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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy auditing'
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1
Bennett, Matt. "Auditing energy utilisation in conurbations." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341048.
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Åkerblom, Signe. "Improving energy performance within the framework of the Energy Efficiency Directive." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-171199.
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It! is! necessary! for! large! companies! to! understand! and! be! able! to! adapt! to! the! industrial! transformation! towards! an! increasing! focus! on! energy! efficiency,! which! takes! place! today.! The!Energy!Efficiency!Directive!(EED)!issued!by!the!European!Union!has!enlarged!the!focus! on! working! with! energy! efficiency! within! large! companies.! Further,! the! Swedish! government! has! introduced! the! law! about! energy! auditing! in! large! companies,! which! is! based! on! the! EED.! These! regulations! encourage! companies! to! develop! a! management! system!that!includes!requirements!on!conducting!energy!audits!and!propose!costDeffective! measures.! ! Energy! efficiency! is! already! an! important! aspect! within! many! companies! environmental! work,! however! a! more! developed! and! systematic! approach! to! energy! efficiency! than! most! companies! already! have! is! needed! in! order! to! fulfill! the! legal! requirements.! The! Company! investigated! in! this! study! is! one! the! worlds! leading! technology! companies! with! more! than! 9000! employees! in! Sweden.! Currently,! they! have! energy! as! a! significant! aspect! in! their! environmental! work! according! to! the! international! management! system! standard! ISO! 14001.! Today! they! are! also! developing! their! energy! work! by! conducting! energy! audits! in! order!to!comply!with!the!new!legislation.!This!gives!a!more!detailed!view!of!the!energy!use! and! potential! improvements! that! can! be! done,! but! in! order! to! ensure! continual! improvements!over!a!long!period!of!time!further!measures!are!needed.!! ! Within! this! study! it! was! investigated! what! measures! a! large! company! needs! to! implement! in! order! to! increase! their! energy! performance! and! comply! with! the! legislation.! By! a! literature! review! focusing! on! management! systems! as! well! as! interviews! within! the! Company,! a! complementary! study! with! two! companies! covered! by! the! EED! and! three! expert! interviews,! five! key! factors! were! identified.! These! factors! are;! top! management! commitment,! awareness,! goals,! measurements! and! evaluation.! A! model! was! then! developed! aligning! these! factors.! Further,! concrete! proposals! for! action! to! manage! these! factors! were! presented.! By! increasing! focus! on! these! key! factors! and! implement! proposed! measures! companies! will! increase! their! energy! performance! and! also! make! the! organization!aware!of!how!actions!affect!a!company’s!energy!performance.!
3
Gibbs, Vance Scott. "State building energy efficiency determination using energy audits." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009m/gibbs.pdf.
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Rothbauer, Scott Joseph. "Facility energy survey." Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002rothbauers.pdf.
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Marx, Dirk Johannes Lewies. "Energy audit methodology for belt conveyors." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04112007-145509.
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Nagle, Liam. "Development of a Computer Based Energy Management System." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4662.
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A prototype computer based expert system has been developed to aid energy managers
by speeding the energy auditing process and rapidly identifying potential low cost and
fast pay-back energy saving investments for a wide range of businesses.
It consists of a generally applicable energy management system based on sound, tried
theory and practical experience gained from a number of energy management surveys.
These surveys were used to identify key data requirements for the identification of
common areas of wastage. The system uses sparse data analysis and the building
energy signature model. It produces an entire energy audit and list of economic
recommendations for a site based upon minimal input data. This is accomplished by
reference to a number of internal databases containing the technical information
required, as well as the entire set of algorithms and mathematical routines required for
the analyses.
The prototype was tested with a synthetic data set derived from the site surveys and
with real data from a large tertiary college and it was found to give credible results in
line with those produced by extensive and in-depth manual data-gathering and analysis.
7
Shetye, Harshad Prakash. "Energy audits of state buildings in Alabama." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2006. http://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2006m/shetye.pdf.
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Li, Ka-ming, and 李家明. "Energy audit for building energy conservation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253192.
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Li, Ka-ming. "Energy audit for building energy conservation /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14723244.
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Wilhelmsson, Jessica, and Signe Åkerblom. "Improving energy performance within the framework of the Energy Efficiency Directive." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168738.
