Dissertations / Theses: 'Energy consumption; Thermal'

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Armstrong, Stephen George. "Thermal evaluation of building detail." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387382.

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Howell, P. J. L. "Modelling the thermal performance of intensive pig buildings." Thesis, University of Reading, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356233.

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Negrão, Cezar O. R. "Conflation of computational fluid dynamics and building thermal simulation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1995. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21238.

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The present work is a contribution towards the integration of building simulation tools in order to better represent the complexity of the real world. It attempts to overcome certain shortfalls of contemporary simulation applications with respect to indoor air flows. As a result, the evaluation of building energy consumption and indoor air quality is expected to be improved. Advanced fluid flow models (as employed within Building Thermal Simulation - BTS - and Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD) with different degrees of detail were investigated and their modelling deficiencies identified. The CFD technique which defines the fluid flow on a micro scale was integrated into BTS in which fluid flow is described in a larger scale. The resulting combined approach strengthens the modelling potential of each methodology by overcoming their specific deficiencies. BTS's inability to predict air flow property gradients within a single space was surmounted and the difficult of estimating CFD boundary conditions are now supplied by BTS. The conflation approach is expected to be employed where gradients of indoor air flow properties can be considered crucial to the evaluation of thermal comfort and energy consumption. The BTS environment, ESP-r, was elected to perform the current work and a new CFD program, dfs, was specifically developed for the analysis of three-dimensional, turbulent, transient air flow. Finally, the two approaches were integrated. The integration work focuses on the CFD boundary conditions where the interactions of BTS and CFD take place; these occur at the inside zone surfaces and at the zone openings. Three conflation approaches were devised addressing different degrees of complexity and sophistication. The first one, involving the two types of zone boundaries, corresponds to a simple approach where the BTS and CFD systems exchange information without any direct interaction. The second approach consists of three other schemes to handle the thermal coupling at the internal zone surfaces. The third approach comprises coupling between the nodal network approach as employed by the BTS environment, and the continuity and momentum equations in the CFD technique. A validation methodology consisting of analytical validation, intermodel comparison and empirical validation is described and applied. The technique is shown to be adequate for modelling indoor air flows when compared to existing models. Three situations, covering the different types of air flows encountered within buildings are discussed to demonstrate the combined method's applicability when compared with the nodal network approach. Finally, general conclusions are presented and some possible future work is identified showing that the developed methodology is very promising.

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Taghi, Nazari Alireza. "Interaction between thermal comfort and HVAC energy consumption in commercial buildings." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/597.

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The primary purpose of the current research was to implement a numerical model to investigate the interactions between the energy consumption in Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and occupants’ thermal comfort in commercial buildings. A numerical model was developed to perform a thermal analysis of a single zone and simultaneously investigate its occupants’ thermal sensations as a non-linear function of the thermal environmental (i.e. temperature, thermal radiation, humidity, and air speed) and personal factors (i.e. activity and clothing). The zone thermal analyses and thermal comfort calculations were carried out by applying the heat balance method and current thermal comfort standard (ASHRAE STANDARD 55-2004) respectively. The model was then validated and applied on a single generic zone, representing the perimeter office spaces of the Centre for Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS), to investigate the impacts of variation in occupants’ behaviors, building’s envelope, HVAC system, and climate on both energy consumption and thermal comfort. Regarding the large number of parameters involved, the initial summer and winter screening analyses were carried out to determine the measures that their impacts on the energy and/or thermal comfort were most significant. These analyses showed that, without any incremental cost, the energy consumption in both new and existing buildings may significantly be reduced with a broader range of setpoints, adaptive clothing for the occupants, and higher air exchange rate over the cooling season. The effects of these measures as well as their combination on the zone thermal performance were then studied in more detail with the whole year analyses. These analyses suggest that with the modest increase in the averaged occupants’ thermal dissatisfaction, the combination scenario can notably reduce the total annual energy consumption of the baseline zone. Considering the global warming and the life of a building, the impacts of climate change on the whole year modeling results were also investigated for the year 2050. According to these analyses, global warming reduced the energy consumption for both the baseline and combination scenario, thanks to the moderate and cold climate of Vancouver.

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Al-Bakri, Usama A. R. "Natural ventilation in traditional courtyard houses in the central region of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391599.

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Xie, Tian. "Multi-zone modeling of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption of a hospital ward : a summer case study." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-7160.

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Hospital is of interest when consider its especial function. Because of the obviously different between the normal residential buildings, the requirement of hospitals’ indoor climate strictly differs from other buildings. The author starts this report by briefly stating the building construction currently. Surrounded the topic of thermal comfort and energy consumption, many suggestion and options came out in this report to develop a better condition. Firstly, the introduction of the hospital buildings requires the background of the hospital object and the purpose to this report will be stated. Secondly, the simulation tool and how to use this tool simulate our real case are introduced. Then, the summer case is investigated by this tool after the model is proved to be validated. Finally, the improvement of establishing a better indoor environment is raised and the results of improvement and conclusion can be found. The final result will show the optimal solution that discovered by this study after compared different alternatives carefully.

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Hashim, Nizar Hessain. "Evaluation of alternative thermal strategies for the precast concrete system houses in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358781.

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Sodagar, Behzad. "An investigation into the thermal performance of housing in the hot dry climate of Iran." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/288.

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This study is concerned with the identification and utilisation of design solutions for improving the thermal environment of residential buildings in hot dry climates in general and the hot arid zone of Iran in particular. The influence of various energy conservation options on energy use in a prototype house has been analysed using the ESP dynamic computer simulation program. The research was aimed at providing a range of design guidelines for use in the process of building design by builders, architects and engineers. It also suggests programs relying on occupancy behaviour such as; thermostat settings or operating windows. The recommended design solutions are among those which can be obtained economically through the architectural application of commonly available construction materials and skills whilst also being appropriate in the socio-economic context in which the design and use of buildings take place. The effect of parameters such as; thermal mass and insulation, surface characteristics, orientation, window design, shading and environmental control strategies on the thermal performance of the prototype house has been investigated. Energy and comfort have been used as indicators of performance.

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Wright, Andrew John. "The development and use of a model for investigating the thermal behaviour of industrial buildings." Thesis, Open University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284684.

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Newsham, Guy R. "Investigating the role of thermal comfort in the assessment of building energy performance using a spatial model." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292780.

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Xu, Tianyang. "Research on Building Thermal Model and Energy Consumption Estimation Based on Infrared Thermalgraphy." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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1. Confronto fra i componenti termici ed elettrici sulla base delle conoscenze dei circuiti elettrici. Svilluppo di modelli termici tradizionali per le finestre e le pareti, realizzando la quantizzazione della perdita di calore di un edificio. Per quanto riguarda le teorie, i dati edi risultati di ricerche esistenti relativi al tempo, materiali di costruzione, termotecnica, astronomia e meteorologia, viene proposta la metodologia sulla stima oraria dell'energia solare e della radiazione atmosferica laddove l'approssimazione matematica risulta la più adatta al problema . 2. Definizione del concetto di "unit wall " basato sul miglioramento innovativo del modello di edificio tradizionale grazie all'ausilio della termocamera ad infrarossi e del quadricottero che consente di ottenere direttamente le informazioni sulla distribuzione della temperatura anziché dover ricorrere al calcolocome nel modello tradizionale, con il rischio di errori aggiuntivi. 3. Costruzione sistematica di un modello matematico per una termocamera ad infrarossi, basata sulla teoria dell'infrarosso termico e della radiazione, realizzando la conversione di file RAW originali a 14 bit. 4. Esecuzione della calibrazione dell'immagine, distorsione dell’obiettivo e la rettifica prospettica comprese, tramite la conoscenza della visione artificiale e dell'elaborazione delle immagini. Le finestre possono essere selezionate e rimosse con precisione dalle pareti usando il cursore in un'interfaccia utente grafica. La misurazione manuale delle dimensioni degli edifici può essereevitatagrazie all’utilizzo dei parametri dell'obiettivo e della distanza dell'oggetto. Infine, per convalidare l'applicabilità e l'accuratezza del modello, viene presentato il framework applicativo costituito dalla termocamera ad infrarossi Flir VUE Pro 640 trasportata da un quadricottero SAGA D600 alimentato dal Pixhawk firmware open source, seguito da esperimenti e test di moduli singoli.

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Vuppuluri, Prem Kiran. "Impact of Sustainable Cool Roof Technology on Building Energy Consumption." PDXScholar, 2014. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1530.

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Highly reflective roofing systems have been analyzed over several decades to evaluate their ability to meet sustainability goals, including reducing building energy consumption and mitigating the urban heat island. Studies have isolated and evaluated the effects of climate, surface reflectivity, and roof insulation on energy savings, thermal load mitigation and also ameliorating the urban heat island. Other sustainable roofing systems, like green-roofs and solar panels have been similarly evaluated. The motivation for the present study is twofold: the first goal is to present a method for simultaneous evaluation and inter-comparison of multiple roofing systems, and the second goal is to quantitatively evaluate the realized heating and cooling energy savings associated with a white roof system compared to the reduction in roof-top heat flux. To address the first research goal a field experiment was conducted at the International Harvester Building located in Portland, OR. Thermal data was collected for a white roof, vegetated roof, and a solar panel shaded vegetated roof, and the heat flux through these roofing systems was compared against a control patch of conventional dark roof membrane. The second research goal was accomplished using a building energy simulation program to determine the impact of roof area and roof insulation on the savings from a white roof, in both Portland and Phoenix. The ratio of cooling energy savings to roof heat flux reduction from replacing a dark roof with a white roof was 1:4 for the month of July, and 1:5 annually in Portland. The COP of the associated chillers ranges from 2.8-4.2, indicating that the ratio of cooling energy savings to heat flux reduction is not accounted for solely by the COP of the chillers. The results of the building simulation indicate that based on energy savings alone, white roofs are not an optimal choice for Portland. The benefits associated with cooling energy savings relative to a black roof are offset by the winter-time penalty, and the net benefit from adopting white roof technology in Portland is small. That said, there are other potential benefits of white roofing such as impact on urban heat islands and roof life that must also be considered.

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Buljan, Jakov, M. Bosnić, and I. Král’. "Some Comparisons of Thermal Energy Consumption in a Temperature Versus a Subtropical Zone - 283." Verein für Gerberei-Chemie und -Technik e. V, 2019. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34137.

