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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy Code Smell'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 14 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Almadi, Sara H. S., Danial Hooshyar, and Rodina Binti Ahmad. "Bad Smells of Gang of Four Design Patterns: A Decade Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810256.

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Gang of Four (GoF) design patterns are widely approved solutions for recurring software design problems, and their benefits to software quality are extensively studied. However, the occurrence of bad smells in design patterns increases the crisis of degenerating design patterns’ structure and behavior. Their occurrences are detrimental to the benefits of design patterns and they influence software sustainability by increasing maintenance costs and energy consumption. Despite the destructive roles of bad smells in such designs, there are an absence of studies systematically reviewing bad smells

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2

Lee, Jae-Wuk, Doohwan Kim, and Jang-Eui Hong. "Code Refactoring Techniques Based on Energy Bad Smells for Reducing Energy Consumption." KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering 5, no. 5 (2016): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3745/ktsde.2016.5.5.209.

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3

Hastings, Mathew B. "Small Majorana fermion codes." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 13&14 (2017): 1191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.13-14-7.

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We consider Majorana fermion stabilizer codes with small number of modes and distance. We give an upper bound on the number of logical qubits for distance 4 codes, and we construct Majorana fermion codes similar to the classical Hamming code that saturate this bound. We perform numerical studies and find other distance 4 and 6 codes that we conjecture have the largest possible number of logical qubits for the given number of physical Majorana modes. Some of these codes have more logical qubits than any Majorana fermion code derived from a qubit stabilizer code.

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Klappenecker, A. A., and M. Rotteler. "On the structure of nonstabilizer Cliford codes." Quantum Information and Computation 4, no. 2 (2004): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/4.2-7.

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Clifford codes are a class of quantum error control codes that form a natural generalization of stabilizer codes. These codes were introduced in 1996 by Knill, but only a single Clifford code was known, which was not already a stabilizer code. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition that allows one to decide when a Clifford code is a stabilizer code, and compile a table of all true Clifford codes for error groups of small order.

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Topalov, Vladislav, Iryna Tregubova, Mykola Severyn, and Iryna Hurklis. "Modification of chaotic interleaver for turbo codes with a change to the duffing equation and accounting for the distance spectrum of the code." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 9 (126) (2023): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2023.292850.

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Various types of interleavers in turbo codes and their parameters affecting the efficiency of turbo codes are considered. It is noted that the type of interleaver directly affects the efficiency and error correcting of turbo codes. Also, the efficiency of turbo codes is influenced by the parameters of the minimum distance, the length of interleaver, and the distance spectrum of the code. A modification of the chaotic interleaver of turbo codes is proposed with the change of the equation to the Duffing and with examining the code's distance spectrum with the condition of increasing the code's d

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Lago, Erik, Dany Sanchez Dominguez, and Leorlen Rojas Mazaíra. "Multiphysics Computational Modeling of Nuclear Reactors Small Size Through the Coupling of Serpent Codes and Fluent." Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 12, no. 3 (2024): e2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2024.2425.

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The study of nuclear energy using computational codes has been widely explored by nuclear engineering researchers through various calculations over the years, with emphasis on neutron and thermo-hydraulic calculations. The need for designing a reactor model that would produce energy at a lower cost per MWh highlighted the importance of Small Modular Reactor (SMR) reactors. Development: The present work aims to carry out a study related to the coupling of two computational codes, SERPENT and ANSYS FLUENT, using an SMR PWR reactor model (Pressurized Water Reactor) from the company B&W Genera

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Hopfmueller, Florian, Maxime Tremblay, Philippe St-Jean, Baptiste Royer, and Marc-Antoine Lemonde. "Bosonic Pauli+: Efficient Simulation of Concatenated Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill Codes." Quantum 8 (November 26, 2024): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-11-26-1539.

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A promising route towards fault-tolerant quantum error correction is the concatenation of a Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code with a qubit code. Development of such concatenated codes requires simulation tools which realistically model noise, while being able to simulate the dynamics of many modes. However, so far, large-scale simulation tools for concatenated GKP codes have been limited to idealized noise models and GKP code implementations. Here, we introduce the Bosonic Pauli+ model (BP+), which can be simulated efficiently for a large number of modes, while capturing the rich dynamics i

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Di Cintio, Pierfrancesco, Mario Pasquato, Hyunwoo Kim, and Suk-Jin Yoon. "Introducing a new multi-particle collision method for the evolution of dense stellar systems." Astronomy & Astrophysics 649 (May 2021): A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038784.

