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Kramers, Anna. "Smart Cities and Climate Targets : Reducing cities' energy use with ICT and travel information." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152821.
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This thesis examines use of ICT in helping to reduce energy use in cities, thereby contributing to sustainable development and achievement of cities’ climate targets. It explores how targets can be developed in a consistent and transparent way, how to identify the main ICT ‘hotspots’ as regards reducing citizens’ energy use and how they can be included in city planning. Implementation of mobility management principles and climate targets was tested in two existing solutions, a traveller information system and a flexible work hub solution. Four key methodological considerations when setting climate targets for cities were identified. These concerned decisions on: target setting object, temporal scope, units and target range. A tool was developed for identifying promising ICT hotspots. The tool can also be used to monitor implementation of ICT solutions and the associated technological and socio-technical difficulties. In a case study in Greater Stockholm, the ICT hotspots identified were intelligent building heating systems, intelligent transport system and potential transformation of the physical environment (buildings and roads) enabled by ICT solutions. Two aspects of planning identified as crucial for successful implementation of energy saving ICT solutions were studied in detail: i) Timing of ICT-related decisions in the planning process; and ii) the actor networks needed to implement the ICT solutions and their management. There are few decision points in the current planning process, so the municipality as property owner and its decision-making process are of crucial importance. Two collaborative approaches to govern, network governance and coordination through meta-governance as a way of indirect steering, are proposed. An investigation of nine traveller information systems and a case study in Stockholm of flexible work hub solutions revealed that mobility management approaches to reduce transport demand and encourage environmentally friendly transport modes are poorly reflected in the implementation. To support mobility management approaches, traveller information systems should primarily offer, or be integrated with, other solutions that support the choices “no travel” and “shorter journey”. Flexible work hubs should be located in local nodes closer to people’s homes. The main conclusions from this work were that ICT solutions can be modified to support achievement of cities’ climate targets and that climate targets must be defined using transparent methodology that clarifies the target content, ensuring that the most promising energy saving ICT solutions are implemented.<br>Denna avhandling undersöker hur informations- och kommunikationsteknologi (IKT) kan användas till att bidra till minskning av energianvändning i städer och därmed bidra till att nå städers klimatmål. Den undersöker hur städers klimatmål kan utvecklas på ett konsekvent och transparent sätt, hur de mest lovande IKT-lösningarna kan identifieras när det gäller att minska invånarnas energianvändning och hur de kan ingå i stadsplanering. Genomförande av principer för mobility management samt samhälleliga mål testas i två befintliga lösningar, - ett resenärsinformationssystem och en flexibel arbetsplatslösning. Fyra centrala metodologiska överväganden för att bestämma städers klimatmål identifieras. Dessa gäller: föremålet för målformuleringen, den tidsmässiga omfattningen, mätenheten och målets räckvidd. Ett verktyg togs fram för att identifiera de IKT- lösningarna som är mest lovande vad gäller att minska stadsbornas energianvändning. Verktyget kan också användas för att observera de identifierade IKT-lösningarnas utnyttjandegrad samt de tekniska och sociotekniska svårigheter som är förenade med införande. I en fallstudie i Storstockholmsområdet identifierades de IKT-lösningar som var mest lovande: intelligenta värmesystem för byggnader, intelligenta transportsystem samt den potentiella förändringen av den fysiska miljön (byggnader och vägar) som görs möjliggörs av IKT-lösningar. Två aspekter av planering som identifierats som avgörande för ett framgångsrikt införande av energibesparande IKT-lösningar har studerats i detalj: i) Tidpunkten för IKT-relaterade beslut i planeringsprocessen; och ii) de aktörsnätverk som behövs för att införa och förvalta IKT-lösningarna. Det finns få beslutspunkter i den aktuella planeringen vilket gör att beslutsprocessen och kommunens roll som fastighetsägare är av avgörande betydelse. Två strategier för samarbete föreslås, styrning genom samordning i nätverk och samordning via metastyrning (indirekt styrning). En undersökning av nio reseplanerare och en fallstudie i Stockholm av flexibla arbetsplatslösningar visade att mobility management metoder för att minska efterfrågan på transporter och uppmuntra miljövänliga transportsätt inte återspeglas tillräckligt i genomförandet. För att stödja mobility management-principer bör resenärsinformations-system främst erbjuda, eller integreras med andra lösningar som stödjer valen "ingen resa" och "kortare resa". Hubbar för flexibla arbetsplatser bör placeras i lokala noder närmare bostäder. De viktigaste slutsatserna i denna avhandling är att IKT-lösningar kan modifieras för att stödja städers klimatmål och att klimatmål måste definieras med hjälp av transparenta metoder för att säkerställa att de mest lovande IKT-lösningar för energiminskning införs.<br><p>QC 20141002</p>
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Proença, Sara Isabel Azevedo. "Impact assessment of energy and climate policies : a hybrid botton-up general equilibrium model (HyBGem) for Portugal." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6126.
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Doutoramento em Economia<br>Climate change mitigation and the imperative of a new sustainable energy paradigm are among the greatest challenges facing the world today, and they are high on the priority list of policy makers as well as within the scientific community. In this context significant efforts are being made in the design and implementation of energy and carbon mitigation policies at both European and national level. Evidence of this can be seen in the recent adoption by the EU of an integrated climate and energy policy that setts ambitious binding targets to be achieved by 2020 – known as the 20-20-20 targets of the EU Climate and Energy Package. Undoubtedly, the cost of these policies can be substantially reduced if a comprehensive impact assessment is made of the most efficient and cost-effective policy measures and technological options. Policy impact assessment therefore plays an important role in supporting the energy and climate decision-making process. This is the context of and motivation for the research presented in this thesis. The first part of the thesis, the conceptual framework, describes the development of the Hybrid Bottom-up General Equilibrium Model (HyBGEM) for Portugal, as a decision-support tool to assist national policy makers in conducting energy and climate policy analysis. HyBGEM is a single integrated, multi-sector, hybrid top-down/bottom-up general equilibrium E3 model formulated as a mixed complementarity problem. The second part of the thesis, the empirical analysis, provides an impact assessment of Portugal’s 2020 energy-climate policy targets under the EU Climate and Energy Package commitments, based on the HyBGEM model and the baseline projections previously developed. Five policy scenarios have been modelled and simulated to evaluate the economic, environmental and technological impacts on Portugal of complying with its individual 2020 carbon emissions and renewable energy targets. Furthermore, insights are gained into how these targets interact with each other, what are the most efficient and cost-effective policy options, and how alternative pathways affect the extent of policy-induced effects.
The numerical analysis reveals that Portugal’s 2020 energy-climate targets can be achieved without significant compliance costs. A major challenge for policy makers is to promote an effective decarbonisation of the electricity generation sector through renewable-based technologies. There is evidence that the compliance costs of Portugal’s low carbon target in 2020 are significantly higher than the costs of achieving the national RES-E target, given that imposing carbon emissions constraints and subsidising renewable electricity generation via a feed-in tariffs scheme both have a similar impact on economy-wide emissions. This result suggests that the most cost-effective policy option to achieve the national energy-climate targets is to promote renewable power generation technologies, recommending that policy makers should proceed with the mechanisms that support it. The transition to a ‘greener’ economy is thus central to the ongoing fight against climate change. There is also evidence that emission market segmentation as imposed by the current EU-ETS creates substantial excess costs compared to uniform emissions pricing through a comprehensive cap-and-trade system. The economic argument on counterproductive overlapping regulation is not corroborated by the findings. Furthermore, there is no potential for a double dividend arising from environmental tax reforms. To conclude, the results highlight the critical importance of market distortions and revenue-recycling schemes, together with baseline projections in policy impact assessment.<br>A mitigação das alterações climáticas e o imperativo de um novo paradigma energético sustentável estão entre os maiores desafios que o mundo de hoje enfrenta, surgindo no topo da lista de prioridades quer dos decisores políticos quer da comunidade científica. Neste contexto, têm sido envidados esforços significativos na conceção e aplicação de políticas energéticas e de mitigação de carbono, tanto a nível europeu como nacional. A recente adoção de uma política integrada da UE em matéria de clima e energia, com objetivos ambiciosos a serem alcançados até 2020 – os denominados objetivos 20-20-20 do Pacote Clima-Energia da UE, é prova disso. Não há dúvida de que o custo destas políticas pode ser substancialmente reduzido se for feita uma avaliação global das medidas e das opções tecnológicas mais eficientes e com melhor relação custo-eficácia. A avaliação de impacto das políticas desempenha assim um papel importante no apoio à tomada de decisão em matéria energética e climática.
São estes o contexto e a motivação para a investigação apresentada nesta tese. A primeira parte da tese, referente à estrutura conceptual, descreve o desenvolvimento do modelo HyBGEM – Hybrid Bottom-up General Equilibrium Model, concebido para Portugal. Trata-se de uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão em matéria de políticas de energia-clima. O HyBGEM é um modelo E3 de equilíbrio geral, com uma estrutura híbrida top-down/bottom-up integrada, multi-setorial e formulado como um problema de complementaridade mista. A segunda parte da tese, referente à análise empírica, apresenta uma avaliação de impacto das políticas de energia-clima para Portugal no quadro dos compromissos assumidos no Pacote Clima-Energia da UE, com base no modelo HyBGEM e em projeções de base previamente construídas. Foram modelados e simulados cinco cenários de política para avaliar os impactos económicos, ambientais e tecnológicos do cumprimento das metas nacionais traçadas para 2020 em matéria de limitação de emissões de carbono e promoção das energias renováveis. Avalia-se também o modo como estes objetivos interagem entre si, quais são as opções de política mais eficientes e custo-eficazes, e em que medida opções alternativas influenciam a magnitude dos impactos. A análise numérica revela que as metas energia-clima 2020 para Portugal podem ser alcançadas sem incorrer em custos de cumprimento significativos. O desafio fundamental que se coloca aos decisores políticos consiste em impulsionar a descarbonização do setor de produção de energia elétrica através de tecnologias de energia renovável. Existe evidência de que os custos de cumprimento da meta de redução de carbono são significativamente mais elevados que os custos de cumprimento da meta de FER-E, sendo que a imposição de restrições às emissões e a subsidiação da produção de eletricidade a partir de fontes de energia renovável (regime de tarifas feed-in) têm um impacto semelhante sobre o total de emissões. Este resultado sugere que a promoção das tecnologias de base renovável no sistema energético nacional é a opção com melhor relação custo-eficácia para a concretização dos objetivos nacionais energia-clima para 2020, instando os decisores políticos a prosseguir com os mecanismos de apoio existentes. A transição para uma economia mais ‘verde’ afigura-se assim fundamental no combate em curso contra as alterações climáticas. A análise revela também que a segmentação do mercado de emissões imposta pelo atual CELE gera custos adicionais substanciais quando comparada com um sistema de direitos de emissão uniforme. O argumento económico de que a sobreposição de regulamentação é contraproducente não é corroborado pelos resultados. A expectativa de um duplo dividendo decorrente das reformas fiscais em matéria ambiental não foi confirmada. Os resultados destacam ainda a importância crítica das distorções de mercado, dos sistemas de reciclagem de receitas e das projeções de base, para a avaliação de impacto das políticas.