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Det är nödvändigt för stora företag att förstå och kunna anpassa sig till den industriella omvandling mot ett ökat fokus på energieffektivitet som sker idag. Energieffektiviseringsdirektivet som Europeiska Unionen har utfärdat har ökat fokus på att arbeta med energieffektivitet i stora företag. Vidare har den svenska regeringen infört lagen om energikartläggning i stora företag som är baserad på Energieffektiviseringsdirektivet. Dessa lagstadgade krav uppmuntrar företag att utveckla ett ledningssystem som ställer krav på genomförande av energikartläggningar samt föreslå kostnadseffektiva åtgärder. Energieffektivitet är redan en riktigdel i många företags miljöarbete dock krävs ett mer Utvecklat och systematiskt arbetssätt än det många företag redan har för att uppnå kraven i Energieffektiviseringsdirektivet och den svenska lagen. Företaget som har undersökts i denna studie är ett världsledande teknikföretag med mer än 9000 anställda i Sverige. För närvarande har de energi som en signifikant aspekt i sitt miljöarbete i enlighet med den internationella standarden för miljöledningssystem ISO14001dag utvecklar de även sitt energiarbete genom att utföra energikartläggningar för att uppfylla den nya lagstiftningen. Detta ger en mer detaljerad insikt över energianvändningen och möjliga förbättringar som kan göras, men för att säkerställa ständiga förbättringar över en längre tidsperiod krävs ytterligare åtgärder. I den här studien har det undersökts vilka åtgärder som ett stort företag måste införa för att öka energiprestandan och följa lagstiftningen. Genom en litteraturstudie som fokuserade på ledningssystem i kombination med intervjuer på det undersöka företaget, en kompletterande studie av två företag som omfattas av direktivet samt tre expertintervjuer identifierades fem nyckelfaktorer. Dessa faktorer är högsta ledningens engagemang, medvetenhet, mål, mätningar och utvärdering. En modell för att strukturera faktorerna utvecklades sedan. Vidare presenterades konkreta förslag på hur dessa faktorer ska implementeras. Genom att öka fokus på dessa nyckelfaktorer och implementera föreslagna åtgärder kommer företag öka sin energiprestanda och medvetenhet i organisationen om hur olika handlingar påverkar företagets energiprestanda.<br>It is necessary for large companies to understand and be able to adapt to the industrial Transformation towards an increasing focus on energy efficiency, which takes place today. The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED)issued by the European Union has enlarged the focus on working with energy efficiency within large companies. Further, the Swedish government has introduced the law about energy auditing in large companies, which is based on the EED. These regulations encourage companies to develop a management system that includes requirements on conducting energy audits and propose cost Deffective measures. Energy efficiency is already an important aspect within many companies environmental work, however a more developed and systematic approach to energy efficiency than most companies already have is needed in order to fulfill the legal requirements. The Company investigated in this study is one the worlds leading technology companies with more than 9000 employees in Sweden. Currently, they have energy as a significant aspect in their environmental work according to the international management system standard ISO 14001. Today they are also developing their energy work by conducting energy audits in order to comply with the new legislation. This gives a mor detailed view of the energy use and potential improvements that can be done, but in order to ensure continual improvements over a long period of time further measures are needed. Within this study it was investigated what measures a large company needs to implement in order to increase their energy performance and comply with the legislation. By a literature review focusing on management systems as well as interviews within the Company, a complementary study with two companies covered by the EED and three expert interviews, five key factors were identified. These factors are, top management commitment, awareness, goals, measurements and evaluation. A model was then developed aligning these factors. Further, concrete proposals for action to manage these factors were presented. By!increasing focus on these key factors and implement proposed measures companies will increase their energy performance and also make the organization aware of how actions affect a company’s energy performance
11
Pinthuprapa, Chatchai. "The development and adaptation of the computer aided environment to facilitate industrial energy audits." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5093.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 7, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Sundararajan, Nithya. "An analysis of the trends in energy conservation studies of the IAC program." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=648.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 134 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-129).
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Van, der Merwe Johannes Schalk. "The development of an online energy auditing software application with remote SQL-database support." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20073.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the last century the earth has experienced an increase in the global mean temperature, with
the main contributing factor being the increase in greenhouse gasses. Evidence indicates that
the burning of fossil fuels, critical in the supply of energy, contributed towards three quarters
of the carbon dioxide (CO2) increase. In 2008 South Africa reached electricity capacity
constraints. A subsequent economic downturn experienced in the country, brought about by
the worldwide economic recession, has relieved some of the strain on the electricity supply
system. However, consumption levels are returning to those experienced during 2008 and no
new base load power stations have been added. Short-term capacity constraints can be
managed by shifting the peak demand, but the electricity shortage can only be avoided by
adding additional capacity or reducing the overall electricity consumption. Supply-side
solutions are both overdue and too expensive. The only solutions that can provide lasting
results are demand-side solutions.
During the past few years the Energy Efficiency and Demand-side Management (EEDSM)
programme implemented by South Africa’s electricity supply utility, Eskom, has gained
prominence. This programme relies heavily on calculating the savings incurred through any
demand-side intervention. Energy audits enable the calculation of various consumption
scenarios and can provide valuable insight into load operation and user behaviour. Energy
audits involve a two-part procedure consisting of load surveying and an analysis. This thesis
describes the development of both these procedures, combined into a single application. The
application has been tested and provides an accurate and effective tool for simulating
consumption and quantifying savings for various load adjustments.