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Context. Stellar systems are broadly divided into collisional and non-collisional categories. While the latter are large-N systems with long relaxation timescales and can be simulated disregarding two-body interactions, either computationally expensive direct N-body simulations or approximate schemes are required to properly model the former. Large globular clusters and nuclear star clusters, with relaxation timescales of the order of a Hubble time, are small enough to display some collisional behaviour and big enough to be impossible to simulate with direct N-body codes and current hardware.

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Zwanch, Karen, and Bridget Broome. "Crack the Code." Mathematics Teacher: Learning and Teaching PK-12 116, no. 3 (2023): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtlt.2022.0158.

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10

Chen, Hongxiang, Michael Vasmer, Nikolas P. Breuckmann, and Edward Grant. "Automated discovery of logical gates for quantum error correction (with Supplementary (153 pages))." Quantum Information and Computation 22, no. 11&12 (2022): 947–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic22.11-12-3.

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Quantum error correcting codes protect quantum computation from errors caused by decoherence and other noise. Here we study the problem of designing logical operations for quantum error correcting codes. We present an automated procedure that generates logical operations given known encoding and correcting procedures. Our technique is to use variational circuits for learning both the logical gates and the physical operations implementing them. This procedure can be implemented on near-term quantum computers via quantum process tomography. It enables automatic discovery of logical gates from an

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11

Aksan, N. "International Standard Problems and Small Break Loss-of-Coolant Accident (SBLOCA)." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2008 (2008): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/814572.

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Best-estimate thermal-hydraulic system codes are widely used to perform safety and licensing analyses of nuclear power plants and also used in the design of advance reactors. Evaluation of the capabilities and the performance of these codes can be accomplished by comparing the code predictions with measured experimental data obtained on different test facilities. OECD/NEA Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) has promoted, over the last twenty-nine years, some forty-eight international standard problems (ISPs). These ISPs were performed in different fields as in-vessel therma

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Okamoto, Masanori, Toshihisa Ishida, and Ken-ichi Sawada. "ICONE15-10221 PASSIVE SAFETY SMALL REACTOR FOR DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SUPPLY : CORE BURN-UP PERFORMANCE WITH BORON MIXED COOLANT." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2007.15 (2007): _ICONE1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2007.15._icone1510_108.

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13

Seungsu, Yuk, Tak Nam-il, and Chang Jo Keun. "DEVELOPMENT OF PIN-LEVEL NEUTRONICS/THERMAL-FLUID ANALYSIS COUPLED CODE SYSTEM FOR A BLOCK-TYPE HTGR CORE." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 02041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124702041.

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Recently, the coupling between computer codes that simulate different physical phenomena has attracted for more accurate analysis. In the case of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), the coupling between neutronics and thermal-fluid analysis is necessary because of large change of temperature in the reactor core. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has developed the coupled code system between a reactor physics analysis code CAPP and a thermal-fluid system safety analysis code GAMMA+ for a block-type HTGR. The CAPP/GAMMA+ coupled code system provides more accurate block-wise

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14

Bird, Robert F., Patrick Gillies, Michael R. Bareford, Andy Herdman, and Stephen Jarvis. "Performance Optimisation of Inertial Confinement Fusion Codes using Mini-applications." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 32, no. 4 (2016): 570–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342016670225.

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Despite the recent successes of nuclear energy researchers, the scientific community still remains some distance from being able to create controlled, self-sustaining fusion reactions. Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) techniques represent one possible option to surpass this barrier, with scientific simulation playing a leading role in guiding and supporting their development. The simulation of such techniques allows for safe and efficient investigation of laser design and pulse shaping, as well as providing insight into the reaction as a whole. The research presented here focuses on the simul

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Dubey, Anshu, Petros Tzeferacos, and Don Q. Lamb. "The dividends of investing in computational software design: A case study." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 33, no. 2 (2017): 322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342017747692.