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Content: The aim of this desk study is to compare consumption of thermal energy in temperate vs. (sub)tropical climate for two representative processes: float heating (bating and dyeing) and chamber drying, with the view of contributing towards overall assessment of thermal energy consumption for tanneries operating under rather different conditions. The energy consumption is calculated for 1 t of wet salted hides and assuming that 1000 kg of wet salted weight corresponds to 1100 kg of pelt weight containing 838 kg of water and 262 kg of collagen subsequently segregated into grain leather and usable splits. Float rates (200% on pelt/shaved weight), average inlet water temperatures (15 oC vs. 25 oC), process float temperatures for bating (35 oC) and dyeing (60 o C) have been defined. Similarly, for computation of thermal energy for chamber drying, identical initial (45 %) and target leather humidity (20 %) are set and average respective fresh air temperature (15 oC vs. 30 oC) and fresh air relative humidity (50% vs. 70%) estimated and operating conditions such as exhaust air temperature and relative humidity defined. Based on such parameters and assumptions, specific ratios for thermal energy consumption for float heating (bating & dyeing) and for chamber drying have been calculated and comparisons made; the results might not quite coincide with common perceptions. The energy needs computed are net amounts, i.e. regardless of the source and without taking into account any losses and disregarding energy consumption for ambient heating and/or cooling. Thus, the total energy needs are much higher. The ratios computed for grain leather are valid for split leather as well. However, if the solar energy is used to support water heating, the conditions in the tropic zone are substantially more favourable, due to higher insolation and higher efficiency factor (i.e. difference of the final vs. inlet water temperature). Take-Away: Based on such parameters and assumptions, specific ratios for thermal energy consumption for float heating (bating & dyeing) and for chamber drying have been calculated and comparisons made; the results might not quite coincide with common perceptions. However, if the solar energy is used to support water heating, the conditions in the tropic zone are substantially more favourable, due to higher insolation and higher efficiency factor (i.e. difference of the final vs. inlet water temperature).

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Spurná, Martina. "Low-Energy and Passive Buildings Economics of New Technologies." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-35054.

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The thesis is concerned with the theme of energy savings in the Building industry. It describes passive house development in detail with a focus on the construction part of buildings with low energy consumption. At first, there is an overview of the actual situation concerning the new European Union’s restrictions and a basic classification of energy efficient buildings is introduced. Further, construction compositions in two energy standards are designed for a few selected construction systems suitable for a passive house. They are evaluated from different points of view and compared to each other. Finally, an estimate of the passive house value is given as well as return of extra investments with regards to energy price increase. Key words The thesis is concerned with the theme of energy savings in the Building industry. It describes passive house development in detail with a focus on the construction part of buildings with low energy consumption. At first, there is an overview of the actual situation concerning the new European Union’s restrictions and a basic classification of energy efficient buildings is introduced. Further, construction compositions in two energy standards are designed for a few selected construction systems suitable for a passive house. They are evaluated from different points of view and compared to each other. Finally, an estimate of the passive house value is given as well as return of extra investments with regards to energy price increase. Key words The thesis is concerned with the theme of energy savings in the Building industry. It describes passive house development in detail with a focus on the construction part of buildings with low energy consumption. At first, there is an overview of the actual situation concerning the new European Union’s restrictions and a basic classification of energy efficient buildings is introduced. Further, construction compositions in two energy standards are designed for a few selected construction systems suitable for a passive house. They are evaluated from different points of view and compared to each other. Finally, an estimate of the passive house value is given as well as return of extra investments with regards to energy price increase.

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Zhu, Xuanlin. "Exploring the possibility of applying seasonal thermal energy storage in south-west of China." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17077.

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Buildings energy consumption is rising continuously with massive urbanization progress, which then results in high greenhouse gas emission. A standing example is the urbanization process going on in the south-west part of China. Much has been discussed for improving building energy performance. However, to take another point of view, renewable energy source for buildings is a solution worth considering, for instance STES, which gains thermal energy from the sun, delivers it to buildings for space heating and hot tap water, also restores the solar energy in hot seasons in the storage system for the need of cold season.The aim of this paper is to couple the technology of STES with practical situation, explore the possibility of applying STES in south-west of China. This thesis work takes an estimation approach to weigh the possibility. The building project studied in this thesis is a campus project in the city of Guiyang, one of four major cities in the region of south-west China.Case study involves existing STES projects in Munich Germany and Anneberg Sweden, the performance evaluation of the Anneberg project is later to serve as an example in system gain & losses proportion, to guide the estimation work of the campus project.The estimation conclusion is drawn based on a cross-sectional analysis method, take the technology of STES, the practiced STES project and building projects in China as three loops visually, and observe how much they overlap each other. Behind the visual illustration, the overlapping is assessed with several factors, for instance possibility of storage system at location, possible STES performance and solar irradiation condition at site location etc. If most of these factors are checked to be “Ok” or “Good”, then the overlapping area is considered “large” enough, and therefore suggests a decent chance to implement STES system in the south-west China.A solar gain and sunlight simulation from a new police station energy consumption report assists in calculating the possible solar gain for the campus project, as the very close distance between these two sites (30 km) promises them the very similar solar irradiation condition. While the energy consumption of the studied campus project offers the energy demand for space heating and hot tap water in the need of 19,000 students, which is to be evaluated as the task of the STES system in the estimation work. Both building project reports are filed by GARDI (Architecture design research institution of Guizhou).Some key factors have been calculated and estimated, the heat demand of the studied campus project in Guiyang is 5,558 MWh/year, and the possible solar gain of this campus complexity is 4,900 MWh/year based on the gain & losses proportion of the Anneberg project evaluation. Due to the very different climate condition of Guiyang and Anneberg, as well as other uncertain factors such as effective roof area, solar collector efficiency, a sensitivity analysis evaluated the result with different parameters in changes of percentage. Final results in the changes of effective roof area at 80% and 85 %, borehole losses at 50% and 45%, available solar gain at 38%, STES system is shown to be capable of providing sufficient heat to buildings. If the heating demand and hot tap water, in the case of the campus project alone are all covered by STES system, there will be a reduction in CO2 emission of 5,368 tons/year.Cross-sectional analysis concludes four out of eight factors checked as “Good” and two as “Ok”, other two as “Unsure”. Other three cities (Chengdu, Kunming, and Chongqing) are brought to comparison later regarding climate condition. Besides Guiyang, two out of three are evaluated to have potential of STES implementation according to their sun hours, annual average temperature etc. STES system is estimated to be possible for implementation in south-west of China as the conclusion.

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Turner, Carolyn S. "Perceived thermal comfort and energy conservation strategies in residential heating." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49947.

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The perception of thermal comfort is an important factor influencing the acceptability of residential heating strategies. The perceived thermal comfort may affect a person's inclination to try a strategy or to use it on a long-term basis. In the study, perceived thermal comfort was assessed in relation to room temperature, humidity, clothing worn, preferred room temperatures, personal control over the temperatures, and energy consumption. The relationships among these variables were examined for five families participating in a live-in study comparing five residential heating strategies. The strategies tested included closing off bedroom vents/doors, setting the thermostat at 65°F, and the use of a solar greenhouse and a woodstove as supplemental heat sources. The families lived in a retrofitted solar test house for a period of four to six weeks. The house was equipped with a computer which monitored 37 channels of information at ten-second intervals and recorded the data hourly. The data collected included temperatures in every room, inside and outside humidity, wind velocity, and other variables that interplay in comfort levels and energy use. The ten adult respondents completed daily and weekly questionnaires containing Likert-type scales of thermal comfort and checklists of clothing worn. The results suggest the following conclusions: 1) the use of a residential setting to measure thermal comfort under varying environmental conditions can be successfully accomplished, 2) psychological variables such as personal control should be considered and tested by persons involved in standards development for the thermal environment, 3) the ability and experience of the persons to use a strategy can affect the achieved energy saving benefits of the strategy, 4) personal preference in the amount of personal effort a person is willing or able to give will impact on the decision on whether to use certain strategies, 5) heating strategies that can produce a direct source of heat or at least some warmer areas were rated higher by the project participants, and 6) weather can play an important role in the effectiveness of the solar greenhouse as a heating source.
Ph. D.
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Mousli, Kindah <1982&gt. "Optimize Natural Ventilation and Thermal Mass in Residential Buildings to Achieve Thermal Comfort and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Hot Dry Climate." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7469/.

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Using natural phenomena to reach indoor comfort has been known since early time and the oldest heritage architecture‘s and engineering of Middle East region, which has responded with such phenomena as well very good solutions special for hot-dry region (height temperature and radiation at summer and big variation between day and night temperature also between the hot summer and cool winter). This Architecture realized inside its houses optimum comfortable temperatures throughout nearly all the days of the yearlong. That was through equating with the volume adopting and the space taming with the different natural elements forces of the sun, atmosphere and climate as all which is common in these days as passive design strategies and reducing energy consumption . This research investigate the thermal mass and natural ventilation for traditional house (hot-dry region in Damascus) that gives high energy efficiency in providing cool indoor air through ventilation (single sided , cross ventilation) and envelope behavior, with the procedures of measurements combined with simulation program model, to improve Middle East new residential buildings through utilize combination of passive cooling and heating techniques. Natural ventilation in traditional building coupled with effects of massive construction and design assemble, provide thermal comfort (temperature control) over interior condition. This strategies are utilized to conserve energy in a hot-dry climate specially on middle east region as Damascus and other cities which have comfort traditional houses . The modern template applied by simulation program for traditional heating and cooling technique achieves thermal comfort related to occupant behavior and reduces energy consumption for new apartment of about 30-45% reduction of energy needs at Damascus, 20-35% at Cairo and 15-30% also at very hot dry climate as Riyadh.

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Abedi, Milad. "Directional Airflow for HVAC Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88524.

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Directional airflow has been utilized to enable targeted air conditioning in cars and airplanes for many years, where the occupants could adjust the direction of flow. In the building sector however, HVAC systems are usually equipped with stationary diffusors that can only supply the air either in the form of diffusion or with fixed direction to the room in which they have been installed. In the present thesis, the possibility of adopting directional airflow in lieu of the conventional uniform diffusors has been investigated. The potential benefits of such a modification in control capabilities of the HVAC system in terms of improvements in the overall occupant thermal comfort and energy consumption of the HVAC system have been investigated via a simulation study and an experimental study. In the simulation study, an average of 59% per cycle reduction was achieved in the energy consumption. The reduction in the required duration of airflow (proportional to energy consumption) in the experimental study was 64% per cycle. The feasibility of autonomous control of the directional airflow, has been studied in a simulation experiment by utilizing the Reinforcement Learning algorithm which is an artificial intelligence approach that facilitates autonomous control in unknown environments. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of enabling the existing HVAC systems to control the direction of airflow, a device (called active diffusor) was designed and prototyped. The active diffusor successfully replaced the existing uniform diffusor and was able to effectively target the occupant positions by accurately directing the airflow jet to the desired positions.
M.S.
The notion of adjustable direction of airflow has been used in the car industry and airplanes for decades, enabling the users to manually adjust the direction of airflow to their satisfaction. However, in the building the introduction of the incoming airflow to the environment of the room is achieved either by non-adjustable uniform diffusors, aiming to condition the air in the environment in a homogeneous manner. In the present thesis, the possibility of adopting directional airflow in place of the conventional uniform diffusors has been investigated. The potential benefits of such a modification in control capabilities of the HVAC system in terms of improvements in the overall occupant thermal comfort and energy consumption of the HVAC system have been investigated via a simulation study and an experimental study. In the simulation study, an average of 59% per cycle reduction was achieved in the energy consumption. The reduction in the required duration of airflow (proportional to energy consumption) in the experimental study was 64% per cycle on average. The feasibility of autonomous control of the directional airflow, has been studied in a simulation experiment by utilizing the Reinforcement Learning algorithm which is an artificial intelligence approach that facilitates autonomous control in unknown environments. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of enabling the existing HVAC systems to control the direction of airflow, a device (called active diffusor) was designed and prototyped. The active diffusor successfully replaced the existing uniform diffusor and was able to effectively target the occupant positions by accurately directing the airflow jet to the desired positions.

