Academic literature on the topic 'Energy decentralization'

La question de la transition énergétique se situe aujourd’hui en haut de l’agenda politique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle électrique, de déterminer quelles sont ses caractéristiques et s’il représente une alternative au modèle centralisé. En combinant trois perspectives d’analyse – institutionnelle, technologique et territoriale –, elle démontre que ce modèle centralisé a vécu. Un faisceau de changements a transformé en profondeur le système électrique dans sa matérialité et son organisation : libéralisation, production distribuée, décentralisation politique, etc. La nouvelle configuration qui s’élabore est hybride. Elle est le résultat de tensions entre d’un côté des innovations porteuses de changements sociotechniques importants et de l’autre des mécanismes de centralisation politico-administrative et de concentration technico-économique.L’État a perdu son hégémonie mais pas sa centralité, alors même que le secteur s’est diversifié (acteurs, technologies) et que l’électricité se diffuse dans toute la société (accession à la production, processus législatif, etc.). Ni la montée en compétence contrariée de l’UE, ni la libéralisation, ni l’émergence des collectivités n’ont totalement remis en cause sa capacité à se positionner au centre de la régulation du secteur. Son action est tout à la fois sélective (désengagement de l’opérationnel), intégratrice (EnR, collectivités), diffuse (financement, R&amp;D, législation, etc.) et parfois interventionniste (actionnariat, tarification, réseaux de transport et de distribution, etc.). Dans un contexte libéral, l’État s’adapte par une réforme pragmatique de son action et par l’intégration contrôlée des alternatives. Ce « libéralisme apprivoisé » correspond à une territorialisation de la politique publique de l’énergie à l’intérieur de laquelle les collectivités s’imposent selon une logique à la fois ascendante et descendante.Celles-ci sont en train, d’une part, principalement autour des EPCI et des conseils régionaux, de s’imposer comme des partenaires obligés de l’État dans la mise en œuvre et la gestion d’une pluralité de processus et de dispositifs techniques infranationaux. D’autre part, elles souhaitent s’affirmer dans ce secteur et disposent pour cela de leviers opérationnels (concession, planification, soutien aux EnR, information, etc.). Cette appropriation reste encore aujourd’hui partielle et inégale mais représente une tendance forte qui fait du local le nouvel horizon du secteur, y compris pour l’État qui adapte son organisation administrative autour de l’échelle régionale. Un processus d’autonomisation des collectivités, de nature juridique, est donc à l’œuvre, organisé par l’État et relevant d’une libre administration énergétique qui ne peut être réduite au développement d’une capacité de production d’énergie. Les nouvelles délimitations issues de cette autonomisation aboutissent à un agencement de territoires institutionnels qui ne remettent pas fondamentalement en question l’échelle nationale et le rôle de l’État.Cette configuration hybride dépend des modalités de développement de la production soumis à des mécanismes de concentration technico-économiques propres à l’industrie de réseau électrique, à son contexte, ainsi qu’aux logiques spatiales et territoriales dépendants de paramètres infrastructurels. C’est ce que démontre le déploiement contre-intuitif de la production distribuée qui s’effectue sous une forme mixte centralisée/décentralisée, résultat de l’interaction entre des formes de contrôle et des conditions sociotechniques spécifiques (spatialisation, logiques d’échelle, concentration des acteurs, etc.).La configuration qui émerge combine des éléments de rupture/décentralisation et de continuité/centralisation. Compte tenu de l’importance des évolutions à venir – NTIC, stockage –, celle-ci ne représente cependant probablement qu’une étape d’un long cheminement vers un nouveau modèle énergétique<br>Energy transition finds itself high on the political agenda, with electricity occupying its own specific place. The aim of this thesis is to reflect on the emergence of a new electricity model, and to determine its features and whether it offers an alternative to the centralised model. Using three perspectives for analysis – institutional, technological and regional – this thesis demonstrate that this model has had its day. An accumulation of changes has transformed the electricity system, both materially and in relation to its organisation: liberalisation, rise of distributed generation, political decentralisation, and so on. The new configuration currently under production is the result of contradictory socio-technical pressures; these are creating a hybrid system between a general trend towards decentralisation on one side and mechanisms for political-administrative centralisation and technico-economic concentration on the other.The state has lost its monopoly but not its central position, even though the sector has diversified in terms of actors and technologies and become more open to society (access to production, legislative process, etc.). Neither the frustrated progression of EU operations, liberalisation, nor the greater presence of local authorities has thus far been able to entirely undermine the state's ability to position itself at the centre of operational control of the sector. It acts in different ways: withdrawal from operational matters, integration of renewables, finance, R&amp;D, legislation, etc. On occasions it is also interventionist (shareholders, price structures, networks, etc.). In a liberal climate, the state is adapting by undertaking pragmatic reform of its activities and controlling the integration of socio-technical alternatives. This adaptation equates to a greater role for the regional authorities in public energy policy, as local areas continue to gain in importance. These