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Akara, Ghafi Kondi, Benoit Hingray, Adama Diawara, and Arona Diedhiou. "Effect of weather on monthly electricity consumption in three coastal cities in West Africa." AIMS Energy 9, no. 3 (2021): 446–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2021022.
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Ali, Essossinam. "Climate change and agricultural development in West Africa: Role of renewable energy and trade openness." Environmental Economics 12, no. 1 (2021): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.02.
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The design, implementation, and evaluation of energy policies in combating climate change are becoming increasingly evident to strengthen economic growth driven by the agricultural sector in most developing countries. The study analyzes the direct and indirect effects of renewable energy consumption (REC) on agriculture value-added (AgVA), CO2 emissions, and trade openness in the short- and long-run in the West African countries. The second-generation panel unit root tests, the panel cointegration methods, and Panel Vector Error Correction Model are used with World Bank data from 1990 to 2015. A panel Granger causality test was also used to determine the direction of causality between variables. Findings show a unidirectional relationship between AgVA, CO2 emissions, and REC; between REC, gross fixe capital formation (GFCF) and trade openness. Moreover, the bidirectional hypothesis is verified between agricultural development and trade openness. However, the null hypothesis is found between AgVA and GFCF, on the one hand, and GFCF and CO2 emissions, on the other hand. These results suggest that fostering renewable energy policy and revisiting trade policy toward reducing environmental pollution will enable agricultural development and boost the regional economy. AcknowledgmentThe author wants to thank Dr. Moukpè GNINIGUE for his technical supports and Prof. Jean Marcelin Bosson BROU from the University of Houphouet Boigny (Cote d’Ivoire), Dr. Odzadifo K. WONYRA and Dr. Hodabalo BATAKA from the University of Kara, Dr. Koffi Massesso ADJI from the West African Sciences Services Centre on Climate Change and Land Use (University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar) and Essotanam MAMBA from the University of Lomé for their constructive comments on the earlier version of this manuscripts. Finally, the author is grateful to the anonymous reviewers and Editor-in-Chief of Environmental Economics, whose comments have improved this paper. However, the opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.
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Zigah, Elias. "Energy Security of West Africa: the Case of Natural Gas." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 12, no. 19 (2019): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2019.12.19.5.
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The Gas Supply Security Index (GSSI) is used to assess the security of natural gas supply of four gas producing countries in West Africa using five indicators: Gas Intensity, Net Gas Import Dependency, Ratio of Domestic Gas Production to Imports, Gross Inland Consumption and Geopolitical Risk. This study identified that security of natural gas supply in West Africa is a major challenge as some of the major natural gas producers within the region are highly vulnerable to supply disruptions. Most of the countries studied rely solely on domestic production for supply security. Lack of diversification of supply source and the absence of natural gas storage facilities to safeguard the security of supply were identified as the major factors accounting for the high vulnerability among the natural gas producers within the region.
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Adewuyi, Adeolu O., and Oluwatosin Adeniyi. "Trade and consumption of energy varieties: Empirical analysis of selected West Africa economies." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (July 2015): 354–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.019.
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Maji, Ibrahim Kabiru, Chindo Sulaiman, and A. S. Abdul-Rahim. "Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: A fresh evidence from West Africa." Energy Reports 5 (November 2019): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.03.005.
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Aitken, R. "Household energy use: a comparison of household energy consumption and expenditure across three provinces." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18, no. 1 (2007): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i1a3338.
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This paper details and contrasts the patterns of household energy consumption from three sample groups across three provinces in South Africa. The three samples were selected from unelectrified areas in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, North West and the Eastern Cape. The paper shows the range of energy sources and carriers as well as the most prominent and common applications. Understand-ing patterns of household energy consumption and expenditure, as well as the energy burden of rural households can be used to shape and inform ener-gy interventions within these regions for both public and private sector concerns.
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Hussein, Mohamed Amr. "Palm Oil Use in North Africa and West Asia." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 15, no. 2 (1994): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659401500217.
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Edible oils and fats are important sources of food energy in North Africa and West Asia. Because of the high cost of animal fats and increased awareness of potential harm from their excessive consumption, the rise of vegetable oils is increasing. Palm oil has recently been introduced in response to the shortfall in the local production of edible fats and oils, and it is predicted that it will gain increasing acceptance and use because of its versatility and safety.
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Fatai, Basiru Oyeniran. "Energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Panel co-integration and causality tests for Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 4 (2014): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2242.
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This study reassesses the causal relationships between energy consumption and economic growth in 18 Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the period 1980-2011. The Panel Unit Root Test results show that variables (both exogenous and endogenous) are stationary at their first difference with individual effects and individual linear trends, while the results of panel co-integration tests show that energy consumption and economic growth do have a stable long-run equilibrium relationship. There is unidirectional causality from energy consumption to economic growth in East and the Southern Africa Sub-region, which supports the growth hypothesis. As a result, the related authorities in the regions should take a special interest in different sources of energy and invest more in this sector, make suitable policies in this regard and find new alternative and cheap sources of energy. But, there is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Central and the West Africa Sub-region, which is in line with the neutrality hypothesis. In other words, both energy consumption and economic growth are neutral with respect to each other. Our results confirm the inconclusive nature of a causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth.
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Nordhagen, Stella, Alissa M. Pries, and Romance Dissieka. "Commercial Snack Food and Beverage Consumption Prevalence among Children 6–59 Months in West Africa." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (2019): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112715.
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Consumption of commercial snack food and beverage products among infants, young, and school-aged children may have negative effects on child nutritional outcomes, as these foods are typically dense in energy but not in micronutrients. However, there is limited information available about the consumption of such snacks in low-income settings, particularly in Africa. We contribute to filling this gap using data from 11,537 children aged 6–59.9 months from four West African countries (i.e., Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Niger). We estimated the prevalence of commercial snack food and drink consumption and explored variations within the sample by age group, urban or rural residence, household wealth status, and caregiver educational attainment. The results show that 25.7% of children in Niger, 31.5% in Burkina Faso, 42.9% in Mali, and 45.4% in Cote d’Ivoire ate at least one commercial snack food or beverage in the prior 24 h. Consumption prevalence was significantly higher in urban areas than rural areas, among older children (ages 2–5 y) than those in the complementary feeding period (6–23.9 months), and among children in wealthier households. These relationships were confirmed via logistic regression. Our results confirm the widespread consumption of commercial snack foods and drinks by young children in West Africa, a finding with relevance for nutrition policy and programming.
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Adeniyi, Oluwatosin, and Adeolu O. Adewuyi. "Energy consumption and sectoral trade in selected West African economies." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 42, no. 1/2 (2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2019.100691.
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Ameyaw, Bismark, and Li Yao. "Analyzing the Impact of GDP on CO2 Emissions and Forecasting Africa’s Total CO2 Emissions with Non-Assumption Driven Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (2018): 3110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093110.
