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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division

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Academic literature on the topic 'Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division"

1

Hasatani, Masanobu. "Highly efficient conversion technologies for energy utilization." Energy Conversion and Management 38, no. 10-13 (1997): 931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(96)00124-0.

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McCormick, Michael E., and Oavid R. B. Kraemer. "Ocean Wave Energy Utilization." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 4 (2002): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787908617.

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The exploitation of ocean waves in electricity production, potable-water production, waterbody revitalization and farming is discussed. Those energy-conversion technologies that are now at the prototype stage are described. The systems are those that are resonant in nature, since resonant systems have been found to be the most efficient. The efficiency of these systems is due to both diffraction-induced wave focusing and possible impedance-matching.

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Gu, Yu Jiong, Jing Hua Huang, Li Jun Zhao, and Bing Bing Wang. "Progress of Generating Technologies on Oceanic Wave Energy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2452.

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Oceanic wave power has drawn wide attention in the field of oceanic energy utilization around the world due to its giant reserves and clean renewable energy. The utilization technologies of wave power have tended to be mature, and are running into or near commercial exploitation level. This paper fully summarizes the basic principle of wave power utilization technologies, especially its multiple energy conversion system. The status of oceanic wave energy conversion technologies and main oceanic wave generating devices around the world are presented. Furthermore, the research and application progress of oceanic wave power generating technologies are illustrated in detail. After all, from the trends and broad prospects, the utilization of wave power is of great importance for the exploitation of oceanic resources in the littorals. It is also vital for the development of islands far away from continents, as well as essential for the combination wave energy and other marine energy resources.

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Zheng, Yun, Wenqiang Zhang, Yifeng Li, et al. "Energy related CO2 conversion and utilization: Advanced materials/nanomaterials, reaction mechanisms and technologies." Nano Energy 40 (October 2017): 512–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.08.049.

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Kong, Si Fang, Hui Liu, Fu Shuan Ma, and Hui Zeng. "Research Progress on Biomass Liquid-Fuel Products by Thermo-Chemical Conversion." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.472.

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Thermo-chemical conversion to prepare biomass liquid fuel is one of the most promising biomass utilization technologies for biomass energy. Direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction, two main thermo-chemical conversion technologies for liquid fuel from biomass were introduced in detail. Moreover, the latest research status of five kinds of liquid-fuel products from biomass by thermo-chemical conversion technology, such as methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, biodiesel and biomass pyrolytic oil were especially discussed. In addition, the problems existing in the thermo-chemical conversion technology and products are discussed and the developing trend and some proposals on thermo-chemical utilization of biomass energy in future are p resented.

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Karp, I. M., K. Ye Pyanykh, and K. K. Pianykh. "UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2019.05.

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Sewage sludge utilization technologies must meet two requirements: the use of energy potential and ensuring that the products of their processing are not negatively affected by the environment. New technologies for the disposal of sediments that meet these requirements are being developed: pyrolysis, hydro pyrolysis, combined processes of fermentation and gasification, polygeneration, steam conversion, gasification of mixtures with other fuels, thermocatalytic reforming, three-stage gasification. Most of these technologies have not yet been commercialized. The energy potential of «fresh» sediments in Ukraine is estimated at 446 thousand tons of conditional fuel. Its use for the electricity production and thermal energy and secondary liquid and solid fuels is appropriate as being consistent with the global trend of decentralized energy development. The economically efficient, acceptable for Ukrainian conditions is the technology used to dispose of sediment, is their joint combustion with other solid fuels and waste in boilers of power stations and in cement kilns. For objects of decentralized energy, it should be preferred to the processes of gasification or pyrolysis of sewage sludge. Composting technology is acceptable to dispose of accumulated precipitates. Bibl. 27, Fig. 5, Tab. 3.

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Wang, Y., S. M. Zhang, and Y. Deng. "Flexible low-grade energy utilization devices based on high-performance thermoelectric polyaniline/tellurium nanorod hybrid films." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 9 (2016): 3554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta01140c.

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Chen, Xiao, Hongyi Gao, Zhaodi Tang, Wenjun Dong, Ang Li, and Ge Wang. "Optimization strategies of composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage, transfer, conversion and utilization." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 12 (2020): 4498–535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01355b.

