Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy corridors'

Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Relações Internacionais, Política Internacional e Resolução de Conflitos, apresentada à Faculdade de Economia da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>The annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the following conflict in Eastern Ukraine was assumed to lock the door between the EU and Russia. Yet, even at the peak of the political conflict between them, the natural gas continued to flow in the background, from Russia, via Ukraine, and further to the European consumers. Even more, in December 2019, Kiev and Moscow signed a new gas deal providing for the continuation of the Russian gas transit through Ukraine. During the same timeframe, Russia and Turkey engaged in a diplomatic and political dispute that froze their relations for almost one year, while choosing to stand on opposing positions in the military conflicts in Syria and Libya. Nonetheless, the two countries continued with their common project and built the Turkish Stream natural gas pipeline. The Turkish Stream has been depicted as a geopolitical rival of the EU-backed Southern Gas Corridor, yet neither Brussels, nor Moscow have opposed or criticised the other party’s project. The narratives around the EU’s dependence on Russian gas imports have become increasingly politicised in recent years warning about Europe’s vulnerability to disruptions and the misuse of gas as a weapon by Moscow. However, the EU imports and uses less natural gas than oil in its energy mix and its gas demand is expected to decrease further. Intrigued by these contradictions, I research in this thesis how conflict and cooperation have been employed by the key energy players in the Caspian-Black Sea region and I argue that conflict and cooperation do not exclude each other, that they co-exist in a conflict-cooperation perpetuum. The new conceptual tool is particularly useful to explain why the players engaged in a political conflict are able to simultaneously cooperate in the energy field. Noting that neither the Southern Gas Corridor, nor the Turkish Stream fulfil the energy security needs of their proponents, the EU, Russia and Turkey, I propose using the theoretical framework of ontological security in order to unveil the deeper layer of their existential motivations that, in addition to the material considerations, underpin their decisions and behaviour, and shape the complex relationships between them.<br>A anexação da Crimeia em 2014 e o conflito que se seguiu no Leste da Ucrânia pareciam ter trancado a porta entre a UE e a Rússia. Contudo, mesmo no auge do conflito político entre estes dois atores, o gás natural continuou a fluir, da Rússia, via Ucrânia, para os consumidores europeus. Além do mais, em dezembro de 2019, Kiev e Moscovo assinaram um novo acordo energético que prevê a continuação do trânsito de gás russo pela Ucrânia. Durante o mesmo período de tempo, a Rússia e a Turquia envolveram-se numa disputa diplomática e política que congelou as suas relações durante quase um ano, enquanto as suas escolhas denotavam posições opostas nos conflitos militares na Síria e na Líbia. No entanto, os dois países prosseguiram o projeto comum de construção do gasoduto Turkish Stream. Este gasoduto tem sido descrito como um rival geopolítico do Southern Gas Corridor, apoiado pela UE, mas nem Bruxelas, nem Moscovo se opuseram ou criticaram o outro projeto do outro. As narrativas em torno da dependência da UE das importações de gás russo tornaram-se cada vez mais politizadas nos últimos anos, alertando para a vulnerabilidade da Europa e potenciais ruturas e uso indevido do gás como arma por Moscovo. No entanto, a UE importa e consome menos gás natural do que petróleo em termos energéticos e prevê-se que a procura de gás diminua ainda mais. Intrigada por estas contradições, esta tese investiga de que modo dinâmicas de conflito e cooperação têm sido usadas pelos principais atores da energia na região do Mar Cáspio-Mar Negro e argumenta que o conflito e a cooperação não se excluem, ao invés coexistem no que denomino de conflito-cooperação perpetuum. Esta nova ferramenta concetual é particularmente útil para explicar por que atores envolvidos num conflito político são simultaneamente capazes de cooperar no campo da energia. Notando que nem o Southern Gas Corridor, nem o Turkish Stream respondem cabalmente às necessidades de segurança energética dos seus proponentes, a UE, a Rússia e a Turquia, proponho usar o quadro teórico da segurança ontológica para melhor compreender a camada mais profunda das suas motivações existenciais que, além de considerações materiais, informam as suas decisões e comportamento e moldam as complexas relações que existem entre eles.