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Marei, Ibrahim Fatehi Ibrahim. "The law and policy for electricity generated by renewable energy: Greening the power in three Middle Eastern jurisdictions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92279/4/Ibrahim_Marei_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines the law and policy concerning renewable energy electricity generation in Palestine, Jordan, and Abu Dhabi. The thesis gives greater attention to the promotion of solar power owing to the abundance and viability. It appears that energy security profoundly underpins the utilisation of renewable electricity, and the motivation of climate change mitigation also pays a role in the promotion of renewable energy in these jurisdictions. However, current policies and regulations are not fully able to promote the renewables in the power sector. The thesis submits that reforms of law and policy are necessary to enhance the achievement of environmental and energy goals.
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Smith, Melissa. "Transitioning the Energy Sector : A Study on the Philippines and the Challenges of Meeting International Climate Targets." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-396486.
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Climate change has become a catalyst for global action on greenhouse gas emissions. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change orchestrated the Paris Agreement to propel the international community towards implementing definitive carbon abatement plans. These policy commitments are known as Nationally Determined Contributions. However, as of yet many signatories to the Agreement are struggling to align their mitigation pledge with domestic policies. The energy sector is one of the key industries implicit in this carbon abatement process. New energy policies will need to be radically reoriented towards a low-carbon trajectory. In the literature, this pursuit is classed as a socio-technical transition. The Philippines is severely vulnerable to the risks posed by extreme weather patterns exaggerated by increasing temperatures. The country has actively engaged with the climate change discourse but recent trends demonstrate a reversal in low-carbon energy sector planning. Its status as an emerging economy with high potential GDP growth rates increases the urgency to act now to avoid becoming locked-in to an outdated energy system. A discourse and thematic analysis was conducted on key Philippine government texts concerning future energy policy. The approach enabled an exploration of the mechanisms underlying power sector governance in the context of the Paris Agreement. The multi-level perspective provided a conceptual framework for the findings, and enabled the identification of relationships and antagonism within discourses linked to energy system. This framework breaks down the system into three tiers and facilitates analysis of the interplay between landscape pressures, regime resistance and niche experimentation. The results indicated a disparity between the two government agencies on the necessity of low-carbon sector planning. The Philippine Climate Change Commission correlated the benefits of carbon abatement much more closely with the wider goals of sustainable development. The department of energy meanwhile advocated fossil fuel capacity building to meet economic requirements. Divergence in storylines led to a poor alignment between domestic energy policy and the aims of the Paris Agreement. An appreciation of the barriers to a unified overarching mitigation discourse, will assist in the creation of long-term abatement strategies required by the Paris Agreement.
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TODESCHI, VALERIA. "Urban-Scale Energy Modeling to Promote Smart Solutions for Sustainable and Resilient Cities." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2966333.
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Pietzcker, Robert Carl [Verfasser], Gunnar [Akademischer Betreuer] Luderer, Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, and Christian von [Akademischer Betreuer] Hirschhausen. "Achieving stringent climate targets : an analysis of the role of transport and variable renewable energies using energy economy climate models / Robert Carl Pietzcker. Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer ; Christian von Hirschhausen. Betreuer: Gunnar Luderer." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069578401/34.
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Kramers, Anna. "Contribution of ICT to Climate Targets of Cities : Exploring the potential of Information and Communication Technologies in reducing emissions and energy use from buildings and travel." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-100479.
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This thesis examines how ICT solutions can assist in lowering energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from buildings and travel in order to help cities meet their climate targets. It also provides an overview of relevant research intended to furnish new knowledge about the issues involved and to find solutions to social problems. The first part of the thesis provides an analysis and compilation of critical system boundaries that need to be used for cities to set targets for energy use and GHG emissions. The climate targets of cities are dependent on setting system boundaries and establishing methods of calculations for monitoring whether the targets have been achieved. Today, there is no official standard for how the system boundaries must be set or what calculation methodologies to apply to evaluate the climate targets. Four main categories of system boundaries were identified: the temporal scope, the object of target setting, the unit of target setting, and the target range (e.g. consumer-producer and lifecycle perspective). Eight European cities were examined in relation to how they set climate targets. The examination showed that awareness of what is included in the targets is limited and that there is a need for standardised and consistent protocols and methods of setting climate targets for cities. In the second part of the thesis, leading Advanced Traveller Information Systems (ATIS) and their functionalities were investigated. The relationship between individual decisions on different travel modes and functionalities of ATIS was investigated through a systematic investigation of the functionality of nine ATIS, mainly from Sweden, Germany, UK and USA. This allowed decisions that could lead to lower energy use and emissions of GHG to be identified. It also resulted in a proposal on requirements for new and improved functionality that could support a reduction in energy use and GHG emissions and a shift to renewable energy sources if implemented in next-generation ATIS. In the third part of the thesis, ICT applications that can be used to reduce energy use and GHG emissions of buildings within the already built environment were identified. In addition, a brief analysis was made of how different actors such as the tenant, the building owner and the energy provider can reduce energy usage in buildings by means of ICT solutions.<br>QC 20120809
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Fauré, Eléonore. "Sustainability goals combining social and environmental aspects." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöstrategisk analys (fms), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191524.
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This thesis examines how to take into account both environmental and social sustainability goals to be used in scenarios or in policymaking. In paper I, we select four sustainability goals that have to be fulfilled by 2050 in normative future scenarios for Sweden in a degrowth context. Two goals address ecological challenges, climate change and land use issues specifically. The other two goals address social issues and deal with participation and influence in society as well as resource security and distribution. The environmental goals will require significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and land use compared to today's levels. The social goals are within reach today, although the degree of fulfillment differs across different groups in society. In paper II, we review existing and suggested climate or energy targets at a global, national and local scale and search for justice perspectives or for proposals for such perspectives. We find that the justice aspect is not explicitly formulated in existing climate and energy targets and that, the community of justice i.e. the receivers of benefits or burdens, in our reviewed examples, is limited to human beings, thereby excluding all other living beings. In paper III, we assess how four different backcasting scenarios for land use in a Swedish context, all of which fulfil a climate target of zero CO2 emissions in 2060, impact on other sustainability goals. We conduct a goal conflict analysis between the chosen climate goal and the other Swedish environmental goals, the gender equity goals and the public health goal. We find that there are more potential goal conflicts in scenarios with no global climate agreement. From the results of all three papers, I then discuss several aspects that have to be taken into account when setting goals, such as the major uncertainties associated with long-term goals, the elusiveness, the normativity of goals and the need to separate goals from the means to achieve the goals.<br>Utsläpp av växthusgaser (GHG) och andra miljöproblem, såsom förlust av biologisk mångfald, markanvändning och övergödning av sötvatten och marina kustekosystem, är stora utmaningar för mänskligheten. De planetära gränser för dessa områden har redan överskridits. Av de 16 svenska miljömålen för 2020, vars syfte är att lösa dessa ödesfrågor, bedöms bara ett – "Ett skyddande ozonskikt" – uppnås i tid. Vad gäller sociala mål på global nivå fram till 2015 – FN:s Milleniemål – har visserligen betydande framsteg gjorts på en del områden, t.ex. jämställdhet i utbildningen, men utfallet skiljer sig mellan länder och inom länder med avseende på socioekonomisk grupp och kön. Denna avhandling undersöker hur man kan ta hänsyn till både miljömässiga och sociala hållbarhetsmål som ska användas i framtidsscenarier eller som underlag till beslutsfattande. I artikel I väljs fyra hållbarhetsmål i en tvärvetenskaplig process. Målen ska uppfyllas 2050 i s.k. normativa framtidsscenarier (backcasting) för Sverige i en kontext av nedväxt eller låg tillväxt. De två första målen handlar om klimatförändringar och markanvändningsfrågor. De två andra är sociala mål och omfattar delaktighet och inflytande i samhället samt tillgång till resurser och fördelning av dessa. För att uppnå de valda miljömålen, kommer drastiska minskningar av växthusgasutsläpp (GHG) och markanvändning att behövas, jämfört med dagens situation. Båda de sociala målen är inom räckhåll i dag, även om graden av uppfyllelse skiljer sig mellan olika grupper i samhället. I artikel II genomförs en kvalitativ dokumentanalys för att samla information om befintliga och föreslagna klimat- och energimål på global, nationell och lokal nivå. Vi letar också efter rättviseperspektiv i befintliga klimat- och energimål samt förslag till sådana perspektiv i föreslagna mål i den vetenskapliga litteraturen liksom i rapporter från miljöorganisationer. En slutsats är att rättvisa inte är uttryckligen formulerat i befintliga klimat- och energimål. Vi använder en teoretisk ram för social rättvisa som skiljer mellan vem som ger och får det som fördelas, vad som fördelas (rättvisevaluta) och hur det fördelas (distributionsprinciper). Utifrån vår analys fann vi att en egalitär princip används för de flesta föreslagna målen, exempelvis för globala mål om utsläpp av växthusgaser per capita. Samtliga av de granskade målen omfattar endast rättvisa mellan människor och exkluderar därmed andra levande varelser. I artikel III analyserar vi hur fyra olika backcastingscenarier för markanvändning i ett svenskt sammanhang år 2060 påverkar andra hållbarhetsmål när ett klimatmål om noll CO2-utsläpp är uppfyllt. Med hjälp av en matris gör vi en målkonfliktanalys med de övriga svenska miljömålen, jämställdhetsmål och mål för folkhälsan med dess 11 tillhörande målområden. Analysen visar att de potentiella målkonflikterna är fler i scenarier utan globalt klimatavtal. Detta beror främst på att vissa miljöfrågor måste behandlas på global nivå, samt att minskningen i miljöpåverkan kommer att bero på åtgärder som inte bara vidtagits i Sverige utan också globalt. Utifrån dessa tre artiklar diskuterar jag sedan olika aspekter som måste beaktas vid fastställandet av mål. Eftersom hållbarhetsmål är långsiktiga och kännetecknas av en hel del osäkerhet diskuterar jag behovet av att sätta upp "försiktigt utopiska mål" (cautiously utopian goals), det vill säga mål som kan vara omöjliga att uppnå, men möjliga att närma sig. Sådana mål kan få till stånd de djupgående förändringar som krävs för en hållbar och rättvis framtid samtidigt som de är acceptabla för de intressenter som berörs. Mål är ofta otydliga vad gäller vad som ingår eller inte. Vad gäller klimatmålen, exempelvis, är det ofta otydligt huruvida utsläpp från handel är inkluderade eller ej och vilket referensår en viss utsläppsminskning baseras på. Sådana avgränsningar bör synliggöras och helst diskuteras med avseende på hur de kan påverka till exempel andra länders utsläppsminskningar. Det finns också ett behov att skilja mål från medel för att uppnå målen, eftersom det gör det möjligt att formulera mål som kan uppnås på olika sätt. Ekonomisk tillväxt ses ofta som ett mål i sig, såsom i FN:s nya hållbarhetsmål (SDGs). Tillväxt borde dock betraktas som ett rent verktyg för att uppnå egentliga mål rörande, exempelvis, välbefinnande. Mål är också normativa och återspeglar både olika kulturella och etiska perspektiv på vad en god hälso- och sjukvård eller bostadsstandard bör vara. De underliggande värdena bör därför också synliggöras och ifrågasättas. Både inter- och intragenerationella rättviseperspektiv bör göras mer konkreta och tydliga så att sådana frågor kan följas upp. En bra start kan vara att förutom ett territoriellt perspektiv börja använda ett konsumtionsperspektiv vid upprättandet av klimat-eller markanvändningsmål, då effekten av vår konsumtion på andra länders miljö och hälsa har ökat under de senaste årtiondena.<br><p>QC 20160901</p><br>Beyond GDP Growth
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Glover, Robin Wallace. "Energy balance climate modelling." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308058.