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Thermal energy harvesting technologies based on composite phase change materials (PCMs) are capable of harvesting tremendous amounts of thermal energy via isothermal phase transitions, thus showing enormous potential in the design of state-of-the-art renewable energy infrastructure.

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Bishoge, Obadia Kyetuza, Xinmei Huang, Lingling Zhang, Hongzhi Ma, and Charity Danyo. "The adaptation of waste-to-energy technologies: towards the conversion of municipal solid waste into a renewable energy resource." Environmental Reviews 27, no. 4 (2019): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0061.

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Currently, there are an estimated 1.3 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated per year globally, and this quantity is predicted to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes annually by 2025. If not well treated, this rapid growth of waste products can lead to socio-economic and environmental problems. Waste is potentially a misplaced valuable resource that can be converted and utilized in different ways such as renewable energy resources for the realization of sustainable development. Presently, waste-to-energy technologies (WtETs) are considered to be an encouraging advanced technology that is applied to convert MSW into a renewable energy resource (methane, biogas, biofuels or biodiesel, ethanol, syngas, or alcohol). WtETs can be biochemical (fermentation, anaerobic digestion, landfill with gas capture, and microbial fuel cell), thermochemical (incineration, thermal gasification, and pyrolysis), or chemical (esterification). This review mainly aims to provide an overview of the applications of these technologies by focusing on anaerobic digestion as biological (nonthermal) treatment technologies, and incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification processes as thermal treatment processes. Landfill gas utilization technologies, biological hydrogen production processes, and microbial fuel cells also are assessed. In addition, the contemporary risks and challenges of WtETs are reviewed.

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He, Jianjia, Xiumeng Wu, Junxiang Li, and Shengxue He. "Multi-energy conversion based on game theory in the industrial interconnection." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (2021): e0245622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245622.

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The multi-energy conversion system (MCS) plays an important role in improving the utilization of energy resources and realizing the energy transition. With the application of the new generation of information technologies, the new MCS can realize real-time information interaction, multi-energy collaboration, and real-time demand response, in which energy suppliers can intelligently motivate consumers' energy use behavior. In this paper, an MCS coupled with a cloud platform is proposed to address information explosion and data security issues. Due to the development of Internet technology, the increasing energy data, and the serious energy coupling, it is difficult for traditional optimization methods to deal with the interaction between participants of the MCS. Therefore, the non-cooperative game is used to formulate the interactions between participants with the aim of maximizing the energy suppliers' profit and minimizing the customers' cost. It is proved that the game model is an ordinary game with one Nash equilibrium. The simulation was performed with a gradient projection algorithm and the results show that the proposed MCS improves energy utilization efficiency through energy conversion while ensuring consumer satisfaction, and benefits both the customers and suppliers by reducing the energy consumption cost and the peak load demand, which effectively improve the supply quality and enrich the energy consumption patterns.

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Books on the topic "Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division"

1

ECUT, energy conversion and utilization technologies program: Biocatalysis Project, annual report, FY 1989. The Laboratory, 1990.

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ECUT, energy conversion and utilization technologies program: Biocatalysis project, annual report, FY 1985. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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Larri, Baresi, United States. Dept. of Energy. Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division., and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (U.S.), eds. ECUT, Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Program: Biocatalysis project, annual report, FY 1988. Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division, Office of Energy Systems Research, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1989.

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Morris, L. E. Annual Progress Report of the Materials Project of the Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies (ECUT) Program for Fiscal Year 1983. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division"

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Coda, Beatrice, Roland Berger, and Klaus R. G. Hein. "Sustainable Utilization of Paper Sludge for Energy Conversion: Economic Potential and Environmental Feasibility." In New and Renewable Technologies for Sustainable Development. Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0296-8_12.

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Bajpai, Pratima. "Advantages and disadvantages of biomass utilization." In Biomass to Energy Conversion Technologies. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818400-4.00007-4.

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"MHD Generator for Waste Heat Utilization in Northern Conditions." In Metallurgical Technologies, Energy Conversion, and Magnetohydrodynamic Flows. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866210.0239.0243.

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"Energy and Energy Efficiency." In Technologies for Electrical Power Conversion, Efficiency, and Distribution. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-647-6.ch001.

