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1
Michaelis, Peter. "Reducing resource consumption in the UK steel sector : an exergy analysis." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842698/.
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This study has investigated the use of exergy analysis when applied to the UK steel sector. The aim has been twofold: to assess whether exergy analysis provides greater insight into physical processes at this level than conventional thermodynamic analyses; and whether it can be used to identify ways that this sector has reduced its impact on the environment in the past, and how this might continue in the future. An overview of the issues surrounding resource consumption and waste generation and their relationship to the steel sector are given [Chapter 1]. The theory behind exergy analysis is then reviewed and its relevance to reducing resource use and waste minimisation examined [Chapter 2]. An exergy analysis was performed on all the processes within the steel sector [Chapters 3 & 4] and the reasons for thermodynamic inefficiencies discussed. Based on these analyses, exergy analysis was found to be superior to other methods in describing some, but not all, processes when compared with two forms of energy analysis [Chapter 5]. This is due to fact that exergy includes an account of entropy which quantifies thermodynamic quality. It was shown that reducing the exergy consumption of the steel sector leads to a reduction in resource use and to some extent will lead to a reduction in the emission of pollutants. Two different systems which could represent the UK steel sector were investigated to determine which best fitted the aims of the study [Chapter 6]. The first system was based on all processes within the UK which were linked to the use of steel; the second was based on all processes, regardless of location, which were linked to the use of steel in the UK. It was found that for the steel sector at least, there was little difference in the exergy consumption of each system, although these were structurally quite different. Finally a system was chosen to represent the UK steel sector which best suited the needs of the study. This system was used to examine the evolution of the steel sector from 1954-1994, detailing all the main steel and scrap flows, the exergy consumption in; mining, transport, steel production and scrap processing, the effects of trade and the role of manufacture and product use in generating scrap [Chapter 7]. It was found that the exergy consumption of the UK steel sector has fallen twofold in this time period, indicating a large reduction in resource consumption. Based on past evolution, scenarios for possible futures of the steel sector were constructed [Chapter 8]. These showed that from 1994 to 2019 substantial reductions in the exergy consumption of the sector are possible (between 15% and 72% of 1994 levels by 2019) through changes to: the overall demand for steel goods, the technology of steel production and the mix of steel production methods.
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Liu, Jiashang. "Resource Allocation and Energy Management in Green Network Systems." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587577356321898.
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Ackah, Ishmael. "Essays on energy consumption and oil resource management in oil producing African countries." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/essays-on-energy-consumption-and-oil-resource-management-in-oil-producing-african-countries(5703d6fa-58c2-40fc-a130-c67da933bf04).html.
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In September 2011, the UN General Secretary declared his vision of making modern energy accessible to all by 2030. Unfortunately, less than 50% of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa have access to modern forms of energy. This implies that Africa requires sustained investment in the energy sector. In order to provide investment guide and policy recommendations, this thesis seeks to investigate the determinants of renewable energy, energy efficiency practices and natural gas demand in oil producing African countries. The choice of these types of fuel is dictated by the fact that, renewable energy, energy efficiency and natural gas have been considered the solution to the hydra-headed problems of energy security, energy access and climate change in Africa. The thesis contributes to the energy economics literature in four main ways. First, the thesis applies spatial analysis to the issue of ‗oil curse‘ which has often been associated with oil producing African countries since investments in energy will require finance which can be provided by proceeds from oil resources. Second, the effect of natural resource depletion and energy-related carbon emissions on renewable energy consumption is examined. Third, the natural gas consumption behavior of oil producing African countries is examined. Finally, the Product Generational Dematerialisation (PGD) is applied to the energy efficiency of fossil fuels and electricity consumption in Ghana. The thesis finds among other things that both economic and technical factors affect the demand for natural gas and renewable energy. Further, the results reveal that the consumption of both fossil fuel and renewables have not been efficient. Finally, the thesis confirms the oil curse hypothesis. However, how conducive the investment climate in a particular country has positive bearings on neighbouring countries. Whilst the study seeks to recommend for more investment into energy supply and demand, attention should be given to three factors: availability, the environment and finance. Whereas, renewable energy sources, natural gas and efficiency abound in Africa and are environmentally friendly, finance may be a major hindrance to investments. Therefore, the sixth chapter of this thesis, examines how oil resources are managed so that it can help fund investments in energy. The chapters are therefore linked by the need for oil producing African countries to harness the finances to invest in available and clean sources of energy. The thesis recommends that oil producing Africa should open their economies for international trade, invest in commercial sources of renewable energy, build strong accountability institutions, channel oil revenues into productive sectors and educate the public on energy efficiency not just electricity efficiency.
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Chen, Ting. "Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation in OFDMA Systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-98683.
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In this thesis, a resource allocation problem in OFDMA is studied for the energy efficiency of wireless network. The objective is to minimize the total energy consumption which includes transmission energy consumption, and circuit energy consumption at both transmitter and receiver with required per user’s rate constraint. For problem solution, a heuristic algorithm with low computational complexity and suboptimal solution is proposed, developed in two steps with an increasing order of complexity. Besides, a bounding scheme based on model linearization of formulated nonlinear system model is also proposed to give lower and upper bounds for both small- and large-scale OFDMA network for further algorithm performance evaluation, while the implemented exhaustive search is only capable to provide the optimal solution for small-scale instance for algorithm performance evaluation. Numerical results show that the proposal heuristic algorithm can achieve near-optimal performance with applicable computational complexity even for large-scale networks, and that the bounds from the bounding scheme are very tight for both small- and large-scale OFDMA networks.
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Leenes, Popkje Winfrieda. "Natural resource use for food land, water and energy in production and consumption systems /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2006. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/298187221.
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Muchawaya, Davidzo. "Energy consumption patterns in rural Zimbabwe with special reference to the role of electricity as a development incentive [electronic resource] /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09252008-151526/.
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Stellmann, Lars. "Germany's energy demand and supply until 2020 : implications for Germany's foreign energy policy." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FStellmann.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Robert E. Looney, Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-57). Also available online.
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Staples, Jacob. "Resource banking an energy-efficient, run-time adaptive processor design technique." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5047.
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From the earliest and simplest scalar computation engines to modern superscalar out-of-order processors, the evolution of computational machinery during the past century has largely been driven by a single goal: performance. In today's world of cheap, billion-plus transistor count processors and with an exploding market in mobile computing, a design landscape has emerged where energy efficiency, arguably more than any other single metric, determines the viability of a processor for a given application. The historical emphasis on performance has left modern processors bloated and over provisioned for everyday tasks in the hope that during computationally intensive periods some performance improvement will be observed. This work explores an energy-efficient processor design technique that ensures even a highly over provisioned out-of-order processor has only as many of its computational resources active as it requires for efficient computation at any given time. Specifically, this paper examines the feasibility of a dynamically banked register file and reorder buffer with variable banking policies that enable unused rename registers or reorder buffer entries to be voltage gated (turned off) during execution to save power. The impact of bank placement, turn-off and turn-on policies as well as rail stabilization latencies for this approach are explored for high-performance desktop and server designs as well as low-power mobile processors.ID: 030423232; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.Cp.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79).
M.S.Cp.E.
Masters
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Engineering
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Alnowiser, Abdulaziz Mohammed. "TOWARD ENERGY-EFFICIENT SCHEDULING USING WEIGHTED ROUND-ROBIN AND VM REUSE." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1303.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Abdulaziz M. AlNowiser, for the Master of Science degree in Computer Science, presented on November 1, 2013, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: TOWARD ENERGY-EFFICIENT SCHEDULING USING WEIGHTED ROUND- ROBIN AND VM REUSE MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Michelle M. Zhu In recent years, the rapid evolving Cloud Computing technologies multiply challenges such as minimizing power consumption and meeting Quality-of-Services (QoS) requirements in the presence of heavy workloads from a large number of users using shared computing resources. Powering a middle-sized data center normally consumes 80,000kW power every year and computer servers consume around .5% of the global power [1]. Statistics for 5000 production servers over a six-month period show that only 10-50% of the total capacity has been effectively used, and a large portion of the resources is actually wasted. In order to address the skyrocket energy cost from the high level resource management aspect, we propose an energy efficient job scheduling approach based on a modified version of Weighted Round Robin scheduler that incorporates VMs reuse and live VM migration without compromising the Service Level Agreement (SLA). The Weighted Round Robin scheduler can monitor the running VMs status for possible VM sharing for job consolidation or migration. In addition, the VMs utilization rate is observed to start live migration from the over-utilizing Processing Element (PE) to under-utilized PEs or to the hibernated PEs by sending WOL (Wake-On-LAN) signal to activate them. The simulation experiments are conducted under the CloudReports environment based on open source CloudSim simulator. The comparisons with other similar scheduling algorithms demonstrate that our enhanced Weighted Round Robin algorithm (EWRR) can achieve considerable better performance in terms of energy consumption and resource utilization rate.