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The amount of total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions emitted into the environment threatens both human and global ecosystems. Based on this background, this study first analyzed the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and CO2 emissions in five West African countries covering the period of 2007–2014 based on a panel data model. Our causality analysis revealed that there exists a unidirectional causality running from GDP to CO2 emissions. Second, after establishing the nexus between GDP and CO2 emissions, we forecast Africa’s CO2 emissions with the aim of projecting future consumption levels. With the quest to achieve climate change targets, realistic and high accuracy total CO2 emissions projections are key to drawing and implementing realizable environmentally-friendly energy policies. Therefore, we propose a non-assumption driven forecasting technique for long-term total CO2 emissions. We implement our bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) sequential algorithm formulation for both the testing stage (2006–2014) and forecasting stage (2015–2020) on Africa’s aggregated data as well as the five selected West African countries employed herein. We then propose policy recommendations based on the direction of causality between CO2 emissions and GDP, and our CO2 emissions projections in order to guide policymakers to implement realistic and sustainable policy targets for West Africa and Africa as a whole.
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Momodu, Abiodun Suleiman, and Ahmad Addo. "Global CO2 emission reduction policies and West African electricity system: Case for transformational access." AAS Open Research 2 (February 20, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12915.1.
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Based on the UN Human Development Index, the West African sub-region holds one of lowest indices in development around the world. There is a glaring need for the sub-region to increase its electricity capacity; however, stringent global CO2 policies have ‘choking’ effects on the growth of the electricity sector in energy deprived countries, like the West African Member States. This study examines the West Africa electric power sector under a range of technological, economic, and policy-related uncertainties, positing that there is the need to frame policies from the premise of ‘need’ rather than a ‘circumstantial’ perspective, which, in this study, relates to the global policies on CO2 emission reduction. Though CO2 is the inevitable by-product of combusting fossil fuels to generate electricity, it should also be viewed from the perspective of its significant benefits as regards provision of social welfare of individuals. This study evaluated the broad strategies in policy formulation and implementation (top-down versus bottom-up analysis) and applied these strategies to examine investment decision versus pricing regime and electricity system value chain (upstream versus downstream analysis). System dynamics principles were used to forecast what future consumption will look like, which shows that there would be marked increase in demand followed by increased emission without intervention. This study concludes that global CO2 policy would need to be re-considered such that energy deprived countries, like those in West Africa, would be able to implement a sustainable development agenda through growth strategy of bottom-up approach to ‘free’ their electricity system for improved living standard, irrespective of climate change issues.
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Hongxing, Yao, Olivier Joseph Abban, and Alex Dankyi Boadi. "Foreign aid and economic growth: Do energy consumption, trade openness and CO2 emissions matter? A DSUR heterogeneous evidence from Africa’s trading blocs." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0253457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253457.
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The paramount vision of every country or sub-regions is to attain economic growth and sustainable economic growth. The paradigm drift of studies into foreign aid and sustainable economic growth has shown conflicting results that play on researchers to fill the gap of knowledge void. The plurality of studies looked at economic growth and foreign aid in single countries. However, one of the major determinants of sustainable growth such as CO2 emissions and trade goes beyond the boundaries of a country. Deductively, grouped countries or sub-regional studies are needed to ascertain the heterogeneous relationship and cross-sectional dependency among panels grouping. We fill these gaps with the recent empirical methodology to unveil the impact of foreign aid, CO2 emissions, trade openness, and energy consumption on economic growth. Thus a percentage rise in foreign aid corresponds to different significant weights in all panel groupings with exception of Southern African Development Community, which unveiled a non-significant estimate. Whereas trade openness in all panel grouping indicated a significant weight on economic growth. An increase in CO2 emissions has a significant material effect on economic growth in Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Economic Community of West African States, and Community of Sahel-Saharan States. The impact of energy consumption on economic growth across the panel groupings was statistically significant with Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa having the highest weight impact. These results obtained in this study indicate that foreign aid, energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions are positively correlated with economic growth. Based on the finding, the significant of the policy implications suggested. (a) The need for a paradigm shift from fossil fuel sources to renewables is encouraged in the various trading blocs (b) The need to embrace carbon storage and capturing techniques to decouple pollutant emissions from economic growth on the continent’s growth trajectory.
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Adewuyi, Adeolu O., and Olabanji B. Awodumi. "Biomass energy consumption, economic growth and carbon emissions: Fresh evidence from West Africa using a simultaneous equation model." Energy 119 (January 2017): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.059.
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Musah, Mohammed, Yusheng Kong, Isaac Adjei Mensah, Stephen Kwadwo Antwi, and Mary Donkor. "The link between carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: a heterogeneous panel evidence from West Africa." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 23 (2020): 28867–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08488-8.
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Adejoke Adebusola Adelusi, Qudus Adebayo Ogunwolu, Chinweike Abednego Ugwu, et al. "Kolanut consumption, its benefits and side effects." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 8, no. 3 (2020): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2020.8.3.0483.
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This article assessed kolanut consumption, its benefits and side effects. Kolanut is the fruit of the kola tree, which is indigenous to West Africa. The two main varieties are Cola acuminata and Cola nitida. It is the most common masticatory in Nigeria, and is quite bitter but gives a sweet taste after chewing. A desk research was done using various published literatures on kolanut. It was unveiled that the consumption of kolanut has many benefits as well as side effects. The side effects are dependent on the quantity intake of caffeine, a significant substance present in kolanut. Caffeine is a stimulant like theobromine and kolanin, which are also present in coffee, tea and chocolate. Kolanuts are chewed fresh and are also in the form of extracts, which is common food flavouring found in energy drinks. Right amount of kolanut depends on factors such as age, physiology and health status, and as such, more effort should be channeled into the area of investigating more appropriate quantity of kolanut that should be consumed in relation to people’s status.
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Cline-Cole, Reginald A. "Wartime forest energy policy and practice in British West Africa: social and economic impact on the labouring classes 1939–45." Africa 63, no. 1 (1993): 56–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161298.
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AbstractThe recent resurgence of interest in the impact of World War II on African populations has, to date, neglected the theme of forest energy (firewood and charcoal) production, consumption and exchange. This needs to be rectified, for several reasons: (1) wood fuel accounted for the lion's share of wartime forestry output by volume and value, prompting (2) an unprecedented degree of intensity in, and variety of, state emergency intervention in wood fuel ‘markets’ which had (3) important equity implications, which have gone largely unreported, with the risk that (4) current and future attempts at (emergency) wood fuel resource management may be deprived of the lessons of this experience. This article is thus an essay in the dynamics and consequences of crisis management in colonial forestry. It evaluates wartime forest energy policy and practice in British West Africa, with special reference to their ‘invisible’ social consequences. The regional political, economic and military context of forest energy activity is first summarised. This is followed by detailed case studies, which assess policy impacts on the labouring classes in the Sierra Leone colony peninsula and the Jos Plateau tin mines in northern Nigeria. The main aim of these studies is to show how war-induced demands on subsistence products like firewood and charcoal weighed inordinately heavily on the poor. Even those who belonged to sectors of society which benefited from preferential treatment in the allocation of scarce supplies of consumer products were not spared. Recently, concern has increased over the equity implications of current and proposed (peacetime) domestic energy policy and practice in Africa. This suggests that the issues of distributive justice raised by this study are of wider relevance than the specific historical context within which they have been discussed.
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Ouedraogo, Nadia S. "Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS)." Energy Economics 36 (March 2013): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.11.011.