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Malekzadeh, Masoud. "Positioning of outdoor space in house design : an energy efficiency and thermal comfort perspective." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2009. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10301.

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The present thesis is primarily motivated by the will to provide help for decisionmaking on the overall layout of a house or a housing development in the very early stages of design from the point of view of energy efficiency and thermal comfort. This study contributes towards a deeper understanding of thermal interactions between a house and its adjacent enclosed open spaces. It addresses the contribution of the yard design, i.e. placement, size and type towards the development of a comfortable microclimate within the yard itself, as well as the reduction of total energy demands of the house for mechanical heating and cooling. The focus is put on the applicability of the results and findings are expressed in form of a decision-making aid. This research also makes empirical and analytical assessments on the validity of some existing methods and tools that are used for understanding the nature of microclimates in small scales and proposes methods for their improvement, particularly when used in conjunction with standard tools for the assessment of indoor climates. These methods are also demonstrated through an exemplary application in an archetypal setting and the results of the exemplary case are analysed to reach a decision on the most advisable design layouts for the buildings in the example. As a result, this work emphasises on the importance of private outdoor spaces and how their careful design can benefit occupiers, investors and the environment.

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Herrera, Jaime Andrés Quiroa. "Quantificação e correlação das variáveis do ciclo de vida energético da edificação: energia incorporada na envolvente arquitetônica e consumo energético pelo comportamento térmico, caso de estudo: moradia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-02052013-082403/.

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No presente trabalho se analisou o consumo energético de uma moradia social, para isto se calculou a energia incorporada nos materiais construtivos utilizados no projeto da moradia analisada e o consumo energético provocado pelo comportamento térmico da envolvente térmica da edificação estudando como a mudança dos materiais construtivos como: telhados e paredes modificam o valor da energia incorporada e o consumo de energia elétrica pelo comportamento térmico, uma vez que se considera possível que o consumo energético por motivos térmico seja maior que a energia incorporada. Para o calculo da energia incorporadados materiais construtivos que compõem a envolvente, foram utilizados coeficientes de energia incorporada propostos por Tavares, (2006), Graf; Tavares, (2010), Lobo, (2010). A pesquisa foi enfocada ao setor habitacional por ser um dos setores que apresentam maior consumo de energia, enfocando-se especificamente à moradia social. A metodologia para avaliar o consumo energético da edificação no período de análise, se divide em quatros etapas: 1) Quantificação de materiais da envolvente 2) Cálculo de energia incorporada 3) Cálculo de gasto energético nos períodos de 1 e 40 anos realizado por meio de simulações no software Energy Plus 4) Cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação das variáveis.Tomaram-se as cidades de São Carlos, SP e Belém, PA, como exemplos de análise. A primeira cidade participa com 11% no rubro de condicionamento ambiental no setor residencial e segunda participa com 40%. Os resultados foram trabalhados e analisados com gráficos de Excel, para a posterior análise e conclusão. Identificou-se um coeficiente de correlação que indica uma forte correlação entres as variáveis analisadas no presente. O que indica que existe uma relação entre a quantidade de energia incorporada nos materiais e no consumo energético operacional pelo comportamento térmico destes.
In this study were analyzed the energy consumption of a housing, for it is calculated the embodied energy of construction materials, and energy consumption caused by the thermal behavior of the building envelope. It was change the building materials in the building, modifying the value of embodied energy and electricity consumption, since it is possible that the energy consumption of thermal behavior can be higher than the energy embodied. To calculate the embodied energy, were used a embodied energy coefficients proposed by Tavares, (2006), Graf; Tavares, (2010)Lobo, (2010).(TAVARES, SERGIO FERNANDO, 2006). This research is focus to residential sector as one of the sectors with higher energy consumption, focusing specifically on social housing. The methodology to evaluate energy consumption in the building during the period of analysis is divided into three steps: 1) Quantification of the materials 2) Calculate the embodied energy 3) Calculate the consumption of energy in the period of 40 years, made by simulations in Energy Plus software 4) Calculate the correlation ship between the variables analyzed. It follows the cities of São Carlos, SP and Belem, PA as examples of analysis; the first city participates with 11% in the energy consumption used in environmental conditioning in the residential sector and the second city participates with 40%. Changes were made in the materials of walls and roofs, trying to identify the differences of embodied energy and electricity consumption. The data obtained were worked in Excel spread sheets for further analysis and conclusion of the data. It was identified a strongly correlation coefficient between the analyzed variables.

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21

Myska, Martin. "Possibilities with Stirling Engine and High Temperature Thermal Energy Storage in Multi-Energy Carrier System : An analysis of key factors influencing techno-economic perspective of Stirling engine and high-temperature thermal energy storage." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-53407.

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Small and medium-scale companies are trying to minimise their carbon footprint and improve their cash flow, renewable installations are increasing all over the Europe and are expected to do so in following years. However, their dependency on the weather cause pressure on matching the production with demand. An option how to challenge this problem is by using energy storage. The aim of this project is to determine techno-economic benefits of Stirling engine and high temperature thermal energy storage for installation in energy user system and identify key factors that affect the operation of such system. In order to determine these factors simulations in Matlab were conducted. The Matlab linear programming tool Optisolve using dual-simplex algorithm was used. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to test the energy system behaviour. Economic evaluation was done calculating discounted savings. From the results, it can be seen the significant benefit of SE-HT-TES installation is the increased self-consumption of the electricity from PV installation. While the self-consumption in cases when there was no energy storage implemented was around 67 % and in one case as low as 50 % with the SE-HT-TES the value has increased up to 100 %. Energy cost savings are 4.7 % of the cost for the original data set and go up to 6.2 % when simulation with load shift was executed. Simulations have also shown that energy customer with predictable energy demand pattern can achieve higher savings with the very same system. It was also confirmed that for users whose private renewable production does not match load potential savings are 30 % higher compared to the system where energy load peak is matching the PV production peak. Simulations also shown that the customers located in areas with higher electricity price volatility can benefit from such system greatly.

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22

Singh, Chitranjan, and Tamas Tamilinas. "Energy optimization tool for mild hybrid vehicles with thermal constraints." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293496.

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The current global scenario is such where impact on the environment is becoming a rising concern. Global automotive manufacturers have focused more towards hybrid and electric vehicles as both more aware customers and governmental legislation have begun demanding higher emission standards. One of the many ways that Volvo Car Group approaches this trend is by mild hybridization which is by assisting the combustion engine by a small electric motor and a battery pack. A smart energy management strategy is needed in order to get the most out of the benefits that hybrid electric vehicles offer. The main objective of this strategy is to utilize the electrical energy on-board in such a manner that the overall efficiency of the hybrid powertrain becomes as high as possible. The current implementation is such that the decision for using the on-board battery is non-predictive. This results in a sub-optimal utilization of the hybrid powertrain. In this thesis, a predictive energy optimization tool is developed to maximize the utility of hybridization and the practical implementation of this tool is investigated. The optimization considers both the capacity as well as the thermal loadconstraints of the battery. The developed optimization tool uses information about the route ahead together with convex optimization to produce optimal reference trajectories of the battery states. These trajectories are used in a real-time controller to determine the battery use by controlling the adjoint states in the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy equation. This optimization tool is validated and compared with the baseline controller in a simulation environment based on Simulink. When perfect information about the road ahead is known, the average reduction in fuel consumption is 0.99% relative the baseline controller. Several issues occurring in the real implementation are explored, such as the limited computational speed and the length of the route ahead that can be predicted. For this reason the information input to the optimization tool is segmented and the resulting performance is investigated. For a 30 second segmentation of the future route information, the average saving in fuel consumption is 0.13% relative to the baseline controller. It is shown that the main factor limiting the amount of savings in fuel consumption is the introduction of the thermal load constraints on the battery.
Det nuvarande globala scenariot är sådant där miljöpåverkan håller på att bli en växande angelägenhet. Globala fordonstillverkare har fokuserat mer på hybrid- och elfordon, eftersom både mer medvetna kunder och statlig lagstiftning har börjat kräva högre emissionskrav. Ett av de många sätt som Volvo Car Group närmar sig denna trend är genom mild hybridisering genom att bistå förbränningsmotorn med en liten elmotor och ett batteripaket. En smart strategi för energihantering behövs för att få ut det mesta av de fördelar som hybrida elfordon erbjuder. Huvudsyftet med denna strategi är att utnyttja den elektriska energin ombord på ett sådant sätt att den totala effektiviteten hos hybriddrivlinan blir så hög som möjligt.Den nuvarande implementeringen är sådan att beslutet att använda det fordonsbaserade batteriet är inte-förutsägbart. Detta resulterar i en suboptimal användning av hybriddrivlinan. I denna avhandling är ett prediktivt Energioptimeringsverktyg utvecklat för att maximera nyttan av hybridisering och det praktiska implementerandet av detta verktyg undersöks. Optimeringen beaktar både kapaciteten och de termiska belastningsbegränsningarna hos batteriet. Det utvecklade optimeringsverktyg använder information om vägen framåt tillsammans medkonvex optimering för att producera optimala referenstrajektorier av batteritillståndet. Dessa trajektorier används i en realtidsstyrenhet för att bestämma batterianvändningen genom att kontrollera adjungerade tillstånden strategiekvationen för den ekvivalenta förbrukningsminimiseringen. Optimeringsverktyget verifieras och jämförs med den ursprungliga styrenheten i en simuleringsmiljö baserad på Simulink. När perfekt information om vägen framåt är känd, är den genomsnittliga minskningen av bränsleförbrukningen 0,99 % relativt den ursprungliga styrenheten. Flera frågor som uppstår i den verkliga implementeringen undersöks, såsom den begränsade beräkningshastigheten och längden på den väg framåt som kan förutses. Av denna anledning är segmenteras informationen till optimeringsverktyget och den resulterande prestandan undersöks. För en 30 sekunders segmentering av framtida väginformation är den genomsnittliga besparingen i bränsleförbrukningen 0,13 % i förhållande till den ursprungligastyrenheten. Resultaten visar att den viktigaste faktorn som begränsar bränsleförbrukningsbesparingen är införandet av de termiska belastningsbegränsningarna på batteriet.

