crunch. This thesis focuses on the crucial role of energy in the design and operation of future cellular networks. We consider different and complementary approaches and parameters, including energy efficiency techniques (i.e., radio resource management and sleep schemes), renewable energy sources, Smart Grid and tools from machine learning to bring down the energy consumption of these complex networks while guaranteeing a certain quality of service adapted to 5G use cases
Dutrieux, Héloïse. "Méthodes pour la planification pluriannuelle des réseaux de distribution. Application à l'analyse technico-économique des solutions d'intégration des énergies renouvelables intermittentes." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECLI0021/document.
Full textThe integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into the distribution networks may require network reinforcements that can be expensive and take time. Different alternative solutions can limit the amount of work to be carried out and thus reduce their cost and/or duration. The use of such solutions requires modifying the network planning methods so as to analyze their techno-economic impacts. This research aims to provide a suitable framework for the study of RES-integration solutions using novel methods for the multi-year planning of distribution networks. Compared to the state of the art, the proposed approach provides the advantage of assessing the performance of these solutions in the medium/long run by considering: 1) the behavior of the distribution system operator, which is modeled as a multi-variable planning strategy, 2) the interactions between medium- and low-voltage networks, and 3) the uncertainties on the arrival of new RES. These three points could have been addressed by applying methods of reducing computation time to the multi-year estimation of the electrical network state. The potential of the proposed approach is illustrated through the techno-economic analysis of several planning strategies including traditional solutions and/or generation curtailment. The research concludes with a first contribution to the planning strategy optimization by taking into account the uncertainties on the arrival of new RES
Rostirolla, Gustavo. "Ordonnancement dans un centre de calculs alimenté par des sources d'énergie renouvelables sans connexion au réseau avec une charge de travail mixte basée sur des phases." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30160.
Full textDue to the increase of cloud, web-services and high performance computing demands all over the world, datacenters are now known to be one of the biggest actors when talking about energy consumption. In 2006 alone, datacenters were responsible for consuming 61.4 billion kWh in the United States. When looking at the global scenario, datacenters are currently consuming more energy than the entire United Kingdom, representing about 1.3\% of world's electricity consumption, and being even called the factories of the digital age. Supplying datacenters with clean-to-use renewable energy is therefore essential to help mitigate climate change. The vast majority of cloud provider companies that claim to use green energy supply on their datacenters consider the classical grid, and deploy the solar panels/wind turbines somewhere else and sell the energy to electricity companies, which incurs in energy losses when the electricity travels throughout the grid. Even though several efforts have been conducted at the computing level in datacenters partially powered by renewable energy sources, the scheduling considering on site renewable energy sources and its variations, without connection to the grid can still be widely explored. Since energy efficiency in datacenters is directly related to the resource consumption of the computing nodes, performance optimization and an efficient load scheduling are essential for energy saving. Today, we observe the use of cloud computing as the basis of datacenters, either in a public or private fashion. The main particularity of our approach is that we consider a power envelope composed only by renewable energy as a constraint, hence with a variable amount of power available at each moment. The scheduling under this kind of constraint becomes more complex: without further checks, we are not ensured that a running task will run until completion. We start by addressing the IT load scheduling of batch tasks, which are characterized by their release time, due date and resource demand, in a cloud datacenter while respecting the aforementioned power envelope. The data utilized for the batch tasks comes from datacenter traces, containing CPU, memory and network values. The power envelopes considered, represent an estimation which would be provided by a power decision module and is the expected power production based on weather forecasts. The aim is to maximize the Quality of Service with a variable constraint on electrical power. Furthermore, we explore a workload composed by batch and services, where the resources consumption varies over time. The traces utilized for the service tasks originate from business critical datacenter. In this case we rely on the concept of phases, where each significant resource change in the resources consumption constitutes a new phase of the given task. In this task model phases could also receive less resources than requested. The reduction of resources can impact the QoS and consequently the datacenter profit. In this approach we also include the concept of cross-correlation to evaluate where to place a task under a power curve, and what is the best node to place tasks together (i.e. sharing resources). Finally, considering the previous workload of batch tasks and services, we present an approach towards handling unexpected events in the datacenter. More specifically we focus on IT related events such as tasks arriving at any given time, demanding more or less resources than expected, or having a different finish time than what was initially expected. We adapt the proposed algorithms to take actions depending on which event occurs, e.g. task degradation to reduce the impact on the datacenter profit
Clerjon, Arthur. "Analyse et modélisation des impacts du développement des énergies renouvelables intermittentes sur le système électrique Français : Etude du potentiel du stockage de l’électricité, et de la complémentarité avec la chaleur." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI022.