The results gained from the auditing application surpassed the expectations and provides the
user with a sufficient base-line consumption estimate. The results do not reflect day-to-day variations, but the simulations are sufficient to quantify savings and determine whether
demand-side interventions are financially viable. The application also presents a benchmark
for the type of applications required to successfully implement an EEDSM programme.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die afgelope eeu het die aarde se gemiddelde temperatuur toegeneem, met die toename in
kweekhuisgasse as die grootste bydraende faktor. Dit wil ook voorkom asof die verbranding
van fossielbrandstowwe, wat noodsaaklik is vir die verskaffing van energie, verantwoordelik
is vir driekwart van die toename in koolstofdioksied (CO2). Gedurende 2008 het Suid-Afrika
elektrisiteitsbeperkings bereik. Die daaropvolgende ekonomiese afswaai wat in die land
ervaar is weensdie wêreldwye ekonomiese resessie, het van die druk op die elekriese netwerk
verlig. Verbruikersvlakke is egter besig om terug te keer na waar dit in 2008 was, maar geen
nuwe basislas-kragstasies is gebou nie. Op die kort termyn kan die kapasiteitsbeperkings
bestuur word deur die aanvraag te verskuif, maar die elektrisiteitstekort kan op die lang duur
slegs vermy word deur bykomende kapasiteit by te voeg of die totale aanvraag te verminder.
Toevoerkant-oplossings is beide agterstallig en te duur. Die enigste oplossings wat blywende
resultate kan lewer, is dus aan die verbruikerkant.
In die afgelope paar jaar het die effektiewe bestuur van energieverbruik baie aansien geniet.
Die nasionale energievoorsiener, Eskom, het ook 'n program geloods om te help met die
implimentering van energiebesparingmaatreëls. Die implementering van energie-oudits om
met die kwantifisering van besparings te help, is van integrale belang vir die sukses van die
program. Energie-oudits stel die eindverbruiker in staat om verskeie verbruiksmoontlikhede
te beproef en sodoende waardevolle inligitng te verkry rakende die verbruikspatrone van die
fasiliteit. Energie-oudits behels 'n tweeledige proses, bestaande uit 'n lasopname en 'n
verbruiksanalise. Hierdie proefskrif beskryf die ontwikkeling van 'n stelsel wat beide die
prosesse kombineer in 'n enkele applikasie. Die applikasie is getoets en bied 'n akkurate en
doeltreffende instrument om verbruik te simuleer en besparings te kwantifiseer vir verskeie
verbruiksmoontlikhede.
v
Die resultate van die oudit het die aanvanklike verwagtinge oortref en voorsien verbruikers
van 'n goeie skatting van die basisverbruik van 'n fasiliteit. Die resultate weerspieël nie dagtot-
dag variasies nie, maar die simulasies is voldoende om besparings te kwantifiseer en help
om die finansiële lewensvatbaarheid van verbruikerskant-intervensies te bepaal. Die program
bied ook 'n verwysingspunt vir applikasies wat besparingstudies wil implementeer.
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Simanic, Branko. "Energy Auditing and Efficiency in a Chain Hotel : the Case of Scandic, Järva Krog." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32942.
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Energy efficiency and conservation measures in hotels is an area of research at the Department of Energy Technology, Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (KTH), Sweden. As a continuation of the research work, this project was focused on a hotel's resource-use performance, considering both internal and external factors that influence their consumption. The work comprised a literature study on energy efficiency and conservation measures in the built environment, focusing on hotel buildings, as well as an analysis of existing building assessment tools. An auditing and monitoring process was applied at one Scandic hotel, Järva Krog, which was selected with the support of Scandic management. Another four Scandic hotels were included in this study, using their data on energy/water consumption for the past five years. The tourism industry is one of the world’s largest single industries, experiencing rapid expansion in recent decades. The number of international tourist arrivals increased from 441 million in 1990 to 763 million in 2004 (WTO, 2005). The hotel industry forms the largest part of the tourism industry with more than 300 000 hotels worldwide. Hotels offer their lodging capacities with the highest possible comfort and quality, without compromise. High demands on comfort and the level of services offered require an intensive utilization of energy and water. The price of energy has been increasing continuously during the last few years, with electricity increasing 6 % on an annual basis, which has made energy expenses increase rapidly during the past years. Adding high energy costs to concerns about CO2 emissions, highlights the importance of accurate information for energy management within any hotel facility. A need to decrease energy expenditure demands depending of knowledge relating to hotel facility consumption. The objective of this thesis is to understand energy performance and energy distribution within one typical chain hotel facility, and how this understanding can be applied to a selected group of similar hotels as well as to define the relationship between the factors behind energy expenditure. Such factors include outdoor climate as an external quantitative factor; HVAC system efficiency, lighting, occupancy rate and number of food covers sold as internal quantitative factors; and personnel behavior, operation/maintenance routines/levels as internal qualitative factors.<br>QC 20110427
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Ipe, Jaison John. "Data mining OIPEA database for waste and productivity enhancements in manufacturing units." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1150.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 115 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-99).
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Alanezi, Abdulrahman Mubarak Q. "Automated Residential Energy Audits and Savings Measurements Using A Smart WiFi Thermostat Enabled Data Mining Approach." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1618349179314704.
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Natarajan, Hariharan. "Post occupancy energy analysis of the Gwinnett Environmental and Heritage Center." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41214.
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Belock, Keith Allan. "An energy audit manual for small manufacturing companies with a case study of Maugus Manufacturing Company." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179851925.