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23

Lizaso, Martxel. "A review of cooking technology around the world and the potential of solar cooking." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32986.

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This report studies the importance of solar cooking when moving towards a more sustainable and egalitarian future. The problems regarding its implementation, in fact, technological, social and economic problems, are presented. A historic overview is offered as well as the theory behind the technology. After studying the current situation concerning cooking, different devices have been analysed and considered, from small ones suitable for households to bigger ones for institutions. Furthermore, several backup systems are also proposed aiming to obtain an ideal Integrated Solar Cooker (ISC). Possible hybrid systems have also been evaluated during the work. Furthermore, state-of-the-art technology in Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is also commented and taken into account for the most efficient combination of technologies. Several photovoltaic kitchens are mentioned in this report as well. Two main conclusions have been drawn: trying to solely rely on the sun is a mistake and the ideal and universal ISC does not exist. Other factors besides the income are determinant when choosing an energy source, therefore, a thorough investigation in every particular case is completely necessary for a successful implementation of an ISC. However, the countless devices available make the adoption of solar technology possible in every situation, helping to achieve some of the Sustainable Development Goals.

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24

Mambo, Abdulhameed D. "Occupancy driven supervisory control of indoor environment systems to minimise energy consumption of airport terminal building." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12778.

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A very economical way of reducing the operational energy consumed by large commercial buildings such as an airport terminal is the automatic control of its active energy systems. Such control can adjust the indoor environment systems setpoints to satisfy comfort during occupancy or when unoccupied, initiate energy conservation setpoints and if necessary, shut down part of the building systems. Adjusting energy control setpoints manually in large commercial buildings can be a nightmare for facility managers. Incidentally for such buildings, occupancy based control strategies are not achieved through the use of conventional controllers alone. This research, therefore, investigated the potential of using a high-level control system in airport terminal building. The study presents the evolution of a novel fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller, which intelligently establishes comfort setpoints based on flow of passenger through the airport as well as variable external environmental conditions. The inputs to the supervisory controller include: the time schedule of the arriving and departing passenger planes; the expected number of passengers; zone daylight illuminance levels; and external temperature. The outputs from the supervisory controller are the low-level controllers internal setpoint profile for thermal comfort, visual comfort and indoor air quality. Specifically, this thesis makes contribution to knowledge in the following ways: It utilised artificial intelligence to develop a novel fuzzy rule-based, energy-saving supervisory controller that is able to establish acceptable indoor environmental quality for airport terminals based on occupancy schedules and ambient conditions. It presents a unique methodology of designing a supervisory controller using expert knowledge of an airport s indoor environment systems through MATLAB/Simulink platform with the controller s performance evaluated in both MATLAB and EnergyPlus simulation engine. Using energy conservation strategies (setbacks and switch-offs), the pro-posed supervisory control system was shown to be capable of reducing the energy consumed in the Manchester Airport terminal building by up to 40-50% in winter and by 21-27% in summer. It demonstrates that if a 45 minutes passenger processing time is aimed for instead of the 60 minutes standard time suggested by ICAO, energy consumption is significantly reduced (with less carbon emission) in winter particularly. The potential of the fuzzy rule-based supervisory controller to optimise comfort with minimal energy based on variation in occupancy and external conditions was demonstrated through this research. The systematic approach adopted, including the use of artificial intelligence to design supervisory controllers, can be extended to other large buildings which have variable but predictable occupancy patterns.

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25

Sartor, Karina 1983. "Isolamento térmico com material reciclado em escamoteadores aquecidos." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256745.

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Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T04:23:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sartor_Karina_M.pdf: 1616477 bytes, checksum: 8bc1c2182f361f23bdb743e97299dedb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: Os leitões recém-nascidos possuem baixa capacidade de reter calor corporal em razão do menor isolamento térmico pelo pouco tecido adiposo, pouca cobertura de pelos e maior superfície corporal em relação ao peso. A ausência de conforto térmico aos leitões em fase de maternidade provoca redução do peso ao desmame e susceptibilidade a doenças. A manutenção do conforto térmico para os leitões lactentes exige alta demanda energética para promover o aquecimento do escamoteador. O experimento foi conduzido na sala maternidade em granja comercial objetivando avaliar a eficiência térmica do isolamento com a placa ecológica Tetra Pak® no revestimento do escamoteador para promover o conforto térmico dos leitões e uso racional de energia elétrica. Foram mensurados os parâmetros climáticos no interior do escamoteador, temperatura superficial do piso, temperatura superficial de pele, episódios comportamentais, ganho de peso dos leitões e eficiência energética. Os resultados obtidos com o estudo demonstraram que o revestimento do escamoteador com isolante térmico manteve a temperatura de conforto térmico dos leitões lactentes. A temperatura superficial de pele e os episódios comportamentais dos leitões lactentes foram normais. O ganho de peso foi similar nos dois tratamentos. A utilização da placa Tetra Pak® como isolante térmico no revestimento do escamoteador para leitões lactentes mostra eficiência térmica e energética
Abstract: The newborn piglets exhibit low ability in retaining body heat which is associated to the lower thermal insulation offered by the thin fat layer, little hair coverage and greater body surface area to weight ratio. The absence of thermal comfort at the maternity phase causes weight reduction of piglets at weaning as well as susceptibility to diseases. Thermal comfort for suckling piglets demands high energy to promote heating creep area. The experiment was carried out in the maternity room of a commercial farm to evaluate the thermal insulation efficiency with the ecological Tetra Pak® plaque thermal efficiency to promote thermal comfort to the piglets as well as rational use of electricity. Climatic parameters were read inside the creep area, floor surface temperature, skin surface temperature, behavioral episodes, piglets weight gain and energy efficiency. The results of this study showed that the creep area of the coating insulator maintained the temperature improving thermal comfort to the suckling piglets. The skin surface temperature and the behavioral episodes of suckling piglets were noted to be normal. Weight gain was similar for both treatments. The use of Tetra Pak® plaque as thermal insulation in creep area flooring for suckling piglets showed thermal and energy efficiency
Mestrado
Construções Rurais e Ambiencia
Mestra em Engenharia

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26

Vega, Diaz Rolando. "Analysis of an electric environmental control system to reduce the energy consumption of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7422.

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Nowadays the aviation industry is playing an important role in our daily life, since is the main medium that satisfies the present human needs to reach long distances in the fastest way. But such benefit doesn’t come free of collateral consequences. It is estimated that each year, only the air transport industry produces 628 mega tonnes of CO2. Therefore, urgently actions need to be implemented considering that the current commercial fleet will be doubled by 2050. The research field for more efficient aircraft systems is a very constructive field; where novel ideas can be exploited towards the mitigation of the coming air transport development. In this research the configuration of the Environmental Control System (ECS) has been analysed aiming to reduce its energy consumption for both, fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. This goal is expected to be achieved mainly through the replacement of the main source of power that supplies the ECS, from pneumatic to electric. Differently from the conventional ECS, a new electric-source technology is integrated in the system configuration to compare its effects on the energy consumption. This new technology doesn’t bleed air directly from the engines; instead of that, it takes the air directly from the atmosphere through the implementation of an electric compressor. This new technology has been implemented by Boeing in one of its most recent airplanes, the B787. Towards achieving the main goal, a framework integrated with five steps has been designed. An algorithmic analysis is integrated on the framework. The first step meets the required aircraft characteristics for the analysis. The second step is in charge of meeting the mission profile characteristics where the overall analysis will be carried out. The third step assesses the conventional ECS penalties. The fourth step carries out a complex analysis for the proposed electric ECS model, from its design up to its penalties assessment. The fifth step compares the analysis results for both, the conventional and the electric models. The fourth step of the framework, which analyses the electric ECS, is considered the most critic one; therefore is divided in three main tasks. Firstly, a small parametric study is done to select an optimum configuration. This task is carried out towards meeting the ECS air conditioning requirements of a selected aircraft. Secondly, the cabin temperature and pressurization are simulated to analyse the response of the configured electric ECS for a mission profile. And finally, the fuel penalties are assessed in terms of system weight, drag and fuel due power-off take. To achieve the framework results, a model which receives the name ELENA has been created using the tool Simulink®. This model contains 5 interconnected modules; each one reads a series of inputs to perform calculations and exchange information with other modules.

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27

Carrieres, Kellen Regina Monte. "Desempenho termico e consumo energetico de edificios de escritorios em São Carlos, SP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257697.

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Orientador: Mauricio Roriz
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T23:32:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carrieres_KellenReginaMonte_M.pdf: 2055164 bytes, checksum: cdcb2f87b28224c87a8002fe4b58dab8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Com a crise energética e o alto consumo de eletricidade, é crescente a preocupação com a economia de energia, principalmente em edifícios dos setores públicos e comerciais, pois são os grandes consumidores. Com isso, muitos pesquisadores da área estão direcionando suas pesquisas científicas para o estudo do conforto térmico do homem, em busca de edifícios mais eficientes energeticamente. Baseado nesses fatos, esse trabalho avalia a influência de parâmetros construtivos com relação ao consumo de energia e ao conforto térmico de edifícios de escritórios da cidade de São Carlos, de forma a adequar os edifícios ao clima da cidade. Para tal análise, foram estudados seis edifícios com relação à caracterização construtiva, dos quais três foram escolhidos para o levantamento do padrão de uso e ocupação desse tipo de edificação, e para monitoramento de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Foram realizadas para o clima da cidade, simulações de um edifício de referência que apresenta alguns parâmetros fixos, que foram adotados por representarem os sistemas construtivos mais utilizados no Brasil, e outros variáveis como a orientação, sistema construtivo, porcentagem de vidro na fachada, absortância da fachada e da cobertura e renovações de ar. Cada parâmetro variável foi simulado com todos os outros fixos, obtendo-se assim resultados reais da influência de cada um. Os resultados dessas simulações foram analisados estatisticamente por regressão linear múltipla. Com essa análise pôde-se determinar a influência de cada parâmetro no consumo de energia. A absortância da cobertura foi o parâmetro que mais influenciou no consumo, chegando a 160% a mais no mês de junho e 238% a mais no mês de dezembro, isso em relação a absortância da fachada, parâmetro de menor influência nesses modelos. Além disso, foram calculadas as diferenças de consumo entre os maiores e menores valores para todas as combinações adotadas nesse trabalho, chegando as situações ideais para o consumo de aquecimento e resfriamento. Em todos os casos, com exceção da capacidade térmica do sistema construtivo, os menores valores de cada parâmetro foram os que obtiveram um menor consumo total em todas as situações
Abstract: Due to the energetic crisis and the high demand for electricity, the concern about power saving is growing, mainly at public and commercial buildings, as they are the greatest consumers. Therefore, many researchers of the area are directing their scientific researches towards the study of mankind thermal comfort, aiming more energetically efficient buildings. Based upon these facts, this work evaluates the influence of construction parameters in relation to energy consumption and thermal comfort of office buildings located in the city of Sao Carlos, in order to adequate the buildings to the city climate. For such analysis, six buildings were studied regarding constructive characterization and three of them were chosen to be assessed by the use and occupancy patterns of this type of building and for temperature and air relative humidity monitoring. According to the city climate, simulations were performed for a reference building with some fixed parameters, which were adopted as representing the most used building systems in Brazil and other variables such as orientation, building system, the percentage of glass in the façade, façade and roof absortance and air renovation. Each variable parameter was simulated having all others fixed, obtaining real results of their individual influences. The results of these simulations were statistically analyzed by multiple linear regression. Through this analysis it was possible to determine the influence of each parameter in the energy consumption. The roof absortance was the parameter that most influenced the consumption, reaching a 160% increase in the month of June and 238% in December, regarding the façade absortance, the less influential parameter in these models. Besides that, the differences of consumption between bigger and smaller values for all the combinations adopted in this work were calculated, reaching ideal situations for the warming and cooling consumptions. In all cases, except for the thermal capacity of the building system, the smaller values of each parameter were the ones that obtained the minor total consumption in all situations
Mestrado
Edificações
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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28

Silva, Vladimir Freitas Paixão e. "Impactos da redução do consumo de energia eletrica em Manaus atraves de medidas de eficiencia energetica em climatização residencial." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265049.