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A significant fraction of computational software for scientific research grows through accretion. In a common scenario, a small group develops a code for a specific purpose. Others find the software useful, so they add to it for their own use. The software grows to the point where its management becomes intractable and scientific results obtained from it become unreliable. This is in stark contrast with a small number of scientific codes that have undergone a design process, be it due to an upfront investment, or when haphazardly grown codes have reset and started again. At a minimum, these co

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16

Milosevic, Miodrag, Ehud Greenspan, and Jasmina Vujic. "Monte Carlo with fuel burnup method for the ENHS benchmark calculations." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 18, no. 2 (2003): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp0302003m.

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Estimates of the uncertainties arising from approximations in the methods used in different nuclear data processing and neutron transport codes are usually obtained by inter-comparing calculations made using different code systems. This paper gives details of an investigation of differences between results obtained by using different codes for a single zone model of the Encapsulated Nuclear Heat Source (ENHS) benchmark core fuelled with metallic alloy of Pu, U, and Zr. The ENHS is a new lead-bismuth or lead cooled novel reactor concept for 20 effective full power years without refuelling and w

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17

Jiao, Dawei, and Ying Li. "Fault-tolerant fidelity based on few-qubit codes: parity-check circuits for biased error operators." Quantum Information and Computation 22, no. 5&6 (2022): 408–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic22.5-6-3.

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In the shallow sub-threshold regime, fault-tolerant quantum computation requires a tremendous amount of qubits. In this paper, we study the error correction in the deep sub-threshold regime. We estimate the physical error rate for achieving the logical error rates of $10^{-6} - 10^{-15}$ using few-qubit codes, i.e.~short repetition codes, small surface codes and the Steane code. Error correction circuits that are efficient for biased error operators are identified. Using the Steane code, when error operators are biased with a ratio of $10^{-3}$, the logical error rate of $10^{-15}$ can be achi

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18

Groza, Claudiu, Apostol Dumitru-Cristian, Marius Marcu, and Razvan Bogdan. "A Developer-Oriented Framework for Assessing Power Consumption in Mobile Applications: Android Energy Smells Case Study." Sensors 24, no. 19 (2024): 6469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24196469.

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Currently, people spend a lot of time using their mobile devices. With such ubiquity of mobile devices in our daily life, battery capacity and quality are of utmost importance. Running software applications (called apps) are one of the major factors influencing the power consumption in mobile devices. In order to meet user needs, mobile apps are becoming inherently complex and resource greedy. Therefore, fulfilling these requirements at the pace imposed by the market may degrade software construction quality and insert so-called energy code smells: bad patterns in the source code of an app tha

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19

Hadi, M. P., U. Suarma, A. A. K. Sumunar, and M. R. B. Girsang. "Hydrological Potential Mapping to Generate Micro-Hydro Power in Code River." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1233, no. 1 (2023): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1233/1/012061.

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Abstract Fossil fuel energy utilization in Indonesia is consider high consisting of 65% coal sources and 20% fuel, while only 15% are generate from new and renewable energy sources. This number is critical due to the commitment to reduce greenhouse gases by 29% or 41% as declared Glasgow in 2021. Alternatives source of energy could be obtained from solar, wind, and water. The energy generate from those sources are consider intermittent, however, water utilization can be optimized by construct several weirs (small-scale reservoirs) to accumulate the rain water as a kinetic energy source to gene

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20

Kromar, Marjan, and Bojan Kurinčič. "Comparison of the SCALE, SERPENT and MCNP Criticality Safety Calculation of the NPP Krško Spent Fuel Pool." Journal of Energy - Energija 62, no. 1-4 (2022): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2013621-4230.

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Criticality safety reanalyzes of the NPP Krško spent fuel pool has been performed. Limiting criticality cases at optimal moderation conditions are calculated using different SCALE code versions (SCALE-4.4a, SCALE-5.1 and SCALE-6.1) with 44-group ENDF/B-V and 238-group ENDF/B-VII.0 derived cross section libraries. Relative small discrepancies are observed. Additional verification is provided with SERPENT and MCNP5 codes, which are capable to take into account neutron continuous energy cross section library based on ENDF/B-VII.0 files. Comparison has shown that the results of the pool design cal

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21

Bentsen, Gregory, Phuc Nguyen, and Brian Swingle. "Approximate Quantum Codes From Long Wormholes." Quantum 8 (August 14, 2024): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-08-14-1439.