regions and areas are currently defining themselves as indispensable partners of the state – largely on the basis of the bodies for intercommunal cooperation and the regional councils – for the management and implementation of a multitude of processes and technical measures at sub-national level. In parallel, they wish to assert their importance in the sector and can make use of their levers for operational control (planning, support for renewables, etc.) Today, they have still only appropriated the terrain partially and unevenly, but this strong trend means that local is the sector's new horizon, including for the state, which is adapting the organisation of its administration around the regions. And so a process, which is legal in nature and organised by the state is at work, whereby the administrations gain in autonomy to form an unhindered energy administration which cannot be reduced to a capacity to produce energy. The new boundary lines resulting from this growing autonomy are ultimately drawing up institutional territories which pose no challenge to the national scale or the role of the state.This hybrid character arises from technico-economic concentration mechanisms which are specific to the electricity network industry and its context and from rationales concerning space and territories which are connected to infrastructural factors. They result in particular from the counterintuitive deployment of distributed generation carried out in a mixed centralised/decentralised manner, highlighting the interaction between forms of control and socio-technical conditions (spatialisation conditions, concentration of actors, etc).With regard to regulation, the configuration currently emerging presents a balance between shortage/decentralisation and continuity/centralisation. Account taken of developments to come in the areas of storage and new information and communication technologies, it is nevertheless probable that this configuration will only be a long progression towards a new energy model

Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Eletrotécnica e de Computadores – perfil de Energias Renováveis e Sistemas de Potência<br>Recentemente o setor elétrico tem vivenciado grandes mudanças no modo como a energia é produzida, distribuída e consumida e um dos maiores marcos na sua reestruturação é a descentralização na sua geração, que tem contribuído à participação de diferentes tecnologias baseadas em fontes renováveis e, em particular a energia eólica que representa uma quantia considerável no total de energia produzida no mundo, e como consequência surgiram as fortes exigências regulamentares da qualidade de serviço imposta aos operadores de rede. Numa rede, em particular as isoladas, a quantidade de produção eólica tem uma forte influência, tanto ao nível da segurança dinâmica, como na minimização dos custos de produção de energia. O que torna interessante a sua análise em tempo real numa plataforma de simulação dinâmica por meio de modelos matemáticos com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade de penetração sem comprometer a estabilidade face às perturbações e/ou cenários críticos de operação, como curto-circuito, queda e/ou aumento brusco da velocidade do vento. Este estudo quando aplicado a um caso real, como é o caso das ilhas de Cabo Verde, em que a energia eólica é um vetor estratégico para o seu crescimento, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho poderão eventualmente assumir um papel importante na formulação do planeamento energético nacional. Assim, poder-se à identificar, à priori, os desafios da penetração de potência eólica nestas redes, bem como as suas necessidades de transmissão e distribuição em segurança técnica para o fornecimento de energia elétrica. Dada a metodologia, neste trabalho é aplicado um conjunto de cenários e perturbações na rede elétrica da ilha da Boa Vista, que correspondem a situações reais de modo a analisar a estabilidade de tensão e conhecer o comportamento dinâmico da rede dentro do panorama de penetração de 50 % de energia renovável em Cabo Verde até 2020.<br>Recently the electricity sector has experienced big changes in the way how the energy is produced, distributed and consumed, and one of the major reference in its restructuring is decentralization in her generation, which has contributed for the participation of different technologies based on renewable sources in particular the wind energy which represent a considerable amount of total energy produced in the world, and as a result came out the strong regulatory requirements of quality of service imposed on network operators. In a network, in particular the isolated, the amount of the wind production has a strong influence so much on the level of dynamic security, such as in reducing the energy cost of production. What makes it interesting her analysis in real time in a dynamic simulation platform by means of mathematical models in order to assess the penetration capability without compromising stability in the face of disturbances and or critical scenarios of operation, such as short circuit, fall and / or sudden/ unexpected increase of the wind speed. This study when is applied to a real case, as is in the case of Cape Verde, where the wind energy is a strategic vector for growth, the results of this study could eventually play an important role in the national energy planning formulation, one since through this it is possible to identify the challenges of wind power penetration on these networks, as well as her transmission and distribution needs for a safe supply of electricity. Given the methodology of this study it is applied to a set of scenarios and disturbances in the power grid of the island of Boa Vista, which correspond real situations in order to analyze the voltage stability and to know the dynamic behavior of the network as the panorama of penetration 50% of the renewable energy in Cape Verde until 2020.