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Vidas, Stephen G. "Handheld 3D thermography using range sensing and computer vision." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/68030/1/Stephen_Vidas_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis developed a method for real-time and handheld 3D temperature mapping using a combination of off-the-shelf devices and efficient computer algorithms. It contributes a new sensing and data processing framework to the science of 3D thermography, unlocking its potential for application areas such as building energy auditing and industrial monitoring.
New techniques for the precise calibration of multi-sensor configurations were developed, along with several algorithms that ensure both accurate and comprehensive surface temperature estimates can be made for rich 3D models as they are generated by a non-expert user.
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Tesfamicael, Aklilu D. "An architecture to enhance security for trading services in national electricity markets." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/228680/1/Aklilu_Tesfamicael_Thesis.pdf.
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The energy trading system is an essential part of critical infrastructure systems. If adversaries were to exploit the vulnerabilities of energy trading systems that can disrupt electricity generation and supply nationally, resulting in a devastating chain reaction. This study designs an architecture to safeguard the trading system for Australia’s wholesale energy market. The outcome of this study is a roadmap of a viable and sustainable system architecture for the future development of energy trading systems. It includes a design of three achievable security control subsystems to record and protect energy trading and trading communications in a wholesale energy market context.
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Watkins, Deidre Ann. "An assessment of the environmental compliance monitoring capacity of the Department of Minerals and Energy, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003848.
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One of the greatest challenges facing the world today is integrating industrial activities such as mining with environmental integrity and social concerns. Monitoring is fundamental to environmental management, both to assess the adherence to standards and to allow environmental managers to learn from practical experiences. However, a problem arises when the regulatory authorities cannot keep up with their mandate of enforcement and compliance monitoring. This research examined how the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) implements the concept of sustainable development in the mining sector of the Eastern Cape (EC) and, more specifically, the extent to which the Mine Environmental Management (MEM) section is able to effectively monitor compliance of mining operations with environmental legislation. This was the first systematic compilation of statistical data for the DME, and presents the first study in the EC regional office in terms of environmental sustainability. Results indicate that there has been a sustained increase in mining activity over the past three years, possibly as a result of the boom in the construction industry and the accelerated road maintenance and improvement programmes in the Eastern Cape. Mining applications received by the DME have increased by 47% from 2006 to 2007 (January-May) and by a further 100% from 2007 to 2008. In addition to the increasing number of mining concerns being established, 98 mining concerns will need to apply for the conversion of their old order rights to new order rights by the 1st May 2009. Mining in the province is predominantly small scale with mining permits (mined areas less than 1.5Ha) making up 52.3% of all applications, with larger mining concerns contributing 29.3% and prospecting contributing the remaining 18.4%. In terms of compliance inspections, the EC regional office is required to conduct 120 environmental compliance inspections annually in terms of contributing to sustainable development. The MEM section exceeded this target since 2003. However, when the number of operational mines is considered, 120 inspections per year equates to one mine being visited, on average once every four years (based on 2008 data). Based on projected figures (number of compliance audits and number of operational mines) for 2009, the DME’s target of 150 inspections for 2009/10 combined with the limited staff D. Watkins – MBA Dissertation 2008 capacity will, at best, mean that mines would be inspected once in seven years. However, the target of 150 inspections will not actually even cover the expected number of EMP evaluation inspections. This has serious implications in terms of regulating the compliance of the mining concerns with their EMPR’s. The low level of compliance monitoring can be directly related to staff capacity and logistics problems at the regional office as well as provincial targets being based on staff capacity rather than the number of operational mines. Thus, considering potential environmental damage associated with mining operations and the capacity constraints of the MEM to conduct frequent compliance audits, it is likely that mining operations will have negative implications for sustainable development in the region. Currently there are many challenges facing the DME in terms of contributing positively to sustainability in the mining sector and there is a need to base future actions on the idea of continuous improvement and ultimately progress.
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Ampuero, Cáceres Rosa Violeta. "Prevalencia de hipoacusia en neonatos con y sin factores de riesgo de pérdida auditiva en el Hospital Nacional Dos De Mayo enero a diciembre 2014." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6932.
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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>El documento digital no refiere asesor<br>Determina la prevalencia de hipoacusia en los neonatos nacidos en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo con y sin factores de riesgo auditivo en el período de enero a diciembre del 2014. Es un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal, prospectivo. Formaron parte de este estudio todos los neonatos nacidos en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, con y sin factores de riesgo de enero a diciembre del 2014 que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se realizó el seguimiento de los recién nacidos con sospecha de hipoacusia mediante pruebas auditivas como de emisiones otoacústicas y potenciales evocados auditivos de estado estable. Encuentra que la prevalencia de hipoacusia en neonatos nacidos en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo es de 0.3 % de 2490 niños que finalizaron sus exámenes. Concluye que la prevalencia de hipoacusia en neonatos no dista de los porcentajes señalados por la OMS. Los factores de riesgo encontrados son en primer lugar sepsis, seguido de bajo peso al nacer, ictericia, y prematuridad. Los equipos de emisiones otoacústicas y potenciales evocados de estado estable fueron complementarios y contribuyeron a detectar los diferentes grados de hipoacusia dando la oportunidad de una intervención temprana multidisciplinaria y mejorando el pronóstico y calidad de vida.<br>Tesis
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Robin, Maxime. "Analyse de l’environnement sonore pour le maintien à domicile et la reconnaissance d’activités de la vie courante, des personnes âgées." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2421/document.