Full textFrance aims to massively develop intermittent renewable energies --- wind and photovoltaic --- while reducing the share of dispatchable sources, in this case, nuclear power. This paradigm shift implies rethinking the management of energy systems. Indeed, renewables' variable nature generates a need for flexibility on different time-scales, from day to year. As dispatchable means' flexibility can no longer be relied on, this thesis questions the potential of other means to meet this need: electricity storage, oversized production and heating networks.Faced with the need for a systemic approach, we developed simple models to enhance the understanding of the interdependencies between production and storage. The optimized indicators are economic (€), but also environmental: embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions over the entire life cycle. The performances of the systems considered are those of today and their development is limited by resource and space availability. Without going into the precise details of how each technology works, this physical approach points out optimal operation areas for the different technologies and the difficult cases for which solutions are still lacking.First, the need for flexibility generated for different intermittency penetration rates is quantified for several time scales. It enables us to compare the potential of different electricity storage technologies --- at each of these scales --- to bring production and consumption in phase. The results show that long time-scales --- typically seasonal storage --- require the largest investments for low profitability. The competition mechanisms between several storages and oversizing are then analyzed. It shows how the optimum solutions use complementary flexibility means. The study then addresses the potential of coupling between the electrical grid and the heating grid as a means of flexibility, particularly for the management of long-term needs.This thesis work focuses on the French scale, although the methodology is applicable elsewhere
Pierre, André Albert Bernard. "Etude des mécanismes de vieillissement des interfaces de batteries Lithium-ion appliquées aux énergies renouvelables." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3001/document.
Full textDevelopment of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic or wind energy is limited by the intermittent nature of these energy sources. This intermittent nature results in the mismatch between production and consumption peaks. As a result, the storage of electrical energy plays an essential role to manage this mismatch. To this aim, lithium-ion technology appears as a good candidate among other ways of electrochemical storage of energy. However the targeted applications require much greater life span than those commonly admitted for portable electronics or electric vehicles. Battery performances, e.g. rechargeable capacity, should be preserved over 15 or 20 years. This PhD thesis aims at studying the long-term aging mechanisms of Li-ion batteries made up of lamellar oxides Li(NixMnyCo1 x y)O2 at the positive electrode and graphite at the negative electrode. We focused on the electrode/electrolyte interfaces which are the major place of aging processes. The work has been performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), two complementary techniques especially adapted to the study of interfaces, the former giving access to the chemical environments of atoms at the surface, the latter giving the answer of a system to a sinusoidal electric current with various frequencies. An important technical constraint was the difference between the targeted life span for the application (20 years) and the duration of the thesis (3 years). In order to simulate long-term aging the batteries were submitted to electrochemical stress in much harder conditions than in normal use. XPS and EIS characterizations were constantly related to evolution of electrochemical performances of batteries. This study allowed us during the duration of the project to bring improvements to batteries in order to obtain a better response to aging mechanisms regarding retention of electrochemical performances: e.g. change of electrodes or electrolyte formulation, change of active materials composition, etc
Vergnol, Arnaud. "Intégration dans le réseau électrique et le marché de l'électricité de production décentralisée d'origine renouvelable : gestion des congestions locales." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586084.
Full textSaadon, Syamimi. "Modeling and simulation of a ventilated building integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) envelope." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0049.