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Johansson, Susanne. "The Swedish foodprint : an agroecological study of food consumption /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200556.pdf.
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Bohdanowicz, Paulina. "Responsible resource management in hotels : attitudes, indicators, tools and strategies." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4131.
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Björklund, Johanna. "Emergy analysis to assess ecological sustainability : strengths and weaknesses /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5794-7.pdf.
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Devata, Naveen Kumar. "Indicators for Minimizing Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions at Wastewater Treatment Facilities." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1208.
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Wastewater treatment facilities around the world use significant amount of energy which contributes to large quantities of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to the U.S.EPA, nearly 3% of the USA's energy is used to treat wastewater. This consumption is increasing at faster rates with increase in population and regulations. Wastewater facilities use large number of pumps in their transfer stations, treatment plants, and effluent pump stations. All these pumps consume considerable amounts of energy. This study presents a preliminary energy inspection of two facilities from Louisiana. This audit provides an inventory of the energy consumed for various activities like pumping, treatment, and discharge. This analysis helps the operators to identify the potential power consuming areas and optimize by adopting several energy conservation measures (ECMs). This study also involves the quantification of GHG emissions based on the energy consumption. The benefits of the study include minimizing energy and GHG emission.
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Lagerberg, Charlotte. "Emergy analysis of the resource use in greenhouse crop production and of the resource basis of the Swedish economy /." Alnarp : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5742-4.pdf.
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Shah, Jignesh. "Water consumption for steam methane reforming hydrogen plants in Edmonton, Canada." Thesis, Villanova University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10116994.
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Traditional engineering and financial assessments are limited not only to consideration of currently internalized costs, but also often lack consideration of new or current externalities during the life of the new system. The goal of this thesis is to provide a methodology that integrates sustainability assessment with the traditional assessments, thereby allowing the assessment and optimization of the total overall costs. The proposed method is applied for the steam methane reforming (SMR) plants operated by Air Products in Edmonton, Canada where the boiler feed water for hydrogen manufacturing is produced using the polished effluent from the local municipal wastewater treatment plant. The softening of the feed water to Reverse Osmosis (RO) system is proposed (after evaluating the several options) to improve the recovery for the current RO system from 75% to 95%. The overall costs were estimated for comparison of the current and proposed systems.
The production of hydrogen via SMR highlights the complexities of the sustainability assessment. While hydrogen may be considered a renewable transportation fuel, depending on whether the fossil natural gas can be replaced with renewable biogas or via electrolysis of water using renewable energy, it is reliant on the availability of water. However, water is a scarce resource that is also essential for basic human survival and ecological needs. As the population of the world increases, alternative water sources need to be explored, which may require more energy in the processing of such water to potable grade.
The results show that the proposed RO feed softening via Ion Exchange (IX) can improve RO recovery up to 95%. The financial assessments based on literature prices and cost factors show that the current operating cost can be reduced up to ~20% by improving RO recovery to 95% with ~75% probability for cost reduction at 95% recovery. When the capital costs are accounted for, NPV-based analyses show that for 95% recovery more than 20% IRR (if spare vessels are available for refurbishment) could be achieved.
Environmental assessments (Life Cycle Assessment method using SimaPro v7.3 following ISO 14040-44 standards) show that 1.12 x 10-3 ReCiPe Endpoints impact for current RO operation at 75% recovery can be reduced by ~8% when 95% RO recovery is achieved via the proposed system. Due to the need for increased NaCl salt for regeneration of resins in the proposed system, the environmental impacts increased for metal depletion and ionizing radiation impact categories, unlike the other impact categories. The GHG emissions could be reduced by ~10% (after accounting for 10%-30% probability) for 95% RO recovery with the reduction from the reduced consumption of inputs. Similarly, the life cycle water depletion impacts can be reduced by ~10% (after accounting for 30%-65% reduction probability) from the current 1.75kg water depletion per kg of BFW produced. Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) as per the Ridoutt & Pfister method shows that when accounted for local water stress, during the worst month, the blue water footprint increases from 1.75kg/kg BFW to 63.9kg/kg BFW, in addition to ~0.08kg/kg BFW greywater footprint.
The social assessment shows mixed results with lower employment, employee development, corporate philanthropy, environmental "protect" spend and R&D spend due to reduced overall consumptions for the 95% recovery option. The other social impact categories were improved for 95% recovery. The overall cost (estimated as the sum of the internally normalized social costs) were 3.0 units with up to 35% reduction potential.
The results of the case study show that IX feed softening has potential to not only reduce the environmental and social costs, but also meet the financial constraints. Also, this highlights that an integrated sustainability assessment method that evaluates and combines all three aspects of sustainability - environment, social and economic - could be developed. The proposed method as presented needs further development. Among other things, the lack of availability of robust social inventory database significantly hinders the development and adoption such integrated methods. The application of the method to additional case studies would be a good next step.
This exercise has highlighted that the value and benefits of overall cost estimates are beyond those of policy making by the regulatory agencies. Sustainability minded companies could benefit from having environmental and social goals along with the financial targets as they understand the risks from inadequate performances in any of these aspects. However, these goals are typically on a gate-to-gate basis and independent of each other; thereby, creating the potential for shifting burdens in the value chain and not obtaining the full benefits of risk mitigation. The assessment using the overall cost approach at life cycle basis is essential for industry in not only risk mitigation, but also opportunity identification at an early stage.
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MacLean, Thomas Frank. "Asymmetric demand for energy : a cointegration approach /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7494.
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Brocanelli, Marco. "Improving the Performance of Smartphone Apps with Soft Hang Bug Detection and Dynamic Resource Management." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1527609496701755.
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Trusler, Bonnie R. "Energy watch: an energy conservation project for elementary schools." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/38.
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The goal of this project was to organize and implement an energy conservation program for second and fifth grade students that would increase their overall awareness and understanding of energy concepts and energy conservation.
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Lee, Shu-Kam. "The market for energy in China." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/851.
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Since 1979, China embarked on an economic reform to modernize the country. The reform was so successful that China was able to grow by an impressive rate of 9 percent per anum between 1979 and 1997. The rapid development of the economy leads to a drastic increase in demand for energy. Since China has the largest population in the world, its energy demand is nothing but huge. Each year, for example, China needs to install as much as 10,000 MW of new electricity generation capacity, which equals the curent capacity of Netherlands. This increase in demand for energy, which is likely to continue, wil have implications for global energy markets, the world price of energy and for the global environment as emissions of greenhouse gases grow rapidly. Against this background, there is an urgent need for the country to better manage the energy sector so that the market can function in an orderly manner. To tackle this issue, I single out three important energy problems to study. First, I wil examine the current situation of the energy imbalance in China. Second, I wil forecast how rapid the energy demand wil grow in future so that the deficit between the demand and domestic supply can be identified. Lastly, I wil discuss some methods that can be used to manage the demand. My finding shows that energy-capital and energy-material inputs are complementary, whereas the relationship of energy and labour is insignificant. In addition, the simulation exercises also reveals that a high energy pricing policy might not be effective in mitigating the demand and in encouraging firms to employ labour intensive techniques. Also, rising energy prices may bring spiral inflation and deterioration in the balance of payments and foreign resources. Therefore, government should act cautiously when increasing energy prices.
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Kassinen, O. (Otso). "Efficient middleware and resource management in mobile peer-to-peer systems." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295737.