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L’âge moyen de la population française et européenne augmente, cette constatation apporte de nouveaux enjeux techniques et sociétaux, les personnes âgées étant les personnes les plus fragiles et les plus vulnérables, notamment du point de vue des accidents domestiques et en particulier des chutes. C’est pourquoi de nombreux projets d’aide aux personnes âgées : techniques, universitaires et commerciaux ont vu le jour ces dernières années. Ce travail de thèse a été effectué sous convention Cifre, conjointement entre l’entreprise KRG Corporate et le laboratoire BMBI (Biomécanique et Bio-ingénierie) de l’UTC (Université de technologie de Compiègne). Elle a pour objet de proposer un capteur de reconnaissance de sons et des activités de la vie courante, dans le but d’étoffer et d’améliorer le système de télé-assistance déjà commercialisé par la société. Plusieurs méthodes de reconnaissance de parole ou de reconnaissance du locuteur ont déjà été éprouvées dans le domaine de la reconnaissance de sons, entre autres les techniques : GMM (Modèle de mélange gaussien–Gaussian Mixture Model), SVM-GSL (Machine à vecteurs de support, GMM-super-vecteur à noyau linéaire – Support vector machine GMM Supervector Linear kernel) et HMM (Modèle de Markov caché – Hidden Markov Model). De la même manière, nous nous sommes proposés d’utiliser les i-vecteurs pour la reconnaissance de sons. Les i-vecteurs sont utilisés notamment en reconnaissance de locuteur, et ont révolutionné ce domaine récemment. Puis nous avons élargi notre spectre, et utilisé l’apprentissage profond (Deep Learning) qui donne actuellement de très bon résultats en classification tous domaines confondus. Nous les avons tout d’abord utilisés en renfort des i-vecteurs, puis nous les avons utilisés comme système de classification exclusif. Les méthodes précédemment évoquées ont également été testées en conditions bruités puis réelles. Ces différentes expérimentations nous ont permis d’obtenir des taux de reconnaissance très satisfaisants, les réseaux de neurones en renfort des i-vecteurs et les réseaux de neurones seuls étant les systèmes ayant la meilleure précision, avec une amélioration très significative par rapport aux différents systèmes issus de la reconnaissance de parole et de locuteur<br>The average age of the French and European population is increasing; this observation brings new technical and societal challenges. Older people are the most fragile and vulnerable, especially in terms of domestic accidents and specifically falls. This is why many elderly people care projects : technical, academic and commercial have seen the light of day in recent years. This thesis work wasc arried out under Cifre agreement, jointly between the company KRG Corporate and the BMBI laboratory (Biomechanics and Bioengineering) of the UTC (Université of Technologie of Compiègne). Its purpose is to offer a sensor for sound recognition and everyday activities, with the aim of expanding and improving the tele-assistance system already marketed by the company. Several speech recognition or speaker recognition methods have already been proven in the field of sound recognition, including GMM (Modèle de mélange gaussien – Gaussian Mixture Model), SVM-GSL (Machine à vecteurs de support, GMM-super-vecteur à noyau linéaire – Support vector machine GMM Supervector Linear kernel) and HMM (Modèle de Markov caché – Hidden Markov Model). In the same way, we proposed to use i-vectors for sound recognition. I-Vectors are used in particular in speaker recognition, and have revolutionized this field recently. Then we broadened our spectrum, and used Deep Learning, which currently gives very good results in classification across all domains. We first used them to reinforce the i-vectors, then we used them as our exclusive classification system. The methods mentioned above were also tested under noisy and then real conditions. These different experiments gaves us very satisfactory recognition rates, with neural networks as reinforcement for i-vectors and neural networks alone being the most accurate systems, with a very significant improvement compared to the various speech and speaker recognition systems
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Elshik, Ebrahim Mohamed. "High rise buildings energy assessment towards near net-zero energy consumption." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/9701.
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M.Eng. (Engineering Management)<br>The residential and commercial urban sprawl towards green future is governed by the ability to overcome the challenges facing the high rise buildings sustainability. This research is dedicated to assess the high rise buildings’ energy towards near net-zero energy consumption from the point of view of production (the on-site energy generation via renewable technologies) and consumption (the usage of low consumption products). The features of the high rise buildings limit the on-site renewable energy production to solar energy, therefore the integration of solar application in the building’s facade plays a major role in the on-site energy production. Since, the relative roof area compared to the height of the high rise buildings is much less than the single family houses. Therefore, the use of the facade in high rise buildings for clean energy production becomes a major element towards its sustainability. There are several solar energy production techniques of which the most feasible and effective one is the combined electricity generation and heat collection via integrating PV and thermal collector system this system is denoted as solar Photovoltaic and Thermal (PVT) system. PVT system produces both electricity and heat at a higher efficiency from one integrated system on the same surface area exposed to the sun. For instance, PVT system produces approximately 43% more primary energy than a conventional solar thermal collector per unit surface area, and even around 96% more than a conventional Photovoltaic PV system (PVTwins, n.d). The concept of the PVT system was generated based on the fact that Photovoltaic (PV) system has typically 14-17% efficiency, so the rest of more than 80% is a lost energy; this lost energy goes in a form of heat. This heat could reach as high as 50oC above the ambient temperature resulting in structural damage as well as reducing the system efficiency by 25%. Recovering this harmful heat could reach up to five times thermal energy more than electricity from PV array (Hollick, 2011). From the energy consumption perspective, the air conditioning and ventilation system (HVAC) is considered as one of the highest energy consumer in the overall high rise buildings energy consumption (around 40%). This makes it an essential part of any high rise buildings energy solution therefore several low energy consumption HVAC systems has been developed recently. As such, absorption chiller presents one of the greenest HVAC system whereby it has no moving part, no electricity required, thermal driven system (use heat to produce cold) and could be operated by solar thermal energy. In this sense, the enterprise should respond to the increasing demand of the high efficiency buildings mainly by developing new solutions that enhance the latest green technologies and overcome the recent energy challenges.