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Originally, coal was the main source of energy. It remains so throughout the 18th century during the period of the rapid industry development. Later on, oil and naphtha began to be used as energy sources and their usage expanded especially in 19th century. A special feature of the above mentioned fossil fuels is their long creation period – requiring millennia. They are a result of rotting of different plant and animal kinds. In comparison to the period of their formation, the period of their utilization is far shorter. In accordance with a number of existing statistics about 2050 year it may be talked about a depletion of the liquid fossil fuels, also, the world coal supplies are considered to last within the next 200 years. Therefore, the development of nuclear power engineering is considered to be one of the alternatives to generate energy. Recently, the nuclear power energy generation has been denied in many countries because of the risks associated with its generation and because these risks have been confirmed by serious accidents throughout the World. The storage of worked nuclear waste is also a problem and risky. The renewable energy sources are another possibility to generate energy.

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Ling-Chin, Janie, Huashan Bao, Zhiwei Ma, Wendy Taylor, and Anthony Paul Roskilly. "State-of-the-Art Technologies on Low-Grade Heat Recovery and Utilization in Industry." In Energy Conversion - Current Technologies and Future Trends. IntechOpen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78701.

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Garba, Abdurrahman. "Biomass Conversion Technologies for Bioenergy Generation: An Introduction." In Biomass [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93669.

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Over the last century, there has been increasing debate concerning the use of biomass for different purposes such as foods, feeds, energy fuels, heating, cooling and most importantly biorefinery feedstock. The biorefinery products were aimed to replace fossil fuels and chemicals as they are renewable form of energy. Biomass is a biodegradable product from agricultural wastes and residues, forestry and aquaculture. Biomass could be sourced from a variety of raw materials such as wood and wood processing by-products, manure, fractions of organic waste products and agricultural crops. As a form of renewable energy, they have the advantages of easy storage, transportation, flexible load utilization and versatile applications. The aim of this study is to provide an overview for thermochemical and biochemical biomass conversion technologies that were employed currently. Attention was also paid to manufacture of biofuels because of their potentials as key market for large-scale green sustainable biomass product.

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"Technologies for Improving Efficiency of Energy Conversion and Utilization and the Effects on Global CO2 Emission." In Greenhouse Gas Carbon Dioxide Mitigation. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482227833-10.

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Akhoon, S. A., S. Rubab, and M. A. Shah. "A Review of Various Nanostructures to Enhance the Efficiency of Solar-Photon-Conversions." In Renewable and Alternative Energy. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1671-2.ch007.

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The problem of dwindling energy can be attributed to the rapidly increasing worldwide energy demand, leading to an urgent need for alternative energy-harvesting technologies to sustain the economic growth by maintaining our appetite for energy. Among them, solar-energy-harvesting is most promising, and the huge demand for clean, cost-effective, and cost-efficient energy can be met by solar energy. The large-scale solar energy utilization has not become practical because of the high cost and inadequate efficiencies of the current solar-energy-conversions. Nanotechnology offers tools to develop cost-effective and cost-efficient technologies for solar-energy conversions. Nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanopillars, nanodomes, nanorods, quatumdots, nanoparticles, etc., facilitate photon absorption, electron transport, and electron collection properties of the solar-energy-conversion devices. This review specifically summarizes the contribution of the nanotechnology to photovoltaics, dye-sensitive solar cells, quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, and solar hydrogen production devices.

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Akhoon, S. A., S. Rubab, and M. A. Shah. "A Review of Various Nanostructures to Enhance the Efficiency of Solar-Photon-Conversions." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6304-6.ch010.

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The problem of dwindling energy can be attributed to the rapidly increasing worldwide energy demand, leading to an urgent need for alternative energy-harvesting technologies to sustain the economic growth by maintaining our appetite for energy. Among them, solar-energy-harvesting is most promising, and the huge demand for clean, cost-effective, and cost-efficient energy can be met by solar energy. The large-scale solar energy utilization has not become practical because of the high cost and inadequate efficiencies of the current solar-energy-conversions. Nanotechnology offers tools to develop cost-effective and cost-efficient technologies for solar-energy conversions. Nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanopillars, nanodomes, nanorods, quatumdots, nanoparticles, etc., facilitate photon absorption, electron transport, and electron collection properties of the solar-energy-conversion devices. This review specifically summarizes the contribution of the nanotechnology to photovoltaics, dye-sensitive solar cells, quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, and solar hydrogen production devices.