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Orientadores: Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi, Elizabeth Ferreira Cartaxo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:39:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_VladimirFreitasPaixaoe_M.pdf: 2710715 bytes, checksum: bbdac7d8cccb290379966ac18bb1f00d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: Esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar os impactos da redução do consumo de energia elétrica em Manaus através de medidas de eficiência energética em climatização residencial. A escolha da correta orientação geográfica, a pintura das paredes e dos telhados com cores claras, a inclusão de isolamento térmico EPS (Isopor) no forro, a inclusão de isolamento reflexivo por baixo do telhado e a abertura de áticos, foram medidas de eficiência energética aplicadas na residência do estudo de caso para avaliar a redução das cargas térmicas dos seus respectivos recintos internos (quartos). Outra medida de eficiência energética utilizada foi a substituição de condicionadores de ar do tipo janela de baixa eficiência por equipamentos de alta eficiência. As estimativas das cargas térmicas resultantes das aplicações das medidas de eficiência energética foram obtidas por meio da utilização do software CARRIER E20-II, HAP, v4.33., cuja licença de uso é encontrada à venda no mercado nacional. Definidas as cargas térmicas dos quartos, foram especificados os condicionadores de ar do tipo janela que seriam usados na climatização desses ambientes. O emprego combinado dessas medidas de eficiência energética permitiu que fossem quantificadas as respectivas economias de consumos e de redução de demanda de energia elétrica e seus efetivos impactos sobre o Sistema Manaus.
Abstract: This thesis aims to assess the impacts of electricity consumption reduction in Manaus through energy efficiency measures applied in home climatization. The choice of correct geographical orientation, walls and roofs painting with clear colors, the inclusion of thermal insulation EPS (Styrofoam) in the lining, the inclusion of reflective insulation under the roof, attic opening and closing, are energy efficiency measures applied in the case study residence to reduce the thermal loads on their respectives rooms. Another efficiency measure used was the replacement of low efficiency window air-conditioners for high-efficiency ones. The resulting thermal loads from the application of these measures were obtained through the use of software CARRIER E20-II, HAP, v4.33., whose using license is found for sale on the domestic market. Defined the rooms thermal loads, the cooling capacities of the window air-conditioners were specified to be used in the cooling of these environments. The combined employment of these energy efficiency measures has allowed quantify their electric energy consumption economies and demand reductions and its impacts on the Manaus System.
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

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29

Guryay, Ilkay. "Sustainability Of High-rise Buildings:energy Consumption By Service Core Configuration." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614620/index.pdf.

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The concept of '
sustainability'
came into question during the last few decades world-wide. As one of the main source of carbon emission, construction industry is also affected by this movement. High-rise buildings which became proliferative components of construction industry dominate today'
s urban centers. Although they are defended as being inherently energy efficient by some people, specially designed sustainable high-rise building examples emerged after the sustainability movement all over the world. This dissertation examines the role of the service core configuration on the sustainability of high-rise buildings. In this context, the effect of different core types and locations on the energy consumption of high-buildings is evaluated. For this respect, sixteen alternative configuration models with central, end and split core types are determined as the representative of possible design choices. The alternatives share the same height, net and gross floor area, floor efficiency, materials, internal gains, etc. They just vary in type and location of the service core and orientation of the building mass. Energy consumptions of the sixteen models are tested with eQUEST, a thermal simulation program, by using the climatic data of Istanbul. The simulation is conducted according to two air conditioning scenarios for office and core zones. For both of the scenarios, split core alternatives are found as the most energy efficient configurations regardless of the core location and building orientation. Moreover, it is observed that while the end core alternatives giving average values, central core configurations have the highest energy consumption results, as predicted.

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30

EMELIEN, Timothée. "Energy consumption and thermal comfort: An assessment of the relevance of modelling tools and an analysis of the key causing factors of difference." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-159919.

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31

Hassanie, Samer. "A Systematic Approach to Integrated Building Performance Assessment and Visualisation." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Installations- och energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192563.

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The aim of this project was to develop a holistic approach to building-performance assessment without limiting it to energy use (usually expressed in kWh/m2/year), but rather include more parameters that represent the following aspects: Economic, environmental, and quality of service provided to the occupant/client. If it can be shown that buildings can be operated not only in an energy-efficient way, but also in a way that takes into consideration the needs of the occupants, a case could be built that a higher quality of indoor environment does not necessarily mean a higher economic impact. It is also important to show that having access to high-quality building-performance data leads to high-quality analysis and visualisation, and consequently to a chance to detect faults and improve building operation. To answer these questions, a large office building in Stockholm, Sweden was used as a case study. The building was equipped with energy meters and 1,700 sensor points, uniformly distributed over the occupied areas, that measured room temperature, duct temperature, occupancy presence/absence and supply airflow, in addition to other states. The data was processed using RStudio, and various types of visualisation plots were used, including carpet plots, masked scatter plots, bar plots, line graphs, and boxplots. The data pointed to some interesting results. First, just knowing the energy use is not sufficient for understanding the quality of the service provided to the occupants. Second, performing a thorough analysis of room unit data can detect faults. Third, using carpet plots for energy-data visualisation is effective for energy-use pattern recognition. Finally, visualising the building performance parameters in a parallel coordinate plot is a more informative representation of integrated building performance compared to the energy performance certificates typically used today.

QC 20160916

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Brejon, Paul. "Les logiciels d'energetique des batiments : developpement, evaluation technique, illustrations." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0110.

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Dlouhý, Tomáš. "Vliv provedení zateplení na rodinném domě v Rokytnici nad Rokytnou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232728.

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This diploma thesis deals with insulation of the house and it's costs. First part relates to the developement of the construction, the current trends in the construction of houses, prices of energy and heating options. Next part relates with insulation system Etics, the way of it's implementation and thermal assessment with basic names. Thermal insulation is designed in three variants. The work includes thermal assessment in original condition and the assessment of new condition modified by adding thermal insulation with it's economic return. In conclusion, the diploma thesis evaluates the payback period of insulation options and the effect on price of this house.

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Houl, Yassine. "Increasing Effective Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope's Insulation Using Polyurethane Foam Incorporated with Phase Change Material." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505159/.

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Incorporating insulation material with phase change materials (PCMs) could help enhance the insulation capability for further building energy savings by reducing the HVAC loadings. During the phase change process between the solid and liquid states, heat is being absorbed or released by PCMs depending on the surrounding temperature. This research explores the benefits of a polyurethane (PU)-PCM composite insulation material through infiltrating paraffin wax as PCM into PU open cell foam. The new PU-PCM composite provides extra shielding from the exterior hot temperatures for buildings. Through this study, it was demonstrated that PU-PCM composite insulation could potentially help building energy savings through reducing the loads on the HVAC systems based on the building energy modeling using EnergyPlus. The Zero Energy Lab (ZØE) at the University of North Texas was modeled and studied in the EnergyPlus. It is a detached building with all wall facades exposed to the ambient. It was determined that the new PU-PCM insulation material could provide 14% total energy saving per year and reduce the electricity use due to cooling only by around 30%.

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Barbosa, Elisabeti de Fátima Teixeira 1967. "Conforto térmico e consumo de energia em ambientes de um supermercado de médio porte." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258594.

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Orientador: Lucila Chebel Labaki
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O conforto térmico tem sido amplamente pesquisado nos últimos anos, visando melhorar o bem estar das pessoas nos ambientes edificados, e minimizar o uso de energia elétrica para condicionamento artificial. Há algum tempo os estudos se direcionaram ao desempenho do ambiente construído de modo a obter uma boa relação entre pessoa-ambiente, principalmente quando se trata de ambientes de trabalho. No entanto, ainda é desconhecido o nível de conforto térmico proporcionado aos usuários de algumas edificações, principalmente em se tratando de edifícios de supermercados. Nos últimos anos, além de os empresários se preocuparem em garantir condicionamentos apropriados aos alimentos, em assegurar certo padrão de conforto aos seus clientes e propiciar bom nível de produtividade de seus funcionários, eles ainda tem que se preocupar em minimizar custos de energia. Nesse sentido, o levantamento do índice de conforto térmico e do consumo de energia em ambientes de supermercados se mostra importante para o conhecimento da real situação ambiental desse tipo de edificação. Esta pesquisa visou levantar dados do índice de conforto térmico e do consumo de energia no ambiente construído comercial do ramo alimentício. A metodologia empregada envolveu a seleção do supermercado, sua caracterização, o monitoramento das variáveis ambientais: temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do ar e temperatura de globo, que permitem, juntamente com os dados relativos às variáveis pessoais, calcular o Voto Médio Estimado e a Porcentagem Estimada de Insatisfeitos. Foram levantados também os dados de consumo de energia. A análise dos resultados permitiu identificar a percepção térmica e o nível de satisfação dos usuários tanto de funcionários quanto dos clientes do supermercado. Os resultados indicam que no mês de maio/2011, 86% dos entrevistados preferiam o ambiente sem alteração e se sentiam confortáveis, e enquanto na área dos refrigeradores 55% dos entrevistados preferiam o ambiente sem alteração, e nesta mesma região, 32% preferiam o ambiente um pouco mais quente, ou seja, não estavam satisfeitos com o local, portanto preferiam mudanças. Os resultados indicam também que a temperatura do ar externo tem mais influência no consumo de energia que o número de usuários no supermercado pesquisado
Abstract: Thermal comfort has been widely researched in recent years to improve the welfare of people in the built environment, and minimize the use of electricity for artificial conditioning. For some time the studies were directed to the performance of the built environment in order to get a good relationship between person-environment, especially when it comes to working environments. However, it is still unknown what level of thermal comfort provided to the users of some buildings, especially in the case of buildings supermarket. In recent years, entrepreneurs have to bothering to ensure appropriate conditions to food, and ensure a certain standard of comfort to its customers and provide good level of productivity of their employees, in addition they still have to worry about minimizing energy costs. In this sense, the survey index of thermal comfort and energy consumption in supermarket environments proves important for understanding the real environmental situation of this type of building. This research examines data index of thermal comfort and energy consumption in the built environment of the commercial food industry. The methodology included the selection of the supermarket, characterization, monitoring of environmental variables: air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and globe temperature, allowing, together with data on personal variables, calculate the Predicted Mean Vote and estimated Percentage of Dissatisfied. Also, data were collected from energy consumption. The analysis identified the thermal perception and level of satisfaction of users of both employees and customers of the supermarket. The results indicate that in the month of May/2011, 86% of respondents preferred the environment without alteration and felt comfortable, and while in the area of refrigerators 55% of respondents preferred the environment unchanged, and in the same region, 32% preferred the environment a little warmer, or were not satisfied with the location, so preferred changes. The results also indicate that the air temperature has more influence on energy consumption than the number of users in the supermarket researched
Mestrado
Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade
Mestra em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