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Govender, Poovendran. "Energy audit of the Howard College Campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5087.
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Load growth projections on South Africa's electricity demand indicate that Eskom's spare capacity will be eroded by the year 2005. In the late 1960s South Africa experienced electricity shortages and Eskom embarked on a program to build large coal fired power stations, to ensure that South Africa would have sufficient electricity capacity to meet the envisaged high growth rate. With sanctions being imposed on South Africa, the demand was much less than predicted and in the late 1980s South Africa had an excess of generating capacity, which resulted in some power stat ions being mothballed. Due to the increased economic growth after the 1994 elections and Eskom's electrification drive, there has been an increase in demand and the excess capacity has diminished. From past experiences, the lead time to build a power station varies with the type of power station. For large fossil, nuclear and hydro plants, the lead time is in excess of six years. Gas fired stations can have a lead time of less than three years. An option to defer the building of new power stations to meet this expected shortfall in demand is Demand Side Management (DSM). Eskom has already begun initiating a DSM program to try and defer the expected demand shortfall. From a university perspective there have been cutbacks in funding from government. For this reason tertiary institutions have been forced to review the way in which they manage their operating costs. A large tertiary institution spends a substantial portion of their facilities budget providing utility service to the campus. At most universities, 20 % or more of the annual utility budget is for electricity. In many facilities operations, tremendous potential exists to improve on energy efficiency and resource conservation and to reduce electricity costs. The management of energy tended not to feature very high on the list of priorities of tertiary institutions. Therefore targeting electricity for cost reductions in a campus environment makes sense. Additionally the historically low electricity price in South Africa, coupled with economic isolation meant that there is a proliferation of inefficient energy technologies present. The University of KwaZulu-Natal campuses (Medical, Pietermaritzburg, Howard College and Edgewood) spend about R 8 million per year in electricity expenditure. This constitutes about 5.8 % of the annual operational costs for the above
mentioned centres (excluding salaries and capital expenditure). Not only is energy consumption a significant cost to the university, but energy use at the university also contributes to the depletion of natural resources and environmental problems associated with energy production and processing. The work presented in this thesis is the first step towards the establishment of what has become the formal energy management program at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. A comprehensive energy audit was conducted and metering of the mini substations was subsequently introduced. The readings from these meters, together with the results of the energy audit, are analysed. A successful case study involving energy efficient lighting technology implemented on the campus main library is also discussed. Energy savings of approximately R 220 000 per annum has been realised from the implementation of this case study. Conservative estimates to retrofit all the existing luminaires, with more modem efficient luminaires, show that the lighting system demand component can be reduced by approximately 600 kW. The audit has revealed loads that can be potentially shifted without adversely affecting regular campus activities. The air-conditioning load has been identified as an area where considerable savings can be attained. The ability to conservatively reduce the base load will realise savings in excess of R 100 000 per annum (2002 costs) and merely requires an awareness campaign to be instituted at minimal cost. The specific objectives of the study are given in the table below: 1. To conduct an energy audit to identify major energy users on campus. Object achieved: YES. 2. To establish a database of historical energy consumption data for each building on the Howard College campus. Object achieved: YES. 3. To further investigate the larger users of energy and quantify their energy consumption, and identify trends, where possible. Object achieved: YES. 4. To make recommendations where possible, for savings to be made. Object achieved: Yes. 5. To implement a case study demonstrating that energy management is a viable option. Object achieved: YES. As can be seen from the above table, all of the objectives were met. This analysis forms the basis of future efforts in the energy management program at the University of KwaZulu-Natal.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.
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Kordjamshidi, Maria Built Environment Faculty of Built Environment UNSW. "Development of a new framework for a House Rating Scheme (HRS)." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40519.