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Li, Ang. "Energy demand and indoor climate of a traditional low-energy building in a hot climate." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Institutionen för teknik och byggd miljö, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6033.
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Energy demand in the built environment is quite important. China holds a large population and the energy use in the building sector is about 1/3. The rebuilding of old houses and building new low energy houses are becoming more and more popular in China. Low energy building not only consumes less energy, but also provides good indoor environment. An indoor climate software IDA is used in energy and indoor climate simulation. The traditional high isolated low energy house in a hot climate is analyzed, on a typical day in either summer or winter, or during the whole year. Energy consumptions under different parameters are presented. Results show that high isolated house may not always be suitable in a hot climate.
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Burnett, Dougal James. "Climate change and renewable energy portfolios." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6245.
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The UK has a commitment to reduce greenhouse gases by at least 80% from 1990 levels by 2050. This will see the proportion of energy generated in the UK from renewable resources such as wind, solar, marine and bio-fuels is increasing and likely to dominate the future energy market over the next few decades. However, it is unclear what effect future physical climate changes could have on the long term average energy output characteristics of individual renewable energy technologies that may dominate the low carbon energy technologies. It is also unclear how these changes to individual technologies will affect a diverse portfolio of electricity generation technologies. This thesis explores the influence of climate change on renewable electricity generation portfolios and energy security in the UK, with the aim of determining if climate change will affect renewable energy resource in such a way that may leave future low carbon generation portfolios sub-optimal. The research allows long term renewable resource variability to be reflected within models of the costs and risks associated with different electricity generation technologies and using Mean Variance Portfolio Theory (MVPT), it explores the influence of climate change on renewable energy portfolios and energy security in the UK. The scope of this study has a considerable range spanning from renewable resources through to the sensitivity of an optimal portfolio mix of generation technologies to climate change. In brief, the objectives were as follows: Characterise the variability of renewable energy resources and electricity generation output from renewable technology in the UK, in particular solar PV, on and offshore wind, for future climate scenarios for the 2050s and 2080s. Characterise the variability of electricity generation costs and explore the effect of climate change scenarios on generation costs and risk by examining the cost-risk balance of current and potential future low carbon electricity generation technology portfolios. The outcome saw distinctive changes in solar, wind, wave and hydro resource. The changes were largely negative, except in the case of solar, which increased. Levelised costs decreased for solar PV but increased for the technologies with negative resource changes. Evident changes in optimal portfolio mixes were observed and explored.
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Trotter, Ian Michael. "Essays on energy and climate change." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2016. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8651.
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-03<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Energy resource management is fundamental to the global economy and the well-being of its population. At the same time, changes in the climatic system threaten to deeply affect both the demand for energy and the energy supply. Firstly, it is important to understand how the existing resources can be used efficiently. Therefore, the first chapter of this thesis studies optimal operation a liquefied natural gas (LNG) importation terminal with storage, since LNG is increasingly being considered an key form of energy in the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. The main results suggest that the operation of existing infrastructure can be improved considerably. Secondly, we would like to know more about how vital societal functions could be affected by changes in the climate. In this respect, the second chapter investigates the impact of climate change on electricity demand: this chapter develops a method for incorporating weather uncertainty in electricity demand scenario generation under a non-stationary climate, then performs a case study using the method for the case of Brazil. In brief, the main results point to a significant increase in the uncertainty of electricity demand due to changes in the cliamte. Finally, after exploring the impact of climate change, it is natural to ask what can be done to mitigate the effects. The third chapter therefore performs an exploratory analysis on one of the most ambitious global efforts to mitigate climate change – the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) – in which projects in developing countries implement greenhouse gas reduction measures to earn credits, which can be sold to entities in developed countries with reduction targets. The research aimed to uncover intended and unintended consequences of the mechanism, and thus learn valuable lessons which must be considered in future efforts. Mainly, the results suggest that mitigation projects in the poorest regions are the most sensitive to the price of carbon credits.<br>Gestão de recursos energéticos fundamental para a economia global e o bem-estar da população. Ao mesmo tempo, mudanças no sistema climático podem afetar profundamente a demanda por energia e o suprimento de energia. Primeiramente, é importante entender como os recursos existentes podem ser usados eficientemente. Por isso, o primeiro capítulo desta tese estuda a operação ótima de terminais de importação de gás natural liquefeito (GNL) com armazenamento. GNL cada vez mais considerado uma forma de energia chave e na transição de combustíveis fósseis as fontes renováveis. Os resultados principais sugerem que a operação de infraestrutura existente pode ser melhorada consideravelmente. Em segundo lugar, gostaríamos saber mais sobre como funções vitais da sociedade poderiam ser afetadas por mudanças no clima. Nesse contexto, o segundo capítulo examina o impacto de mudanças climáticas na demanda de energia elétrica: esse capítulo desenvolve um método para incorporar incerteza meteorológica na geração de cenários de demanda de energia elétrica sob um clima não-estacionária, e subsequentemente usa o método para estudar o caso do Brasil. Em resumo, o resultado principal sugere um aumento significativo na incerteza da demanda de energia elétrica devida as mudanças no clima. Finalmente, depois de investigar os impactos de mudanças climáticas, é natural perguntar o que pode ser feito para mitigar seus efeitos. Por isso, o terceiro capítulo apresenta uma análise exploratória de um dos esforços mais ambiciosos de mitigar mudanças climáticas – o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) – em que projetos em países em desenvolvimento realizam medidas de redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa para ganhar créditos, que podem ser vendidos a entidades em países desenvolvidos com metas de redução. O objetivo da pesquisa foi descobrir consequências intencionais e não-intencionais do mecanismo, e assim e a aprender lições valiosas que devem ser considerados para esforços futuros. Os resultados sugerem que projetos de mitigação nas regiões mais pobres são os mais sensíveis ao preço de créditos de carbono.
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Persson, Johannes. "Low-energy buildings : energy use, indoor climate and market diffusion." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143480.
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Low-energy buildings have, in recent years, gained attention and moved towards a large-scale introduction in the residential sector. During this process, national and international criteria for energy use in buildings have become stricter and the European Union has through the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive imposed on member states to adapt their building regulations for ‘Nearly Zero Energy Buildings’, which by 2021 should be standard for new buildings. With a primary focus on new terraced and detached houses, this thesis analyses how the concept of low-energy buildings may be further developed to reduce the energy use in the residential sector. The main attention is on the technical performance in terms of indoor climate and heat consumption as well as on the market diffusion of low-energy buildings into the housing market. A multidisciplinary approach is applied, which here means that the concept of low-energy buildings is investigated from different perspectives as well as on different system levels. The thesis thus encompasses methods from both engineering and social sciences and approaches the studied areas through literature surveys, interviews, assessments and simulations. The thesis reveals how an increased process integration of the building’s energy system can improve the thermal comfort in low-energy buildings. Moreover, it makes use of learning algorithms – in this case artificial neural networks – to study how the heat consumption can be predicted in a low-energy building in the Swedish climate. The thesis further focuses on the low-energy building as an element in our society and it provides a market diffusion analysis to gain understanding of the contextualisation process. In addition, it suggests possible approaches to increase the market share of low-energy buildings.<br><p>QC 20140321</p>
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Lledó, Ponsatí Llorenç. "Climate variability predictions for the wind energy industry: a climate services perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670882.
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In order to mitigate the climate change effects, the world is undergoing an energy transition from polluting sources towards renewable energies. This transition is turning the electricity system more dependent on atmospheric conditions and more prone to suffer the effects of climate variability. The atmospheric circulation is changing in certain aspects due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, but it also varies from year to year due to natural variability processes occurring in the Earth system at timescales of weeks, months and years.
The atmosphere interacts with other components of the Earth System such as the ocean, the cryosphere or the continental surface, that evolve more slowly than the atmosphere and drive the low-frequency variability. The natural climate oscillations that occur at those timescales impact wind speed and wind power generation. Therefore a better knowledge of how the wind resource varies at sub-seasonal, seasonal and decadal time scales is key to understand the risks that the electricity system is facing.
Anticipating this variability would also be helpful to many stakeholders in the energy sector to take precautionary actions. Forecasts at sub-seasonal, seasonal and decadal timescales are starting to be possible recently thanks to advances in climate modelling capabilities. Because climate variability is partly driven by coupled physical processes occurring in the Earth, numerical models that represent the interaction between different components of the Earth system can be employed to produce forecasts at these scales. The science of climate prediction deals with the challenge of producing predictions beyond meteorological timescales (i.e. weeks, months and years ahead) although not reaching the centennial timescales, which are studied with scenario-based climate projections. Climate predictions employ the current state of the atmosphere, the ocean, the cryosphere, and the land surface to produce numerical integrations of each component and the forcings and interactions between them to model the evolution of the Earth system as a whole.
However, the usage of climate predictions in the wind power sector (or more generally in any specific decision-making context) poses a series of difficulties due to many complex aspects of this type of predictions. The efforts devoted in many initiatives to bring the needs of the users to the center of the discussion have given rise to the field of climate services. In order to assist decision-making, it is not only desirable to have the best predictions available but also to tailor them to the specific needs of each user. To achieve this goal, a dialogue with stakeholders needs to be established, and a trans- disciplinary approach needs to be set up to take advantage of the developments in many research fields regarding knowledge transfer and communication.
The work presented in this dissertation advances the knowledge required to produce and successfully apply climate predictions to decision-making in the wind power sector and deals with the three aforementioned challenges: a) understanding the impact of climate oscillations at sub-seasonal and seasonal timescales on wind resource; b) developing methods to produce forecasts of wind speed and wind power generation at this scales; and c) facilitating the uptake of those predictions by means of a climate-services-based approach.<br>Per tal de mitigar els efectes del canvi climàtic, tots els països del món estan duent a terme una transició energètica de fonts contaminants cap a energies renovables. Aquesta transició està incrementant la sensibilitat del sistema elèctric a les condicions atmosfèriques i fent-lo més vulnerable als efectes de la variabilitat climàtica. A escales de setmanes, mesos i anys, l'atmosfera interacciona amb altres components del sistema Terra com l'oceà, la criosfera o la superfície continental, que evolucionen més lentament que l'atmosfera, condicionant-ne la seva variabilitat a baixa freqüència. Al seu torn, les oscil·lacions que tenen lloc a aquestes escales temporals impacten el vent i la generació d'energia eòlica. Per tant, un millor coneixement de com varia el recurs eòlic a escales sub-estacionals, estacionals i decadals permetrà anticipar els riscs a què el sistema elèctric està sotmès.
En segon lloc, anticipar aquesta variabilitat climàtica seria de gran utilitat a diversos actors del sistema energètic. L'ús de models climàtics que representen les interaccions entre les diferents components del sistema Terra permet abordar el repte de produir pronòstics més enllà de l'escala meteorològica (és a dir, a setmanes, mesos i anys vista). Malgrat tot, l'ús de les prediccions climàtiques en el sector de l'energia eòlica presenta una sèrie de dificultats degut a les complexitats d'aquest tipus de previsions. Per tal d'assistir la presa de decisions, no només és necessari disposar de les millors prediccions possibles sinó que cal també ajustar-les a les necessitats específiques de cada ús. Aquest objectiu només es pot assolir amb un diàleg constant i transdisciplinari entre els científics i les parts interessades que integri els avenços en diferents àmbits respecte la transferència de coneixement i la comunicació.