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Sosnovskaja, Violeta. ""EnergyPlus" programos panaudojimas pastatų energetiniam modeliavimui." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050613_084147-71403.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos pastatų energijos vartojimo efektyvumo problemos. Ieškoma būdų, kaip galima būtų dar projektavimo arba renovacijos stadijoje sukurti energetiškai efektyvų pastatą naudojant naujoviškus metodus. Darbe atlikta literatūros, susijusios su kompiuteriniu energetiniu modeliavimu, analizė, atliktas kelių populiariausių energetinio modeliavimo programų palyginimas ir tolesniems skaičiavimams pasirinkta geriausia dinaminio modeliavimo programa – EnergyPlus. Buvo užsibrėžtas tikslas ištirti šios panaudojimo programos galimybes sprendžiant hipotetinio administracinės paskirties pastato modelį. Buvo užsibrėžti pagrindiniai uždaviniai – ištirti šio modelio šildymo/šaldymo galios priklausomybes per projektinę parą nuo įvairių faktorių. Sukūrus duomenų rinkmeną, aprašančią pastatą, buvo atliktas modeliavimas įvairiems įstiklinimo plotams, įvairioms pastato orientacijoms ir įvairioms stiklo rūšims. Buvo nustatyta atskirai šių faktorių įtaka pastato šildymo/šaldymo galiai. Tam, kad būtų galima įvertinti potencialų energijos sąnaudų sumažėjimą, kuris gali būti pasiektas taikant modeliavimą, buvo išanalizuotos dvi skirtingos to paties pastato modifikacijos: blogiausias ir geriausias variantas. Skirtumas tarp jų buvo gautas didelis, ypatingai potencialios šalčio santaupos. EnergyPlus apskaičiuota šildymo galia taip pat buvo palyginta su dviem kitomis paprastesnėmis skaičiavimo metodikomis. EnergyPlus paskaičiuota galia žymiai mažesnė, nei kitais dviem... [to full text]
In this final Master paper were analyzed problems, related with buildings energy consumption and energy efficiency. For further analysis were chosen innovative tools – energy simulation programs, which help to save energy before building is built or renovated. After literature, related with building energy simulation, was analyzed, comparison of the most popular energy simulation programs was done. After this, EnergyPlus was chosen as the best dynamic energy simulation program. The main purpose of this paper – to investigate adaptability of the program in our applications. For investigation was chosen model of hypothetical office building. The main tasks were to calculate, how different factors influence building heating/cooling loads during design days. Main data file, describing building, was created and were made simulations for different cases of glazing, building orientations and glass types. After the influence of these factors was defined, for evaluating potential energy saving through energy simulation, was created the best and the worst case for the same building. Difference between cases was very big, especially in cooling loads. EnergyPlus calculation results were also compared with results of two simpler, often used heating power calculation methods. Heating power, calculated with EnergyPlus, was much smaller, than in other two cases. After all was made conclusion, that EergyPlus is adaptable in our appliances and, just through using dynamic energy simulation... [to full text]

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Roman, Leila Maria Tamanini. "Análise térmica e energética de uma edificação comercial visando conforto térmico e redução da demanda de energia elétrica." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3428.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação energética, através do software EnergyPlus, de uma sala externa com climatização e um prédio de sete andares com ventilação natural. Para tanto, monitoram-se o consumo de energia mensal, os dados climáticos, características arquitetônicas, número de funcionários, localização e demais características que possam interferir direta ou indiretamente no consumo de energia do ambiente de estudo. Os dados obtidos através de levantamento in loco, memoriais da área de infraestrutura e recursos humanos, juntamente com a análise das faturas de energia elétrica mensais, servem de parâmetro para a simulação, bem como validam os resultados, permitindo a busca de novas alternativas que visem eficiência e redução no consumo. As avaliações são realizadas tendo como base duas edificações pertencentes ao Centro Administrativo de Lojas Colombo, localizadas em Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul. A análise visa minimizar o consumo de energia elétrica buscando garantir o máximo de horas em conforto. Para tanto avalia os índices de conforto térmico, as temperaturas internas, os ganhos internos de calor, as condições de operação do ar condicionado na sala externa e a potência necessária de ar condicionado para instalação nas quinze zonas térmicas pertencentes ao prédio, verificando o consumo energético das alternativas utilizadas e a relação custo-benefício. Através das simulações na sala externa constatou-se que, com a utilização de materiais eficientes termicamente, as trocas térmicas do interior com o exterior são minimizadas, o mesmo ocorrendo com a substituição de equipamentos antigos, a exemplo de monitores de tubo. Nas quinze zonas térmicas do prédio, a instalação de um sistema de ar condicionado se apresenta como alternativa para melhorar os índices de conforto térmico em dias com temperaturas mais elevadas ou mais baixas, situações estas em que a ventilação natural não é suficiente para garantir um ambiente confortável. Esta adequação de climatização dos ambientes elevou o consumo com energia elétrica total do prédio em 17%, contudo ocorreu melhora significativa nos índices de conforto térmico. Na sala externa foi obtida uma redução no consumo de energia elétrica de 14% sobre o consumo total e a garantia de 86% de horas ocupadas em conforto.
This study presents the energetic evaluation, through the software EnergyPlus, of an external room with acclimatization and of a seven-story building with natural ventilation. For this, the monthly energy consumed, the climatic data, the architectonic characteristics, the number of people, the location and other characteristics which can interfere directly or indirectly the room’s energy consumption were monitored. The data obtained through in loco survey, memorials of the infrastructure area and human resources, as well as the analysis of the monthly electrical energy bills, are considered as parameters for the simulation and they validate the results, allowing the search for new alternatives that aim at consumption efficiency and reduction. The evaluations are performed based on two buildings which are part of Centro Administrativo de Lojas Colombo, located in Farroupilha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The analysis aims at minimizing the electric energy consumption with the purpose of ensuring the maximum of comfort hours, so it evaluates the indexes of thermal comfort, the inside temperatures, the inside heat gains, the operation conditions of the air-conditioning in the outside room, and the necessary air-conditioning power for the installation in the fifteen thermal zones which belong to the building, verifying the energetic consumption of the used alternatives and the cost-benefit ratio. Through the simulations in the outside room, it was detected that with the use of thermally efficient material, the thermal exchanges between inside and outside are minimized, the same occurs with the substitution of old equipment, such as tube monitors. In the fifteen thermal zones of the building, the installation of an air-conditioning system is an alternative to improve the thermal comfort indexes in days with higher or lower temperatures. These are situations in which the natural ventilation is not enough to ensure that the environment is comfortable. The air conditioning simulated increased the building energy consumption in 17%, although a significative increase in thermal comfort was achieved. At the external room a 14% reduction in electricity consumption, over the total consumption, and the guarantee of 86% of occupied hours in comfort was obtained.

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Dickason, Deborah. "Green Improvements: A Consumer's Guide to Environmentally and Economically Responsible Home Repairs and Improvements for the North Central Texas Region." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4625/.

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The Consumer's Guide is designed to help consumers by providing guidelines for the purchase of specific energy-efficient household appliances- water heaters, air conditioning and heating systems, windows, dishwashers, refrigerators, clothes washers, and dryers. This serves two major purposes: to decrease the environmental impact of those products and to save consumers money over the lifetime of the products. The seven major appliances covered in this work are things that consumers tend to purchase quickly when their older models wear out and with little research into their energy and/or water efficiency. The guide begins with a general introduction and an explanation of the need for energy conservation. Explanations of how they work, purchasing tips, installation tips, maintenance tips, tips for additional energy efficiency, and case studies are given for each appliance. Printable pamphlets are included at the end.

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Eliáš, Filip. "Vliv tepelně izolační vlastnosti obálky budovy na její energetickou náročnost." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371818.

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This diploma thesis describes possibilities of thermal insulation of a detached house and choice optimization of insulating materials especially based on economic and ecologic factors. The thesis describes basic physical effects that are associated with heat transfer and that should be respected in insulation design. These effects influence the choice of suitable insulating materials based on their properties.

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Alznafer, Badran Masoud. "The impact of neighbourhood geometries on outdoor thermal comfort and energy consumption from urban dwellings : a case study of the Riyadh city, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/63585/.

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The thesis addresses the contributions of urban geometry under hot-arid summer condition in the Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, toward both; the development of comfortable microclimate conditions in outdoor spaces at pedestrian level, and energy consumption from urban dwellers. The urban geometry is described in this thesis by three variables, including building height to street width aspect ratios (H/w), sky view factor (SVF) at pedestrian level, and the solar orientations of the canyons. These three variables are used in this study to investigate their influence on the microclimate conditions and the associated outdoor thermal comfort and energy consumption from urban dwellers. The work intends to shed light on the existing geometries of different urban locations in Riyadh City and the associated thermal conditions, as well as the thermal perceptions and preferences of outdoor users. Therefore, integrated empirical studies that are composed of three original surveys are carried out, including a study of land surface temperature of Riyadh City, outdoor thermal comfort survey, and in situ microclimate measurements in different urban locations at neighbourhood scale and within urban canyons. Following that, microclimate and energy modelling are carried out on a number of hypothetical urban geometries that proposed according to the current buildings and planning regulations in the Riyadh City, i.e. building materials, opening ratios on building facades, buildings and streets layouts and minimum width of local streets. Yet, since the study measures the impact of scenarios modifications of urban geometry on the issues under investigation, thus, additional buildings heights and different setback aspect ratios have been added. The proposed hypothetical urban geometries investigated include various street aspect ratio (H/st.) equal to 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2, and setback aspect ratio (H/sb.) equal to 0, 2, 4 and 8. The proposed urban settings that resulted from the combination of the various streets and setbacks aspect ratios are modelled on four different orientations, including EW, NS, NE-SW and NW-SE, and a total of 64 different urban geometries were evaluated.