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Abstract Mobile peer-to-peer (P2P) networks have emerged as a substrate for distributed wireless Internet applications. With P2P systems, it is possible to share resources such as data storage space, media files, network bandwidth, or computing power among the devices, which participate in the network, without large and expensive centralised server machines. However, the special characteristics of the mobile environment such as the low computational power, changing network conditions, and limited battery life pose several challenges for the fluent operation of mobile devices in P2P networks; this is also in part affected by the complexity of distributed P2P systems. Software development for mobile devices and the design of mobile networking systems are challenging due to the limited device resources and heterogeneous software platforms. Moreover, the energy consumption of a mobile device, and the network-wide routing efficiency that affects for example the resource lookup performance, depend on multiple variable parameters. P2P application development can be facilitated, however, by using middleware, which hides the complexity of networking from the application programmers. The research contributions of this thesis can be classified into three categories: (1) Novel functionalities of mobile middleware are proposed. One of these is a cross-layer connectivity management framework, which aims to select the best combination of network technology entities in a specific usage situation; the selection is made by logic contained in a replaceable state machine. Another new functionality is a system, which installs a missing application for the user, when the user receives a session request from another user. A signalling system based on the cellular USSD protocol is also presented; the system facilitates the establishment of a P2P connection with a mobile device, whose IP-based network connection is off. Moreover, the suitability of the P2PSIP protocol for implementing wireless distributed services is analysed. (2) P2P-related measurement studies are presented. In them, the message routing efficiency of a P2PP protocol implementation and the network traffic load caused by the messaging are observed, and the energy consumption incurred by the same implementation in a mobile device is measured. In addition, a server-based testbed system used in these measurements is described. (3) Experience-backed guidelines for mobile middleware development are presented. These include practical instructions for software development on a restricted mobile platform, and guidelines and observations related to cross-platform software developmentTiivistelmä Mobiilit vertaisverkot (P2P) ovat uusi alusta hajautetuille langattomille Internet-sovelluksille. P2P-järjestelmien avulla on mahdollista jakaa resursseja kuten tiedon tallennustilaa, mediatiedostoja, verkon kaistanleveyttä tai laskentatehoa laitteiden kesken, jotka osallistuvat verkkoon, ilman suuria ja kalliita keskitettyjä palvelinkoneita. Mobiiliympäristön erityispiirteet kuten vähäinen laskentateho, vaihtelevat verkko-olosuhteet ja rajallinen akkukesto asettavat kuitenkin useita haasteita sujuvalle mobiililaitteiden vertaisverkkokäytölle; tähän vaikuttaa osaltaan myös hajautettujen P2P-järjestelmien monimutkaisuus. Mobiililaitteiden ohjelmistokehitys ja mobiiliverkkojärjestelmien suunnittelu on haastavaa rajallisten laiteresurssien ja epäyhtenäisten ohjelmistoalustojen vuoksi. Lisäksi mobiililaitteen energiankulutus ja koko P2P-verkon reititystehokkuus, joka vaikuttaa esimerkiksi resurssien hakutehokkuuteen, riippuvat useista muuttuvista parametreista. P2P-sovelluskehitystä voidaan kuitenkin helpottaa käyttämällä välikerrosohjelmistoja, jotka kätkevät verkon käytön monimutkaisuuden sovellusohjelmoijilta. Tämän väitöskirjan tutkimuksellinen uutuusarvo voidaan jakaa kolmeen osa-alueeseen: (1) Uusia toiminnallisuuksia mobiileihin välikerrosohjelmistoihin esitellään. Eräs näistä on verkkokerrosten välinen yhteydenhallintajärjestelmä, jossa pyritään valitsemaan tietyssä käyttötilanteessa paras verkkotekniikoiden yhdistelmä; valinnan tekee vaihdettavien tilakoneiden sisältämä logiikka. Toinen uusi toiminnallisuus on järjestelmä, joka asentaa puuttuvan sovelluksen käyttäjälle, kun käyttäjä saa toiselta käyttäjältä pyynnön ryhtyä yhteysjaksoon tämän kanssa. Myös soluverkkojen USSD-protokollaan perustuva signalointijärjestelmä esitellään; järjestelmän avulla helpotetaan P2P-yhteydenmuodostusta sellaisen mobiililaitteen kanssa, jonka IP-pohjainen verkkoyhteys on poissa päältä. Lisäksi P2PSIP-protokollan soveltuvuutta langattomien hajautettujen palvelujen toteuttamiseen analysoidaan. (2) Esitellään P2P-mittaustutkimuksia. Näissä havainnoidaan P2PP-protokollatoteutuksen viestien reititystehokkuutta ja viestien aiheuttamaa verkkoliikennekuormaa sekä mitataan saman toteutuksen aiheuttamaa energiankulutusta mobiililaitteessa. Lisäksi kuvaillaan mittauksissa hyödynnetty palvelinpohjainen testausjärjestelmä. (3) Esitetään kokemuksiin perustuvia neuvoja mobiilien välikerrosohjelmistojen kehitystyötä varten. Nämä sisältävät käytännöllisiä ohjeita rajoitetulla mobiilialustalla tapahtuvaan ohjelmistokehitykseen sekä neuvoja ja havaintoja liittyen yhtäaikaiseen useiden kohdealustojen ohjelmistokehitykseen
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Gasser, Jonathan. "AN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY RESOURCES UTILIZATION FOR TWO METAL JOINING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/32.
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Sustainable manufacturing involves utilizing energy resources efficiently. Currently, the state of sustainability for a given manufacturing process is described by most in a qualitative sense as opposed to using quantitative metrics. This thesis offers a segment of analysis needed to understand the state of sustainability in the context of energy resource utilization. This was accomplished by measuring the order of magnitude difference between the energy consumption of a manufacturing process vs. the theoretical minimum amount of energy required to complete the same task (aluminum T-joint bond). This analysis was completed for a TIG welding process and a controlled atmosphere brazing (CAB) process. Also, the energy Sankey diagram was constructed for the TIG welding process. The TIG welding process and CAB process consumed an average of 136.1 ± 16.5 kJ and 6,830 ± 77 kJ respectively to bond the same sample. The TIG welding process consumed O(102 kJ) more than the theoretical minimum amount needed to complete the same bond while the CAB process consumed O(104 kJ) more than the theoretical minimum. In the context of energy consumption, there are sizable margins for improvement for both metal joining processes analyzed in this study.
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Anasis, John George. "A Combined Energy and Geoengineering Optimization Model (CEAGOM) for Climate Policy Analysis." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2620.
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One of the greatest challenges that will face humanity in the 21st century is the issue of climate change brought about by emissions of greenhouse gases. Energy use is one of the primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is also one of the most important contributors to improved human welfare over the past two centuries and will continue to be so for years to come. This quandary has led a number of researchers to suggest that geoengineering may be required in order to allow for continued use of fossil fuels while at the same time mitigating the effects of the associated greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate. The goal of this research was to develop a model that would allow decision-makers and policy analysts to assess the optimal mix of energy and geoengineering resources needed to meet global or regional energy demand at the lowest cost while accounting for appropriate emissions, greenhouse gas concentration, or temperature rise constraints. The resulting software model is called the Combined Energy and Geoengineering Optimization Model (CEAGOM). CEAGOM was then used to analyze the recently announced U.S.-China emissions agreement and to assess what the optimal global energy resource mix might be over the course of the 21st century, including the associated potential need for geoengineering. These analyses yielded optimal mixes of energy and geoengineering resources that could be used to inform regional and global energy and climate management strategies.
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Glesser, David. "Road to exascale : improving scheduling performances and reducing energy consumption with the help of end-users." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAM044/document.