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Kazawadi, Deodatus, Justin Ntalikwa, and Godlisten Kombe. "Biowastes as a Potential Energy Source in Africa." In Recent Perspectives in Pyrolysis Research [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99992.

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High population and industrialization have brought the need for a reliable and sustainable source of energy and protection of the environment. Although Africa has a low energy consumption capacity (3.4% of the global share in 2019), its high population growth rate and industrialization predict high energy demand in the future. Reliable and available energy resources are required to protect the environment and create energy dependency. Despite Africa’s low energy consumption capacity (3.4% of global consumption in 2019), its rapid population growth rate and industrialization indicate future significant energy demand. The current high production of biowastes with high energy content and their low utilization provides an opportunity for energy dependency, crop value addition, creation of jobs, and protection of the environment. The chapter has identified that the African population of 1.203 billion in 2017 consumed 928 Mtoe of energy and this demand is expected to increase in years to come. The energy mix has been identified to depend on fossil fuels with little consideration of biowastes. The biowaste is reported to contain 20.1 TWh in 2025. Biowaste is currently underutilized, and there are few conversion methods available. Government and non-government investments have been reported to be making efforts to improve bioenergy and biowaste usage. The prevailing challenges have been low proven technologies, poor energy policy, low population knowledge, and poor investments. Biowastes use can be increased when environmental laws and legislation are tightened, energy policy strengthened and enforced, cheap and appropriate technologies are introduced, and the population Education is provided. It is expected that when biowastes are well utilized, energy will be available even in disadvantaged (remote) areas at an affordable price for the developing continent of Africa.

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Conference papers on the topic "Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division"

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Hepp, Aloysius F., Bryan A. Palaszewski, Anthony J. Colozza, Geoffrey A. Landis, Donald A. Jaworske, and Michael J. Kulis. "In-Situ Resource Utilization for Space Exploration: Resource Processing, Mission-Enabling Technologies, and Lessons for Sustainability on Earth and Beyond." In 12th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-3761.

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Mohanty, P., A. Sharma, N. Thakur, K. R. Sharma, and A. Chaurey. "Laboratory and field based integrated approach for assessing performance and utilization of LED Solar Lanterns in rural areas." In 2012 International Conference on Advances in Power Conversion and Energy Technologies (APCET). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcet.2012.6302018.

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Borissov, Anatoli A., Alexander A. Borissov, and Kenneth K. Kramer. "High Efficiency Energy Conversion System Based on Modified Brayton Cycle." In ASME 2005 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2005-1051.

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Each year, the users in the U.S. alone spend over $100 billion on various type of engines to produce power — electrical, mechanical, and thermal. Despite technological advances, most all of these power generation systems have only been fine tuned: the engine efficiencies may have been improved slightly, but the underlying thermodynamic principles have not been modified to effect a drastic improvement. The result is that most engines in service today suffer from two major problems: low fuel efficiency and emission of high levels of polluting gases in the exhaust gases. The current state of propulsion engines or distributed generation technologies using heat engines shows an average efficiency of between 20% and 40%. These low efficiencies in a high–cost energy market indicate a great need for more efficient technologies. This paper describes a new method of achieving a very high efficiency, namely optimizing every stage of the thermodynamic process-Brayton cycle. Two modified processes, such as isothermal compression and recuperation, add about 35% efficiency to the conventional Brayton cycle, making 60% efficiency for modified Brayton cycle. By utilizing a positive displacement compressor and expander with a novel vortex combustion chamber and a vortex recuperator, high levels of efficiency with low emissions and noise are possible. The prototype engine with low RPM and high torque has been built which use continuous combustion of different fuels under a constant pressure. First results of the engine’s components testing are presented.

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Assadi, Mohsen, Mohammad Mansouri Majoumerd, Kuntal Jana, and Sudipta De. "Intelligent Biogas Fuelled Distributed Energy Conversion Technologies: Overview of a Pilot Study in Norway." In ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2014-8231.