Full textThe demand of energy consumed by human kind has been growing significantly over the past 30 years. Therefore, various actions are taken for the development of renewable energy and in particular solar energy. Many technological solutions have then been proposed, such as solar PV/T collectors whose objective is to improve the PV panels performance by recovering the heat lost with a heat removal fluid. The research for the improvement of the thermal and electrical productivities of these components has led to the gradual integration of the solar components into building in order to improve their absorbing area. Among technologies capable to produce electricity locally without con-tributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) releases is building integrated PV systems (BIPV). However, when exposed to intense solar radiation, the temperature of PV modules increases significantly, leading to a reduction in efficiency so that only about 14% of the incident radiation is converted into electrical energy. The high temperature also decreases the life of the modules, thereby making passive cooling of the PV components through natural convection a desirable and cost-effective means of overcoming both difficulties. A numerical model of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of natural convection of air is therefore undertaken so as to provide reliable information for the design of BIPV. A simplified numerical model is used to model the PVT collector so as to gain an understanding of the complex processes involved in cooling of integrated photovoltaic arrays in double-skin building surfaces. This work addresses the numerical simulation of a semi-transparent, ventilated PV façade designed for cooling in summer (by natural convection) and for heat recovery in winter (by mechanical ventilation). For both configurations, air in the cavity between the two building skins (photovoltaic façade and the primary building wall) is heated by transmission through transparent glazed sections, and by convective and radiative exchange. The system is simulated with the aid of a reduced-order multi-physics model adapted to a full scale arrangement operating under real conditions and developed for the TRNSYS software environment. Validation of the model and the subsequent simulation of a building-coupled system are then presented, which were undertaken using experimental data from the RESSOURCES project (ANR-PREBAT 2007). This step led, in the third chapter to the calculation of the heating and cooling needs of a simulated building and the investigation of impact of climatic variations on the system performance. The results have permitted finally to perform the exergy and exergoeconomic analysis
Raynaud, Damien. "Hydroclimatic variability and the integration of renewable energy in Europe : multiscale evaluation of the supply-demand balance for various energy sources and mixes." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU036/document.
Full textIn the context of climate change, the integration of renewables in electric power systems is one of the main challenges of the coming decades. Climate-Related-Energy sources (CRE - solar, wind and hydro power) can contribute to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. However, they exhibit large spatio-temporal fluctuations and the associated intermittent electricity generation often leads to an incomplete supply-demand balance. This study aims to evaluate the meteorological feasibility of developing an electric power system that would only rely on CRE sources. We focus on the multi-scale spatio-temporal fluctuations of these renewables by assuming a balance between mean electricity production and mean energy load. We develop and use CRE-mix, a suite of models able to convert meteorological conditions into CRE time series. It gives an assessment the spatio-temporal fluctuations of power production and energy demand, resulting from the multi-scale hydro-climatic variability. For a set of European regions, we assess the ease of integration of CRE sources, regarding their temporal consistency with energy demand. For each CRE source and multiple CRE mixes, we consider in turn (i) the mean penetration rate (PE), which quantifies the proportion of satisfied demand over a long period and (ii) the characteristics of low penetration periods, defined as sequences of days for which the penetration rate is lower than a given threshold. This study proves that single CRE sources have difficulty to meet the energy demand and suffer from long low penetration periods, due to their multi-scale temporal variations. However, using some integrating factors (multi-sources, storage systems, inter-regions electric power transmission), efficiently improves the reliability of CRE-based power systems with PE rates close to 100% and rare low penetration periods.These analyses, based on a 30-yr period, are extended to the entire 20th century in order to assess the low frequency fluctuations of CRE sources resulting from the internal variability of climate. Long regional series of production and demand, were generated thanks to the development of a statistical downscaling method based on atmospheric analogues (SCAMP). It simulates physically-consistent multivariate series of meteorological parameters. The results demonstrate that these fluctuations are related to some large scale oceano-climatic oscillations. Moreover, the multi-decennial variations of hydro power are particularly large: changes in PE rates exceeding 15% from one decade to the other and uneven energy droughts characteristics.Finally, we evaluate the relevance of the CRE sources under future climate conditions. SCAMP is used to produce downscaled projections of meteorological drivers of CRE sources for the 21st century from a selection of CMIP5 climate models. The resulting scenarios for precipitation are not consistent with other studies focusing of the future modifications of this variable in Europe. The application of SCAMP in a perfect-model approach seems to indicate that the large-scale-meteorology/local-precipitation relationship is changing in the course of the 21st century, for all total, convective and stratiform precipitation
Carriere, Thomas. "Towards seamless value-oriented forecasting and data-driven market valorisation of photovoltaic production." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM019.