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Bosu, William K. "An overview of the nutrition transition in West Africa: implications for non-communicable diseases." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 4 (2014): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114001669.
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The nutrition landscape in West Africa has been dominated by the programmes to address undernutrition. However, with increasing urbanisation, technological developments and associated change in dietary patterns and physical activity, childhood and adult overweight, and obesity are becoming more prevalent. There is an evidence of increasing intake of dietary energy, fat, sugars and protein. There is low consumption of fruit and vegetables universally in West Africa. Overall, the foods consumed are predominantly traditional with the component major food groups within recommended levels. Most of the West African countries are at the early stages of nutrition transition but countries such as Cape Verde, Ghana and Senegal are at the latter stages. In the major cities of the region, children consume energy-dense foods such as candies, ice cream and sweetened beverages up to seven times as frequently as fruit and vegetables. Adult obesity rates have increased by 115 % in 15 years since 2004. In Ghana, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in women has increased from 12·8 % in 1993 to 29·9 % in 2008. In Accra, overweight/obesity in women has increased from 62·2 % in 2003 to 64·9 % in 2009. The age-standardised proportion of adults who engage in adequate levels of physical activity ranges from 46·8 % in Mali to 94·7 % in Benin. The lingering stunting in children and the rising overweight in adults have resulted to a dual burden of malnutrition affecting 16·2 % of mother–child pairs in Cotonou. The prevalence of hypertension has been increased and ranges from 17·6 % in Burkina Faso to 38·7 % in Cape Verde. The prevalence is higher in the cities: 40·2 % in Ougadougou, 46·0 % in St Louis and 54·6 % in Accra. The prevalence of diabetes ranges from 2·5 to 7·9 % but could be as high as 17·9 % in Dakar, Senegal. The consequences of nutrition transition are not only being felt by the persons in the high socioeconomic class, but also in cities such as Accra and Ouagadougou, where at least 19 % of adults from the poorest households are overweight and 19–28 % have hypertension. Concerted national action involving governments, partners, private sector and civil society is needed to re-orient health systems and build capacity to address the dual burden of malnutrition, to regulate the food and beverage industry and to encourage healthy eating throughout the life course.
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Pauly, D., J. Moreau, and Ma Lourdes D. Palomares. "Detritus and energy consumption and conversion efficiency of Sarotherodon melanotheron (Cichlidae) in a West African lagoon." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 4, no. 4 (1988): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1988.tb00561.x.
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Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola, Peter Tshepiso Ndhlovu, Seleke Christopher Tshwene, Kehinde Oluseyi Olagunju, and Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu. "Determinants of Household Income and Willingness to Pay for Indigenous Plants in North West Province, South Africa: A Two-Stage Heckman Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (2021): 5458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105458.
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Using a cross-sectional dataset, this study examines the factors influencing the income and willingness to pay for indigenous plants by rural households in the North West Province of South Africa. The method of data analysis was based on a two-stage Heckman model. Based on empirical data, the majority (93%) of the households are willing to pay for the indigenous plants. Furthermore, factors such as the age of the household’s head, marital status, size of households, financial returns and economic benefit of indigenous plants significantly influenced income and willingness to pay for indigenous plants by the households. Thus, indigenous plants have the potential to penetrate local and international markets and can be used to improve the economies, livelihood, and food security status of rural households in South Africa. Indigenous plant cultivation can increase agro-food system species diversity while conserving plant species indigenous to this area of South Africa. Encouraging both consumption and production of indigenous plants can also help diversify local economies and communities.
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Doumbia, Madina, Adjon A. Kouassi, Siélé Silué, et al. "Road Traffic Emission Inventory in an Urban Zone of West Africa: Case of Yopougon City (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire)." Energies 14, no. 4 (2021): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041111.
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Road traffic emission inventories based on bottom-up methodology, are calculated for each road segment from fuel consumption and traffic volume data obtained during field measurements in Yopougon. High emissions of black carbon (BC) from vehicles are observed at major road intersections, in areas surrounding industrial zones and on highways. Highest emission values from road traffic are observed for carbon monoxide (CO) (14.8 t/d) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (7.9 t/d), usually considered as the major traffic pollution tracers. Furthermore, peak values of CO emissions due to personal cars (PCs) are mainly linked to the old age of the vehicle fleet with high emission factors. The highest emitting type of vehicle for BC on the highway is PC (70.2%), followed by inter-communal taxis (TAs) (13.1%), heavy vehicles (HVs) (9.8%), minibuses (GBs) (6.4%) and intra-communal taxis (WRs) (0.4%). While for organic carbon (OC) emissions on the main roads, PCs represent 46.7%, followed by 20.3% for WRs, 14.9% for TAs, 11.4% for GB and 6.7% for HVs. This work provides new key information on local pollutant emissions and may be useful to guide mitigation strategies such as modernizing the vehicle fleet and reorganizing public transportation, to reduce emissions and improve public health.
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Botchway, Nancy,, and Shine Francis, Gbedemah. "Corporate Environmental Management Systems and Outcomes: A Case Study of ISO 14001 Implementation in a Cable Manufacturing Company in Tema, Ghana." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 31 (2018): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p320.
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The potential for the firm to improve its resource use especially energy management by using Environmental Management Systems (EMS) like ISO 14001 has been shown to be possible. Yet, no in-depth research has been conducted to explore this possibility in Ghana. The implementation of EMS integrates the corporate environmental management strategies and management commitment to sustainable development but most of the organisations in developing countries of West Africa are slow to adopt the management system. The aim of this paper is to assess the drivers, the competitive advantages of ISO 14001 EMS certification and the environmental impact of ISO 14001 EMS certification, in terms of energy consumption. Before and after methods of evaluation were used to analyse the data collected. Purposive sampling technique was used to administer questionnaires and interview guides to employees of the cable manufacturing firm. A review was also made of annual data for electricity consumption before and after ISO 14001 EMS certification. The findings indicate that the main driver of the ISO 14001 EMS certification by the firm is to take advantage of certification to expand its market share. It was also found out that reduction in potential environmental liability risks is the main competitive advantage of ISO 14001 EMS certification. In terms of energy consumption, the findings show that the firm is saving a lot of energy thus cost. It is recommended that more efforts should be made by the energy commission of Ghana through the provision of funds to firms who want to implement environmental management systems.
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Yiga, Peter, Jan Seghers, Patrick Ogwok, and Christophe Matthys. "Determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review." British Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 8 (2020): 761–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520001828.
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AbstractUrban sub-Saharan Africa is in a nutrition transition shifting towards consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor diets and decreasing physical activity. Determinants of nutrition transition in sub-Saharan Africa are presently not well understood. The objective of this review was to synthesise available data on determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban sub-Saharan Africa according to the socio-ecological framework. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and bibliographies of included articles for qualitative, observational and randomised controlled studies published in English from January 2000 to September 2018. Studies conducted within general populations of women aged 18–49 years were included. Searches were according to a predefined protocol published on PROSPERO (ID = CRD42018108532). Two reviewers independently screened identified studies. From a total of 9853 unique references, twenty-three studies were retained and were mainly from South and West Africa. No rigorous designed quantitative study was identified. Hence, data synthesis was narrative. Notable determinants of dietary behaviour included: convenience, finances, social network, food skills and knowledge gaps, food deserts and culture. Cultural beliefs include strong relationship between high social status and weight gain, energy-dense confectionery, salt or fat-rich foods. Physical activity is influenced by the fast-changing transport environment and cultural beliefs which instigate unfavourable gender stereotypes. Studies with rigorous qualitative and quantitative designs are required to validate and develop the proposed frameworks further, especially within East Africa. Nevertheless, available insights suggest a need for comprehensive skill-based interventions focusing on socio-cultural misconceptions and financial limitations.