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Le domaine du calcul haute performance (i.e. la science des super-calculateurs)est caractérisé par l’évolution continuelle des architectures de calcul, la proliférationdes ressources de calcul et la complexité croissante des problèmes que les utilisateursveulent résoudre. Un des logiciels les plus importants de la pile logicielle dessupercalculateurs est le Système de Gestion des Ressources et des Tâches. Il est lelien entre la charge de travail donnée par les utilisateurs et la plateforme de calcul. Cetype de logiciels spécialisés fournit des fonctions pour construire, soumettre, planifieret surveiller les tâches dans un environnent de calcul complexe et dynamique.Pour pouvoir atteindre des supercalculateurs exaflopiques, de nouvelles con-traintes et objectifs ont été inventés. Cette thèse développe et teste l’idée que lesutilisateurs de ces systèmes peuvent aider à atteindre l’échelle exaflopique. Spé-cifiquement, nous montrons des techniques qui utilisent les comportements desutilisateurs pour améliorer la consommation énergétique et les performances glob-ales des supercalculateurs.Pour tester ces nouvelles techniques, nous avons besoin de nouveaux outils etméthodes qui sont capables d’aller jusqu’à l’échelle exaflopique. Nous proposonsdonc des outils qui permettent de tester de nouveaux algorithmes capables des’exécuter sur ces systèmes. Ces outils sont capables de fonctionner sur de petitssupercalculateurs en émulant ou simulant des systèmes plus puissants. Après avoirévalué différentes techniques pour mesurer l’énergie dans les supercalculateurs, nousproposons une nouvelle heuristique, basée sur un algorithme répandu (Easy Backfill-ing), pour pouvoir contrôler la puissance électrique de ces énormes systèmes. Nousmontrons aussi comment, en utilisant la même méthode, contrôler la consommationénergétique pendant une période de temps. Le mécanisme proposé peut limiterla consommation énergétique tout en gardant des performances satisfaisantes. Sil’énergie est une ressource limitée, il faut la partager équitablement. Nous présen-tons de plus un mécanisme permettant de partager la consommation énergétiqueentre les utilisateurs. Nous soutenons que cette méthode va motiver les utilisateursà réduire la consommation énergétique de leurs calculs. Finalement, nous analysonsle comportement actuel et passé des utilisateurs pour améliorer les performancesdes supercalculateurs. Cette approche non seulement surpasse les performances destravaux existants, mais aussi ouvre la voie à l’utilisation de méthodes semblablesdans d’autres aspects des Systèmes de Gestion des Ressources et des TâchesThe field of High Performance Computing (HPC) is characterized by the contin-uous evolution of computing architectures, the proliferation of computing resourcesand the increasing complexity of applications users wish to solve. One of the mostimportant software of the HPC stack is the Resource and Job Management System(RJMS) which stands between the user workloads and the platform, the applica-tions and the resources. This specialized software provides functions for building,submitting, scheduling and monitoring jobs in a dynamic and complex computingenvironment.In order to reach exaflops HPC systems, new constraints and objectives havebeen introduced. This thesis develops and tests the idea that the users of suchsystems can help reaching the exaflopic scale. Specifically, we show and introducenew techniques that employ users behaviors to improve energy consumption andoverall cluster performances.To test the proposed techniques, we need to develop new tools and method-ologies that scale up to large HPC clusters. Thus, we designed adequate tools thatassess new RJMS scheduling algorithms of such large systems. These tools areable to run on small clusters by emulating or simulating bigger platforms. Afterevaluating different techniques to measure the energy consumption of HPC clusters,we propose a new heuristic, based on the popular Easy Backfilling algorithm, inorder to control the power consumption of such huge systems. We also demonstrate,using the same idea, how to control the energy consumption during a time period.The proposed mechanism is able to limit the energy consumption while keepingsatisfying performances. If energy is a limited resource, it has to be shared fairly.We also present a mechanism which shares energy consumption among users. Weargue that sharing fairly the energy among users should motivate them to reducethe energy consumption of their applications. Finally, we analyze past and presentbehaviors of users using learning algorithms in order to improve the performancesof the parallel platforms. This approach does not only outperform state of the artmethods, it also shows promising insight on how such method can improve otheraspects of RJMS
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Herholz, Ute. "Wachstumspotentiale erneuerbarer Energien und ihre Implikationen für Klimaschutz, Versorgungssicherheit und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit /." Frankfurt a. M. [u.a.] : Lang, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/51615155X.pdf.
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Mbulayi, Shingirai P. "Energy and sustainable development: the case of Dewedzo rural community in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/866.
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Energy poverty is a concept that has gained significance quite recently. Its significance has been prompted by the realization that without sustainable modern energy alternatives for the rural poor, prospects for rural transformation remains low. The recognition of modern energy as one of the missing link in rural transformation comes amid the growing concern about the negative effects of relying on traditional energy services and the increasing forecasts that most developing countries are likely to miss their MDG targets by 2015. Drawing on the Modernization and the Sustainable Development Approach, this study concluded that improving the quantity and quality of energy services consumed by the rural poor can counteract rural underdevelopment and enhance rural social and economic transformation in Dewedzo. The study confirmed that energy poor households are prone to various social, economic and environmental detriments such as poor health, hunger, malnutrition, poor education and missed socio economic opportunities. By addressing rural people‟s energy needs, more nexus can be injected into rural productivity and the economic social outputs of this process can in turn increase the pace at which MDGs can be achieved.
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Guyon, David. "Supporting energy-awareness for cloud users." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1S037/document.
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Les centres de calcul cloud consomment d'importantes quantités d'énergie et il devient nécessaire de réduire leur consommation en raison des changements climatiques actuels. Bien que des propositions d'optimisations énergétiques existent, elles ne tiennent pas compte des utilisateurs finaux. Cette thèse propose d'inclure les utilisateurs cloud dans l'optimisation énergétique afin de réduire la consommation d'énergie des centres de calcul. L'inclusion se fait, dans un premier temps, en délivrant une information énergétique pour sensibiliser, puis dans un second temps, en fournissant des moyens d'action. Les contributions portent sur les couches cloud IaaS et PaaS. Nos résultats montrent que les utilisateurs tolérants à la variation des performances (e.g. retarder l'obtention de résultats) permettent de réduire la consommation d'énergie des centres de calculCloud datacenters consume large amounts of energy and it becomes necessary to reduce their consumption due to current climate changes. Although energy optimization propositions exist, they do not take into account end-users. This thesis proposes to include cloud users in the energy optimization as a means to reduce datacenters energy consumption. The inclusion is done, first, by delivering energy related information to raise awareness, and second, by providing means of actions. Contributions are located at IaaS and PaaS cloud layers. Our results show that users tolerant to performance variation (e.g. delay in obtaining execution results) allow to reduce datacenters energy consumption
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Strengers, Yolande Amy-Adeline, and Yolande strengers@rmit edu au. "Bridging the divide between resource management and everyday life: smart metering, comfort and cleanliness." RMIT University. Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2010. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20100329.165839.
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Smart metering residential demand management programs, such as consumption feedback, variable pricing regimes and the remote control of appliances, are being used to respond to the resource management problems of peak electricity demand, climate change and water shortages. Like other demand management programs, these strategies fail to account for (and respond to) the reasons why people consume resources in their homes, namely to carry out everyday practices such as bathing, laundering, heating and cooling. In particular, comfort and cleanliness practices together constitute most of Australia's potable water consumption in urban centres, and represent most of household energy consumption. In addition, new household cooling practices involving air-conditioning appliances are the major contributor to the nation's rising peak electricity demand, which overloads the electricity system on hot days, costing consumers millions of dollars each year. The oversight of comf ort and cleanliness practices in smart metering demand management programs is concerning because these practices are continuing to shift and change, often in more resource-consuming directions, potentially negating the resource savings achieved through demand management programs. This thesis aims to bridge the problematic divide between the policies and strategies of demand managers, and the day-to-day practices which constitute everyday life. Using the empirical 'hook' of smart metering demand management programs and the everyday practices of comfort and cleanliness, this thesis develops a practice-based conceptual framework to study, understand and analyse these practices and the ways in which smart metering demand management programs reconfigure or further entrench them. A series of qualitative methods were employed in studying 65 households across four research groups, focusing specifically on the household practices of heating, cooling, bathing, laundering, toilet flushing and house cleaning. In addition, 27 interviews were conducted with smart metering industry stakeholders involved or implicated in delivering demand management strategies. Together, these lines of inquiry are used to analyse householders' existing and changing comfort and cleanliness practices, the role of several smart metering demand management strategies in reconfiguring these practices, and potential avenues and opportunities for further practice change in less resource-intensive directions. In particular, this thesis highlights the inherent contradictions and problems in accounting for everyday practices within the dominant demand management paradigm, and offers an alternative paradigm termed the co-management of everyday practices. The thesis concludes by briefly identifying the ways in which smart metering could potentially constrain or catalyse a transition towards this new paradigm.
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Grönberg, Elisabeth, and Rebecca Sjölander. "Livscykelanalys : en miljöorienterad rapport." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20823.