Aquesta tesi avança el coneixement necessari per tal de produir i aplicar prediccions climàtiques a la presa de decisions per part de la indústria eòlica, abordant tres reptes: a) avaluar l'impacte d'oscil·lacions climàtiques sub-estacionals i estacional en el recurs eòlic; b) desenvolupar mètodes per produir prediccions de vent o de generació eòlica a aquestes escales; i c) facilitar l'adopció d'aquestes previsions mitjançant una aproximació basada en els serveis climàtics.
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da, Silva Soares José Pedro. "WIND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN ARCTIC CLIMATE – RACMO 2.3 GREENLAND CLIMATE RUNS PROJECT." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-307437.
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The potential for wind power development in Greenland is evaluated based on the analysis of 58 years of data (1957-2015) from RACMO 2.3 (Regional Atmospheric Climate Model). In order to create a wind power development tool, mesoscale maps based on RACMO 2.3 model were created containing the following characteristics: mean wind speeds (at 10 m), averaged maximum wind speed (with and without gusts at 10 m), temperature, humidity, geopotential, ice sheet mask and land sheet mask. A relevant aspect for this thesis is the mean wind speed. Over Greenland, the lower mean wind speeds range from 2-3 m/s on the tundra areas near the coast. This is influenced by high temperature inversion over the arctic tundra which disintegrates the predominant katabatic flow leading to lower wind speeds. On the other hand, the highest mean wind speeds range from 6 to 10 m/s and are observed in the northeastern region, due to cyclonic activity over the Greenland Sea. Maps of both the mean wind speed and averaged maximum wind speed are combined in order to achieve the highest mean wind speed value while at the same time avoiding maximum wind speeds higher than the cut-off value of the selected turbine model. This map combination is synchronized with pre-determined construction constraints, resulting in the suggestion of three different sites (sites 4, 5 and 6) as potential targets for wind power development. Multi-level data is sorted for different heights (10, 35, 70, 100 and 120 m) to perform a micro-scale analysis exercise for the three different site suggestions. A Vestas V90 3MW with an 80 meter hub height is selected as the standard turbine model to be deployed at the three recommended positions and for use in further simulations using WindSim. Annual Energy Production (AEP) for these three turbines in the recommended locations is calculated based on the interpolation from the climatology data at 70 m which is closest to the turbines’ hub heights. The AEP results are compared and show that site suggestion 4 presents the best potential for wind power development, surpassing by 79% and 23% the production results from sites 5 and 6, respectively. Based on the study developed, it is concluded that the in terms of wind resource assessment the potential for wind power development in Greenland exists. However the selection of possible deployment sites should be carefully done and real measurements must be performed.
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Ogutu, Benjamin Keroboto Za'Ngoti. "Energy balance mathematical model on climate change." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066224/document.
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Dans cet étude, un modèle de complexité réduite des interactions et rétroactions du système couplé climat-économie-biosphère est construit avec le minimum de variables et d'équations nécessaires. Le Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) est un modèle d’évaluation intégrée (IAM pour Integrated assessment model) du changement globale. Alors que beaucoup IAM traitent les coûts de réduction des émissions (abattement) simplement comme une perte non productive de revenu, cet étude considère également les activités d’abattement comme un investissement dans l'efficacité énergétique globale de l'économie et dans la diminution de l’ « intensité carbone » du système énergétique. L’étude montre que ces efforts aident à l’abattement du changement climatique et ont un effet positif sur l’économie. La plupart des IAM actuels se concentrent principalement sur le secteur énergétique pour les mesures d’abattement, et ne tiennent compte des émissions provenant de l'utilisation des terres que comme un forçage exogène. Le CoCEB a donc été étendu en ajoutant une équation pour la biomasse ses échanges de carbone. Cela permet d’étudier les aspects économiques de la séquestration de carbone du au contrôle du déboisement dans les forêts, et aussi à l’application généralisée des technologies de capture et stockage du carbone (CCS). L’étude confirme que ces mesures réduisent l’impact du changement climatique sur la croissance économique, mais ces résultats restent très dépendants des grandes incertitudes sur le cout des CCS et du contrôle de la deforestation. Ce modèle est un cadre formel qui représente de façon simple les différents éléments du système couplé et leurs interactions, il rassemble les différentes estimations des coûts afférents aux mesures de mitigation et permet de les comparer de façon cohérente<br>The goal of this study is to build a global reduced-complexity model of coupled climate-economy-biosphere interactions, which uses the minimum number of variables and equations needed to capture the fundamental mechanisms involved and can thus help clarify the role of the different mechanisms and parameters. The Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model takes an integrated assessment approach to simulating global change. While many integrated assessment models treat abatement costs merely as an unproductive loss of income, the study considered abatement activities also as an investment in overall energy efficiency of the economy and decrease of overall carbon intensity of the energy system. The study shows that these efforts help to abate climate change and lead to positive effects in economic growth. Due to the fact that integrated assessment models in the literature mainly focus on mitigation in the energy sector and consider emissions from land-use as exogenous, the global climate-economy-biosphere (CoCEB) model was extended by adding a biomass equation and the related exchanges of CO2 and used to investigate the relationship between the effects of using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and deforestation control, and the economy growth rate. These measures are found to reduce the impacts of climate change and positively affect the economy growth. These results remain nevertheless sensitive to the formulation of CCS costs while those for deforestation control were less sensitive. The model developed brings together and summarizes information from diverse estimates of climate change mitigation measures and their associated costs, and allows comparing them in a coherent way
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Edwards, Morgan Rae. "Climate impact metrics for energy technology evaluation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81113.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-97).<br>The climate change mitigation potential of energy technologies depends on how their lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compare to global climate stabilization goals. Current methods for comparing technologies, which assess impacts over an arbitrary, fixed time horizon, do not acknowledge the critical link between technology choices and climate dynamics. In this thesis, I ask how we can use information about the temporal characteristics of greenhouse gases to design new metrics for comparing energy technologies. I propose two new metrics: the Cumulative Climate Impact (CCI) and Instantaneous Climate Impact (ICI). These metrics use limited information about the climate system, such as the year when stabilization occurs, to calculate tradeoffs between greenhouse gases, and hence the technologies that emit these gases. The CCI and ICI represent a middle ground between current metrics and commonly-proposed alternatives, in terms of their level of complexity and information requirements. I apply the CCI and ICI to evaluate the climate change mitigation potential of energy technologies in the transportation sector, with a focus on alternative fuels. I highlight key policy debates about the role of (a) natural gas as a "bridge" to a low carbon energy future and (b) third generation biofuels as a long-term energy solution. New metrics shed light on critical timing-related questions that current metrics gloss over. If natural gas is a bridge fuel, how long is this bridge? If algae biofuels are not commercially viable for the next twenty years, can they still provide a significant climate benefit? I simulate technology decisions using new metrics, and existing metrics like the Global Warming Potential (GWP), identifying the conditions where new metrics improve on existing methods as well as the conditions under which new metrics fail. I show that metrics of intermediate complexity, such as the CCI and ICI, provide a simple, reliable, and policy-relevant approach to technology evaluation and capture key features of the future climate system. I extend these insights to energy technologies in the electricity sector as well as a variety of environmental impact categories.<br>by Morgan R. Edwards.<br>S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Comerford, David. "Essays on climate change, energy, and independence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9721.
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This thesis contains three separate papers. A balance of questions: what can we ask of climate change economics? is a critical analysis of the economics of climate change literature. It concludes that much more research effort needs to be put into studying the investment needed for a transition to a zero carbon energy infrastructure, rather than the focus on determining the social cost of carbon. The interaction of scale economies and energy quality is a theoretical study of the ability of economies to operate given different qualities of energy resources. Measuring costs and benefits of independence is an analysis of the welfare costs to Catalonia from reduced trade, which may arise on independence from Spain. These costs are set against the benefits to Catalonia of not paying fiscal transfers to the rest of Spain.
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Rudik, Ivan John. "Three Essays on Climate and Energy Policy." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556807.
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My dissertation seeks to analyze environmental policy using theoretical, computational, and empirical methods. In the first chapter I develop a Bayesian learning framework for damage functions in integrated assessment models that mimics how modelers have historically updated damage functions. To allow for the model to be solved in a reasonable timeframe I must use sparse grid methods for dynamic programming which are new to climate economics. I also use robust control techniques from the macroeconomics literature to capture concerns that there are errors in integrated assessment models that we will not be able to resolve in a timely fashion. Using these methodological advances, I demonstrate that the convention of updating the calibration of damage functions while maintaining a fixed functional form can backfire and reduce ex-post welfare if the damage function is misspecified like many economists believe. Moreover, accounting for misspecification concerns with robust control can exacerbate the backfire and further reduce ex-post welfare. In my second chapter I analyze the impacts of credit trading under renewable portfolio standards. Specifically, I look at how a change in one state's renewable portfolio standard can propagate through this credit channel and result in reductions in fossil fuel usage in another state. I find that a 1 MWh increase in extra-jurisdictional demand for renewable energy credits leads to a reduction in energy production derived from coal usage by 2 mmbtus and a reduction in CO₂ emissions by 0.285 metric tons. In my last chapter I develop an analytic model for renewable energy credit trading to investigate why states have peculiar trading rules for the credits. I find that, counter to conventional economic wisdom, states may actually not want to engage in credit trading. Credit trading may in fact worsen in state pollution to an extent that completely offsets any gains from trade.
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NOVELLI, GIACOMO. "Essays on Energy and Climate Change Economics." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1445194.
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This work aims at shedding some light on two topics that will be more and more relevant in the next future. In the first part, we investigate whether the degree of energy dependency of countries influences their macroeconomic performance in terms of stability and growth over time, while, in the second part, we analyse the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change on European industrial sectors.
Specifically, we verify if the business cycle of countries with a similar degree of energy dependency shares some basic features - i.e. frequency, duration, and amplitude of recessions and recoveries -, and we analyse their synchronization with the energy price cycle. Furthermore, we study whether the impact on economic growth of energy price changes and energy price volatility changes differs depending on a country’s degree of energy dependency. We note that the duration and amplitude of both recessions and recoveries of countries with a significantly different degree of energy dependency are statistically different, but their business cycles are similarly synchronized with the energy price cycle. The business cycles of countries with a balanced profile of energy dependency have shorter and more moderate recessions with respect to the other countries, either energy exporter or importer countries. Moreover, they show shorter but stronger recoveries with respect to energy major and moderate importer countries. However, major and moderate energy exporter countries show more pronounced recoveries.
We expand our analysis using a cross-sectionally augmented panel autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach and showing that energy price changes have negative effects on the economic growth of major energy importer countries and that major energy exporters benefit from increasing energy price, while being damaged by its volatility. Overall, we find that countries with a more balanced energy dependency seem to be not or less affected by energy price fluctuations and energy price volatility in the long-run. Moreover, the countries with a balanced degree of energy dependency have the lowest amplitude and the shortest duration of recessions, and their recoveries have a higher amplitude with respect to the ones of countries with a more energy dependent profile.