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Amprako, Louis, Hanna Karg, Regina Roessler, et al. "Vehicular Livestock Mobility in West Africa: Seasonal Traffic Flows of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats across Bamako." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010171.
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Mali is a major livestock producing country in West Africa. However, in recent years, the sector has faced multiple challenges like farmer-herder conflicts, overuse of grazing and water resources, and the effects of climate change. Meanwhile, traditional livestock systems are becoming less important given the increased availability of vehicular transport for regional and international animal trade as well as new opportunities for more specialised urban and peri-urban production systems. To assess the role of Mali’s capital city Bamako for livestock consumption and trade, this study examined the scale of livestock movement in the city, comprising influxes, outfluxes, and transits. To this end, flows of cattle, small ruminants, and livestock feed were recorded through road surveys covering three different seasons. The results showed the role of Bamako as a major trade hub in the distribution of ruminants. While traffic of cattle and sheep was regional, movement of goats was smaller and more localised. Religious festivals were an important driver of livestock traffic, both in terms of the numbers of livestock and the distance covered. This study highlights the role of cities for livestock mobility and contributes to a better understanding of challenges related to urban livestock production and trade and its requirements for better livestock management.
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Adou Koffi, KUNINDJANI, GBAKAYORO Jean Brice, ANVOH Koutoua Yves Blanchard, and BROU Kouakou. "Food diversity in West Africa: Case of the main traditional dishes consumed in Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Applied Biosciences 152 (August 31, 2020): 15709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.152.9.
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Objective: According to regional or ethnic affiliation, Ivoirians consume a variety of traditional dishes. This study aimed to discover the dietary diversity and determine the nutritional contribution of the Ivorian traditional dishes. Methodology and results: For that, a family food survey was conducted in forty-four localities in different regions (North, South, East, Center and West). Households from these localities were interviewed using a questionnaire. The interview focused on the preparation of the most commonly consumed traditional dishes, selected based on the consumption frequency. Then, the physico-chemical characteristics of these dishes were determined. The results showed that Ivorian traditional dishes consist mainly of starchy basic dishes and side sauces. The main dishes consist of tubers and roots (yam, cassava, potato) or cereals (rice, corn, millet, sorghum.) and starchy fruits (plantain). The side sauces are cooked from vegetables (eggplants, seeds, tomatoes, okra, leaves, peppers, peanuts, and pistachios), proteins like fish, meat, poultry, molluscs, mushrooms, seafood and spices (salt, pepper). The Ivorian traditional dishes provide a sufficient share of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids with average contents ranging respectively between 45 to 69 %, 10 to 20 % and less than 35 % of dry matter. In addition, these dishes provided sufficient energy (373.33 to 516.78 Kcal / 100 g DM) and had low sodium, calcium and magnesium contents. Their iron contents were relatively good. Conclusion and application of results: The Ivorian population’s diets diversity is real and beneficial to them because the different dishes consumed provide the necessary nutrients for the proper functioning of the consumer’s bodies. However, compliance with the principles of a good diet, particularly in terms of quantity, is essential to avoid pathologies by excess or by default. Keywords: Dietary diversity, traditional dishes, chemical composition, Côte d’Ivoire
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Sun, Qipeng, Yafang Geng, Fei Ma, et al. "Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Factor Decomposition for Ecological Pressure of Carbon Footprint in the One Belt and One Road." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (2018): 3107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093107.
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Low-carbon and green development is important to promote the sustainable economic and social development of countries along the One Belt and One Road. These countries have distinct differences in their ability to withstand carbon emission pressures and their driving factors, due to different stages of development and economic characteristics. This paper presents a model of ecological pressure of the carbon footprint in energy consumption (EPcfec), defined by three states: light, balanced, and heavy pressure. The EPcfec was calculated from data on 56 countries along the One Belt and One Road from 1994–2014, and analysis of the data’s temporal and spatial evolutionary rules was conducted. Furthermore, we used the LMDI method to extract the driving forces of EPcfec and evaluated the contribution of these factors to the overall region and seven sub-regions. The results showed that EPcfec growth slowed over time, with the value of EPcfec reaching 3190.51 in 2014. Resource-rich countries have a greater value of EPcfec and are mainly distributed in parts of West Asia, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. The per capita export of goods and services, and the population density on productive land contribute to ecological pressure on the carbon footprint. Energy structure, the influence of international trade on GDP, and energy intensity exerted an inhibitory effect on the ecological pressure of the carbon footprint. This paper proposes mitigation measures for optimizing energy structure, improving energy efficiency, developing low energy consumption, and promoting green international trade. Our results provide support for countries along the One Belt and One Road to mitigate ecological pressures resulting from their carbon footprint.
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Ilechie, C. O., A. O. Akii Ibhadode, and B. O. Abikoye. "Design and Development of an Integrated Small-Scale Oil Palm Fruit Processing Mill." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.739.
Full textAbstract:
The oil palm (elaeis guneensis) is a very important economic crop in West Africa where it is native. The fruit bunch contains 23 to 30% oil and is the highest yielding of all vegetable oil crops. Palm oil is the second most important vegetable oil in world consumption and the first to be commercialized internationally. Africa and indeed Nigerian was the world’s highest producer of palm oil prior to 1961. Today, Nigeria is the fourth largest producer after Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. One of the main reasons given for this fall is lack of efficient mechanized processing equipment for the small-scale producers who produce over 80% of the country’s palm oil. Their methods of production are labour intensive, batch, tedious, inefficient, and produce poor quality oil, have low throughput, unable to extract palm kernel alongside palm oil and so productivity is low and products (palm oil and palm kernel) lack competitiveness. This work has developed a mechanized oil palm fruit processing mill with six fully integrated systems for extracting good quality palm oil and palm kernel, while utilizing process wastes as the main source of heat energy. Each system/unit is expected to operate at the best quoted system efficiency. Tests are ongoing to determine and confirm these efficiencies.
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Adeleye, I. O. A. "THE EFFECT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE SPRAY TREATMENTS OF MAIZE COBS ON CONSUMPTION AND DIGESTIBILITY BY THE WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 7, no. 2 (2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v7i2.2122.