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We discuss families of approximate quantum error correcting codes which arise as the nearly-degenerate ground states of certain quantum many-body Hamiltonians composed of non-commuting terms. For exact codes, the conditions for error correction can be formulated in terms of the vanishing of a two-sided mutual information in a low-temperature thermofield double state. We consider a notion of distance for approximate codes obtained by demanding that this mutual information instead be small, and we evaluate this mutual information for the SYK model and for a family of low-rank SYK models. After a

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22

Cruz, Luis, and Rui Abreu. "Improving Energy Efficiency Through Automatic Refactoring." Journal of Software Engineering Research and Development 7 (August 17, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/jserd.2019.17.

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The ever-growing popularity of mobile phones has brought additional challenges to the software development lifecycle. Mobile applications ought to provide the same set of features as conventional software, with limited resources: such as limited processing capabilities, storage, screen and, not less important, power source. Although energy efficiency is a valuable requirement, developers often lack knowledge of best practices. In this paper, we propose a tool to improve the energy efficiency of Android applications using automatic refactoring — Leafactor. The tool features five energy code sme

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23

Zhang, Xue Bin, Qiong Wan, and Zhi Gang Li. "Hourglass Control Methods in Numerical Simulation Code RingForm." Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (October 2011): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.35.

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Hourglass is obviously aroused in cold ring rolling simulation with reduced integration element because of ring vibrating violently and small contact area of ring and rollers. In the developed numerical simulation code named RingForm, two methods are used to control the hourglass. The first method is combination of artificial damping and artificial stiffness. The second is one-point quadrature element with hourglass control, which need not user-defined control parameters. Hourglass energy can be reduced to 3 percent of the internal energy. Using the latter, good elements are acquired, while co

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Palomba, Fabio, Dario Di Nucci, Annibale Panichella, Andy Zaidman, and Andrea De Lucia. "On the impact of code smells on the energy consumption of mobile applications." Information and Software Technology 105 (January 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2018.08.004.

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Seubert, A. "A 3-D FINITE ELEMENT FEW-GROUP DIFFUSION CODE AND ITS APPLICATION TO GENERATION IV REACTOR CONCEPTS." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124702010.

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In this paper, a recently developed 3-d few-group finite element-based diffusion code is de-scribed. Its geometrical flexibility allows future modeling of complex and irregular geometries of (very) small and medium size reactor concepts –(v)SMRs –being in the spotlight for energy provision in remote residential and industrial regions or for space applications, and also liquid metal cooled Generation IV reactors where thermally induced core deformation results in localized assembly lattice distortions which cannot be treated by traditional 3-d neutron kinetics codes devoted to the regular latti

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26

Pang, Bo, Yuhang Su, Jie Wang, et al. "Coupling Design and Validation Analysis of an Integrated Framework of Uncertainty Quantification." Energies 16, no. 11 (2023): 4435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16114435.

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The uncertainty quantification is an indispensable part for the validation of the nuclear safety best-estimate codes. However, the uncertainty quantification usually requires the combination of statistical analysis software and nuclear reactor professional codes, and it consumes huge computing resources. In this paper, a design method of coupling interface between DAKOTA Version 6.16 statistical software and nuclear reactor professional simulation codes is proposed, and the integrated computing workflow including interface pre-processing, code batching operations, and interface post-processing

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27

Choe, Jiwon, Chirayu Batra, Vladimir Kriventsev, and Deokjung Lee. "Neutronic Analysis of Start-Up Tests at China Experimental Fast Reactor." Energies 15, no. 3 (2022): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031249.

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The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) is a small, sodium-cooled fast reactor with 20 MW(e) of power. Start-up tests of the CEFR were performed from 2010 to 2011. The China Institute of Atomic Energy made some of the neutronics start-up-test data available to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as part of an international neutronics benchmarking exercise by distributing the experimental data to interested organizations from the member states of the IAEA. This benchmarking aims to validate and verify the physical models and neutronics simulation codes with the help of the recorded

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Liu, Xiao, Mianxiong Dong, Yuxin Liu, Anfeng Liu, and Neal N. Xiong. "Construction Low Complexity and Low Delay CDS for Big Data Code Dissemination." Complexity 2018 (June 20, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5429546.