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Den textila industrin, en egen värld, är nu under rampljuset som en av de största miljöpåverkande industrierna. Precis som i fallet med många andra industrier så måste textilbranschen intensivt arbeta med att minska sin negativa påverkan på miljön. Slutmålet måste vara att helt balansera uttagen och insättningarna så att man skapar en bransch som blir klimat- och miljöneutral. I denna rapport har en livscykelanalys gjorts på en underställströja från Helly Hansen tillverkad av 99 % polypropylene. Inom denna livscykelanalys har vi noggrant studerat och undersökt fakta för att hitta de processer som har den största påverkan på miljön. Genom att undersöka material, energi- och resursförbrukning har lösningar för andra mindre miljöpåverkande alternativ tagits fram. Helly Hansen är ett företag som aktivt arbetar med att minska sin miljöpåverkan. De är bland annat medlemmar i Bluesign och driver inom denna organisation ett intensivt arbete för miljövänligare produkter, material och processer. Dock finns det ytterligare åtgärder som kan göras för att reducera en produkts miljöpåverkan. Ett exempel är att göra en livscykelanalys för att optimera produktionen. Som läsare av denna rapport är det upp till var och en att bestämma om de lösningarna som presenteras är värda att genomföra eller om livscykeln redan är optimerad utifrån ett miljöperspektiv och nuvarande förutsättningar. he textile industry, a world of its own, has now come under the spotlight for its role as one of the most affecting industries on the environment. It is important to make a change so that the natural balance doesn’t reach its limit and turn for the worse, beyond salvation. This report is a creation and a study of a lifecycle analysis for a Helly Hansen baselayer top made out of 99 % polypropylene. The goal was to identify processes which have primal impacts on the environment and are the cause of the largest emissions. By studying the materials used, energy and resource consumption, easy solutions have been established to lower emissions that are harming our eco-system for example by increasing the greenhouse effect. By controlling the consumption of energy and resources of a product in the textile industry, the environmental impact can be reduced. Helly Hansen is a company that actively works to reduce their carbon footprint by, amongst others, being members of the Bluesign group. However there are further measures that can be taken to reduce the impact on the environment, for example by doing lifecycle analyses to optimize production. It is up to the reader of this report to decide if the solutions for optimization presented are worth the investment given current conditions and the impact on the environment.Program: Textil produktutveckling med entreprenörs- och affärsinriktning
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Munro, Hugh M. "The impact of national oil companies on the energy security of OECD countries." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=186098.
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National oil companies (NOCs) control over 80 percent of world oil reserves and over 50 percent of gas reserves and hold exclusive rights to exploration and development of oil and gas reserves within their home countries. Because of host government involvement and supervision, NOCs may also act as instruments of state, implementing government foreign and domestic policies such as wealth re-distribution through the provision of subsidised oil products, job creation, and economic development. Such activities can lead to restricted availability of funds for finding and developing reserves for future production and to inefficiencies in current production and distribution. This thesis assesses the geopolitical factors that influence the conduct, strategies and priorities of NOCs and how these may impact on the continuing security of energy supplies to countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It will focus on ten NOCs supplying oil to world markets and two which supply gas to the European market. The study will also review the activities and .scope for influence as state instruments of Sovereign Wealth Funds which have been established by states with NOCs, in particular, those which have earned substantial petro-dollar surpluses, during the period of high oil and gas prices of2006-2008. In an age of global interdependence between nations, specific objectives of this thesis are to consider the implications of anticipated growth in world demand for oil and gas supplies over the next 20 years, whether world production capacity is likely to grow to meet increases in world demand, the potential impact on world oil and gas supplies of the policies and practices of NOCs, in particular, the desire of host governments to require NOCs to follow non- commercial objectives, and the responses from OECD countries to threats to their energy security from potential restrictions on supplies.
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Lückemeyer, Alfonso Celso Arruda Bianchini. "Análise da matriz energética brasileira sob a visão sistêmica: programas energéticos governamentais e a redução de gases de efeito estufa." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2010. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/188.
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Essa dissertação propôs como tema de estudo um panorama das energias renováveis e menos poluentes no Brasil, com enfoque para as mudanças climáticas globais, mais especificamente a emissão de gases de efeito estufa. O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a matriz energética brasileira no que se refere à relação entre a oferta de energia renovável, regulamentada pelas políticas e programas governamentais e a emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Esta análise foi realizada por meio de uma contextualização da matriz energética brasileira no panorama mundial, da relação entre os usos de energias com as mudanças climáticas globais e do estudo dos programas energéticos brasileiros e sua contribuição para minimizar a emissão de poluentes atmosféricos. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foi realizado um levantamento histórico, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, do uso da energia e de programas energéticos governamentais, da oferta de energia e emissões de CO2 e cenários para o ano de 2030, dos acordos internacionais e mecanismos para a mitigação de mudanças climáticas, dos setores da sociedade brasileira que mais consomem energia e quais as fontes utilizadas por esses setores, das tecnologias de energias renováveis disponíveis e os danos climáticos por elas causados nos processos energéticos. A ótica epistemológica sistêmica fundamentou essa dissertação, cujo método mostrou-se adequado ao encaminhamento da questão energética para o jogo de harmonização entre recursos naturais, consumo e danos climáticos, com base na visão de uma ecossocioeconomia. Como principais resultados verificou-se que é possível aumentar a participação de energias renováveis e menos poluentes tais como eólica, solar, PCH e biomassa na matriz energética brasileira e promover a eficiência energética de forma a aumentar a oferta de energia, diminuindo a necessidade da utilização de recursos energéticos naturais e os impactos ambientais decorrentes. Constatou-se que as políticas e programas energéticos governamentais contribuem para o incentivo do uso de energias renováveis e para a melhoria dos índices de poluentes atmosféricos. Concluiu-se que para mitigar a emissão de gases de efeito estufa a partir dos processos energéticos e simultaneamente garantir a continuidade do desenvolvimento econômico faz-se necessário um conjunto de medidas que inclua: a substituição gradativa de fontes fósseis na matriz energética por fontes renováveis, associada à eficiência energética e a programas governamentais integrados e viáveis em termos políticos, econômicos, tecnológicos e sócio-ambientais. Observou-se que há um jogo de forças envolvendo energia entre as necessidades sócio-ambientais e de desenvolvimento econômico e, portanto, no momento presente e para um futuro próximo não há como descartar a total utilização de energias não renováveis (termelétricas a combustíveis fósseis e a energia nuclear e combustíveis fósseis para o setor de transportes), tendo em vista a necessidade de se atender à questão da segurança energética.This thesis proposed as subject of study an overview of renewable and less pollutant energy in Brazil, focusing on global climate change, specifically the emission of greenhouse gases. The objective of the research is to analyze the Brazilian energy matrix with respect to the relation between the supply of renewable energy, regulated by governmental policies and programs, and the issue of greenhouse gases. This analysis is made through a contextualization of the Brazilian energy matrix in the world scene, of the relation between the uses of energy and global climate change, and of the analysis of energy programs in Brazil and their contribution to minimize the emission of air pollutants. For this study, a historical survey was conducted, by means of literature review, on the use of energy and governmental energy programs, energy supply, CO2 emissions and scenarios for the year 2030, international agreements and mechanisms for climate change mitigation, sectors of Brazilian society that consume more energy and what are the sources they use, renewable energy technologies available and the climate damage caused by them in energy processes. The systemic epistemological view has based this thesis, since this method was suitable for the managing of the energy issue for the game of harmonization among natural resources, consumption and climate damage, based on the view of an ecossocioeconomia. The main results showed that it is possible to increase the share of less pollutant and renewable energy such as wind, solar, small hydropower plants and biomass in the Brazilian energy matrix and promote energy efficiency in order to increase the supply of energy, reducing the need of using natural energy resources and the consequent environmental impact. It was noted that governmental energy policies and programs contribute to encourage the use of renewable energy and to improve levels of air pollutants. It was concluded that, in order to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from energy processes while guaranteeing the continuity of economic development, a set of measures is necessary, including: gradual replacement of fossil fuels in energy matrix by renewable sources, in association with energy efficiency, and integrated and viable governmental programs in political, economic, technological and socio-environmental terms. It was observed that there is an interplay of forces involving energy between socio-environmental and economic development and, therefore, at present and near future there is no way to rule out the use of totally non-renewable energy (thermoelectric power plants run by fossil fuels and nuclear energy, and fossil fuels for the transportation sector), considering the need to address the issue of energy safety.