Full textAbstract:
A Sodium Hydroxide spray treatment of ground maize cobs was evaluated in a feeding trial with West African Dwarf rams. NaOH solution of 6% concentration was sprayed on ground maize cobs at the rate of 50 litres per 100 kg, representing a 3% NaOH treatment level. The treated maize cobs were air dried before being incorporated into the experimental diets. The apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and gross energy (GE) were significantly higher in the diet containing NaOH — treated maize cobs (diet B) than the diet containing the untreated maize cobs (diet A). Addition of sucrose (purified cane sugar) at 37 level to the NaOH-treated maize cobs (diet C) produced a slight increase in voluntary feed consumption but did not have any significant effect on nutrient digestibility when compared with diet B. Relative intake (RI), nutritive value index (NVI) and digestible energy (DE) intake values were significantly higher in diets B and C. Average daily weight gains were also significantly higher in the diets containing NaOH-treated maize cobs (diets B and C), while the efficiency of feed utilization values were closely related to the daily weight gains.
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Pop Ristova, P., F. Wenzhöfer, A. Ramette, et al. "Bacterial diversity and biogeochemistry of different chemosynthetic habitats of the REGAB cold seep (West African margin, 3160 m water depth)." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (2012): 8337–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-8337-2012.
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Abstract. The giant pockmark REGAB (West African margin, 3160 m water depth) is an active methane-emitting cold seep ecosystem, where the energy derived from microbially mediated oxidation of methane supports high biomass and diversity of chemosynthetic communities. Bare sediments interspersed with heterogeneous chemosynthetic assemblages of mytilid mussels, vesicomyid clams and siboglinid tubeworms form a complex seep ecosystem. To better understand if benthic bacterial communities reflect the patchy distribution of chemosynthetic fauna, all major chemosynthetic habitats at REGAB were investigated using an interdisciplinary approach combining porewater geochemistry, in situ quantification of fluxes and consumption of methane, as well bacterial community fingerprinting. This study revealed that sediments populated by different fauna assemblages show distinct biogeochemical activities and are associated with distinct sediment bacterial communities. The methane consumption and methane effluxes ranged over one to two orders of magnitude across habitats, and reached highest values at the mussel habitat, which hosted a different bacterial community compared to the other habitats. Clam assemblages had a profound impact on the sediment geochemistry, but less so on the bacterial community structure. Moreover, all clam assemblages at REGAB were restricted to sediments characterized by complete methane consumption in the seafloor, and intermediate biogeochemical activity. Overall, variations in the sediment geochemistry were reflected in the distribution of both fauna and microbial communities; and were mostly determined by methane flux.
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Pop Ristova, P., F. Wenzhöfer, A. Ramette, et al. "Bacterial diversity and biogeochemistry of different chemosynthetic habitats of the REGAB cold seep (West African margin, 3160 m water depth)." Biogeosciences 9, no. 12 (2012): 5031–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5031-2012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The giant pockmark REGAB (West African margin, 3160 m water depth) is an active methane-emitting cold seep ecosystem, where the energy derived from microbially mediated oxidation of methane supports high biomass and diversity of chemosynthetic communities. Bare sediments interspersed with heterogeneous chemosynthetic assemblages of mytilid mussels, vesicomyid clams and siboglinid tubeworms form a complex seep ecosystem. To better understand if benthic bacterial communities reflect the patchy distribution of chemosynthetic fauna, all major chemosynthetic habitats at REGAB were investigated using an interdisciplinary approach combining pore water geochemistry, in situ quantification of fluxes and consumption of methane, as well as bacterial community fingerprinting. This study revealed that sediments populated by different fauna assemblages show distinct biogeochemical activities and are associated with distinct sediment bacterial communities. The methane consumption rates and methane effluxes ranged over one to two orders of magnitude across habitats, and reached highest values at the mussel habitat, which hosted a different bacterial community compared to the other habitats. Clam assemblages had a profound impact on the sediment geochemistry, but less so on the bacterial community structure. Moreover, all clam assemblages at REGAB were restricted to sediments characterized by complete methane consumption in the seafloor, and intermediate biogeochemical activity. Overall, variations in the sediment geochemistry were reflected in the distribution of both fauna and microbial communities; and were mostly determined by methane flux.
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Ouma, James Odhiambo, GO Abong’, and S. Ngala. "Contribution of cassava and cassava-based products to food and nutrition security in Migori County, Kenya." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21`, no. 01 (2021): 17399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.96.19975.
Full textAbstract:
The promotion of cassava as a staple and food security crop is widespread in Africa,Kenya included. Overreliance on cassava as a sole energy provider could lead to malnutrition. Consumption of high hydro-cyanide levels from cassava products could lead to health complications for consumers.This study sought to establish the contribution of cassava consumption to nutrition in Migori County.A cross-sectional survey was carried out and data collected on households’cassava production and consumption practices. Two hundred and fifty-three households were randomly selected and household farming heads interviewed in West Kanyamkago, Orango Central and Kamgundho locations as areas where cassava is predominantly grown. Seven cassava flour samples of different cassava varieties grown in the area were obtained from farmers.Analyses were done to determine the moisture, cyanide and protein contents on flour and cooked stiff porridge (ugali). Results indicated that 99.1% of the households were farming. They highly depended on sale of farm and livestock produce as income.Ninety four percent of the households consumed cassava,of which 88.4% produced cassava on their farms. The most preferred cassava variety was ‘Rateng’.The main cassava products consumed were ugali(stiff porridge)and porridge. Majority of the households (95%) never consumed cassava leaves and were not aware that cassava leaves could be consumed.The cyanide level on average on dry flours was 53.23mg/kg while on consumed cooked ugali was13.44mg/kg. These levels were above the maximum limit of 10mg/kg recommended by WHO.Low average protein levels of <0.5g/100g were observed in the cooked ugali. This could pose a danger of protein energy malnutrition if no other sources are consumed by the household members.Cassava farming households in the study area require support to promote growth of low cyanide varieties in order to reduce intake.
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Ouoba, Youmanli. "CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) Countries." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.11145.
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The objective of this work is to address the validity of a quadratic environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries over the period 1970-2010. The bound test procedure is used to analyze the relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP. The results indicate that there is no long term relationship between these variables for the panel of 8 countries of the WAEMU. Similarly, the co-integration exists only in Benin, Mali and Togo. For the purposes of robustness check, additional variables (energy consumption and trade openness) and the Sasabuchi–Lind–Mehlum U test are used. The results confirm the validity of a quadratic carbon Kuznets curve only in Mali. Moreover, the validity of the "pollution havens" hypothesis suggests that the government of Mali should strengthen its environmental regulation policy to limit the influx of polluting industries in the country.
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Mariam, COULIBALY DIAKITE, PARKOUDA Charles, COMPAORE Sidbewendé Clarisse, and SAVADOGO Aly. "Technologies traditionnelles de transformation des graines de néré (Parkia biglobosa Jacq. R.Br.) en Afrique de l’Ouest : revue des principaux produits dérivés et contraintes de production." Journal of Applied Biosciences 152 (August 31, 2020): 15698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.152.8.