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The diffusion of codes is an important processing technology for big data networks. In previous scheme, data analysis was conducted for small samples of big data and complex problems that cannot be processed by big data technology. Due to the limited capacity of intelligence device, a better method is to select a set of nodes (intelligence device) to form a connected dominating set (CDS) to save energy, and constructing CDS is proved to be a complete NP problem. However, it is a challenge to reduce the communication delay and complexity for urgent data transmission in big data. In this paper,

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Mavko, Borut, Andrej Prošek, and Francesco D’auria. "Determination of Code Accuracy in Predicting Small-Break LOCA Experiment." Nuclear Technology 120, no. 1 (1997): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt97-a35427.

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Singh, A., S. Lee, and S. H. Saw. "Numerical Experiments to Obtain the Scaling Laws for Neutron Yield on Mather-Type Plasma Focus Machines Below 500 Joules." Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology 10, no. 2 (2014): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v10i2.63652.

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In this paper, we explain how we have fitted Lee‘s 5-phase and 6-phase model code to analyze the current waveforms of 6 small plasma focus machines (below 500 Joules) working in deuterium gas medium. Using the information from the code fitted to these current waveforms, the scaling laws for these small-energy machines were obtained as follows: Yn ~ E02.1 ; Yn ~ Ipeak3.9 ; Yn ~ Ipinch5.0

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Neves, Daniel, Anderson Sanches, Rafael Nobrega, et al. "Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators." Sensors 23, no. 8 (2023): 3791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083791.

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High data rate coverage, security, and energy efficiency will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation mobile systems. Dense, small mobile cells based on a novel network architecture are part of the answer. Motivated by the recent mounting interest in free-space optical (FSO) technologies, this paper addresses a novel mobile fronthaul network architecture based on FSO, spread spectrum codes, and graphene modulators for the creation of dense small cells. The network uses an energy-efficient graphene modulator to send data bits to be coded with spread codes for ach

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ISHIKAWA, Hirohiko, and Masamichi CHINO. "Development of three-dimensional atmospheric dispersion code for small scale computer." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 30, no. 4 (1988): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.30.350.

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Khan, Baseem, Josep M. Guerrero, Sanjay Chaudhary, Juan C. Vasquez, Kenn H. B. Frederiksen, and Ying Wu. "A Review of Grid Code Requirements for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Ethiopia." Energies 15, no. 14 (2022): 5197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145197.

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Rapid integration of renewable energy into the electric grid has ramifications for grid management and planning. Therefore, system operators have formulated grid code requirements to ensure that the grid continues to operate in a secure, safe, and cost-effective manner. The current state of grid code in Ethiopia, as well as the need for it, is discussed in this article. It lays out the technological grid integration requirements, with a focus on small and microgrids, which are especially important for the integration of renewable. The barriers to grid code normalization and renewable energy gr

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Villalba, Isabel, Marcos Blanco, Juan I. Pérez‐Díaz, Daniel Fernández, Felipe Díaz, and Marcos Lafoz. "Wave farms grid code compliance in isolated small power systems." IET Renewable Power Generation 13, no. 1 (2018): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5351.

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Sung Lim, Hyun, In Ho Ryu, and Jun Ho Bang. "IOT based modeling of closed transition transfer switch in IEC 61850." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.12 (2018): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11317.

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Background/Objectives: The power demand of utility electrical power has stimulated the use of distributed energy for peak shaving. Distributed energy resources need to be monitored and controlled like Internet of Things.Methods/Statistical analysis: Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) are small scale electric energy system like Micro Turbine, Photovoltaic, Wind power, Small Generator and widely spread in Korea. For utilizing electrical device with Internet of Things, we need integrated system and adapt International Electrical Code like IEC 61850.Findings: To connect DERs with uninterrupted gr

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Taubin, F. A. "MULTIPLE ACCESS IN WIRELESS CHANNELS USING NONORTHOGONAL CODING AND FREQUENCY INTERLEAVING." System analysis and logistics 4, no. 34 (2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/2077-5687-2022-4-73-82.

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Code division multiple access (CDMA) is currently considered as one of the promising technologies that can significantly improve the efficiency of modern and future communication networks. In code division multiple access systems, users can share a dedicated space-frequency-time resource to simultaneously transmit their own traffic. To ensure the separation of individual user streams on the receiving side, each user is provided with his own code sequence embedded in the broadband signal transmitted by this user, the spectrum of which, as a rule, occupies the entire allocated frequency band. Wh

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Allahaim, Fahad Saud, Ahmed M. El shenawy, and Ghasan Alfalah. "Impact of the Saudi Building Code on Residential Construction Costs." Buildings 14, no. 1 (2024): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010233.