Full textThe decarbonation of electricity production on a global scale is a key element in responding to the pressures of different environmental issues. In addition, the decrease in the costs of the photovoltaic (PV) sector is paving the way for a significant increase in PV production worldwide. The main objective of this thesis is then to maximize the income of a PV energy producer under uncertainty of market prices and production. For this purpose, a probabilistic forecast model of short (5 minutes) and medium (24 hours) term PV production is proposed. This model is coupled with a market participation method that maximizes income expectation. In a second step, the coupling between a PV plant and a battery is studied, and a sensitivity analysis of the results is carried out to study the profitability and sizing of such systems. An alternative participation method is proposed, for which an artificial neural network learns to participate with or without batteries in the electricity market, thus simplifying the process of PV energy valuation by reducing the number of models required
Azzouni, Anis. "Politique énergétique et énergies renouvelables en Europe du nord, dans le cadre du développement durable." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040003.
Full textOur new challenge is to succeed in protecting the environment; we have to reduce our energy consumption. The development of renewable energies will decrease greenhouse gases and our energy consumption. The Nordic countries have set up a different energy policy, depending on their own natural resources and know-how. It’s not easy to reduce energy consumption when needs are increasing. Political choices are very important, especially during this crisis period. We must use this new green revolution to revitalize the economy, create employment and build a good sustainable development, which respects the environment and society. The Nordic countries share the same culture, history and language, but their energy policies are different. Norway has chosen hydrocarbons, Denmark wind power, Sweden and Finland nuclear power and Iceland geothermal energy. These choices have always been an argument for the reduction of greenhouse gases, even if the reality is sometimes different. The Nordic countries are setting a good example to the world in sustainable development and showing a new way of life and thinking for the next generations
Amicarelli, Elvira. "Stratégies de gestion des réseaux électriques intelligents à fort taux de production renouvelable distribuée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT056/document.
Full textIn 2007 with the renewable energy directive, the European Union established the development of a low-carbon economy. This directive aims to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the energy produced by renewable energy. Already today, the massive diffusion of renewable systems is tangible in the European electricity mix. However, in spite of their potential benefits, their large-scale integration leads to new technical and regulatory questions. Consequently, new management strategies need to be developed and applied in order to ensure a reliable and economical operation of the system. Microgrids are considered to be one of the most effective and flexible solutions able to meet these new needs.The main goals of this thesis are the conceptualization, development and implementation of different management strategies for microgrids. The algorithms developed aim to facilitate the massive integration of renewables and at the same time lead to an effective and economic operation of the systems. A new architecture of distribution grids based on cluster of microgrids was proposed. Each microgrid is composed of a number of renewable-based and conventional generation systems, storage systems and consumption. An optimal and distributed energy management strategy was then defined and developed. This strategy allows to manage the short-term energy management and real-time control of microgrids by using the connected sources in a smart and cost-efficient way. A multi-agent system and the mixed integer linear optimization technique were used for the implementation of this strategy.From a global point of view, each microgrid is seen as a coherent entity, which can support network operation by using its flexible and aggregated sources. Hence, the second part of this thesis aims to understand how distribution grids can exploit these cluster of microgrids and their properties. Different mechanisms for the active management of distribution grids are conceptualized from the technical and economical point of view. A new strategy based on hierarchical management of different smart levels allow to reduce the complexity of the system and to implement a more flexible and extensible system, thanks to a more local use of model knowledge and users behaviour. On the end, the theoretical work were tested on an experimental test-bed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed theories
Bourry, Franck. "Gestion des incertitudes liées à la production d'énergie renouvelable dans le cadre des marchés de l'électricité." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508345.
Full textAvril, Sophie. "A multidisciplinary approach to the introduction of the solar photovoltaic technologies in the energy mix." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0057.
Full textThe energetic issue is on the top of the political agenda in many countries, for environmental reasons, for its driving role in all the economic sectors, as well as for the energetic independency concerns. This problematic is stressed by the increasing weight of renewable intermittent power sources in the global energy mix. In particular, due to its high potential and the strong national policy support it beneficiated, solar photovoltaic energy is now a key player in the world energy mutation, and the way it is integrated into the global mix should be carefully performed. To deeply understand the way solar energy can penetrate and transform the forthcoming energy framework, we adopted a three-level strategy with an multidisciplinary approach to provide some answers to the following questions: i/ how can we situate the photovoltaic power role in future energy mixes?; ii/ due to its main drawback, intermittency, could we provide an optimal design of a system combining storage devices?; iii/ what is the efficiency of the incentive policies that are or have been implemented to accelerate its deployment?That is why, in a first chapter, the peculiar position of the solar photovoltaic energy in the energy mix is analyzed. After recalling the general issue of future global energetic mixes, we propose a brief description of the different photovoltaic technologies and their promising evolutions in terms of technical improvements and cost reductions. Then, we describe the fast growing photovoltaic market and its consequences both on the electricity mix and the industry sector.In the second chapter we investigate the issue of integrating such an intermittent energy in the electricity mix, by developing a multicriteria evaluation methodology and a multicriteria under constraint optimization tool which simulates a system composed of photovoltaic panels and storage devices. Applications on a real case in the Cirque de Mafate (L’île de la Réunion, France) are presented to illustrate the interest of our method.Finally, in chapter three, we question the efficiency of different public support policies to the photovoltaic technologies in the most relevant countries. We focus on correlating the installed power capacity with the spent public money and the electricity prices
Gerin-Jean, Marie. "Bureaucratisation néolibérale dans le développement : la gouvernance des partenariats public-privé Euro-Méditerranéens pour les énergies renouvelables au Maroc." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H112/document.