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Lubkoll, Matti. "A pre-feasibility study of a concentrating solar power system to offset electricity consumption at the Spier Estate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17809.

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Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Spier Estate - a wine estate in the Western Cape Province of South Africa - is engaged in a transition towards operating according to the principles of sustainable development. Besides changes in social and other environmental aspects, the company has set itself the goal to be carbon neutral by 2017. To this end, Spier is considering the on-site generation of electricity from renewable energy sources. This study was initiated to explore the technical and economic feasibility of a concentrating solar power plant for this purpose on the estate. The investigation was carried out to identify the most appropriate solar thermal energy technology and the dimensions of a system that fulfils the carbon-offset requirements of the estate. In particular, potential to offset the annual electricity consumption of the currently 5 570 MWh needed at Spier, using a concentrating solar power (CSP) system, was investigated. Due to rising utility-provided electricity prices, and the expected initial higher cost of the generated power, it is assumed that implemented efficiency measures would lead to a reduction in demand of 50% by 2017. However, sufficient suitable land was identified to allow electricity production exceeding today’s demand. The outcome of this study is the recommendation of a linear Fresnel collector field without additional heat storage and a saturated steam Rankine cycle power block with evaporative wet cooling. This decision was based on the system’s minimal impact on the sensitive environment in combination with the highest potential for local development. A simulation model was written to evaluate the plant performance, dimension and cost. The analysis was based on a literature review of prototype system behaviour and system simulations. The direct normal irradiation (DNI) data that was used is based on calibrated satellite data. The result of the study is a levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of R2.741 per kWh, which is cost competitive to the power provided by diesel generators, but more expensive than current and predicted near-future utility rates. The system contains a 1.8 ha aperture area and a 2.0 MWe power block. Operating the plant as a research facility would provide significant potential for LCOE reduction with R2.01 per kWh or less (favourable funding conditions would allow for LCOE of R1.49 per kWh) appearing feasible, which results in cost competitiveness in comparison a photovoltaic (PV) solution. Depending on tariff development, Eskom rates are predicted to reach a similar level between 2017, the time of commissioning, and the year 2025. The downside is that the plant would not solely serve the purpose of electricity offsetting for Spier, which may result in a reduced amount of electricity that may be generated. Further studies are proposed to refine the full potential of cost reduction by local development and manufacturing as well as external funding. This includes identification of suitable technology vendors for plant construction. An EIA is required to be triggered at an early stage to compensate for its long preparation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Spier wynlandgoed in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika is tans in ‘n oorgangsfase tot besigheids-praktyke gebaseer op volhoubare ontwikkeling. Afgesien van die sosiale en omgewingsaspekte het die groep hom ook ten doel gestel om koolstof neutraal te wees teen 2017. Ten einde hierdie doel te bereik, moet die maatskappy sy algehele elektrisiteitsverbruik vervang met hernubare bronne. Hierdie studie is dus geloods om die tegniese en ekonomiese uitvoerbaarheid van 'n gekonsentreerde sonkragstasie op die landgoed te ondersoek. Hierdie ondersoek is gedoen om die mees toepaslike sontermiese tegnologie en die grootte van 'n termiese sonkragstelsel te bepaal, wat aan die koolstof vereistes van die landgoed voldoen. Die potensiaal om die jaarlikse elektrisiteitsverbruik van 5 570 MWh met 'n gekonsentreerde elektriese sonkragstelsel te vervang, is ondersoek. Weens die toename in die elektrisiteitsprys en die verwagte hoërkoste van opgewekte elektrisiteit word aanvaar dat die implementering van voorgestelde doeltreffendheidsverbeteringe, sal lei tot 'n afname in die aanvraag na elektrisiteit van tot 50% teen die jaar 2017. Voldoende beskikbare grond is geïdentifiseer om genoeg elektrisiteit te produseer om die huidige vraag na elektrisiteit te oorskry. Die uitkoms van die studie is die aanbeveling van 'n lineêre Fresnel kollektorveld sonder addisionele warmte storing, asook 'n versadigde stoom Rankine sikluskragblok met ‘n nat-verdamping verkoelingstelsel. Die besluit is gebaseer op die stelsel se minimale impak op die omgewing, tesame met die hoogste potensiaal vir plaaslike ontwikkeling. 'n Simulasie is ontwikkel om die aanleg se werkverrigting, grootte en koste te evalueer. Die analise is gebaseer op 'n literatuuroorsig van 'n prototipe stelsel gedrag en stelsel-simulasies. Die direkte normale sonstralings data wat gebruik is, is gebaseer op gekalibreerde satelliet data. Die bevinding van die studie is 'n gebalanseerd koste van elektrisiteit van R2.74 per kWh, wat mededingend is met die koste van elektrisiteit wat deur diesel kragopwekkers verskaf word, maar is aansienlik duurder as die huidige en toekomstige voorspellings van Eskom-tariewe. Die stelsel bevat 'n 1.8 ha son kollektor oppervlakte en 'n 2.0 MWe krag-blok. Daarbenewens, sal die gebruik van die aanleg as 'n navorsingsfasiliteit die potensiaal hê om die gebalanseerd koste van elektrisiteit te verminder na R2.01 per kWh of minder (gunstig befondsing voorwaardes sal gebalanseerd koste van elektrisiteit van R1.49 per kWh tot gevolg hê), wat mededingend is met die koste van 'n fotovoltaïese alternatief. Daar word voorspel dat Eskom-tariewe dieselfde sal bly vanaf 2017, die jaar van inbedryfstelling van die aanleg, tot en met die jaar 2025. Die nadeel is dat die aanleg nie noodwendig uitsluitlik vir die opwek van elektrisiteit vir Spier gebruik sal word nie, en daarom kan dit lei tot 'n vermindering in die hoeveelheid elektrisiteit wat deur die aanleg opgewek word. Daar word voorgestel dat verdere studies onderneem word om die moontlikheid van koste-besparings vir die aanleg te ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van plaaslike ontwikkeling en vervaardiging, asook eksterne befondsing. Dit sluit die identifisering van geskikte tegnologie verskaffers vir die aanleg-kostruksie in. 'n Omgewingsimpakstudie, volgens die EIA regulasies, moet ook so gou as moontlik gedoen word aangesien dit n langsame proses is.

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Bruch, Rafael. "Estudo das perdas térmicas de panelas entre o vazamento no forno elétrico à arco e o transporte para o forno-panela." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60805.

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A busca de melhoria de produtos siderúrgicos leva uma atenção especial para a área de aciarias. A introdução da metalurgia da panela, e portanto no refino secundário, contribuiu fundamentalmente para o aumento da qualidade do aço produzido. Um dos efeitos foi o aumento do tempo de residência do aço na panela, o que obrigou a utilização de materiais refratários de melhor qualidade. O controle da temperatura do aço líquido ao longo do processo de produção é de fundamental importância para se atingir os requisitos de qualidade e produtividade exigidos atualmente. Com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias siderúrgicas e a busca pela eficiência energética, torna-se necessário o conhecimento e redução das perdas térmicas do aço durante todo o ciclo produtivo. Neste trabalho foram estudadas, em uma aciaria elétrica a arco, as correlações entre as perdas térmicas das panelas através do conhecimento dos tempos de espera e do tempo de transporte das panelas do forno elétrico a arco até o forno-panela, além de comparar a temperatura do revestimento refratário de panelas com e sem isolante refratário. Melhorias no ciclo de panelas foram propostas visando diminuir as perdas térmicas das panelas, otimizar o ciclo de panelas e, consequentemente, reduzir o consumo de energia elétrica do forno-panela, diminuindo os custos envolvidos durante o processo de fabricação do aço. Os resultados apresentaram significância estatística entre o consumo de energia elétrica do fornopanela e as perdas térmicas das panelas. Através dos resultados obtidos observou-se que a minimização do tempo de espera da panela antes de iniciar o vazamento e a diminuição do tempo de transporte da panela até o forno-panela são fundamentais para diminuir as perdas térmicas nas panelas.
The search for improved steel products takes special attention to the melthops. The introduction of ladle metallurgy, and therefore the secondary refining, contributed essentially to increase the quality of steel produced. One effect was to increase the residence time of the steel in the ladle, forcing the use of refractory materials of better quality. Temperature control of liquid steel during the process is of fundamental importance for achieving the requirements of quality and productivity currently required. With the development of technologies and the reach of energetic efficiency, it becomes necessary to reduce the thermal losses during the steel production cycle. In this study the correlations between the thermal losses in the ladles through the knowledge of waiting times and transport times of the ladles to the of the electric arc furnace to the ladle furnace were determined as well as a comparison between temperatures of ladle refractory lining with and without refractory insulation. Improvements in the ladle cycle were proposed to reduce the thermal losses in the ladles and to optimize the ladle cycle and, consequently, to reduce the electric energy in the ladle furnace, reducing the costs involved during the manufacturing process of steel. The results showed statistical significance between the energy consumption in the ladle furnace and heat losses in the ladles. The results obtained showed that minimizing the waiting time of the ladle before the tap and reducing transportation time of the ladle to the ladle furnace are essential to reduce the heat losses in the ladles.

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43

Vyplel, Michal. "Vliv provedení zateplení na bytový dům v Židenicích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318579.

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Diploma thesis named The influence of insulating a block of flats in Židenice is divided into two parts. In the theoretical part there are mentioned types of the thermal insulation and their attributes, methods of insulation and types of assessment energy consumption of buildings. Basic concepts and legislation of the thermal technical properties are described in the theoretical too. In the practical part there are processed three variants in which I determine the calculation of the overall value for the insulation, energy consumption and simple payback period and influence for total price of the apartment building.

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Fredhav, Dennis, and Sjöstrand Carl Andreas Briggert. "Beräkning av värmeenergiförluster i flerbostadshus genom analys av den totala fjärrvärmeenergianvändningen :." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20215.

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This thesis has been carried out on behalf of IV Produkt AB and intends to set an average ratio of thermal energy losses in apartment buildings that were built during the 1960-1990. This shall be derived by analyzing the total district energy consumption that has been divided into three parts: heat energy losses (the actual heating requirements), the heating of domestic hot water and heating energy consumption for the controlled ventilation. Three different residential areas that were built during the years 1962-1966 and one that was built in 1993 has been analyzed. All residential areas are located in Växjö urban and contains between four and six apartment buildings. The analyzed objects have a mechanical exhaust ventilation systems and district heating as the heating method. No own laboratory work or experiments have been done in this thesis, the calculations have been done on the basis of parameters from VEAB, interviews with property managers, and literature studies. By calculations, we have got a result that is reported in Chapter 6. The result is given as a thermal energy loss as a percentage of the total heat consumption. In this thesis there has also been a review of the rules on requirements for the specific energy consumptions in buildings, indoor environment and indoor temperature from the National Board of Housing and the National Board of Health and Welfare.