This thesis focuses on the discussion of the diversifying natural gas imports into the European Union and the role played by the Caspian region in this respect. The aim of the thesis is to describe the European Union's energy policy in the natural gas sector and to analyze the role of Caspian natural gas and the project of the Southern Gas Corridor. The question of relevance of the Caspian natural gas for strengthening the European Union's energy security comes along at the right time in the current debate on the further development of climate and energy policy. The policy, along with the draft framework for the creation of the Energy Union of 2015, integrates previously parallel European policies related to fight against climate change, energy security, internal energy market and external energy relations with third countries. The thesis is based on the hypothesis that the Caspian region is an alternative resource region capable of providing a diversification of natural gas imports to the European Union. The basic research questions are the following; "Is the European Union capable of influencing the conditions under which Caspian gas will be transported to Europe?" and "Is the Southern Gas Corridor capable of meeting the expectations of its planned volume of 60-120 billion cubic meters of natural...

This study attempts to analyze the evolution of the ENP in Southern Caucasus during post- Vilnius era. With contributions of the recent history, it aims to find out how these evolving policies affected the region from the competing theories perspective. It's seeking an answer to whether or not "initially neoliberal" strategy of ENP is designed to transform the region into a space with stability. While doing this, effectiveness of the ENP and multidirectional contributions it brought to the region is discussed. Neorealist and neoliberalist assumptions made for assessing the ENP's practices in the region. The thesis is methodologically supported with Congruence Analysis, which qualitatively enables us to observe theoretical developments based on multiple cases. Drawing on the main challenges to ENP's initial strategy, main hypotesis argue that neorealist assumptions are prevailing over neoliberalist assumptions, which can be shown as an outcome of the ENP's evolving policies in post- Vilnius era.

Pakistan has always had a history of severe energy shortfalls, which rose up to an alarming 33% in 2013. This situation was countered by investments in the energy sector through the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which were unfortunately largely based on brown fuels. Although beneficial in the short term, these investments do not bode well for the climate scenario of Pakistan, with various parts of the country already having experienced temperatures rise of 1-3°C. To ensure that the current situation doesn’t exacerbate and is tackled in a timely manner, this research aims to examine how the untapped potential of renewable energy in Pakistan can be better utilized by modelling the entire electrical grid system for multi-portfolio based sustainable electricity generation, in line with the sustainable development goals chalked out by Pakistan with the United Nations (UN). Delving further into the matter, a gap is observed that demands coalescence between sustainability and portfolio-based generation in the context of Pakistan, since the prevalent narrative is of Business As Usual (BAU). The research methodology implemented is a cross sectional case study employing qualitative and quantitative data collection methods and outcomes, in which the entire grid system of Pakistan is studied and sustainability metrics are defined; followed by a comprehensive use of Multi-Criteria Decision Methodology in decision making process. Portfolios defined are a combination of different generation technologies, each simulating a possible avenue of policy, and are then evaluated for a range of sustainability metrics to understand the tradeoffs involved to arrive at a set goal. The process decision framework developed shall enable the Pakistani energy sector in meeting the energy demands by providing the decision-makers with various routes to do so, while informing on the sustainability impact of their decisions.

The diploma thesis is focused on the energy security of the European union, specifically on the import of natural gas. The dependence on the import of natural gas is one of the key questions for the energy security of the EU. One of the tools for dealing with this issue is diversification of the suppliers a searching for a new sources of energy to sustain the economical development of the EU. One of the goals of the EU' Energy security strategy is to lower its dependence on gas imports from Russia. In the lights of recent events, when the gas supply was disrupted a few times, because of the events on Ukraine, Russian aggression in the eastern part of Ukraine and annexation of the Crimea, EU is looking for a better alternative. The research is trying to find out what is the role of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, which will bypass Ukraine and go straight from Russia to Germany and will have impact on other Central and Eastern European countries. The question is whether the project is viable vis-a-vis energy security framework metrics and whether there are better alternatives such as the Southern Gas Corridor or the possibility to import liquified natural gas LNG from elsewhere. Apart from the energy security framework the geopolitics is taken into an account and will try to explain the power...