In the second part of this work, we investigate the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change on output and labour productivity of European industrial sectors, using a panel data set composed of the 281 European regions at NUTS 2 administration level from 1980 to 2017. Moreover, we analyse the main transmission channels through which climate change influences European economic activity, shedding some light on its impact on investments, employment and hours worked. Overall, we do not find evidence of adverse or favourable effects of climate change on European economic growth at aggregate level, although all sectors and regions are diversely influenced by temperature and precipitation variations from their historical norms. Furthermore, we study the climate change effects in more and less developed regions, finding that the two sub-samples are differently affected and that the overall impact on economic growth in less developed regions is not higher than in more developed ones. Finally, we notice that labour productivity is the main driver of climate change effects on growth and that agriculture, construction, and financial services sectors - the latter through the insurance industry - are the most affected sectors.<br>This work aims at shedding some light on two topics that will be more and more relevant in the next future. In the first part, we investigate whether the degree of energy dependency of countries influences their macroeconomic performance in terms of stability and growth over time, while, in the second part, we analyse the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change on European industrial sectors.
Specifically, we verify if the business cycle of countries with a similar degree of energy dependency shares some basic features - i.e. frequency, duration, and amplitude of recessions and recoveries -, and we analyse their synchronization with the energy price cycle. Furthermore, we study whether the impact on economic growth of energy price changes and energy price volatility changes differs depending on a country’s degree of energy dependency. We note that the duration and amplitude of both recessions and recoveries of countries with a significantly different degree of energy dependency are statistically different, but their business cycles are similarly synchronized with the energy price cycle. The business cycles of countries with a balanced profile of energy dependency have shorter and more moderate recessions with respect to the other countries, either energy exporter or importer countries. Moreover, they show shorter but stronger recoveries with respect to energy major and moderate importer countries. However, major and moderate energy exporter countries show more pronounced recoveries.
We expand our analysis using a cross-sectionally augmented panel autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) approach and showing that energy price changes have negative effects on the economic growth of major energy importer countries and that major energy exporters benefit from increasing energy price, while being damaged by its volatility. Overall, we find that countries with a more balanced energy dependency seem to be not or less affected by energy price fluctuations and energy price volatility in the long-run. Moreover, the countries with a balanced degree of energy dependency have the lowest amplitude and the shortest duration of recessions, and their recoveries have a higher amplitude with respect to the ones of countries with a more energy dependent profile.
In the second part of this work, we investigate the long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change on output and labour productivity of European industrial sectors, using a panel data set composed of the 281 European regions at NUTS 2 administration level from 1980 to 2017. Moreover, we analyse the main transmission channels through which climate change influences European economic activity, shedding some light on its impact on investments, employment and hours worked. Overall, we do not find evidence of adverse or favourable effects of climate change on European economic growth at aggregate level, although all sectors and regions are diversely influenced by temperature and precipitation variations from their historical norms. Furthermore, we study the climate change effects in more and less developed regions, finding that the two sub-samples are differently affected and that the overall impact on economic growth in less developed regions is not higher than in more developed ones. Finally, we notice that labour productivity is the main driver of climate change effects on growth and that agriculture, construction, and financial services sectors - the latter through the insurance industry - are the most affected sectors.
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Schmidt, Stephan Wayne. "INTEGRATING SOLAR ENERGY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESILIENCE PLANNING." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1211.
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Resilience and solar energy are separately growing in popularity for urban planners and similar professionals. This project links the two discrete terms together and examines the extent to which solar energy can improve local government resilience efforts. It includes a detailed literature review of both topics, as well as the methodology and findings related to a survey and interviews of local government officials and key stakeholders across the country related to hazard mitigation and energy assurance planning.
This research finds that integrating the use of solar energy can improve local government resilience efforts related to mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery activities in the following ways: by being incorporated into hazard mitigation strategies as a means to maintain critical operations, thereby reducing loss of life and property; by being utilized in comprehensive planning efforts to increase capacity and decrease reliance and stress upon the grid, thereby reducing the likelihood of blackout events; by being used in tandem with backup storage systems as an integral part of energy assurance planning, which can help ensure critical functions continue in times of grid outage; by being used to provide power for response activities such as water purification, medicine storage and device charging; and by being used as an integral part of rebuilding communities in a more environmentally-conscious manner.
The result of the research is a document entitled Solar Energy & Resilience Planning: a practical guide for local governments, a guidebook for local government officials wishing to have more information about incorporating solar energy into current resilience initiatives; it is included at the end of the report as Appendix C.
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Kasahara, Satoru, Sergey Paltsev, John M. Reilly, Henry D. Jacoby, and A. Denny Ellerman. "Climate Change Taxes and Energy Efficiency in Japan." MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18090.
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In 2003 Japan proposed a Climate Change Tax to reduce its CO2 emissions to the level required by the Kyoto Protocol. If implemented, the tax would be levied on fossil fuel use and the revenue distributed to several sectors of the economy to encourage the purchase of energy efficient equipment. Analysis using the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model shows that this policy is unlikely to bring Japan into compliance with its Kyoto target unless the subsidy encourages improvement in energy intensity well beyond Japan’s recent historical experience. Similar demand-management programs in the U.S., where there has been extensive experience, have not been nearly as effective as they would need to be to achieve energy efficiency goals of the proposal. The Climate Change Tax proposal also calls for restricting Japan’s participation in the international emission trading. We consider the economic implications of limits on emissions trading and find that they are substantial. Full utilization of international emission trading by Japan reduces the carbon price, welfare loss, and impact on its energy-intensive exports substantially. The welfare loss with full emissions trading is one-sixth that when Japan meets its target though domestic actions only, but Japan can achieve substantial savings even under cases where, for example, the full amount of the Russian allowance is not available in international markets.<br>Abstract in HTML and technical report in PDF available on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change website (http://mit.edu/globalchange/www/).
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Huang, Junling. "A Climate-friendly Energy Future: Prospects for Wind." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11484.
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The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the potential for wind as an alternative energy source to replace fossil fuels and reduce global CO2 emissions. From 1995 to 2007, fossil fuels as the major energy source accounted for an addition of 89.3 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere over this period, 29 % of which was transferred to the ocean, 15 % to the global biosphere, with the balance (57 %) retained in the atmosphere. Building a low-carbon and climate-friendly energy system is becoming increasingly urgent to combat the threat of global warming.<br>Engineering and Applied Sciences
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De, Matteis Pietro. "Sino-European energy, environmental and climate change diplomacy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610458.
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Nicolas, Claire. "Robust energy and climate modeling for policy assessment." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100054/document.
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La plupart des exercices d’analyse de politiques climatiques ou énergétiques font appelà des modèles dits "d’évaluation intégrée" (MEIs). Ces modèles économie-énergie-climat sont des modèles numériques pluridisciplinaires destinés à étudier lesquestions liées au changement climatique et à sa gestion. Socles d’une accumulationde connaissance, ils ont une visée prospective et aident à traduire les débatsqualitatifs des instances de décisions nationales et internationales en un ensemble dedonnées quantitatives, scientifiquement vérifiables. Leur faible capacité à prendre encompte les incertitudes inhérentes à tout exercice de prospective mais aussi leur tropgrande complexité expliquent pourquoi ces MEIs sont si souvent décriés et leurutilisation remise en question.Ce constat a guidé nos travaux dont l’objectif était de contribuer à améliorer larobustesse des MEIs, afin de renforcer la pertinence de leur utilisation pour l’analysede l’impact de politiques économiques sur le climat-énergie. Nous avons d’abordexaminé comment ces modèles participent aux débats sur le changement climatique etcomment améliorer leur utilisation. Nous avons retracé la genèse de ces modèles etleur évolution et analysé les principales critiques qui leur sont adressées. Dans unsecond temps, nous nous sommes focalisés sur l’un des principaux reproches faits auxMEIs : le traitement de l’incertitude. Sur la base de ces analyses, nous avons mis enoeuvre une approche récente de traitement des problèmes d’incertitude paramétrique:l’optimisation robuste, méthode encore très peu utilisée dans le cadre d’étudesprospectives<br>Energy-economy and energy-economy-environment models are widely used to assessenergy and climate policies. Developed during the last forty years, these models allowthe study of the interactions between the energy-transport system, the economy andthe climate system. These interactions are very complex as they involve linkages,feedback loops and delays that are not perfectly known and that take place over a longtime horizon.This complexity along with the large uncertainties weighing on the model parametersand main assumptions explain why the use of models in the policy debate, (where themodels address issues on climate change scenarios and on energy planning), is largelycriticized.Based on this observation, our work aimed primarily at increasing the robustness ofthese models, to reinforce the relevance of their use to evaluate economic policyimpacts. At first, we examine how these models should be used to contributeeffectively to the climate and energy policy analysis debate. We review the evolution ofthe modeling practice and question it, discussing its relevance. We then focus on theuncertainty treatment and on the basis of this review, we implement an alternativeway of considering parameter uncertainty when "modeling the future" using robustoptimization
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Falcone, Ilaria. "Energy retrofit of residential buildings in hot climate." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1293.
Full textAbstract:
2010 - 2011<br>The topic of the research is to analyze the energetic efficiency of residential buildings in hot climates.
The idea comes from the need to analyze the "case of hot climates" separately, as the European
directives and all the studies so far undertaken in this area, too frequently not suit well to this case.
Research begins with the evaluation of the energy performance of buildings (heating and cooling),
analyzes the potential for energy retrofit, considers energy savings, economic feasibility and comfort
improvements. With appropriate precautions and adopting new and more efficient materials and
technologies, it’s possible to significantly reduce the energy consumption of buildings, with an annual
energy saving up to 44%.
1. Problem Statement
The increasing demand for energy, resulting in cost growth and related environmental
problems, led to an increased interest in the design of energy-efficient buildings. In
Mediterranean climate, warm and rather humid, it becomes of prime importance to be
able to ensure a high indoor comfort. Buildings are built to protect people from adverse
weather conditions, and to ensure a comfortable indoor environment. To achieve these
goals a huge amount of energy is consumed in heating, ventilation, cooling or
dehumidification. Many attempts have been made in order to use low-power strategies
consumption. It is necessary however, to think of appropriate solutions in terms of shading
and insulation in order to avoid excessive use of air-conditioning systems and reduce power
consumption. To solve this problem an integrated approach is essential. This research
focuses on energy upgrading of buildings, (belonging to social housing) in Salerno and
Naples, acting on the building envelope, that is, proposing an improvement of materials
and characteristics. This paper discusses economically feasible ways and means to choose
between insulation measures, better glazing, shading systems and ventilation. Finally a
hierarchy of energy-savings measures is deduced from the results. The intention is to
demonstrate that an effective energy-retrofit can be done without necessarily going
through expensive technologies or ex-novo designs, obtaining interesting results in terms of
energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, at a cost that can be recovered in a
few years, making retrofitting possible even on ordinary buildings and therefore desirable at
a urban scale.
2. Strategies
The case of the warm climate needs to be analyzed separately, as the European
directives and studies in the field cannot be fully adapted to the problem. In practice the
cold climate strategy is "defensive", or rather of protection from cold, on the contrary an
intervention in a hot climate needs more flexibility. Starting from a detailed analysis of the
case study, in terms of macroclimate, microclimate, solutions and techniques used, a
choice of the interventions that should be made, need to be taken, with the aim of
reducing the risk of overheating in the summer, encouraging natural ventilation, maximizing
the benefits of the solar gains during winter, in order to reduce annual energy consumption
and CO2 emissions. These objectives can be achieved with a bioclimatic approach. The
"Climate Responsive Design" is part of an approach to design called "Ecological Sustainable
Design (ESD)" based on an analysis of how the shape and structure of a building moderate
the climate, in order to obtain a acceptable level of indoor comfort. The active principles of
the "Climate Responsive Design" is the understanding of climatic parameters that can
influence the process of planning/redevelopment, such as temperature, humidity, wind,
light, vegetation, and everything that is related to geographical location. These principles
can be applied , even if in a different ways, to retrofitting. We have therefore chosen the
case studies in Campania, a region in the south of Italy, buildings belonging to social
housing, and signed by designers known and appreciated, objectively valid in terms of
design quality, but inevitably obsolete in terms of technological solutions, all these aspects
made them particularly indicated for the study. Moreover, in each of the two cases the
typology is repeated in the area with variable orientation, which allowed to analyze the
effects of orientation on several units.