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Nylander, Joacim, and Hugo Sandström. "Klimatförändringarnas inverkan på inneklimat och energianvändning i passivhus." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Tekniska Högskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-31123.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how the warming effects of climate change may affect indoor living standards, considering that we are already living with some over-temperatures during the summer time. The specific aim is therefore to show how thermal climate in warm passive houses will be perceived, and how specific energy consumption will be affected, within the near future in southern Sweden. Method: To order to achieve the aim, a specific scenario of future temperatures had to be defined. Official climate data for the year 2050 in Gothenburg was collected and compiled. A certified passive house was theoretically exposed to the expected future climate and indoor temperature as well as energy consumption was calculated. Calculations were made using the energy calculation software BV2 for reference conditions and adaptions of both climate as well as technical solutions for greater thermal comfort. Findings: A climate scenario for Gothenburg during year 2050 illustrates that the average year-temperature increases from +7.7°C to +9.9°C. The largest change can be observed during the winter, with an increase peaking at +2.5 ºC. The results show an increase from 65 to 107 number of days during the year in which the studied passive house has an inadequate indoor temperature, as a consequence of over-temperatures. One method for thermal climate enhancing, using a combination of sun screening and air conditioning powered by solar cells, showed having good impact without considerably affecting the specific energy consumption. Implications: In a passive house without air conditioning, the thermal indoor climate will reach an unacceptable level for the tenants, more often in the year 2050, than during the reference period, due to warmer outside temperatures. The method which has the smallest impact upon the energy consumption is sun screening, while air conditioning is the most effective, but also very energy consuming. In order to optimally conserve the thermal indoor climate without decreasing the free energy during the winter, one should install both sun screening and air conditioning in their passive house. Limitations: The result is applicable on passive houses within climate zone III, but the general conclusions made applies for all passive houses in Sweden. Using different methods of calculating the indoor temperature may result in variable results. Keywords: Climate change, Passive house, Indoor climate, Thermal comfort, Energy consumption

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Vera-Sorroche, Javier. "Thermal homogeneity and energy efficiency in single screw extrusion of polymers : the use of in-process metrology to quantify the effects of process conditions, polymer rheology, screw geometry and extruder scale on melt temperature and specific energy consumption." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13965.

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Polymer extrusion is an energy intensive process whereby the simultaneous action of viscous shear and thermal conduction are used to convert solid polymer to a melt which can be formed into a shape. To optimise efficiency, a homogeneous melt is required with minimum consumption of process energy. In this work, in-process monitoring techniques have been used to characterise the thermal dynamics of the single screw extrusion process with real-time quantification of energy consumption. Thermocouple grid sensors were used to measure radial melt temperatures across the melt flow at the entrance to the extruder die. Moreover, an infrared sensor flush mounted at the end of the extruder barrel was used to measure non-invasive melt temperature profiles across the width of the screw channel in the metering section of the extruder screw. Both techniques were found to provide useful information concerning the thermal dynamics of the extrusion process; in particular this application of infrared thermometry could prove useful for industrial extrusion process monitoring applications. Extruder screw geometry and extrusion variables should ideally be tailored to suit the properties of individual polymers but in practise this is rarely achieved due the lack of understanding. Here, LDPE, LLDPE, three grades of HDPE, PS, PP and PET were extruded using three geometries of extruder screws at several set temperatures and screw rotation speeds. Extrusion data showed that polymer rheology had a significant effect on the thermal efficiency on the extrusion process. In particular, melt viscosity was found to have a significant effect on specific energy consumption and thermal homogeneity of the melt. Extruder screw geometry, set extrusion temperature and screw rotation speed were also found to have a direct effect on energy consumption and melt consistency. Single flighted extruder screws exhibited poorer temperature homogeneity and larger fluctuations than a barrier flighted screw with a spiral mixer. These results highlighted the importance of careful selection of processing conditions and extruder screw geometry on melt homogeneity and process efficiency. Extruder scale was found to have a significant influence on thermal characteristics due to changes in surface area of the screw, barrel and heaters which consequently affect the effectiveness of the melting process and extrusion process energy demand. In this thesis, the thermal and energy characteristics of two single screw extruders were compared to examine the effect of extruder scale and processing conditions on measured melt temperature and energy consumption. Extrusion thermal dynamics were shown to be highly dependent upon extruder scale whilst specific energy consumption compared more favourably, enabling prediction of a process window from lab to industrial scale within which energy efficiency can be optimised. Overall, this detailed experimental study has helped to improve understanding of the single screw extrusion process, in terms of thermal stability and energy consumption. It is hoped that the findings will allow those working in this field to make more informed decisions regarding set conditions, screw geometry and extruder scale, in order to improve the efficiency of the extrusion process.

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Ropaitė, Guoda. "Daugiabučių namų atnaujinimo programos įgyvendinimo Lietuvoje tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120723_102732-94018.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama Daugiabučių namų atnaujinimo programa, atliekama jos įgyvendinimo Lietuvoje analizė, siekiant identifikuoti pagrindines problemas, bei pateikiami pasiūlymus dėl jų sprendimo. Taip pat apžvelgiamas Lietuvos būsto fondas, analizuojama užsienio šalių patirtis daugiabučių namų modernizavimo srityje bei atliekama 2010 m. modernizavimo programoje dalyvavusių atnaujintų daugiabučių namų analizę, apskaičiuojant panaudotų energiją taupančių modernizavimo priemonių investicinį efektyvumą energetiniu požiūriu. Darbą sudaro 4 dalys: įvadas, analitinė dalis, apimanti Lietuvos būsto sektoriaus apžvalgą, Daugiabučių namų modernizavimo programos analizę ir užsienio šalių patirtį daugiabučių namų atnaujinimo srityje, tiriamoji dalis – Lietuvos miestuose renovuotų daugiabučių analizę, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas bei priedai. Darbo apimtis – 97 p. teksto be priedų, 23 iliustr., 14 lent., 67 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai.
The master thesis analizes the blocks of flats renovation programme, indentifies the main problems in implementing the programme and lists offers for its solution. Also are carried out the overview of the housing stock in Lithuania and analyzed foreing countries experience in modernization of the blocks of flats. The research of blocks of flats which 2010 participate in the modernization programme are carried out calculating the energy-saving modernization measures in terms of energy efficiency investment. This thesis consist of four parts: an introduction, the analytical part which includes the Lithuanian housing sector review, the blocks of flats modernization programme analysis and foreing countries experience in modernization of the blocks of flats, the research part – the analysis of foreing experience in modernization of the blocks of flats, a conclusion and recommendations, a reference and annexes. Thesis contains 97 pages of text (without annexes). There are 23 figures, 14 tables, 67 bibliographical sources. Appendixes included.

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Kostíková, Veronika. "Posouzení vlivu provedení zateplení bytového domu v Třebíči na výdaje spojené s provozem této nemovitosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232619.

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This thesis evaluates the influence of thermal insulation of residential building design for expenses associated with operating the property. The thesis first analyzes the current problems in our panel construction, basic concepts related to energy performance of buildings and methods of supplying heat to the building. Is discussed in more detail the way the building insulation using ETICS. In assessing the economic returns are two options proposed austerity measures. The work includes Energy Performance Certificate apartment house, on the basis of the assessed amount of energy saved for the variations of thermal insulation. Both variants are also measured by isolating the needs for economic evaluation. The conclusion assesses the turnaround time of each action.

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Ševčíková, Kateřina. "Zpracování projektu fotovoltaického systému." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216786.

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The diploma thesis deals with elaboration of project solar thermal and photovoltaic solar systems for all-season service. The theoretical part focuses on the general description of the solar thermal and photovoltaic systems, legislation of renewable sources in the Czech Republic and the status of photovoltaics in the Czech Republic. The experimental part deals with the design of measures for energy saving by using solar energy systems. These measures are proposed for construction of houses in Podolí u Brna, especially on extra-family house. The aim of the work is to make a proportioning, choosing the right parts and calculating the economic and ecologic balance. Finally, thesis gives recommendations for further action in saving energy in houses in Podolí u Brna.

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Ramão, Ana Cláudia Lemos. "Análise do desempenho térmico e consumo de energia de edificação residencial vertical que atende aos critérios da NBR 15575:2013." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7456.

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Em razão da complexidade de avaliar os aspectos de desempenho da edificação por meio de percepção do usuário, esta pesquisa busca analisar por meio de simulação computacional o desempenho térmico de edificação residencial vertical e a relação do consumo de energia da fase de ocupação da edificação. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em analisar edificação residencial vertical classificada no nível superior da NBR 15.575: 2013 – Edificações habitacionais – Desempenho (NBR 15.575: 2013), certificada pelo Instituto Tecnológico em Desempenho e Construção civil – itt Performance na fase de projeto e execução, através de fatores que influenciam de consumo de energia. O estudo de caso refere-se à comparação com outra edificação construída antes do vigor da norma NBR 15.575: 2013, ambas localizadas na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre – RS. A influência dos sistemas construtivos foi analisada a partir dos requisitos e critérios da norma, sendo realizada simulação computacional por meio do software EnergyPlus. Informações sobre o consumo de energia dos apartamentos foram coletadas por meio de leituras mensais nos medidores digitais de energia de cada unidade habitacional, no período de abril a julho de 2018. Com base no resultado do consumo de energia por meio de leitura, analisando ambas as edificações e diferentes fachadas é possível afirmar que, a edificação classificada no nível superior de desempenho térmico não demonstrou consumo de energia inferior à edificação com nível mínimo de desempenho térmico, nos meses analisados e com as variáveis utilizadas, que não consideraram hábitos dos ocupantes dos apartamentos.
Due to the complexity of evaluating the performance aspects of a building through the user’s perception, this study aims to analyze the thermal performance of vertical residential buildings and the ratio with the energy consumption during their lenght of occupancy by means of computational simulation. This work aims to analyze vertical residential buildings classified as higher level ones according to the NBR 15.575: 2013 – Edificações habitacionais – Desempenho (Residential Buildings – Performance), certified by the Instituto Tecnológico em Desempenho e Construção civil – itt Performance (Performance and Civil Construction Technological Institute – itt Performance) in their project and implementation phases and to evaluate the factors that influence energy consumption. This case study compares them to another building delivered before the force of the NBR 15.575: 2013 located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre - RS. Information on the energy consumption of the apartments was collected through monthly readings on the digital energy meters of each housing unit, from April to July 2018. Based on the result of the energy consumption by reading, analyzing both buildings and different facades, it is possible to state that, the building classified in the upper level of thermal performance did not demonstrate energy consumption lower than the building with minimum level of thermal performance, in the months analyzed and with the variables used, that did not consider habits of the occupants of the apartments.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy consumption; Thermal'

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