Full textAbstract:
Les graines de néré (Parkia biglobosa) sont transformées traditionnellement en Afrique de l’Ouest en des condiments fermentés sous différentes appellations : soumbala au Burkina Faso, nététu au Sénégal, soumbara en Guinée Conakry, dawadawa et iru au Nigéria, afitin, iru et sonru au Bénin. Ces produits sont caractérisés par la variabilité de leur qualité et des contraintes liées à leur production. La présente revue a pour objectif d’analyser les technologies traditionnelles utilisées pour la production de ces condiments fermentés à base de graines de néré et de faire ressortir les contraintes/difficultés de production de ces condiments. Les données ont été collectées à travers les documents physiques consultés (thèses et mémoires) et à partir des articles scientifiques et d’autres documents trouvés en ligne. Il en résulte que les technologies de production traditionnelle des condiments à base de graine de néré en Afrique de l’Ouest, incluent principalement selon les zones et les ethnies, une première cuisson des graines allant de 12-48 h, un décorticage manuel des graines cuites, une seconde cuisson des graines décortiquées et lavées variant de 1-4 h et enfin, une fermentation des cotylédons cuits allant de 24-120 h. Ces technologies ont également en commun, des contraintes majeures de pénibilités du processus de cuisson, du décorticage/lavage, de la consommation importante d’énergie, d’eau et de temps. Les données de cette revue ouvrent ainsi de nouvelles pistes de recherche pour l’amélioration des procédés traditionnels de transformation des graines de néré. Mots clés : Graines de néré, condiment, soumbala, procédé, pénibilité. Coulibaly Diakite et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Technologies traditionnelles de transformation des graines de néré (Parkia biglobosa Jacq. R.Br.) en Afrique de l’Ouest : revue des principaux produits dérivés et contraintes de production 15699 Traditional technologies for processing African locust bean seeds (Parkia biglobosa Jacq. R.Br.) in West Africa: review on the main derivatives and production constraints. ABSTRACT African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) seeds are traditionally transformed in West Africa into fermented condiments under different names: soumbala in Burkina Faso, netetu in Senegal, soumbara in Guinea Conakry, dawadawa and iru in Nigeria, afitin, iru and sonru in Benin. These products are characterized by the variability of their quality and the constraints linked to their production. The objective of this study is to analyze the traditional technologies used for the production of these fermented condiments and to highlight the constraints/difficulties associated to their production. The data were collected through the physical documents consulted (theses and dissertations) and from scientific articles and other documents found online. It appear that the traditional technologies used to produce P. biglobosa seeds based-condiments in West Africa, mainly include, according to the zones and ethnic groups, a first cooking of the seeds ranging from 12-48 h, a manual dehulling of the cooked seeds, a second cooking of the dehulled and washed seeds varying from 1-4 h and finally, a fermentation of the cooked cotyledons ranging from 24-120 h. These technologies have in common the major constraints of hardness of the process of cooking and dehulling/washing, significant consumption of energy, water and time. Data from this review opens research perspectives for the improvement of the traditional processing of P. biglobosa seeds. Keywords: P. biglobosa seeds, condiment, soumbala, process.
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Aina, A. B. J., A. O. Yusuf, L. A. Sogbade, and O. S. Sowande. "Evaluation of different combinations of palm kernel cake - and cotton seed cake - based diets on the performance of West African Dwarf goats." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29, no. 2 (2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v29i2.1561.
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An experiment was carried out using 15 West African Dwarf goats (8 - 10kg body weight) to investigate the comparative performance of the animals when different combinations of palm kernel cake and cotton seed cake were contained in their diets. Results indicated that 40% palm kernel cake (zero cotton seed cake) in the diets significantly induced better feed utilization for gain (100g/d) and feed conversion ratio (3.70), least total dry matter intake (4.8% body weight) and leasi water consumption (40ml/ ww. kg; P>0.05) than other combinations. The least crude protein (15.5%) and the highest metabolizable energy (8.37 MJ/kg) diet (40% PKC) provoked the fastest growth rate (100g/d) in the animals. Concentrate intake was higher in all the treatments than grass intake. The blood glucose, total blood protein, blood urea nitrogen and cost per kg body weight (18.3, 13.3, 31.Omg/dl and N33.8 (0.4 US dollar), respectively) were significantly lower in goats fed sole palm kernel cake based diets than those fed combinations of palm kernel cake and cottonseed cake. It is concluded that palm kernel cake alone (without any combination with cottonseed cake) is adequate as protein source in compounding protein supplements for West African Dwarf goats for profitable performance.
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MBA, A. U., S. A. MANIGUI, and A. A. AWAH. "INFLUENCE OF CONCENTRATE SUPPLEMENTATION WITH BROWSE PLANT (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM) ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH OF THE WEST AFRICAN DWARF (FOUTA DJALLON) KIDS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 9, no. 2 (2021): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v9i2.1988.
Full textAbstract:
TWELVE West African dwarf (Fouta Djallon) kids, 4 to 6 months of age and weighing between 5.96 and 7.24kg, were used in the study of three dietary treatments involving a basal diet of browse plant (gliricidia Septum) supplemented with concentrate feed at 25 and 50% levels of dry matter intake to appetite. The diets were fed for a period of three months in order to estimate nutrient intake and utilization, protein and energy requirements including growth performances of the kids. Kids maintained on gliricidia sepium alone (G1000CO) needed significantly (P/0.05) more dry matter (DM) consumption to appetite (294.66 ± 14.941 g/day) than kids maintained on either 75% gliricidia sepium plus 25% concentrate (G75 C25) or 50% gliricidia sepium plus 50% concentrate (GC)50 (236.26±0.385kg) than either kids on treatments G100C0 or (GC)50 (6.84±0.214 and 6.92±0.313kg respectively). DM intake as a percentage of liveweight was about 3.60 +0.237%. The kids were in positive nitrogen balance and the nitrogen retention value ranged from 31.36 ±1.633 to 50.22 ±0.994%. Metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) and endogenous urinary nitrogen (ENU) were 0.232±0.005g/100g DM intake and 0.070 g/day wkg734 respectively. The biological value (BV) of the diets ranged from 56.79 to 75.62%. The digestible crude protein (DCP) requirement for maintenance was 0.853±0.133 g/day/wkg734 while the DCP requirement for liveweight gain was 0.030±0.001 g/day/wkg734 per g of liveweight gain. The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy requirements for maintenance were 124.42±3.274 kcal/day/wkg734 and 100.78 + 4.588 kcal/day/wkg734 respectively. Results showed that the utilization of the browse plant (gliricidia sepium) by the kids was best when fed at 75% browse plus 25% concentrate.
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Gadiga, Bulus Luka, Kevin Ferdinand Jigumtu, and Hajjatu Tammi. "DOMESTIC ENERGY UTILIZATION AND POTENTIALS OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN MUBI METROPOLIS." Geosfera Indonesia 3, no. 2 (2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v3i2.8185.
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The Study investigates domestic energy utilization and potentials of alternative sources of energy in Mubi metropolis of Adamawa State. To achieve the objectives of this study, data were collected using questionnaire. A total of 108 sets of questionnaire were retrieved and analyse using descriptive statistics. Some of the data collected from respondents include; types of energy used for various purposes, factors that influence such use and preferences for the different types of energy. Other information which cannot be collected using questionnaire were obtained from published and unpublished materials. The findings show that households rely more on fuel-wood. Economic factors were found to influence the choice of energy used in homes. Solar energy and wind energy have high potentials as alternative energy source that will help in mitigating climatic change. The study concludes that households in Mubi metropolis tend to climb the energy ladder from low grade energy types to modern energy when income increases and such energy are made available. The study recommends that households be sensitized on the health and environmental effects of traditional energy. Households should be encouraged to use modern and alternative sources of energy in order to mitigate climate change. Such energies should also be made affordable and available since majority of the respondents were willing to switch when made affordable.