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The government of Saudi has implemented the Saudi Building Code (SBC) for residential buildings to set standards for their design, construction, and maintenance. However, this may result in unexpected costs that are passed on to the citizens and thus have a certain economic impact. Therefore, this study examined the additional costs imposed on citizens and the economic impact of implementing the SBC on residential buildings. This study surveyed building developers, architects, and citizens to gather data on the costs associated with adhering to the code such as material and labor costs. This s

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Lee, S. "Developing a plasma focus research training system for the fusion energy age." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 32 (January 2014): 1460313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603135.

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The 3 kJ UNU/ICTP Plasma Focus Facility is the most significant device associated with the AAAPT (Asian African Association for Plasma Training). In original and modified/upgraded form it has trained generations of plasma focus (PF) researchers internationally, producing many PhD theses and peer-reviewed papers. The Lee Model code was developed for the design of this PF. This code has evolved to cover all PF machines for design, interpretation and optimization, for derivation of radiation scaling laws; and to provide insights into yield scaling limitations, radiative collapse, speed-enhanced a

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Zhuravlev, I. M., and A. V. Osipov. "Resonant solar cell energy converter in the power supply system for small spacecraft." Proceedings of Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics 23, no. 3 (2020): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21293/1818-0442-2020-23-3-81-85.

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The operation of a solar cell resonant converter at operating modes in the power supply system of a small spacecraft is investigated. The resonant converter with pulse-code regulation simulation model has been developed, and the operation point by stabilizing charge current mode and stabilizing output voltage mode is considered. The converter regulating characteristics in various operating modes are obtained.

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Ghal-Eh, N., M. Aliannezhadi, and S. V. Bedenko. "Optical photon transport and geometry contributions to time response of scintillation detectors." International Journal of Modern Physics C 29, no. 09 (2018): 1850091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183118500912.

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The sensitivities of both time and energy resolutions of a typical scintillation detector to major optical parameters (i.e. paint reflectivity, quantum efficiency of photomultiplier tube and attenuation coefficient) have been estimated using a dedicated Monte Carlo (MC) optical photon transport (OPT) simulation code, PHOTRACK, and the OPT capabilities of general-purpose code, FLUKA. Both cylindrical and parallelepiped geometries have been considered for the scintillator cell and lightguide. The results determine the scintillation light wavelength regions that the energy and time resolution rep

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Adi Wiguna Sanjaya, I. Kadek, Nyoman Pramaita, and I. Made Oka Widyantara. "DESAIN SIMULASI UNJUK KERJA KODE SMALL KASAMI PADA KANAL MULTIPATH FADING." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 8, no. 3 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2021.v08.i03.p4.

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Telecommunication capable of handling interference, fading and no less importantissues regarding the confidentiality of user information is very much needed in the currenttechnological era, to overcome this spread spectrum technology is quite developed in theadvancement of telecommunication technology. In this study, the small kasami code was usedas the spreading code. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of the smallkasami code with changes in the number of multipath components using multipath fadingchannels. The modulation technique uses digital modulation, namely binary

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Carter, Charles W. "Base Pairing Promoted the Self-Organization of Genetic Coding, Catalysis, and Free-Energy Transduction." Life 14, no. 2 (2024): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life14020199.

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How Nature discovered genetic coding is a largely ignored question, yet the answer is key to explaining the transition from biochemical building blocks to life. Other, related puzzles also fall inside the aegis enclosing the codes themselves. The peptide bond is unstable with respect to hydrolysis. So, it requires some form of chemical free energy to drive it. Amino acid activation and acyl transfer are also slow and must be catalyzed. All living things must thus also convert free energy and synchronize cellular chemistry. Most importantly, functional proteins occupy only small, isolated regio

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Cotronei, Alessandro, and Thomas Slawig. "Single-precision arithmetic in ECHAM radiation reduces runtime and energy consumption." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 6 (2020): 2783–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2783-2020.

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Abstract. We converted the radiation part of the atmospheric model ECHAM to a single-precision arithmetic. We analyzed different conversion strategies and finally used a step-by-step change in all modules, subroutines and functions. We found out that a small code portion still requires higher-precision arithmetic. We generated code that can be easily changed from double to single precision and vice versa, basically using a simple switch in one module. We compared the output of the single-precision version in the coarse resolution with observational data and with the original double-precision c

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Dilmi, S., and A. Boumali. "Estimation of Electron Impact Ionization Rates of Li Using a Non-Maxwellian Distribution Function." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 66, no. 8 (2021): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe66.8.691.