3. Methodology
The buildings analyzed are representative of the Italian building stock, built from 1950 up
to 1980. The energy savings measures were applied by steps, analyzing as first intervention
the thermal insulation through the cavity(case study 1) or outside the wall (case 2), the
replacement of windows, then the use of a proper shading system and finally the
integration of natural ventilation. For each item various options have been tested, choosing
from time to time, the most advantageous... [edited by author]<br>X n.s.
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Mohammad, Shafiei Adel. "An Energy-Efficient Target Tracking Protocol Using Wireless Sensor Networks." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32384.
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Target tracking using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has drawn lots of attentions
after the recent advances of wireless technologies. Target tracking aims at locating
one or several mobile objects and depicting their trajectories over time. The applications
of Object Tracking Sensor Networks (OSTNs) include but not limited to environmental
and wildlife monitoring, industrial sensing, intrusion detection, access control, traffic
monitoring, patient monitoring in the health-related studies and location awareness in
the battle eld. One of the most rewarding applications of target tracking is wildlife
monitoring. Wildlife monitoring is used to protect the animals which are endangered
to extinction. Road safety applications are another popular usage of wildlife monitoring
using WSNs.
In this thesis, the issues and challenges of energy-efficient wildlife monitoring and
target tracking using WSNs are discussed. This study provides a survey of the proposed
tracking algorithms and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms. Some of the tracking algorithms are proposed to increase the energy e ciency of the tracking algorithm and to prolong the network lifetime; while, other algorithms aim at improving the localization accuracy or decreasing the missing rate. Since improving the energy efficiency of the system provides more alive sensors over time to locate the target; it helps to decrease the missing rate as the network ages. Thus, this study proposes to adjust the sensing radius of the sensor nodes in real-time to decrease the sensing energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime.
The proposed VAriable Radius Sensor Activation (VARSA) mechanism for target
tracking using wireless sensor networks tackles the energy consumption issues due to
resource constraints of the WSNs. VARSA reduces the radio covered area of each sensor node to only cover the Area of Interest (AoI) which is the location of the target in tracking applications. Thus, VARSA aims at decreasing the sensing energy consumption which leads to encreasing the network life time. In addition, VARSA decreases the missing rate over time as it provides more alive sensors to detect the target compared to previous activation algorithms as the network ages. VARSA is compared to PRediction-based Activation (PRA) and Periodic PRediction-based Activation (PPRA) algorithms which are two of the most promising algorithms proposed for sensor activation. The simulation results show that VARSA outperforms PRA and PPRA. VARSA prolongs the lifetime of the network and decreases the missing rate of the target over time.
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Schell, Kristen R. "Computational Models for Renewable Energy Target Achievement & Policy Analysis." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/735.
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To date, over 84% of countries worldwide have renewable energy targets (RET), requiring that a certain amount of electricity be produced from renewable sources by a target date. Despite the worldwide prevalence of these policies, little research has been conducted on ex-ante RET policy analysis. In an effort to move toward evidence-based policymaking, this thesis develops computational models to assess the tradeoffs associated with alternatives for both RET achievement and RET policy formulation, including the option of creating renewable energy credit (REC) markets to facilitate meeting an RET goal. A mixed integer linear program (MILP), a probabilistic cost prediction model and a mixed complementarity problem (MCP) serve as the theoretical bases for the RET alternative and policy formulation analyses. From these models it was found, inter alia, that RET goals set too low run the risk of creating technological lock-in and could inhibit achievement of higher goals; probabilistic cost predictions give decision-makers essential risk information, when cost estimation is an integral part of alternatives assessment; and though REC markets may facilitate RET achievement, including REC markets in an RET policy formulation may not result in the lowest possible greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
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Bigelow, Alan W. "Energy Distribution of Sputtered Neutral Atoms from a Multilayer Target." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2657/.
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Energy distribution measurements of sputtered neutral particles contribute to the general knowledge of sputtering, a common technique for surface analysis. In this work emphasis was placed on the measurement of energy distribution of sputtered neutral atoms from different depths. The liquid Ga-In eutectic alloy as a sample target for this study was ideal due to an extreme concentration ratio gradient between the top two monolayers. In pursuing this study, the method of sputter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy (SIRIS) was utilized. SIRIS employs a pulsed ion beam to initiate sputtering and tunable dye lasers for resonance ionization. Observation of the energy distribution was achieved with a position-sensitive detector. The principle behind the detector's energy resolution is time of flight (TOF) spectroscopy. For this specific detector, programmed time intervals between the sputtering pulse at the target and the ionizing laser pulse provided information leading to the energy distribution of the secondary neutral particles. This experiment contributes data for energy distributions of sputtered neutral particles to the experimental database, required by theoretical models and computer simulations for the sputtering phenomenon.
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Risberg, Daniel. "CFD simulation of indoor climate in low energy buildings." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-18432.
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In this thesis computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used for simulation of the indoor climate of low-energy buildings in cold climate. The heat consumption in newly built houses was reduced drastically. Along with the different classification systems for low-energy buildings the demand for the indoor climate has increased, which causes a need to investigate buildings even before they are built. Than CFD is of importance in studies of different heating systems and how new construction solutions can affect the indoor environment. The work focus was on investigating the computational setup, such as grid size and boundary conditions in order to solve the indoor climate problems in an accurate way and compare different heating systems. A limited number of grid elements and knowledge of boundary settings is therefore essential in order to obtain reasonable calculation time.The models show that radiation between building surfaces has a large impact on the temperature field inside the building, with the largest differences at the floor level. An accurate grid edge size of around 0.1 m was enough to predict the climate. Different turbulence models were compared with only small differences in the indoor air velocities and temperatures. To explore the viability of this approach, the indoor climate in a building was studied considering three different heating systems: an underfloor heating system, air heating through the ventilation system and an air heat pump installation. The underfloor heating system provided the most uniform operative temperature distribution and was the only heating system that fully satisfies the recommendations to achieve tolerable indoor climate set by the Swedish authorities. On the contrary, air heating and the air heat pump created a relatively uneven distribution of air velocities and temperatures, and none of them fulfils the specified recommendations. From an economic point of view, the air heat pump system is cheaper to be installed but produces a less pleasant indoor environment then distributed heating systems. The most widely used turbulence model for indoor CFD simulations, the k-ε model, has exhibited problems with treating natural convective heat transfer, while other turbulence models have shown to be too computationally demanding. One paper therefore studies how to deal with natural convective heat transfer for a radiator in order to simplify the simulations, reduce the numbers of cells and the simulation time. By adding user-defined wall functions, to the k-ε model the number of cells can be reduced considerably compared with the k-ω SST turbulence model. The user-defined wall function proposed can also be used with a correction factor for different radiator types without the need to resolve the radiator surface in detail. Compared to manufacturer data the error was less than 0.2% for the investigated radiator height and temperature.<br>Godkänd; 2015; 20150915 (danris); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Daniel Risberg Ämne: Energiteknik/Energy Engineering Uppsats: CFD Simulation of Indoor Climate in Low Energy Buildings Examinator: Professor Lars Westerlund, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Professor Thomas Olofsson, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag 2 november 2015 kl 10.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Abela, A. "Energy certification of residential buildings in the Mediterranean climate." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2014. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/50/.
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The Energy Performance of Buildings Directives (EPBDs) are political initiatives taken by the European Union to tackle the problems of climate change and security of energy supply. One of the key measures of these directives is the energy performance certification of housing, which has widespread social and economic implications, as well as the potential to impact upon the direction of these initiatives and their environmental consequence. This research is focused on the application of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) to housing in the Mediterranean regions of Europe, with the purpose of establishing whether the current calculation methodologies in use for the generation of EPCs accurately represent the energy performance of housing in the region. The analysis was carried out by comparative testing using different national methodologies from Cyprus, Italy, Malta and Spain on four test case properties. The test results were validated against the output from dynamic simulation software and against monitored temperature and energy data from the test case properties. Considerable differences in the outputs from the various national methodologies currently in use were found. It was concluded that: • Several of the EPC calculation methodologies have not been calibrated against the energy profile representative of the national or regional building stock; • The accurate definition of the operating parameters for the heating and cooling system is particularly significant if a more precise prediction of the energy performance of the dwelling is required; • The underlying assumptions made by the national application of the EN ISO 13790 standard for the calculation of the energy use for space heating and cooling have a greater influence on the outputs from the certification methodology than the choice of calculation method. It is quite clear that calibration of the EPC methodology is essential for the certificates to provide an effective means of achieving the aims of the EPBD. However, at a conceptual level, the results from this research have also shown that the mild Mediterranean climate with its inherently low energy demand for residential space heating and cooling could justify a different regional approach to tackle the EPBD goals of reduction in carbon emissions and dependency on imported fuels.
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Nunes, João Filipe Cleto. "Climate change impacts on portuguese energy system in 2050." Master's thesis, FCT - UNL, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/1794.
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em
Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Gestão e Sistemas Ambientais<br>Significant work has been developed in defining climate change impacts, adaptation
and mitigation measures both on national and worldwide scopes. In the published
literature, strong references are made linking effects of mitigation and adaptation and how the two can counteract, but there is still a lack of integrated assessment of these issues. Using the optimization model TIMES_PT, calibrated and validated for
Portugal, interactions between climate change, mitigation strategies, adaptation and
the energy system are evaluated in this thesis. A special focus is addressed on two
sectors where climate change effects are the most noticeable: hydroelectric production and energy demand. Results indicate that it is wise and cost-effective to delay the investment in new hydropower infrastructure beyond 2020 and that hydropower installed capacity could be reduced in 15% in 2050 when compared with the scenario with no climate change. Furthermore, large hydropower capacity could compromise the deployment of advanced electricity production technologies. Overall,the energy system will benefit from climate change due to useful energy demand reduction, reaching accumulated savings from 4500M€2000 to 6100M€2000 compared to the no climate change scenario.
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Mozes, Karen. "Recreational facilities energy consumption: Benchmarking and proposed energy efficiency measures for the Colorado climate." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1448674.
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Peralta, José Juan. "Photoproduction of hadrons by polarized beam and target." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69649.
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We study the production of hadrons by a polarized photon beam on a longitudinally polarized proton target, including the contributions due to the structure of the photon.<br>We predict cross sections sizeable enough for good tests and show that, in certain kinematic domains, single hadron production is a good probe of the size of the polarized gluon distribution $ Delta$g.<br>We find that a special combination of cross sections for production of two large $p sb{T}$ hadrons provides a particularly clean probe of the size of $ Delta$g.
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Hatamian, Abdol Hamid. "Fossil energy and the environment." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243723.
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Pacheco, Gomez Rodolfo Guillermo. "Effect of climate change in hydropower generation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289226.