 Keywords: Domestic energy, alternative energy, climate change, firewood.
 
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López-Sosa, Luis Bernardo, José Juan Alvarado-Flores, Juan Carlos Corral-Huacuz, et al. "A Prospective Study of the Exploitation of Pelagic Sargassum spp. as a Solid Biofuel Energy Source." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (2020): 8706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238706.
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This study presents a prospective study for the potential exploitation of pelagic Sargassum spp. as a solid biofuel energy source. It was carried out in three stages. First we conducted a morphological, physical-chemical, and structural characterization using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (DRX), respectively. Second we evaluated the material’s functional properties as a solid biofuel based on its calorific value and the quantification of polymeric components like hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, as well as thermogravimetric and differential analysis to study the kinetics of its pyrolysis and determine parameters like activation energy (Ea), reaction order (n), and the pre-exponential factor (Z). Third we analyzed the energetic potential considering the estimated volume of pelagic Sargassum spp. that was removed from beaches along the Mexican Caribbean coast in recent years. Results of the kinetic study indicate that Sargassum spp. has an enormous potential for use as a complement to other bioenergy sources. Other results show the high potential for exploiting these algae as an energy source due to the huge volumes that have inundated Caribbean, West African, and northern Brazil shorelines in recent years. As a solid biofuel, Sargassum spp. has a potential energy the order of 0.203 gigajoules (GJ)/m3. In the energy matrix of the residential sector in Mexico, its potential use as an energy source is comparable to the national consumption of firewood. The volume of beachcast Sargassum spp. that was removed from ~8 km of coastline around Puerto Morelos, Mexico in 2018–2019, could have generated over 40 terajoules/year of solid biofuel.
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Gbatu, Abimelech Paye, Zhen Wang, Presley K. Wesseh, and Vamuyan A. Sesay. "What precipitates growth in CO2 emissions?" International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, no. 2 (2019): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-09-2017-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The degradation of the natural habitat at the expense of economic development is a harmful growth that warrants environmental policy actions. For instance, the economic impacts of environmental pollution are quite visible in developed and developing economies, where human health is compromised by rapid economic growth and energy induced pollution. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of CO2 emissions on economic development. Design/methodology/approach This paper investigates the correlation between pollutant emissions and key economic variables within the economic community of West African states (ECOWAS) region by applying fixed effects model to unbalanced time-series panel data for the period 1980-2014. This paper examines the full ECOWAS panel and sub-panels with export-and-import-dependent countries. Findings The authors argue that energy consumption (EC) and real output exert causal influences on CO2 emissions for the full ECOWAS panel and the sub-panels with export-and-import-dependent countries. Practical implications The results imply that increase in EC is the main factor that promotes economic growth in the region. Additionally, growth in EC and real output stimulates CO2 emissions growth. Originality/value Therefore, it is argued that technological innovations that increase energy efficiency through new carbon-free technologies that minimize CO2 emissions growth without impairing economic growth and development must be introduced in the region.
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Becquey, Elodie, Francis Delpeuch, Amadou M. Konaté, et al. "Seasonality of the dietary dimension of household food security in urban Burkina Faso." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 12 (2011): 1860–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511005071.
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Food insecurity is affecting an increasing number of urban poor in the developing world. Yet seasonal characteristics of food intakes have rarely been studied in West African cities. The objective of the present study was to assess the seasonality of the dietary dimension of household food security in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). In 2007, two sets of data were collected during the lean and post-harvest seasons, respectively, on a representative sample of 1056 households. At each season, two non-consecutive 24 h recalls were performed at the household level. Food prices were also recorded. Household food security was assessed by the household's mean adequacy ratio (MAR) for energy and eleven micronutrients. Changes in the MAR according to the season were analysed by mixed multivariate linear regression. Results showed that intakes of energy and of ten micronutrients were significantly lower during the lean season than during the post-harvest season, leading to a lower MAR in the lean season (49·61 v. 53·57, P < 0·0001). This was related to less frequent consumption and consumption of smaller amounts of vegetables and of foods prepared at home. Food security relied heavily on food expenses (P < 0·0001) and on the price of meat/fish (P = 0·026). Households with economically dependent adults (P = 0·021) and larger households (P < 0·0001) were the most vulnerable, whereas education (P = 0·030), social network (P = 0·054) and urban origin other than Ouagadougou (P = 0·040) played a positive role in food security. To achieve food security in Ouagadougou, access to micronutrient-dense foods needs to be ensured in all seasons.
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Alcantara, Iris, Regine Haardörfer, Julie A. Gazmararian, Terry J. Hartman, Brenda Greene, and Michelle C. Kegler. "Relative validation of fruit and vegetable intake and fat intake among overweight and obese African-American women." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 11 (2014): 1932–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014002547.
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AbstractObjectiveTo compare commonly used dietary screeners for fat intake and fruit and vegetable intake with 24 h dietary recalls among low-income, overweight and obese African-American women.DesignThree telephone interviews were completed; measures included two 24 h dietary recalls (a weekday and weekend day) using the Nutrition Data System for Research software, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System’s (BRFSS) Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Module and the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Percentage Energy from Fat Screener.SettingParticipants were recruited from three federally qualified health centres in south-west Georgia, USA.SubjectsParticipants (n 260) were African-American women ranging in age from 35 to 65 years. About half were unemployed (49·6 %) and 58·7 % had a high-school education or less. Most were obese (88·5 %), with 39·6 % reporting a BMI≥40·0 kg/m2.ResultsMean fruit and vegetable intake reported from the 24 h dietary recall was 2·66 servings/d compared with 2·79 servings/d with the BRFSS measure. The deattenuated Pearson correlation was 0·22, with notable variation by weight status, education level and age. Mean percentage of energy from fat was 35·5 % as reported from the 24 h dietary recall, compared with 33·0 % as measured by the NCI fat screener. The deattenuated Pearson correlation was 0·38, also with notable variation by weight status, education level and age.ConclusionsValidity of brief dietary intake measures may vary by demographic characteristics of the sample. Additional measurement work may be needed to accurately measure dietary intake in obese African-American women.
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Mbosso, Charlie, Basile Boulay, Stefano Padulosi, et al. "Fonio and Bambara Groundnut Value Chains in Mali: Issues, Needs, and Opportunities for Their Sustainable Promotion." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (2020): 4766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114766.
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As the effects of climate change are severely straining West African agricultural systems, the adoption of more incisive interventions in support of sustainable development agendas for the region is highly critical and cannot be further delayed by governments. Neglected and underutilized species (NUS) are one important ally in pursuing resilience in both production and food systems because of their promising traits in terms of nutrition, adaptation to local agroecosystems, and economic potential for local populations. Focusing on fonio, a gluten-free traditional cereal, and Bambara groundnut, a protein-rich leguminous crop, we investigate issues in their production, commercialization, and consumption in southern Mali. The aim was to assess needs and opportunities for improving their value chains and increasing their use and societal benefits. Using a Rapid Market Appraisal method, we surveyed traders, producers, processors, and consumers of target crops in 2017 and 2018. Our findings indicate that while both crops are consumed and praised by local populations, critical bottlenecks inhibit their wider socioeconomic potential. Lack of access to inputs and equipment and presence of sand in the commercialized product are important issues for fonio, whereas the Bambara groundnut value chain suffers from poor processing facilities and lack of market promotion. Policy recommendations to tackle the identified bottlenecks are proposed.