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Simon, Lily. "Running on Empty: Investigating the Production and Consumption Paradox of Biofuel Policy in the United States." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/63.
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In an attempt to achieve energy independence, rural economic development, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction, the United States has turned to fuels derived from agriculture. The U.S. Congress and Environmental Protection Agency mandated the blending of biofuels into conventional gasoline until 2022 under the Renewable Fuel Standard. However, largely missing from the discussion of biofuels is their feasibility regarding environmental protection and end-use marketing to consumers. This thesis investigates the motive for biofuel mandates in the U.S., the irony in the EPA’s decision to back a resource-exhaustive fuel source, and the questionable ability of the U.S. to supply and consume greater volumes of biofuels in the transportation sector. Barriers to consumption are outlined as increased production costs and high market fuel prices, strong political backing of traditional energy sources, and environmental implications of production on ecosystems in certain regions of the United States. By analyzing Iowa and Texas as two biofuel-producing states held in high regards for biofuel production capacity—yet varying degrees of consumption—the feasibility of reaching federal biofuel mandates and promoting this alternative fuel is determined.
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Arora, Yukti. "Lithium-ion battery systems: a process flow and systems framework designed for use in the development of life cycle energy model." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53491.
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The use of Lithium-ion batteries in the automotive industry has increased tremendously in the last few years. The anticipated increase in demand of lithium to power electric and hybrid cars has prompted researchers to examine the long term sustainability lithium as a transportation resource. To provide a better understanding of future availability, this thesis presents a systems framework for the key processes and materials and energy flows involved in the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery life cycle, on a global scale. This framework tracks the flow of lithium and energy inputs and outputs from extraction, to production, to on road use, and all the way to end of life recycling and disposal. This process flow model is the first step in developing a life cycle analysis model for lithium that will eventually help policymakers assess the future role of lithium battery recycling, and at what point in time establishing a recycling infrastructure becomes imminent.
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Gross, Matthew John. "Residential demand-side response in the UK : maximising consumer uptake and response." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/76881/.
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Residential demand-side response (DSR) is a key strategy for meeting the challenges facing the UK electricity system. Leveraging residential flexibility should help to enhance system reliability, reduce carbon emissions, support the integration of renewables into the energy mix and deliver a lower-cost electricity system. However, the viability of residential DSR hinges on two critical factors: consumers will first need to switch to DSR programmes in sufficient numbers and then successfully respond by adjusting their consumption patterns accordingly. This thesis explores how to optimise the impact of residential DSR by examining the enablers and constraints of uptake and response. While participation is primarily encouraged through financial incentives, studies suggest that some consumers may be willing to participate for nonfinancial reasons. As such, this thesis also explores how environmental and pro-social motivations could be leveraged to help promote uptake and response. The thesis contributes to the knowledge on DSR by testing UK consumer preferences for different programme models through a large-scale online survey and identifying measures which could help to maximise uptake. It also explores the potential afforded by dynamic information-only programmes through a trial based on available wind generation. The thesis further makes a theoretical contribution by exploring how the Fogg Behaviour Model (FBM) can be used to conceptualise the enablers and constraints of uptake and response. By mapping these factors to the FBM's core components of ability, motivation and trigger, the model is refined as a tool for understanding how to optimise the impact of residential DSR. The research reveals that information-only DSR programmes may represent a significant untapped resource. Approximately 8% of a representative sample of UK consumers indicated a preference for this model over more conventional price-based programmes; while trial households succeeded in reducing electricity consumption by 9.9% on average when asked to consume less and increasing consumption by 4.4% on average when asked to consume more. These promising findings may help to inform policy and programme design as the UK energy system evolves towards a renewables-based future.
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Stage, Jesper. "Mixing oil and water : studies of the Namibian economy /." Umeå : Univ, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-117.
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Ciccone, Brianne N. "Modeling of Evaporative Losses in Industrial Pasteurization." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1339587036.
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Fufore, Mohammed Umar. "The relationship between the structure of an economy and its energy intensity." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95609.
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University of Stellenbosch Business SchoolENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between economic structure and energy intensity in selected developed and developing countries of the world. A methodological and systematic approach was adopted to select the thirty-one countries explored in the study. Therefore, to answer the research questions posed in the study, the Granger Causality Technique and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) method were used. This study discovered that the variables examined in the study showed variations. The variations emerged because of differences in methodologies and analytical frameworks adopted. Errorcorrection models were estimated and used to test for the direction of Granger causality. In the model, a high R2 was observed among the six variables (i.e. energy efficiency, per capita income, manufacturing, average energy prices, energy imports, technological developments), which invariably account for 60.8 percent of the variance in the energy intensity. Based on this, the unidirectional Granger causality runs from efficiency, per capita income and manufacturing to energy intensity. Hence, the price effects are relatively less significant in the causal chain. The result is at variance with the hypothesis that the structure of the economy does not determine its energy intensity. Nevertheless, a unidirectional Granger causality running from economic structure to energy intensity indicates that improvement in the economic structure would encourage a decline in energy intensity.
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Reichel, Thomas. "Workflows in der energieorientierten Produktentwicklung." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-128977.
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Der weltweit steigende Bedarf an Energie und natürlichen Ressourcen, insbesondere an fossilen Brennstoffen und seltenen Metallen, sowie die angestrebte Reduktion des CO2-Ausstoßes führen zu steigenden Preisen für Energie und Rohstoffe. Der Energie- und Ressourcenbedarf muss daher neben der Funktionalität und den Kosten eines technischen Produkts in Planungs- und Entwicklungsprozesse einbezogen werden. Für eine Minimierung des Energie- und Ressourcenbedarfs sind insbesondere die frühen Phasen der Produktentwicklung von großem Interesse, da in diesen Phasen die wesentlichen Eigenschaften eines Produkts für den gesamten Lebenszyklus zu großen Teilen festgelegt werden. Durch die Forderung nach kürzeren Markteinführungszeiten bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg der Komplexität technischer Produkte ist der Einsatz von Softwaresystemen zur Unterstützung der Planungs- und Entwicklungsprozesse unabdingbar.
Die Zielstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Realisierung von Methoden und Verfahren zur softwaretechnischen Unterstützung ausgewählter Abläufe der Produktentwicklung. Die gewählten Abläufe sind die Ausarbeitung von Anforderungsspezifikationen für technische Produkte, die Priorisierung von Anforderungen sowie die Analyse und Bewertung des Energiebedarfs von Werkzeugmaschinen. Der Schwerpunkt der Methoden und Verfahren liegt einerseits auf der Strukturierung und Koordinierung der Zusammenarbeit von Domänenexperten in den ausgewählten Abläufen der Produktentwicklung und andererseits auf der Erweiterung der Abläufe um Energie- und Ressourcenbetrachtungen. Die softwaretechnische Unterstützung der gewählten Abläufe ermöglicht es, die Komplexität der zu entwickelnden Produkte beherrschbar zu machen und den manuellen Aufwand der Domänenexperten in den Abläufen zu verringern.
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Kwakye, Gifty. "GREEN PRACTICES FOR SURGICAL UNITS." Yale University, 2010. http://ymtdl.med.yale.edu/theses/available/etd-03152010-165830/.
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The study aimed to identify leading practices to promote environmentally friendly and efficient efforts in surgical healthcare. Despite widespread enthusiasm for going green in the U.S. economy, little information is available to inform the medical community on the effort. We explore safe and efficient strategies for hospitals and healthcare providers to protect the environment while delivering high-quality care. As part of the study design, we performed a systematic review of the literature using relevant Pubmed search terms and surveyed a panel of hospital managers and CEOs of healthcare organizations pursuing green initiatives. Recommendations were itemized and reviewed with each panelist for a consensus agreement. At the end, we identified forty-three published articles and obtained interview data from the 7-member expert panel. Five green recommendations for surgical practices were identified: (1) OR Waste Reduction and Segregation; (2) Environmentally Preferable Purchasing; (3) Energy Consumption Management; (4) Pharmaceutical Waste Management; (5) Reprocessing of Single Use Medical Devices. We concluded that the medical community has a large opportunity to implement green practices in surgical units. These practices can have significant benefits to both the healthcare community and the environment.