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We report an estimate of the cross-section and rate of electron-impact ionization of Li. The FAC code (Flexible Atomic Code) is used in order to determine the cross-section and to calculate the level of energy. We evaluate the effect of electron energy distribution functions on the measurement of the ionization rate for a non-Maxwellian energy distribution, if the fraction of hot electrons is small. In several types of plasma, it has been observed that certain (hot) electrons are governed by a non-Maxwellian energy distribution. These electrons affect the line spectra and other characteristics

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Hwang, Dae Hee, and Ser Gi Hong. "SMALL MODULAR PWR DESIGN FOR TRU RECYCLING WITH McCARD-MASTER TWO-STEP PROCEDURE." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124701003.

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In our previous study, a small modular PWR core was designed for TRU (Transuranics) recycling with multi-recycling scheme with a typical two-step procedure using DeCART2D/MASTER code system in which the lattice analysis for producing homogenized group constant was performed by DeCART2D while whole core analysis was conducted by MASTER code. However, the neutron spectrum hardening of the LWR core loaded with TRU requires validating the multi-group cross section library and resonance self-shielding treatment method in lattice calculation. In this study, a new procedure using McCARD/MASTER was us

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Hayashi, W. H. J., W. W. Heidbrink, C. M. Muscatello, et al. "Charge-exchange measurements of high-energy fast ions in LHD using negative-ion neutral beam injection." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 12 (2024): P12006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/12/p12006.

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Abstract A new sightline geometry for the fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) diagnostic on the Large Helical Device (LHD) has been confirmed to measure signals for high-energy fast ions produced by negative-ion neutral beam injection. The newly installed sightline uses a 180 keV tangential negative-ion neutral beamline as the active source. Due to the small angle between the beamline and FIDA sightline, the relative velocity between fast ions and injected neutrals is small. This allows for high-energy fast ions just below the beam injection energy to produce measurable Doppler-shifted FIDA emission. Expe

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Freedman, Michael H., and Matthew B. Hastings. "Quantum Systems on Non-$k$-Hyperfinite Complexes: a generalization of classical statistical mechanics on expander graphs." Quantum Information and Computation 14, no. 1&2 (2014): 144–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic14.1-2-9.

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We construct families of cell complexes that generalize expander graphs. These families are called non-$k$-hyperfinite, generalizing the idea of a non-hyperfinite (NH) family of graphs. Roughly speaking, such a complex has the property that one cannot remove a small fraction of points and be left with an object that looks $k-1$-dimensional at large scales. We then consider certain quantum systems on these complexes. A future goal is to construct a family of Hamiltonians such that every low energy state has topological order as part of an attempt to prove the quantum PCP conjecture. This goal i

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Kawanishi, K., A. Tsuge, K. Kuwabara, O. Ukai, and N. Nakamori. "Small break loch experiments and verification of CANAC-II code." Nuclear Engineering and Design 120, no. 2-3 (1990): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(90)90378-b.

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Li, Tao, Mehdi Ashraphijuo, Xiaodong Wang, and Pingyi Fan. "Traffic Off-Loading With Energy-Harvesting Small Cells and Coded Content Caching." IEEE Transactions on Communications 65, no. 2 (2017): 906–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2016.2636283.

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Muzzi, Beatrice, Martin Albino, Michele Petrecca, et al. "3d Metal Doping of Core@Shell Wustite@ferrite Nanoparticles as a Promising Route toward Room Temperature Exchange Bias Magnets." Small 18 (April 5, 2022): 2107426. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202107426.

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Nanometric core@shell wustite@ferrite (Fe1-xO@Fe3O4) has been extensively studied because of the emergence of exchange bias phenomena. Since their actual implementation in modern technologies is hampered by the low temperature at which bias is operating, the critical issue to be solved is to obtain exchange-coupled antiferromagnetic@ferrimagnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with ordering temperature close to 300 K by replacing the divalent iron with other transition-metal ions. Here, the effect of the combined substitution of Fe-(II) with Co-(II) and Ni-(II) on the crystal structure and magnetic prope

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