A União Europeia enquanto uma das maiores economias globais é dependente do gás natural fornecido por terceiros. Considerando que os mercados deste recurso são regionais, derivado da maioria do seu transporte ser efectuado via gasoduto, o contexto geopolítico europeu depara-se com um conjunto de riscos, alguns de natureza política, que condicionam o estado de segurança energética relativa ao seu abastecimento de gás natural. Por conseguinte, a União Europeia implementou diversas estratégias que visam a criação de um mercado e espaço único relativo ao consumo de gás natural, tal como, tem procurado dinamizar as suas relações com outros exportadores, países-trânsito e consumidores. A respeito dessa dinamização de relações, a Comissão Europeia priorizou a criação de uma nova rota de abastecimento, o Corredor Meridional, composto por um sistema de gasodutos com o propósito de interligar potenciais produtores alternativos com os seus mercados consumidores. O objectivo deste projecto serve o aumento da sua diversificação, como uma das soluções fundamentais para o reforço da sua segurança energética. Todavia, as regiões alternativas incluídas nessa estratégia apresentam um conjunto de desafios com diversas origens que poderão condicionar o desenvolvimento do Corredor. Analisar e compreender todos estes contextos e em última instância, confirmar a importância da contribuição do Corredor Meridional para o aumento da segurança energética europeia, constituem os objectivos deste trabalho.<br>As one of the major global economies, the European Union is dependent on external supplies of natural gas. Considering that its markets have a regional dimension, as main form of transportation of natural gas is effected through pipelines, the European geopolitical context faces a set of risks, some of which are political in nature, that undermine its energy security status regarding natural gas supplies. Hence, the European Union has implemented several strategies that aim to create a common market and space correlated to natural gas consumption; as it has been trying to boost its relations with other exporter, transit and consumer countries. Concerning such improvement in relations, the European Commission prioritized the creation of a new supply route, the Southern Corridor, composed by a pipeline system with the purpose of connecting potential alternative suppliers with its consumer markets. The main goal of this project serves the increase of diversification, as one of the fundamental solutions to reinforce European energy security. However, the alternative regions included in this strategy pose a number of challenges of diverse naturewhich may compromise the Corridor’s development. To analyse and understand all these contexts and, ultimately, to confirm the importance of the Southern Corridor’s contribution to the increase of the European energy security, are the objectives of this work.

This work will try to analyse, if a project of Nort-South gas corridor is a really effective solution for EU and if this project really supports an effort to achieve a common energy security of EU. Work is based on hypothesis that natural gas and significant difference between member states of EU in dependence on Russian gas are the main problems which complicate efforts to achieve a common energy security of EU. Project, which could support efforts to achieve a common energy security of EU must be a project which could assure a diversification of gas routes and diversification of gas sources without weakening of energy security of any of EU member states. This work will try to analyse if existing gas projects (North Stream, South Stream, Nabucco and North- South gas corridor are really realistic projects which meet energy needs of member states of EU and long-term policy of EU. This work will try to prove, that North- South gas corridor is f the project, which really brings diversification of gas sources and gas routes and existence of this project will have also positive influence on efforts to achieve a common energy security of EU.

Master thesis "Czech Republic and its connection to new LNG terminals - strengthening of the gas security" examines the level of gas security in the Czech Republic. Dependency of the Czech Republic on gas supplies from foreign countries is almost 100 %. Russian federation is dominant supplier with roughly 75 % of the supplies. High dependency on one exporter is considered hazardous from energy security perspective. The Czech government should strive to change and improve this situation. The diversification is considered as a useful tool to improve the gas security. Currently there are new gas projects built in neighboring countries, which may influence energy security of the Czech Republic. The study researches the impact of these new projects on the Czech Republic. Namely we focused on gas pipeline Nord Stream and its Czech connection Gazelle, which will connect North Germany and Bavaria through the Czech Republic. Second project is gas network called "the North - South Corridor" connecting Baltic and Adriatic Sea. The North - South corridor may be potentially linked up to the new LNG terminals Świnoujście in Poland or Adria in Croatia. Furthermore, there are long-lasting plans to open new "South" gas route from Caspian region to Europe. The main goal of this thesis is to explore real...