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Impact of potential climatic change in hydropower generation has been the main objective of this research. Two flood control, hydropower, and recreation projects located in the midwest USA have been selected as the subject of the analysis given the consistency of the available climatic data and the adequate energy generation records. These two reservoirs are Stockton and Harry S. Truman Reservoirs located on the Osage River Basin which is part of the Lower Missouri River Basin. Both reservoirs were designed, constructed and are currently managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District. Long-term monthly precipitation, evaporation, temperature, streamflow and power generation records were used in the statistical analysis. The hydrologic data, precipitation, temperature, and streamflow data were utilized in a multivariate analysis with the purpose of producing a regression model capable of reproducing baseline conditions. From the baseline conditions, ten different climatic variation scenarios were studied. Each scenario produced a series of streamflow records that were extended using a randomly generated data to produce 21-year long reservoir inflow series. Reservoir inflow series in each scenario were modeled using a reservoir operation model. Firm energy was then evaluated and compared with baseline conditions to determine the economic impact of the climatic variations. In summary, operating rules and water reservoir management for different purposes are impacted and need further evaluation by operating managers, if streamflow records were to follow studied trends.
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Dike, Jude C. "Climate change mitigation and OPEC economies." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/19443.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis focuses on the relationship between the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) economies and global climate change mitigation policies with a view to determining the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC member states. The successful implementation of a universally adopted climate regime has been marred with controversies as different interest groups have raised their concerns about all the options presented so far. OPEC as the major crude oil exporting group in the world has been in the forefront of these debates and negotiations. OPEC’s major concern is the envisaged adverse impacts of the industrialised countries carbon reductions on its members' economies. Several studies have shown that when industrialised countries adopt carbon dioxide emissions reduction policies in line with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, such as carbon taxes and energy efficiency strategies, OPEC’s net price of crude oil decreases at the same time as a reduction in the quantity of crude oil products sold. OPEC believes that such climate change policy-induced fall in crude oil exports revenues would have a significant negative effect on its members' economies. With the limitations related to the assumptions of the existing energy economy models on the impacts of climate change mitigation policies on OPEC’s economies (Barnett et al, 2004), this study opts for a risk based model. This model quantifies the energy exports demand security risks of OPEC members with special interest on crude oil. This study also investigates the effects of carbon reduction policies on crude oil prices vis-à-vis the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC’s economies. To address these three main issues, this thesis adopts a three-prong approach. The first paper addresses the impacts of climate change mitigation on crude oil prices using a dynamic panel model. Results from the estimated dynamic panel model show that the relationship between crude oil prices and climate change mitigation is positive. The results also indicate that a 1% change in carbon intensity causes a 1.6% and 8.4% changes in crude oil prices in the short run and long run, respectively. The second paper focuses on the impacts of crude oil prices on OPEC economies using a panel vector auto regression (VAR) approach, highlighting the exposure of OPEC members to the volatile crude oil prices. The findings from the panel VAR model show that the relationship between OPEC members’ economic growth and crude oil prices is positive and economic growth in OPEC member states respond positively and significantly to a 10% deviation in crude oil prices by 1.4% in the short run and 1.7% in the long run. The third paper creates an index of the risks OPEC members face when there is a decline in the demand for their crude oil exports. To show these risks, this study develops two indexes to show the country level risks and the contributions to the OPEC-wide risks exposure. The results from the indexes show that OPEC members that are more dependent on crude oil exports are faced with more energy exports demand risks. The findings from this thesis are relevant for the development of a new OPEC energy policy that should accommodate the realities of a sustainable global climate regime. They are also useful to the respective governments of the countries that are members of OPEC and non-OPEC crude oil exporting countries. Finally, the outcomes of this thesis also contribute to the climate change and energy economics literature, especially for academic and subsequent research purposes.
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Bertram, Christoph [Verfasser], Ottmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Edenhofer, Gunnar [Akademischer Betreuer] Luderer, Elmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Kriegler, Ottmar [Gutachter] Edenhofer, and Christian von [Gutachter] Hirschhausen. "The effect of near-term climate policies on the achievability of ambitious long-term climate targets / Christoph Bertram ; Gutachter: Ottmar Edenhofer, Christian von Hirschhausen ; Ottmar Edenhofer, Gunnar Luderer, Elmar Kriegler ; Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1156270634/34.
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Ketterer, Janina. "Designing carbon and energy markets to encourage climate change mitigation." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-149915.
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Raatikainen, M. (Mika). "Intelligent knowledge discovery on building energy and indoor climate data." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526213804.
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Abstract A future vision of enabling technologies for the needs of energy conservation as well as energy efficiency based on the most important megatrends identified, namely climate change, urbanization, and digitalization. In the United States and in the European Union, about 40% of total energy consumption goes into energy use by buildings. Moreover, indoor climate quality is recognized as a distinct health hazard. On account of these two factors, energy efficiency and healthy housing are active topics in international research. The main aims of this thesis are to study which elements affect indoor climate quality, how energy consumption describes building energy efficiency and to analyse the measured data using intelligent computational methods. The data acquisition technology used in the studies relies heavily on smart metering technologies based on Building Automation Systems (BAS), big data and the Internet of Things (IoT). The data refining process presented and used is called Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD). It contains methods for data acquisition, pre-processing, data mining, visualisation and interpretation of results, and transformation into knowledge and new information for end users. In this thesis, four examples of data analysis and knowledge deployment concerning small houses and school buildings are presented. The results of the case studies show that the data mining methods used in building energy efficiency and indoor climate quality analysis have a great potential for processing a large amount of multivariate data effectively. An innovative use of computational methods provides a good basis for researching and developing new information services. In the KDD process, researchers should co-operate with end users, such as building management and maintenance personnel as well as residents, to achieve better analysis results, easier interpretation and correct conclusions for exploiting the knowledge<br>Tiivistelmä Tulevaisuuden visio energiansäästön sekä energiatehokkuuden mahdollistavista teknologioista pohjautuu tärkeimpiin tunnistettuihin megatrendeihin, ilmastonmuutokseen, kaupungistumiseen ja digitalisoitumiseen. Yhdysvalloissa ja Euroopan unionissa käytetään noin 40 % kokonaisenergiankulutuksesta rakennusten käytön energiatarpeeseen. Myös rakennusten sisäilmaston on havaittu olevan ilmeinen terveysriski. Perustuen kahteen edellä mainittuun tekijään, energiatehokkuus ja asumisterveys ovat aktiivisia tutkimusaiheita kansainvälisessä tutkimuksessa. Tämän väitöskirjan päätavoitteena on ollut tutkia, mitkä elementit vaikuttavat sisäilmastoon ja rakennusten energiatehokkuuteen pääasiassa analysoimalla mittausdataa käyttäen älykkäitä laskennallisia menetelmiä. Tutkimuksissa käytetyt tiedonkeruuteknologiat perustuvat etäluentaan ja rakennusautomaatioon, big datan hyödyntämiseen ja esineiden internetiin (IoT). Väitöskirjassa esiteltävä tietämyksen muodostusprosessi (KDD) koostuu tiedonkeruusta,datan esikäsittelystä, tiedonlouhinnasta, visualisoinnista ja tutkimustulosten tulkinnasta sekä tietämyksen muodostamisesta ja oleellisen informaation esittämisestä loppukäyttäjille. Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa esitellään neljän data-analyysin ja niiden pohjalta muodostetun tietämyksen hyödyntämisen esimerkkiä, jotka liittyvät pientaloihin ja koulurakennuksiin. Esimerkkitapausten tulokset osoittavat, että käytetyillä tiedonlouhinnan menetelmillä sovellettuna rakennusten energiatehokkuus- ja sisäilmastoanalyyseihin on mahdollista jalostaa suuria monimuuttuja-aineistoja tehokkaasti. Laskennallisten menetelmien innovatiivinen käyttö antaa hyvät perusteet tutkia ja kehittää uusia informaatiopalveluja. Tutkijoiden tulee tehdä yhteistyötä loppukäyttäjinä toimivien kiinteistöhallinnan ja -ylläpidon henkilöstön sekä asukkaiden kanssa saavuttaakseen parempia analyysituloksia, helpompaa tulosten tulkintaa ja oikeita johtopäätöksiä tietämyksen hyödyntämiseksi
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Kempa, Karol [Verfasser]. "Four essays on climate, energy, and sports economics / Karol Kempa." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1177678322/34.
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Klein, Thomas. "Climate change and energy: the case of French PCET plans." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik (flyttat 20130630), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171852.
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The energy sector and the phenomenon of anthropogenic-induced cli-mate change are intrinsically related insofar as this sector is responsible for considerable emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) due to fossil-fuel-based energy production facilities, namely electric power plants. The overall aim of the present work is to explore the relations and synergies between climate change and the energy sector as well as to explore the French example of PCET plans (Climate and Energy Territorial plans) that have been developed by local authorities for the past decade. Based on a literature review of the background for the issues of climate change and local planning, this works uses the strengths of participant observation and interviews with actors in the development of PCET to present the approach and discuss its characteristics and shortcomings. Since climate change is not only affecting and affected by both the supply- and demand-side of the energy sector, but is also related to numerous sectors such as housing and transportation, the need for com-prehensive plans has become more important at various levels of action. Although the PCET approach is recent and its impacts remain uncertain, it tackles fundamental public issues that are also potential aspects for development. While local authorities remain sceptical concerning their means of efficient action at the territorial level, a PCET plan may therefore have major consequences if it perceived as a comprehensive strategic tool rather than a simple action plan.
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Benjamin, Lisa Rebecca. "Energy companies and climate change : towards a greener corporate objective?" Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40501.
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Energy companies are major contributors to climate change, yet have very few legal obligations to reduce emissions from their operations. As a result, it is likely that further regulation of corporate emissions will have to be developed to deal with climate change. This Thesis aims to determine whether existing mechanisms dealing with corporate emissions are adequate, and, if they are not, what would be the best mechanism(s) to mediate companies’ contributions to climate change. A selection of five sets of mechanisms will be analysed; internal corporate norms, company law, climate change and energy regulation, ‘non-legal’ mechanisms, such as voluntary codes of conduct and market mechanisms, and finally, ‘decentred’ regulatory efforts. This Thesis will focus on the English regulatory environment and related international regulation, and examine a selection of English energy companies’ sustainability reports. This Thesis will test the ideas of what these five mechanisms currently require of companies, particularly carbon-major energy companies. It will look at whether these requirements are enforceable, whether there is compliance with them, and finally, are whether these requirements are sufficient to meet the looming climate crisis. If these mechanisms are not adequate, this Thesis will suggest how companies can evolve towards a more principled approach of dealing with climate change, one that is effective, practical and achievable. Some of the main findings of the Thesis are that the shareholder wealth maximisation norm is subverting the efficacy of environmental regulation on climate change, and disincentivising carbon-major companies from reducing their emissions and transitioning away from fossil fuels. As a result, some reflections are provided on potential ways forward that would involve requirements for energy companies to more actively report and reduce greenhouse gases.
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Lickley, Megan Jeramaz. "The vulnerability of U.S. coastal energy infrastructure under climate change." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78496.