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There has long been concern that rating the thermal performance of buildings on the basis of predicted normalized energy requirement (MJ/m2) is inappropriate for achieving overall energy efficient design of houses, mainly due to the inability of such schemes to deal with the evaluation of passive architectural design in the form of free running buildings. This study, investigating the shortcomings in the current rating schemes, hypothesizes that the main reason for that inability is due to significant differences between efficient design for free running and conditioned houses. It also suggests that a multiple occupancy scenario, involving variable occupation times and zones, is an important parameter for improving the accuracy of any building evaluation system. The study aims to propose a new method for House Rating Schemes in which the efficiency of a house design will be evaluated with reference to its thermal performance in both free running and conditioned operation modes. By attributing more value to the performance of houses in the free running than the conditioned operation, it is assumed that policy objectives for reducing energy demand for space heating and cooling in the residential building sector are more likely to be achieved. Simulation was used to compare the predicted thermal performances of houses in free running and conditioned operation modes for the moderate climates of Sydney and Canberra. Parametric sensitivity analysis and multivariate regression analysis have been employed and point to the following results. The reliability of a free running rating scheme, in terms of addressing energy efficient aspects, as compared to the current energy based rating schemes, is demonstrated. The research illustrates significant differences between efficient design for conditioned houses and for free running houses. The findings strongly suggest the necessity of developing a new regulatory framework for reducing energy demand in the housing sector. Utilizing these findings, an aggregation of two rating systems for the purpose of creating a new house rating framework has been developed. It is assumed that this research approach is likely to deliver significant benefits in terms of reduction in energy demand and increased sustainability, if it is employed as a basis for House Ratings Schemes.
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Chiu, Sheng-Yuan, and 邱聖元. "Robust and Truthful Power Management: A Back to Front Framework for Energy Auditing and Scheduling." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05322098579656489682.
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博士<br>國立清華大學<br>資訊工程學系<br>104<br>With the advent of smart grids, there can be two-way communications between the users and the electricity company through the power grids. This
allows two promising features, namely energy auditing and energy scheduling. These features enable better energy efficiency as well as pervasive energy
analysis. However, the grid can become vulnerable if an adequate system,
which eliminates potential threats arising from the massive data exchange,
is not present. In this dissertation, we propose a back-to-front framework
which jointly secures user privacy as well as improves the energy consumption distribution.
This dissertation is divided into two parts. In the first part, we will show
a compressive sensing (CS) based approach which enhances data fidelity and
security in energy auditing network. Then, in the second part, a truthful
mechanism for energy scheduling will be given.
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Egan, Aileen Marie. "Energy performance simulation of Australian office buildings." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156199.
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The initial research focused on evaluation in the field of four office buildings, comparing simulated outcomes with measured performance. From this work and the review of relevant literature, a number of simulation input parameters were chosen for more detailed studies. Occupancy figures typically assumed in Australian building performance simulation were found to be much higher than those measured in the field surveys. A sensitivity analysis found that for some building and climate combinations, using unrealistically high occupancy figures gave rise to increased energy consumption, while for other combinations higher occupancy levels led to decreased energy consumption. Another component of the research included testing a number of Australian office buildings to find out what are typical values of air leakage. The range of measured values was wide. Sensitivity studies of the effects of air leakage on energy performance simulation outcomes found that, generally, increased modelled air leakage resulted in an increase in building energy consumption, although there were exceptions. Another aspect of simulation explored was the difference in modelled energy performance using a file of real time weather data instead of using the Reference Meteorological Year (RMY) weather data. Generally use of real time data produced slightly higher modelled energy consumption than use of RMY data. The research also investigated the simulation of a control strategy not accommodated by building performance simulation software. This study showed that a simple control strategy could appreciably improve modelled energy performance. Finally, the thesis includes a study of microclimate over a week of warm weather. This demonstrated that the use of a weather data file without allowance for effects of vegetation, and soil surface and water-holding capacity can be a significant source of inaccuracy in building performance simulation. A general finding of this thesis is that there are large differences between building performance as modelled in the design stage and the performance of operational buildings. All findings show that to accurately simulate buildings considerably more data is needed than currently available. In particular, more studies are needed to ascertain what are typical occupancy levels and air leakage rates of Australian office buildings. In addition, simulation software needs to provide ways of accommodating control strategies and microclimate considerations; also, the ability to use different weather data files would ensure buildings are not simply designed to suit the RMY.
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"Modelling and evaluation of an energy efficient heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system in an office building." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8817.
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M.Tech. (Architectural Technology)<br>It is estimated that commercial buildings are responsible for 5.4% of worldwide Green House Gas (GHG) emissions through their construction and on-going operation. In developed countries this figure can go up to 30%. The environmental control industry is one of the large consumers of this energy. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) contribute approximately 15% of South Africa's current peak electrical demand consumption according to Eskom (the South African electricity utility). The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse and evaluate methods to reduce the energy consumption of the HVAC system in a commercial office building. This encompasses careful building design to reduce heat loads and promote the circulation of fresh air; the use of energy-efficient air-conditioning systems and the incorporation of materials and technology to reduce energy consumption. This will be based upon a case study of the new SANRAL (South African National Roads Agency Limited) head office building in Val-DeGrace, Pretoria. A deductive research approach will be followed. The as-designed Actual Building is modelled with the appropriate energy modelling software and its annual energy usage is obtained. A benchmark based Notional Building complying with SANS 204:2008 criteria of the same size, shape, location and operational schedules as the Actual Building is also modelled and its energy usage results compared to that of the Actual Building. This comparison will determine how energy efficient the Actual Building's HVAC system is compared to a conventional Notional Building. Quantitative data collection is performed by empirical measurement of the energy usage of the as-built Actual Building. The raw data (power usageofthe HVAC system) is measured by Schneider Electric PM9c™ power meters located in the HVAC distribution boards of the building. This raw data are collected by Schneider Electric's ION Enterprise' power management software which has a user friendly interface from where the data can be downloaded. The power management software is connected to an ANDOVEWM Building Management System (BMS). Due to commissioning procedures and the timeframe at hand for the completion of this dissertation measurements could only be taken over a 7 month period. Operational data were measured from July 2011 to March 2012 thus accounting for summer, winter and a seasonal changeover period. The modelled energy usage results of the as-designed Actual Building are compared to the measured energy usage data obtained from the as-built Actual Building. This comparison serves to evaluate the accuracy of the software model...