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Wambua, Stephen [Verfasser], Meike [Akademischer Betreuer] Wollni, and Xiaohua [Akademischer Betreuer] Yu. "Household Energy Consumption and Dependency on Common Pool Forest Resources: The Case of Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya / Stephen Wambua. Gutachter: Xiaohua Yu ; Meike Wollni. Betreuer: Meike Wollni." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1044173645/34.
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Samuel, Forsberg. "Increasing the profitability of a PV-battery system : A techno-economic study of PV-battery systems as resources for primary frequency regulation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets fysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353537.
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In order to handle the mismatch between photovoltaic (PV) electricity production and household electricity use, battery storage systems can be utilized. However, the profitability of PV-battery systems in Sweden is poor, and economic incentives for households to invest in such systems are therefore missing. Hence, it is important to improve the profitability to increase the number of PV-battery installations. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the techno-economic potential of a PV-battery system offering ancillary services, more specifically the primary frequency regulation FCR-N. Five cases of residential PV-battery installations are investigated: the first with a PV system only, the second with a PV-battery system to store surplus PV electricity, and the three other cases with PV-battery systems with the ability to regulate the grid through FCR-N to varying degrees. The results show that providing FCR-N with a PV-battery system offers a substantial techno-economic potential for the system owner. By using available battery capacity for FCR-N, the payback time for a PV-battery system can be shortened significantly. With a battery price of EUR 570 per kWh (VAT excluded) and a discount rate of 2%, the payback time for the entire system can decrease from 32 to 9 years if the battery is used for FCR-N regulation. Furthermore, the payback time for a battery storage can be shortened with FCR-N. Calculated with respect to the economic added value of a battery and with a discount rate of 5%, the payback time can decrease from over 100 years to 4 years.
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Cunha, Marcel Popolin de Araújo. "MyBatRecommender: otimização automatizada do consumo de energia em smartphones Android em nível de software." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8253.
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Nowadays smartphones are composed of a wide range of sensors and resources such as GPS (Global Positioning System), Bluetooth and Internet connection through Wi-Fi, 3G, among others resources. Along with the smartphone’s increasing popularity around the world, there is an increasing development and popularity of power-hungry applications: applications that take advantage from these resources and may reduce the smartphones autonomy. This fact is known as one of the biggest to be solved when talking about nowadays smartphones. Considering this, many solutions were proposed and approach this topic in different ways. These solutions can be classified in two major groups: software layer solutions and hardware layer solutions. In one hand, the software layer solutions are the ones that try to reduce the smartphone’s energy drain by only changing the software that composes the smartphone. For example, by improving the Wi-Fi interface or managing the running applications of the smartphone. On the other hand, the hardware layer solutions are the ones that try to improve or increase the energy availability of the smartphone changing or improving only the physical components, for example evolving the technology regarding the batteries. This study presents an approach in software layer for this problem: a system for managing the states of the smartphone’s sensors and components, based on the user profile, aiming energy savings. This work consisted of three steps. In the first step the literature research was done and also a research of the existing solutions in the same area. In the second step the mechanism, called MyBatRecommender, composed by the server and client sides, was presented and developed for the Android operational system. In the last step some validation tests were applied aiming to verify the system efficiency. The results show that when applied to a controlled scenario, the MyBatRecommender achieves around thirty-two per cent of energy savings.
Os smartphones atuais são compostos por uma grande gama de sensores e componentes como GPS, Bluetooth e conexão com a Internet através das interfaces de rede Wi-Fi, 3G, entre diversos outros recursos. Junto com a crescente popularização dos smartphones ao redor do mundo está também o crescente desenvolvimento e popularização dos aplicativos que fazem uso desses recursos e tendem a diminuir a autonomia dos smartphones. Esse fato é considerado como um dos maiores problemas a ser superado no contexto de smartphones atualmente. Tendo esse problema em vista, diversas soluções abordam a questão de diferentes maneiras, e podem ser classificados em dois grupos: soluções em nível de software e soluções em nível de hardware. As soluções em nível de software são aquelas que procuram melhorar o consumo de energia dos smartphones apenas com alterações nos softwares que compõe o smartphone. Por exemplo, melhorando a eficiência da interface de rede Wi-Fi, controlando aplicativos que rodam no smartphone, entre outras. Por outro lado, as soluções em nível de hardware procuram melhorar ou ampliar a disponibilidade de energia nos smartphones através dos seus componentes físicos, como por exemplo evoluindo a tecnologia das baterias dos mesmos. Esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem em nível de software para esse problema através de um sistema de gerenciamento dos estados dos sensores e componentes de um smartphone, baseado no perfil do usuário, visando a economia de energia. Esse estudo consistiu de três etapas. Na primeira etapa foi feito o levantamento bibliográfico e desenvolvida uma pesquisa de soluções existentes na área, identificando possíveis sistemas e aplicativos com a mesma proposição. Na segunda etapa foi elaborado o mecanismo denominado MyBatRecommender, composto pelas partes servidora e cliente, e implementado para o sistema operacional Android. Por fim, na última etapa, foram aplicadas algumas formas de validação no sistema proposto a fim de verificar a sua eficiência. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o sistema implementado, quando aplicado em cenário de testes controlado, apresenta um resultado que traz uma economia de energia de aproximadamente trinta e dois por cento em relação ao uso sem o mecanismo proposto.
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Tetour, Daniel. "Optimalizační modely rizik v energetických systémech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-414191.
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The diploma thesis deals with mathematical modeling of the resource allocation problem in an energy system with respect to technical parameters of the used resources. The model includes random input variables affecting the amount of demand and constraints related to associated risks. The thesis addresses control of the operation of various types of boilers and also extends the system with a heat storage tank examining its impact on the behavior of the system and achieved results. The optimization model is based on a multi-period two-stage scenario model of stochastic programming and works with simulated data, which combines real data, statistically determined estimates, and the use of logistic regression. The implementation utilizes GAMS software. When comparing the achieved results with the current state, it was found that the heat storage tank has a positive effect on the function of the system as it allows for extended usage of the cheaper unregulated sources by storing surplus heat, and thus helps to reduce the overall costs of the system.
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Dell, Twyla J. "Flame, Furnace, Fuel: Creating Kansas City in the Nineteenth Century." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2009. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1241120988.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 9, 2009). Advisor: Alesia Maltz, Ph. D. "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England, 2009"--The title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 466-487).
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Murray, Cameron Keith. "New insights into rebound effects : theory and empirical evidence." Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27655/.
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The main objective of the thesis is to seek insights into the theory, and provide empirical evidence of rebound effects. Rebound effects reduce the environmental benefits of environmental policies and household behaviour changes. In particular, win-win demand side measures, in the form of energy efficiency and household consumption pattern changes, are seen as ways for households and businesses to save money and the environment. However, these savings have environmental impacts when spent, which are known as rebound effects. This is an area that has been widely neglected by policy makers.
This work extends the rebound effect literature in three important ways, (1) it incorporates the potential for variation of rebound effects with household income level, (2) it enables the isolation of direct and indirect effects for cases of energy efficient technology adoption, and examines the relationship between these two component effects, and (3) it expands the scope of rebound effect analysis to include government taxes and subsidies.
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Using a case study approach it is found that the rebound effect from household consumption pattern changes targeted at electricity is between 5 and 10%. For consumption pattern changes with reduced vehicle fuel use, the rebound effect is in the order of 20 to 30%. Higher income households in general are found to have a lower total rebound effect; however the indirect effect becomes relatively more significant at higher household income levels. In the win-lose case of domestic photovoltaic electricity generation, it is demonstrated that negative rebound effects can occur, which can potentially amplify the environmental benefits of this action.
The rebound effect from a carbon tax, which occurs due to the re-spending of raised revenues, was found to be in the range of 11-32%. Taxes and transfers between households of different income levels also have environmental implications. For example, a more progressive tax structure, with increased low income welfare payments is likely to increase greenhouse gas emissions. Subsidies aimed at encouraging environmentally friendly consumption habits are also subject to rebound effects, as they constitute a substitution of government expenditure for household expenditure. For policy makers, these findings point to the need to incorporate rebound effects in the environmental policy evaluation process.’
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Nopparat, Nanond, and Babak Kianian. "Resource Consumption of Additive Manufacturing Technology." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3919.