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It is foreseen that distributed power generation, using biogas and natural gas as fuel, will play increasingly important role in the future European energy market. These technologies are presenting controllable power generation capacity as complementary to the installed intermittent renewable power generation in terms of wind and solar. A nationally funded project was initiated in Stavanger, Norway in 2010, led by the Center for Sustainable Energy Solutions (cenSE), to investigate use of existing small scale energy conversion technologies developed for natural gas, using as much as possible biogas mixed with natural gas without any hardware modifications to the energy conversion units. Three test setups with a micro gas turbine (100 kWe), a gas engine (11 kWe) and a short stack of solid oxide fuel cell consisting of six cells (30–40 We) were installed for experimental studies, providing necessary data for model validation and development of data driven models for engine performance monitoring. This paper reports the results of the project, concerning mapping the operational window for use of mixture of simulated biogas (50% methane, 50% CO2) and natural gas for each technology as an enabler of biogas utilization with natural gas as fallback solution. The CO2 reduction potential, when natural gas is replaced with biogas, is also presented. Moreover, the capability of using data driven models based on artificial neural network for online monitoring and control of the engine performance at various operational conditions is shown. Detailed reporting on various aspects of fuel composition and technology impact has been conducted earlier. This paper provides a total overview and a comparison of performance of the technologies tested in this study.

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Yin, Sudong, Yanglin Pan, and Zhongchao Tan. "Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion of Glucose to Light Petroleum Alkanes." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90433.

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The production of carbon-neutral liquid fuels from renewable biomass has attracted worldwide interest in an age of depletion of fossil fuel reserves and pollutions caused by utilization of fossil petroleum. Currently, commercial bio-oil production technologies include bio-ethanol, bio-diesel and pyrolysis bio-oil. But, these bio-oils mainly consist of alcohols and aromatic chemicals rather than alkanes of the main components of gasoline and diesel. Direct utilization of these bio-oils can corrode car engines as well as emitting large unburned hydrocarbons particles through automotive combustion system. Therefore, in this study, catalytic hydrothermal conversion (CHTC) of glucose to alkanes in a single batch reactor was investigated with respect to effects of conversion parameters such as initial pressure of process gas H2, pH level of aqueous solution and catalysts on alkane yields and compositions. Results showed that the highest alkane yield of 21.6% (based on the mol of the input glucose) was obtained at 265 °C, with 300 psi of H2 process gas, 0.5 g catalyst of 1w%. Pt/Al2O3 and a residence time of 15 h. The alkane yield was significantly influenced by the initial pressure of H2, which increased with increasing H2 pressure. On the other hand, the alkane yields first increased and then decreased with pH levels. Also, more alkanes were produced by Pt/Al2O3 than Pd/Al2O3. Regarding alkane compositions, high initial pressure of H2 favored the production of relatively heavy C3–4 alkanes. With 300 psi of initial H2, C3H8 and C4H10 accounted for 75% of the total produced alkanes. All of the experimental data in this study lead to one conclusion that petroleum alkanes can be directly produced from glucose.

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Ajotikar, Nikhil, Brian J. Eggart, and Scott A. Miers. "Nucleate Boiling Identification and Utilization for Improved Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency." In ASME 2010 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2010-35118.

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Internal combustion engines continue to become more compact and require greater heat rejection capacity. This demands research in cooling technologies and investigation into the limitations of current forced convection based cooling methods. A promising solution is the cooling strategy optimized with nucleate boiling to help meet these efficiency and emission requirements. Nucleate boiling results in an increased heat transfer coefficient, potentially an order of magnitude greater than forced convection, thereby providing improved cooling of an engine. This allows reduced coolant flow rates, increased efficiency, and reduced engine warm-up time. A study was conducted to characterize nucleate boiling occurring in the cooling passages of an IC engine cylinder head in a computational as well as experimental domain. The simulation was conducted to understand the physics of boiling occurring in an engine cooling passage and provide support for a potential boiling detection method. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed for a simplified, two dimensional domain that resembled an engine cooling passage. The simulation results were followed by investigations of a pressure-based detection technique which was proven to be an effective method to detect boiling. An experimental test rig was used which consisted of a single combustion chamber section from a 5.4L V8 cylinder head. Water was used as the coolant. Results demonstrate the phase change physics involved in the boiling in an engine cooling passage, pressure variations in the coolant, heat flux data associated with the onset of nucleate boiling, and a comparison with existing boiling curves for water. Results of the simulation and experimental setup indicated that the change in energy and accompanying increase in pressure values can be related to bubble dynamics and thus provides a potential method to accurately detect nucleate boiling occurrence in an engine cooling system.