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Nichols, Selby, Patrice Prout, Nequesha Dalrymple, and Anisa Ramcharitar-Bourne. "Dietary Intake Patterns, Nutrient Adequacy and Associated Factors in a Multi-Ethnic Caribbean Population." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_078.
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Abstract Objectives To evaluate the distribution and correlates of foods consumed among persons 18–65 years. Methods Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of dietary, demographic and lifestyle items. Anthropometry was self reported with 15% of participants having weight and heights measured using recommended procedures. Dietary intakes were analyzed for nutrient composition using the NutriGenie 7.0 software. Foods were categorized by the level of processing as unprocessed/minimally processed or processed/ultra-processed. Inadequate intakes were categorized as energy-adjusted nutrient intakes &lt; estimated average reference intake (EAR) or average intakes (AI) according to the Institute of Medicine 2006 recommendations. Dietary patterns were determined by principal component analysis (PCA). The study was approved by The University of the West Indies Ethics Committee. Participation was voluntary follow oral and written consent Results Altogether, 11783 persons (females = 6743; males 5040) participated in the study. Approximately 72.5% of participants reported habitual plausible energy intakes (i.e., a Goldberg ratio of 1.35–2.40). Mean calorie intakes were higher in males than females (2771 ± 674 vs. 2270 ± 599 kcals; P &lt; 0.001). Persons of South Asian- and Mixed-descents were more likely that those of African-descent to report plausible intakes of calories. PCA reveal three predominate dietary intake patterns designated ‘Typical’, ‘Fruit and Vegetables’, and ‘Prudent’ that explain 44% of the variance in nutrient adequate diets. Process/ultra-process foods accounted for 83% of calories consumed and 60–80% of micronutrient intakes with the exception of potassium, vitamin C, folate and fibre. Overall nutrient inadequacies were noted for potassium, magnesium, vitamins D, E, &lt; K and fibre; and vitamin B12 and iron among females. Conclusions Among participants process/ultra-processed foods were the main sources of nutrients. Furthermore participants may be at risk for inadequate intakes of key nutrients. Our food policy needs to create an environment that fosters availability and consumption of nutrient- rather that energy-dense foods. Funding Sources Self funded.
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Wooster, M. J., G. Roberts, P. H. Freeborn, et al. "Meteosat SEVIRI Fire Radiative Power (FRP) products from the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF) – Part 1: Algorithms, product contents and analysis." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 11 (2015): 15831–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-15831-2015.
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Abstract. Characterising changes in landscape scale fire activity at very high temporal resolution is best achieved using thermal observations of actively burning fires made from geostationary Earth observation (EO) satellites. Over the last decade or more, a series of research and/or operational "active fire" products have been developed from these types of geostationary observations, often with the aim of supporting the generation of data related to biomass burning fuel consumption and trace gas and aerosol emission fields. The Fire Radiative Power (FRP) products generated by the Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF) from data collected by the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) are one such set of products, and are freely available in both near real-time and archived form. Every 15 min, the algorithms used to generate these products identify and map the location of new SEVIRI observations containing actively burning fires, and characterise their individual rates of radiative energy release (fire radiative power; FRP) that is believed proportional to rates of biomass consumption and smoke emission. The FRP-PIXEL product contains the highest spatial resolution FRP dataset, delivered for all of Europe, northern and southern Africa, and part of South America at a spatial resolution of 3 km (decreasing away from the west African sub-satellite point) at the full 15 min temporal resolution. The FRP-GRID product is an hourly summary of the FRP-PIXEL data, produced at a 5° grid cell size and including simple bias adjustments for meteorological cloud cover and for the regional underestimation of FRP caused, primarily, by the non-detection of low FRP fire pixels at SEVIRI's relatively coarse pixel size. Here we describe the enhanced geostationary Fire Thermal Anomaly (FTA) algorithm used to detect the SEVIRI active fire pixels, and detail methods used to deliver atmospherically corrected FRP information together with the per-pixel uncertainty metrics. Using scene simulations and analysis of real SEVIRI data, including from a period of Meteosat-8 "special operations", we describe some of the sensor and data pre-processing characteristics influencing fire detection and FRP uncertainty. We show that the FTA algorithm is able to discriminate actively burning fires covering down to 10−4 of a pixel, and is more sensitive to fire than algorithms used within many other widely exploited active fire products. We also find that artefacts arising from the digital filtering and geometric resampling strategies used to generate level 1.5 SEVIRI data can significantly increase FRP uncertainties in the SEVIRI active fire products, and recommend that the processing chains used for the forthcoming Meteosat Third Generation attempt to minimise the impact of these types of operations. Finally, we illustrate the information contained within the current Meteosat FRP-PIXEL and FRP-GRID products, providing example analyses for both individual fires and multi-year regional-scale fire activity. A companion paper (Roberts et al., 2015) provides a full product performance evaluation for both products, along with examples of their use for prescribing fire smoke emissions within atmospheric modelling components of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS).
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Yatim, Baharudin Bin. "Domestic energy consumption in West Malaysia." Energy 15, no. 11 (1990): 1061–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(90)90032-w.
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Saleh, D., G. El-Afandi, and R. Hassan. "WIND ENERGY MODELING OVER WEST AFRICA." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 16, no. 16 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.2014.35602.
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Saleh, Doaa, Gamal Afandi, and Rokaya Hassan. "Wind Energy Modeling over West Africa." Open Journal of Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development 2014, no. 2 (2014): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15764/resd.2014.02004.
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Luiselli, Luca, Emmanuel M. Hema, Gabriel Hoinsoudé Segniagbeto, et al. "Bushmeat consumption in large urban centres in West Africa." Oryx 54, no. 5 (2018): 731–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318000893.
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AbstractThere is an unprecedented demand for bushmeat in large cities in sub-Saharan Africa, and this is a major threat to many species. We conducted 2,040 interviews in six cities in four West African countries, in forest and savannah settings. We analysed age- and sex-related differences in the frequency of bushmeat consumption. Overall, we found similar patterns in all cities: 62.2% of men and 72.1% of women said they would never eat bushmeat, whereas 12.8% of men and 8.8% of women said they liked bushmeat and ate it regularly. Younger generations of both sexes tended not to eat bushmeat, regardless of their city of origin. This study of the effects of age, gender and geographical location on bushmeat consumption in African cities provides insights regarding which population groups to target in campaigns to change behaviours.
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Morton, Jeff. "Fuelwood Consumption and Woody Biomass Accumulation in Mali, West Africa." Ethnobotany Research and Applications 5 (December 31, 2007): 037. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/era.5.0.37-44.
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Ergun, Selim Jürgen, Phebe Asantewaa Owusu, and Maria Fernanda Rivas. "Determinants of renewable energy consumption in Africa." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 15 (2019): 15390–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04567-7.
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