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The degradation of natural resources as a result of consumption to support the economic growth of humans society represents one of the greatest sustainability challenges. In order to allow economic growth to continue in a sustainable way, it has to be decoupled from the consumption and destruction of natural resources. This thesis focuses on an innovative manufacturing technology called additive manufacturing (AM) and its potential to become a more efficient and cleaner manufacturing alternative. The thesis also investigates the benefits of accessing the technology through the result-oriented Product-Service Systems (PSS) approach. The outcome of the study is the quantification of raw materials and energy consumption. The scope of study is the application of AM in the scale model kit industry. The methods used are the life cycle inventory study and the system dynamics modeling. The result shows that AM has higher efficiency in terms of raw material usage, however it also has higher energy consumption in comparison to the more traditional manufacturing techniques. The result-oriented PSS approach is shown to be able to reduce the amount of manufacturing equipment needed, thus reducing the energy and raw materials used to produce the equipment, but does not completely decouple economic growth from the consumption of natural resources.
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Wilke, Claas, Sebastian Richly, Christian Piechnick, Sebastian Götz, Georg Püschel, and Uwe Aßmann. "Comparing Mobile Applications' Energy Consumption." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-101525.
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As mobile devices are nowadays used regularly and everywhere, their energy consumption has become a central concern for their users. However, mobile applications often do not consider energy requirements and users have to install and try them to reveal information on their energy behavior. In this paper, we compare mobile applications from two domains and show that applications reveal different energy consumption while providing similar services. We define microbenchmarks for emailing and web browsing and evaluate applications from these domains. We show that non-functional features such as web page caching can but not have to have a positive influence on applications' energy consumption.
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Hopeman, Lisa Maria. "Energy consumption of building 39." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40430.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 32).
The MIT community has embarked on an initiative to the reduce energy consumption and in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol. This thesis seeks to further expand our understanding of how the MIT campus consumes energy and with that knowledge be able to recommend methods of reducing energy consumption by minimizing and even eliminating careless energy use. The largest energy consuming building per square foot, Building 39, was selected and analyzed in detail. This thesis proves the unnecessarily high airflows and irresponsible fan use are the source of Building 39's wasteful consumption of energy. Research revealed that the recirculating fans drew the most energy and were continuously running on full power. If the fans were turned down during off peak times the consumption of electricity could be decreased by as much as approximately 26% and save the Institute $250,000 a year in electrical costs.
by Lisa Maria Hopeman.
S.B.
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Wilke, Claas, Sebastian Richly, Christian Piechnick, Sebastian Götz, Georg Püschel, and Uwe Aßmann. "Comparing Mobile Applications' Energy Consumption." Technische Universität Dresden, 2012. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26364.
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As mobile devices are nowadays used regularly and everywhere, their energy consumption has become a central concern for their users. However, mobile applications often do not consider energy requirements and users have to install and try them to reveal information on their energy behavior. In this paper, we compare mobile applications from two domains and show that applications reveal different energy consumption while providing similar services. We define microbenchmarks for emailing and web browsing and evaluate applications from these domains. We show that non-functional features such as web page caching can but not have to have a positive influence on applications' energy consumption.
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Mackay, Edward B. L. "Wave energy resource assessment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/79448/.
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The use of satellite altimeter data for spatial mapping of the wave resource is examined. A new algorithm for estimating wave period from altimeter data is developed and validated, which enables estimates of wave energy converter (WEC) power to be derived. Maps of the long-term mean WEC power from altimeter data are of a higher spatial resolution than is available from global wave model data. They can be used for identifying promising wave energy locations along particular stretches of coastline, before a detailed study using nearshore models is undertaken. The accuracy of estimates of WEC power from wave model data is considered. Without calibration estimates of the mean WEC power from model data can be biased of the order of 10-20%. The calibration of wave model data is complicated by non-linear dependence of model parameters on multiple factors, and seasonal and interannual changes in biases. After calibration the accuracy in the estimate of the historic power production at a site is of the order of 5%, but the changing biases make it difficult to specify the accuracy more precisely. The accuracy of predictions of the future energy yield from a WEC is limited by the accuracy of the historic data and the variability in the resource. The variability in 5, 10 and 20 year mean power levels is studied for an area in the north of Scotland, and shown to be greater than if annual power anomalies were uncorrelated noise. The sensitivity of WEC power production to climate change is also examined, and it is shown that the change in wave climate over the life time of a wave farm is likely to be small in comparison to the natural level of variability. It is shown that despite the uncertainty related to variability in the wave climate, improvements in the accuracy of historic data will improve the accuracy of predictions of future WEC yield. The topic of extreme wave analysis is also considered. A comparison of estimators for the generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) is presented. It is recommended that the Likelihood-Moment estimator should be used in preference to other estimators for the GPD. The use of seasonal models for extremes is also considered. In contrast to assertions made in previous studies, it is demonstrated that non-seasonal models have a lower bias and variance than models which analyse the data in separate seasons.
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Guirdarlal, Vanesha. "Vulnérabilité et changement des comportements de consommation. : recherche sur les consommateurs d'énergie en France et au Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU2003/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur le phénomène de vulnérabilité qui fait référence à une situation de pauvreté potentielle dans laquelle un consommateur peut se retrouver à tout moment de sa vie lorsqu’il est confronté à différents aléas (Baker, Gentry, Rittenburg, 2005). Le profil des consommateurs vulné-rables est difficilement appréhendable par une simple catégorisation tant les dimensions de la vulné-rabilité sont multiples. Nous nous intéressons dans cette recherche à cette frange de consommateurs encore méconnue qui se retrouve dans l’obligation de développer des stratégies coping (Hamilton, Catterall, 2008, 2005) pour maintenir un lien à la consommation. Nous nous focalisons sur la con-sommation énergétique et menons notre recherche en France et au Royaume-Uni, deux fortement engagés en matière de protection des consommateurs vulnérables. Dans la mesure où nous cherchons à décrire l’évolution des comportements de consommation, nous convenons de la mise en place d’une démarche qualitative basée premièrement sur des interviews semi-directives auprès d’acteurs locaux puis des entretiens auprès des consommateurs vulnérables. Au cours de cette deuxième investigation, nous recourons à l’utilisation d’une double méthode : la mé-thode projective des récits immersifs et les entretiens phénoménologiques. Ce choix nous permet, d’une part d’éviter la stigmatisation de nos interlocuteurs et d’autre part de cerner au mieux l’évolution de leurs comportements de consommation. L’interprétation des résul-tats nous permet de mener une discussion sur le consommateur vulnérable et la manière dont il appréhende sa situation. Ce dernier développe de nombreuses compétences issues de la mobilisation de différentes ressources pour faire face à une situation difficile. Ce résul-tat en matière de capacité à mobiliser des compétences invite à réinterroger les fondamen-taux de la vulnérabilité. Les qualificatifs de démuni ou d’assisté, longtemps utilisés pour dé-signer cette frange de consommateurs semble désormais injustifié. Les consommateurs vul-nérables sont capables de réactivité et de réflexivité au même titre que l’ensemble des con-sommateurs. Nous concluons enfin cette recherche par l’identification d’actions pouvant être adoptées par les acteurs confrontés à l’émergence de la vulnérabilitéThis thesis focuses on the vulnerability issue that refers to a situation of potential poverty that can affect any consumer (Baker, Gentry, Rittenburg, 2005). The profile of vulnerable consumers is hard-ly apprehendable due to the multiple dimensions of vulnerability. In this research we focus on these unknown consumers who face the obligation to develop coping strategies (Hamilton, Catterall, 2008, 2005) in order to maintain their consumption. We concentrate on energy consumption and conduct our work in France and in the United Kingdom, two countries highly engaged in the pro-tection of vulnerable consumers. As we seek to describe changes in consumer behavior, we agree to establish a qualitative research based first on semi-structured interviews with local actors, and inter-views with vulnerable consumers. During the second investigation, we decide to use a dual ap-proach: projective method and phenomenological interviews. This choice helps to avoid stigmatiza-tion of respondents and contributes to identify changes in consumption patterns. At the end of this research, we conduct a discussion about the vulnerable consumer and the way he copes with his life conditions. Vulnerable consumers develop many skills from the mobilization of various resources to deal with a difficult situation. This result invites to reconsider the fundamental of vulnerability. The terms of needy or assisted people used to describe these consumers seem now unjustified. Vulnera-ble consumers are able to react as all consumers. We conclude this research by identifying actions than can be adopted by organizations facing the increase of vulnerability