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Watkins, Deidre. "An assessment of the environmental compliance monitoring capacity of the Department of Minerals and Energy, Eastern Cape /." 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1564/.
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Thesis (M.B.A. (Rhodes Investec Business School)) - Rhodes University, 2009.<br>A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration (MBA)
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Miti, Wilson. "Energy Efficiency and Carbon Management in Mineral Processing Plants." Thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144292.
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Copper processing plants involved in smelting, electro-refining and electro-winning are heat-intensive undertakings that provide extensive challenges for attainment of high energy efficiency. Literature has shown that most of these plants, especially smelters, operate at low overall energy efficiency due to the seemingly complex energy scenario where heat and electricity as forms of energy are treated distinctively from each other. Many copper processing plants have not yet explored both available and emerging waste heat recovery technologies hence remain operating at lower energy efficiencies. In the copper processing plants under study in particular the Nchanga tailings leach plant (TLP), plant operators hinted that some of the processes that ought to operate in heated environments operate at ambient temperatures because of lack of a heating mechanism. The project discusses possible heating mechanisms from available local resources and applicable technologies. As the competing options for providing the required heat at the Nchanga TLP present different carbon emission scenarios, the carbon emissions associated to the recommended installations shall be quantified against a suitable baseline. Flue gas waste heat from the nearby Nchanga smelter has been taken as the available local energy source on which the applicable heating scenarios at TLP are analyzed. The project analyzed waste heat scenarios for three furnaces at Nchanga smelter where it has been established that flue gases from the furnaces contain 37.31 MW of waste heat. Analysis for channeling the waste heat into heat recovery steam generators gave the steam turbine power generation potential of 7.06 MW. The project also demonstrated how energy efficiency undertakings can be used as a driver for carbon emission reduction measures and for participation to the available carbon trading mechanisms such as CDM. Selection of suitable baseline scenarios revealed a lot of potential for carbon finance undertakings in the three case study plants. At the Nchanga smelter, the 7.06 MW power generation capacity has an associated potential of 61,820 tCO2/year emission reductions that can be monetized through the available carbon trading markets. The research established that Nchanga TLP has a heating demand of 10.87MW. If this heating demand was to be met by using the smelter waste heat, the undertaking can be taken as CDM activity or other carbon trading platform with an associated potential of 95,183 tCO2/year.
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Machete, Fannie. "Assessment of energy efficiency in selected guest houses in Mpumalanga Province." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18340.
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The increase in the number of guest houses is applausive for its socio-economic benefits through income generation, job creation and entrepreneurship growth. However, the increase in the number of guest houses is proportional to energy demand. Thus, increase in energy efficient guest houses is more desirable in order to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess energy efficiency in selected guest houses in Mpumalanga province
Through in-depth literature analysis, an energy efficiency framework that builds on and advances the input-output ration and energy saving model was developed. This framework has five indicators which are categorised into financial and nonfinancial, namely: energy quantity, cost, carbon equivalence, services quantity and quality. The framework clarified the differences between energy saving and energy efficiency, while it identifies energy saving and services levels as two parameters or components of energy efficiency. This framework was later implemented and used to assess energy efficiency in eight selected guest houses in Mpumalanga province. To assess energy efficiency using the framework, three standard or common services in guest houses such as indoor lighting, water heating and indoor thermal comfort were
assessed for energy saving and compliance with industry standards.
The results of the assessment were analysed through descriptive statistical and explanatory methods. Using the framework, the study found that few of the selected guest houses did save energy in one or more of the standards services. However, some methods used in the guest houses were found to be highly costly and resulted in high energy quantity consumption and high carbon footprint.
Thus, these methods failed the test for characterisation of energy saving methods. Furthermore, the study found that all indoor lighting services didn’t meet minimum industry standards for indoor lighting of 100lux. All water heating standards were compliant, while indoor thermal comfort standards differed among guest houses. Thus, none of the guest houses met the minimum criteria for characterisation as being energy-efficient. However, different services qualified.
Hence, the findings confirm that the energy efficiency framework was effective and reliable in the characterisation of energy-efficient guest houses. This framework builds on and advances the input-output ratio and energy saving models previously used.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>PhD (Environmental Management)