Full textThis thesis proposes a study of State transformation and of the exercise of power from the observation of political instruments used to develop the big Moroccan solar power plants. This work is based on two long participative observations, which consist of a double ethnography of development in the public institution beneficiary of the aid as well as in the institutions that control this aid. I summon up both public policy sociology and studies in management and in economic sociology on finance and Public - Private Partnerships. The Public – Private Partnership contractualisation seems to become a new mode of public policy in favour of aid to development. Besides, the choice of a type of contract, of a type of mode of financing, are political choices as well. Euro-Mediterranean policies for the renewable energy studied in this thesis illustrate a shift of state-centered public policies towards a multilevel public policy. The analysis of the making of tools and instruments of the Mediterranean Solar Plan highlights a mode of governance based on consensus and expertification. The framing of the public policy for renewable energy in Morocco is erected by private and public actors and leads to the diffusion of the formalities coming from big companies and from the financial market.Compelled by these actors, the Moroccan solar energy market has been institutionalized since 2009, in keeping with a process of neoliberal bureaucratization. In this institutionnalisation, international financial institutions and private consortiums convey, through their expertise and their participation to public policy, many political instruments. This instrumentalization goes through competitive and international calls for tender, loans for economic development aids, or climate change funds, and at last contractual solutions such as Public-Private Partnership. The synergy between aid to development instruments and the policies in favour of renewable energylead to a transformation of the modes of government and of the role of State. The use of these aids to development and private expertise instruments allows bureaucratic regulation and control, as Weber says, of the solar energy market. The Moroccan energetic transition policy takes part to the strengthening of monopolies in Moroccan energy and to its centralization
Tsuchiya, Miyuki. "Gouverner l'énergie : la dynamique de changement des politiques publiques de l'électricité d'origine nucléaire et renouvelable. Une comparaison entre la France et le Japon." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020075.
Full textWhile a widespread crisis would cause significant changes in public policies, nuclear accidents underline an inertia effect in the energy system in France and Japan. These cases lay out the maintenance of the position of dominant stakeholders within the system. Nevertheless, the particular focusing event of Fukushima appears to be an important driver of change in a system with strong path dependency, and disrupts the power balance of stakeholders. The change then goes beyond energy issues. In addition to the governance stakes, this thesis examines the significant alterations of the electricity market under the liberalisation dynamics . It also analyses the governance of energy policy and the consequences of the electricity market from domestic and European perspectives
Aassouli, Dalal. "L'eau, le soleil et le vent : des énergies pour le monde. Quels modes de financement "éthiques" ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN001.
Full textThe observation of the economic, social and environmental challenges facing humanity today leads us to reconsider the models of economic growth pursued, to recognise their limitations and to give a critical assessment of human governance and his way of exploiting the world’s resources. The thesis seeks to demonstrate how the depletion of natural resources and the use of the main renewable energy sources, namely water, sun and wind can be used to deepen the understanding of man's relationship with the environment, the compromise between his freedom and responsibility and the moral principles that must govern his conduct. These challenges highlight the urgency of a critical thinking on the financial activity today and its contribution to the real and sustainable development of the economy. Thus, this work proposes to explore few examples of the contemporary integration of "ethical" principles in the financing modes of projects related to the use of water, sun and wind. We first give an assessment of the modes of financing and investment called ethical or alternative. We consider, in particular, socially responsible investing, sustainable capital markets, financial inclusion institutions, multilateral development banks and participatory finance. The objective is to examine how ethical principles can be integrated into the modern financing modes of green and sustainable projects, i.e. how the financial expertise integrates the concerns for climate change and renewable energies globally. This analysis also demonstrates the growing interest in issues related to sustainability and social justice, although their effective implementation can sometimes be questioned
Villavicencio, Manuel. "Analyzing the optimal development of electricity storage in electricity markets with high variable renewable energy shares." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED044/document.