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Green, Alex E. S., and Ritesh P. Chaube. "Pyrolysis Systematics for Co-Utilization Applications." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38229.

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A semi-empirical model (SEM) of slow pyrolysis (SP) of carbonaceous material along nature’s coalification path has been under development to facilitate blending of various feedstocks in fuel conversion systems (pyrolyzers, combustors, gasifiers, liquefiers and carbonizers). The model was adjusted to coal data in the literature and our own drop tube pyrolysis measurements with various types of biomass. The latest version of the model is here adapted to represent the flash pyrolysis (FP) yields of 15 products (CaHbOc) for 17 coal types measured by Xu and Tomita (XT) at 1037°K and at 5 additional temperatures for 8 of the coals. A good analytical representation of yields vs. C, H and O wt%s and temperature is found that makes the Xu-Tomita FP measurements conveniently available for many fuel conversion applications. Our larger objective is to help bring order into the fundamentals underlying humankind’s oldest technologies, the extraction of energy out of wood and coal.

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Herdin, G. R., F. Gruber, D. Plohberger, and M. Wagner. "Experience With Gas Engines Optimized for H2-Rich Fuels." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0596.

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The gas engine is a very efficient possibility of a technological approach for the conversion of chemically bound energy into mechanical or electrical power. Degrees of efficiency achieved thus far through the electrification of natural gas amount to up to 45% depending on the engine size and further potentials are already being opened up. Gas engines therefore do not need to fear a comparison with diesel engines in terms of efficiency. The modern gas engines have considerable advantages regarding emissions. The state of the art for the NOx emissions of natural gas engines can presently be given as 0.7 g/kWh (diesel 5 g NOx/kWh) with practically particle-free combustion. As a result of these features the gas engine is especially suitable for the very efficient process of cogeneration of heat and power, through which total degrees of fuel efficiency of about 90% can be attained. As such, the gas engine is even superior to all previously introduced types of fuel cells. The utilization of H2-rich gases as fuel can be seen as a new field of application of gas engines. Jenbacher AG already has many years of experience in the field of “H2-rich fuels” with optimization of combustion control and mixture formation. The H2 content extend from 100% to very low caloric values of gases in the range of 1.67 MJ/Nm3. The gases to be utilized by the gas engines come primarily from thermal pyrolysis processes of biomass or RDF fuels. A very good efficiency behavior with uncommonly low NOx emissions can be determined as the common result of all gas engine sizes. In the case of the high NH3 content of e.g. wood gas, despite the extreme lean-burn operation through the primary formation of NOx from the fuel, no NOx minimum can be attained. For the future, making the step into H2-rich fuel technology particularly regarding emissions means a big step towards the low NOx concepts and thus the further reduction of engine emissions.

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Laboe, Kevin, and Marcello Canova. "Powertrain Waste Heat Recovery: A Systems Approach to Maximize Drivetrain Efficiency." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81160.

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Up to 65% of the energy produced in an internal combustion engine is dissipated to the engine cooling circuit and exhaust gases [1]. Therefore, recovering a portion of this heat energy is a highly effective solution to improve engine and drivetrain efficiency and to reduce CO2 emissions, with existing vehicle and powertrain technologies [2,3]. This paper details a practical approach to the utilization of powertrain waste heat for light vehicle engines to reduce fuel consumption. The “Systems Approach” as described in this paper recovers useful energy from what would otherwise be heat energy wasted into the environment, and effectively distributes this energy to the transmission and engine oils thus reducing the oil viscosities. The focus is on how to effectively distribute the available powertrain heat energy to optimize drivetrain efficiency for light duty vehicles, minimizing fuel consumption during various drive cycles. To accomplish this, it is necessary to identify the available powertrain heat energy during any drive cycle and cold start conditions, and to distribute this energy in such a way to maximize the overall efficiency of the drivetrain.

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10

Cohen, Alan S., Shawn Worster, and Michael Brown. "Back to the Future: Lesson Learned in Implementing Emerging Technologies." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2318.