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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77).<br>The 2005 hurricane season was particularly damaging to the United States, contributing to significant losses to energy infrastructure -much of it a result of flooding from storm surges during hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Previous research suggests that these events are not isolated, but rather foreshadow a risk that is to continue and likely increase with a changing climate (17). Since extensive energy infrastructure exists along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, these facilities are exposed to an increasing risk of flooding. We study the combined impacts of anticipated sea level rise, hurricane activity, and subsidence on energy infrastructure in these regions with a first application to Galveston Bay. Using future climate conditions as projected by four different Global Circulation Models (GCMs), we model the change in hurricane activity from present day climate conditions in response to a climate projected in 2100 under the IPCC A l B emissions scenario using hurricane analysis developed by Emanuel (5). We apply the results from hurricane runs from each model to the SLOSH model (Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) (19) to investigate the change in frequency and distribution of surge heights across climates. Further, we incorporate uncertainty surrounding the magnitude of sea level rise and subsidence, resulting in more detailed projections of risk levels for energy infrastructure over the next century. With a detailed understanding of energy facilities' changing risk exposure, we conclude with a dynamic programming cost-benefit analysis to optimize decision making over time as it pertains to adaptation.<br>by Megan Jeramaz Lickley.<br>S.M.in Technology and Policy
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Hasz, Adam. "Equitable energy for Massachusetts : how can climate policy reduce inequality?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118254.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Massachusetts is widely recognized as a climate leader and a state that prioritizes social equity. However, existing Massachusetts climate policy does not effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and has limited support for marginalized communities. The state's annual $730 million of investment in energy efficiency is governed by the Green Communities Act, which emphasizes cost-savings for consumers rather than environmental benefits or social equity. The state's Global Warming Solutions Act does impose a legal obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 25% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 based on 1990 levels. Yet these emission reductions will not be achieved without new policies that effectively regulate carbon emissions. Finally, the state's existing environmental justice policy of Executive Order 552 is not enforced and does not govern the distribution of the $730 million of annual investment in energy efficiency. This thesis explores these challenges and suggests a new climate policy framework of "equitable electrification." To achieve this framework, Massachusetts should impose new regulations on the use of petroleum products in building heating systems. The state should also reform the Mass Save energy efficiency investment criteria to prioritize electric heat pumps. To increase support for environmental justice households, municipalities should consider administering their energy efficiency investments directly instead of using existing utility programs. Finally, policymakers should consider new legislation that imposes a progressive carbon price and prioritizes investments for marginalized communities. By pursuing these recommendations, Massachusetts can develop more effective climate policy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions while increasing social equity.<br>by Adam Hasz.<br>M.C.P.
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Howarth, Nicholas A. A. "The political economy of technological change, energy and climate change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:96957dc1-2bc8-466f-8963-4a7edbc0569c.
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This thesis sets out to explore some of the key dimensions in the process of socio-technological change inherent in the shift to a low carbon economy. This is done in two parts, the first focusing on theory, the second, empirical case studies. Out of the diversity of interactions between actors, technologies, and policies surrounding this process, one key question emerges: can societies really shift the structure of their economies so fundamentally to achieve a low carbon future within a reasonable timeframe? Chapter One develops an integrated approach to economic and political change to interrogate this question. This synthesizes a review of literature (Part One) examining the role of technology within some of the main theories of economic change in the social sciences. Two broad paradigms are distinguished. First, a paradigm based around the notion of equilibrium, notably the standard welfare approach of neoclassical economics; and secondly, an evolutionary paradigm, which views the economy as a complex adaptive system – such as exemplified by theories of path dependency. This theoretical background provides a broad narrative to frame and inform Part Two of the thesis. First in Chapter Four, socio-technical change is investigated in the context of the diffusion of energy efficient lighting in Germany. This study investigates the relationships between human behaviour and attitudes, lamp technology and the evolving nature of institutions, to provide a framework with which to consider the contentious issue of individual freedom versus government control in the politics of change to lower-carbon emissions. In Chapter Five, the case for the creation of a market for CO2 pollution permits is developed. In making this case, the strengths and weaknesses of emissions trading are compared and contrasted with other policy instruments and the broader political economy of the various policy options discussed. Chapter 6 builds on this to examine the political economy of implementing an emissions trading scheme in Australia and the impact the Kyoto Protocol has had on domestic politics and GHG mitigation. Chapter Seven continues with the theme of building ‘a political ecology of the state’ by investigating the politics and economics of greenhouse gas mitigation in Russia. Finally, Chapter Eight recapitulates the aims, nature and conclusions of this research and draws out its implications for policy as well as mapping out some areas for further research. In particular, the need to bring a greater sense of politics back into the study of the economy is highlighted as a vital part of building a renewed, more sustainable economic paradigm in the wake of the financial crisis and, as a way of strengthening the connection between social values and market outcomes.
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Matthäus, David [Verfasser]. "Renewable Energy Policies in Times of Climate Change / David Matthäus." Berlin : epubli, 2020. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:101:1-2020061223212601335826.
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Wang, Yaoping. "Climate Change and Its Effects on the Energy-Water Nexus." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1534307556870925.
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Bastani, Parisa. "Essays in energy economics : emissions abatement, climate policy, and welfare." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708324.
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Haugaard, Eveline. "Climate Impact from Operational Energy Use in Facilities & Households." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254336.
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In 2017, the Swedish Parliament voted for a climate aim which says Sweden should achieve zero net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2045. The building and construction sector is one of the sectors that needs to reduce it’s climate impact. As of 2016, 12.8 million tons of CO2-equivalents was estimated emitted from the sector, which represented about 21 percent oftotal amounts of GHG-gases emitted from Sweden in that year. Several studies has shown that the operational energy use in the life cycle of buildings is source to the majority of the emissions. This thesis was written in collaboration with Skanska Sweden, a Swedish construction company. Currently, there is no available value for the CO2-emissions emitted per m2 from the operational energy use in facilities and households at Skanska Sweden. The aim of this report is therefore to estimate the CO2-emissions emitted per m2 from various building types.This has been achieved through data investigations of what data is available and missing. Furthermore, methodologies have been investigated as well as energy sources for various buildings. Then the emissions were calculated as CO2-eq/m2 per building type. A sensitivity scenario was additionally performed by calcuating climate impact from different electric grids (Swedish, Nordic and European). Finally, a future energy scenario was investigated for2050 to estimate future climate impact from the operational energy use in various building types. The energy data was based on two different databases, Base and Follow Up, whereas Base presented estimated energy interval values. Follow Up presented estimated and verified values. In the data collection, a categorisation was made depending on the various building types Skanska Sweden produces. The 7 categories was Houses, Multi-dwelling buildings,Offices, Care centers, Schools, Pre-schools and Other. The findings were that in all categories but two (schools and offices), the operational energy use is higher when the values are verified, rather than estimated. Recommendations are therefore to increase the amount of available verified values, however, at the same time the amount of estimated values need to increase as well as many categories had a deficient amount of available data, this to increase the reliability of the results. The difference in calculated climate impact is relatively large between categories, depending on energy sources for heating and hot tap water. For instance is the climate impact lowest for Houses when the majority of the energy comes from electricity. At the same time, the climate impact from the category Other is highest, which is because the energy use is high, but additionally because the majority of the energy comes from district heating. Overall, this energy source has higher climate impact than when the electricity is used. Nevertheless, it should be observed that the difference in categories is overall huge, depending on the chosen electricity grid. Future emissions (2050) will be significantly lower than today, especially when the European grid and the EU reference scenario is chosen, but will be dependent on electricity prices additionally. However, if the Swedish climate aim of climate neutrality will be achieved, the climate impact from the operational energy will be minimal in 2050. An important aspect in environmental evaluations of energy is methodological choice. In this project, the attributional perspective has been chosen, however, many studies imply the importance of margin energy, which the attributional perspective does not include.Furthermore, the attributional may present a lower climate impact than when other methodologies are chosen. It is therefore important to be aware of the methodology used and recommendations for future studies would be to investigate the methods more thouroughly.<br>Under 2017 röstade svenska riksdagen igenom en klimatlag som begränsar klimatpåverkan till netto noll år 2045 från samtliga sektorer. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn är en sektor medstor klimatpåverkan och utgjorde år 2016 21 procent (12.8 miljoner ton) av totala utsläpp i Sverige. Historiskt sett har energianvändningen i drift av byggnader utgjort majoriteten av utsläppen från bygg- och fastighetssektorn och är därför en viktig del att utforska. Skanska Sverige är ett svenskt byggföretag och detta arbete har gjorts i samarbete med företaget. För tillfället finns inget värde på CO2-utsläppen kopplade till energin i drift av byggnader (hushåll och lokaler) som byggts av Skanska Sverige och målet med denna rapport är därför att estimera CO2-utsläpp/m2 från olika byggnadstyper. Detta har upnåtts genom att bland annat utforska vilken data som finns tillgänglig och vad som saknats, samt att utforska metodval och energikällor för olika byggnader för att sedan omvandla energidatan til lgenererade CO2-utsläpp/m2. Vidare utfördes en känslighetsanalys genom att beräkna CO2/m2 för olika elnät (svenskt, nordiskt och europeiskt). Slutligen har även ett framtida energiscenario beräknat för år 2050 använts för att beräkna klimatutsläpp från driftenergin iframtiden. Datan är baserad på två olika databaser, Base och Follow Up, där Base har endast redovisat estimerade energivärden som anges som intervall av nio kWh, samtidigt har Follow Up redovisat både estimerade och verifierade värden. På grund av större datatillgänglighet i Base valdes denna att huvudsakligen basera beräkningar på, men Follow Up och dess verifierade värden har använts till jämförelse. En kategorisering gjordes beroende av vilka byggnadstyper Skanska producerar mest av. De 7 kategorierna var småhus (villor och radhus), flerfamiljshus (lägenheter), kontor, sjukhem, förskolor, skolor och övrigt som inkluderade bland annat sjukhus och hotell. Resultaten har visat att i alla kategorier utom två (skolor och kontor) är energianvändning högre när energin är verifierad än när den är estimerad. Rekommendationer är därför att öka antalet verifierade värden som samlas in, samtidigt som de estimerade även behöver öka för att öka pålitligheten av resultaten då många kategorier har begränsad mängd indata. Skillnaden i beräknad klimatpåverkan är relativt stor mellan olika kategorier, beroende av energikällor för värme och varmvatten. Exempelvis är klimatpåverkan lägst för småhus då största andelen energitillförsel för småhus utgörs av elektricitet. Samtidigt är klimatpåverkan hög från kategori Other, vilket till stor del beror på att energianvändningen (kWh/m2) är hög, men även på grund av att majoriteten av energitillförseln kommer från fjärrvärme. Generellt sett har denna energikälla högre klimatpåverkan. Dock skall det observeras att skillnaden inom kategorier även den är stor, beroende av vilket elnät som valts. Exempelvis är skillnaden stor mellan småhus där elnätet som använts är svenskt, och när elnätet varit europeiskt. Framtida utsläpp kommer vara betydligt lägre än idag, speciellt när det europeiska nätet väljs och EUs referensscenario är utforskat, men är även beroende av framtida elpriser och satsningar på förnybart. Ska det svenska målet om klimatneutralitet 2045 dock uppfyllas kommer klimatpåverkan vara minimal år 2050. En viktig aspekt vid miljövärdering av energi är metodval. I detta projekt har bokföringsperspektivet använts, men flertalet studier har påpekat vikten av att inkludera marginalenergi, samt visat att perspektivet ofta redovisar lägre klimatpåverkan än till exempel konsekvensperspektivet. Det är därför viktigt att vara medveten om vilken metodik som väljs och framtida rekommendationer för studier är förslagsvis att utforska flera metoder,gärna parallellt för att se skillnader.