Full textThe increasing variability of electricity production in Europe, which is mainly due to the intermittent production of renewables such as wind and photovoltaic (VRE), will require significant efforts to reconcile demand and supply at all times. Thus, increasing shares of variability imply increasing amounts of system services. In addition to upgraded interconnections, demand-side management (DSM) and dispatchable backup capacity, electric energy storage (EES) technologies will have a major role to play in this context.However, due to the peculiar price formation mechanism prevailing in energy-only electricity markets, the commercial case for EES is being eroded by the very forces that create the need for its increased deployment at the system level. The private incentives of EES are thus diminishing while its social value, which is determined by the multiple system services these technologies can supply, is increasing.This thesis sets out to (1) model and assess the interplays between variability, flexibility needs and decarbonization objectives, (2) analyze the role and the value of EES technologies in view of the French official objectives by 2020, 2030 and 2050, and (3) discuss regulatory aspects, and propose a set of energy policies allowing to succeed in the energy transition and decarbonization goals
Darras, C. "Modélisation de systèmes hybrides photovoltaïque/hydrogène : applications site isolé, micro-réseau et connexion au réseau électrique dans le cadre du projet PEPITE (ANR PAN-H)." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00591013.
Full textTinsi, Laura. "Modeling and optimal strategies in short-term energy markets." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAG005.
Full textThis thesis focuses on providing theoretical tools to help in the development and management of intermittent renewable energy in short term electricity markets.In the first part, we develop a tractable equilibrium model for price formation in intraday electricity markets. For this, we propose a non cooperative game between several producers interacting in the market and facing an intermittent renewable production. Using stochastic control and game theory, we derive explicit optimal strategies for these producers as well as a closed form equilibrium price for different information structures and player characteristics. Our model allows to reproduce and explain the main stylized features of the intraday market such as the specific time dependence of volatility and the correlation between the price and the renewable production forecasts.In the second part, we study dynamic probabilistic forecasts in the diffusion framework. We propose several stochastic differential equation models to capture the dynamic evolution of the uncertainty associated to a forecast, derive the associated predictive densities and calibrate the model on real meteorological data. We then apply it to the problem of a wind energy producer receiving sequential updates of the probabilistic forecasts of the wind speed used to predict her production and make trading decisions in the market. We show to what extent this method can outperform the use of point forecasts in decision-making processes.Finally, in the last part, we propose to study the propertiesof aggregated shallow neural networks. We explore thePAC-Bayesian framework as an alternative to the classicalempirical risk minimization approach. We focus on Gaussianpriors and derive non-asymptotic risk bounds for theaggregated neural networks. These bounds yield minimaxrates of estimation over Sobolev smoothness classes.This analysis also provides a theoretical basis for tuning theparameters and offers new perspectives for applicationsof aggregated neural networks to practical high dimensionalproblems increasingly present in energy decision problemsinvolving renewables or storage
Roux, Marjorie. "Formes de l'adoption d'une innovation "énergétique" : Analyse sociologique de la diffusion des énergies renouvelables décentralisées en France et au Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H008.
Full textIn January 2008, the European Commission votes the "Climate and Energy Package", which forces the 27 Member States to achieve three goals by 2020: reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; 20% of EU energy consumption to come from renewable resources, 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. This directive is reflected in the member states through national programs of development of renewable energy sources. In this context, our research focuses on the conditions of their diffusion in France and in the UK. As decentralized renewables, they have to cope with technical, material and symbolic barriers which give them an "alternative" status. This research seeks to analyze the systems of actions associated with the decision, the acquisition and the integration of four decentralized renewable technologies in the domestic space: solar thermal heating systems, photovoltaics, heat pumps, as well as mini-wind turbines in the UK. In analyzing these renewable networks, we seek to identify the social conditions surrounding the spread of these technological innovations to individual households. In a meso-social and a micro-social perspective, our research focuses on five groups of actors, belonging to the spheres of government, market, civil society, adopters and non-adopters who interrupted their process of acquisition