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“Energy cost increases are expected to continue.... The impact of these energy cost increases on attractiveness of energy recovery could be significant.” “A number of new technological developments have been underway over the past few years that are now becoming available as full-scale systems and that are greatly expanding the opportunities for energy recovery from mixed municipal waste.” These sound like statements from today’s headlines or the latest marketing brochures reflecting the promise of emerging waste management technologies. The reality is that these statements were made over thirty years ago. Communities planning on implementing any new technology as part of their solid waste management program should proceed with caution. After all, the second quote above was followed by the following statement. “These systems have generally been developed by firms in private industry as new business ventures. Monsanto, Union Carbide, Devco, Garrett Research and Development (a division of Occidental Petroleum), Hercules, Black-Clawson, Horner-Schiffrin and Combustion Equipment Associates have been some of the most active firms.” Although many communities relied upon performance and financial guarantees offered by these companies, none of projects developed by them were successful. Similarly, there was a wave of optimism and projects that were implemented in the 1990’s involving numerous mixed municipal waste biological (i.e., composting) projects that also failed for economic or technical reasons. From these prior experiences, lessons can be drawn to assist communities evaluate the risks and rewards in procuring and contracting for today’s emerging technologies. The waste being delivered to these failed projects, unlike some of the salespersons, did not go away. These failed projects had to be redeveloped and replacement projects implemented to deal with the daily tide at the curb. A number of consultants, including the authors, started in the solid waste business redeveloping some of these failed initial efforts. From these prior experiences, lessons can be drawn to assist communities evaluate the risks and rewards in procuring today’s emerging technologies. New thermal conversion, pyrolysis, gasification, and bioconversion technologies are being proposed for projects throughout the U.S. based on experience in North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Many communities have issued RFP’s to include emerging technologies in their integrated solid waste management systems. To successfully procure and finance a project involving one of these emerging technologies, the project sponsor or developer will need to: • Locate a politically suitable site for the project; • Acquire waste supply commitments; • Develop energy and material sales approaches and agreements; • Arrange for residue disposal; • Obtain permits to operate; and • Arrange for the financing. In addition to the above components, the efficacy of the technology and the financial backing provided by the technology supplier are critical to a successful project. Not unlike the early 1970’s and 1990’s companies are promoting the advantages and successful applications of new approaches to solid waste management. In doing so, some companies are asking communities to provide a suitable site (usually adjacent to or near an exiting permitted landfill or other solid waste management facility), supply waste, dispose of any residue, and assist in the permitting of a new project. The company may take the responsibility to arrange for energy and material markets, obtain the permits, and finance the project. The company’s objective is to develop a demonstration of their technology using mixed municipal solid waste, or a portion of the waste stream, in a U.S. community from which it can build its business. Before entering into long term obligations associated with such arrangements, it is important that a community consider the following: • How much will it cost to deliver waste to the new facility? • What impact will it have on the balance of the solid waste management system? • If the new system does not work, is there an alternative location, both in the short- and long-run to process/dispose of the waste? • If there are odor or other environmental problems that cannot be mitigated, is there a way to terminate the operation of the facility? • If the project does not succeed, will the company be responsible for razing the facility and returning a clean site? What other obligations will the company have? • What are the obligations of the community if the project does succeed? • What is the definition of success? • How long must the project be successfully demonstrated before it is converted into a fully commercial operation? • If this involves an expansion of the project, is the community obligated to proceed? This presentation compares and contrasts the experiences of the past with the current approaches being taken by firms promoting these technologies and communities implementing them in the hope of learning from our past.. Case studies will be discussed to support the conclusions and recommendations presented.

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Reports on the topic "Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Division"

1

Fine, H. A. Thermal insulation research plan for the Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies (ECUT) materials program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5076356.

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2

Eberhardt, J. J., M. E. Gunn, and T. M. Levinson. Systems analysis research for energy conversion and utilization technologies (ECUT). FY 1985 annual report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6493177.

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3

Drost, M. K., and J. R. Zaworski. Review of second law analysis techniques applicable to the Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Thermal Sciences Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6105365.

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4

Morris, L. E., A. Jordan, and J. A. Carpenter, Jr. Materials project of the Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies (ECUT) program for Fiscal Year 1983: Annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7088303.

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