Blockchain is a Distributed Ledger Technology that was popularized after the release of Bitcoin in 2009 as it was the first popular blockchain application. It is a technology for maintaining a digital and public ledger that is decentralized, which means that no single authority controls nor owns the public ledger. The ledger is formed by a chain of data structures, called blocks, that contain information. This ledger is shared publicly in a computer network where each node is called a peer. The problem that arises is how to make sure that every peer has the same ledger. This is solved with consensus mechanisms which are a set of rules that every peer must follow. Consensus mechanisms secure the ledger by ensuring that the majority of peers can reach agreement on the same ledger and that the malicious minority of peers cannot influence the majority agreement. There are many different consensus mechanisms. A problem with consensus mechanisms is that they have to make a trade-off between low energy consumption and high security. The purpose of this report is to explore and investigate the relationship between energy consumption and security in consensus mechanisms. The goal is to perform a comparative study of consensus mechanisms from an energy consumption and security perspective. The consensus mechanisms that are compared are Proof of Work, Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake. The methodology used is literature study and comparative study by using existing work and data from applications based on those consensus mechanisms. The results conclude that Proof of Work balances the trade-off by having high energy-consumption and high security, meanwhile Proof of Stake and Delegated Proof of Stake balance it by having low energy consumption but lower security level. In the analysis, a new factor arose, decentralization. The new insight in consensus mechanisms is that decentralization and security is threatened by an inevitable centralization where the ledger is controlled by few peers.<br>Blockchain är en så kallad distribuerad huvudbok teknologi som fick ett stort genombrott med den populära blockchain applikationen Bitcoin i 2009. Teknologin möjliggör upprätthållandet av en digital och offentlig huvudbok som är decentraliserad, vilket betyder att ingen ensam person eller organisation äger och kontrollerar den offentliga huvudboken. Huvudboken i blockchain är uppbyggt som en kedja av block, dessa block är datastrukturer som innehåller information. Huvudboken distribueras i ett nätverk av datorer som kallas för noder, dessa noder ägs av en eller flera personer. Problemet är att alla noderna i nätverket måste ha identiska huvudbok. Detta problem löses med en uppsättning av regler som noderna måste följa, denna uppsättning kallas för konsensus mekanism. Konsensus mekanismer säkrar huvudboken genom att möjliggöra en överenskommelse bland majoriteten av noderna om huvudbokens innehåll, och ser till att oärliga noder inte kan påverka majoritetens överenskommelse. Det finns flera olika konsensus mekanismer. Ett problem med konsensus mekanismer är att de är tvungna att göra en avvägning mellan låg energianvändning och hög säkerhet. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka och utreda relationen mellan energianvändning och säkerhet i konsensus mekanismer. Målet är att utföra en komparativ analys av konsensus mekanismer utifrån energianvändning och säkerhet. Konsensus mekanismerna som jämförs är Proof of Work, Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake. Metodologin som används är litteraturstudier och komparativ analys med hjälp av existerande metoder och data från applikationer som använder konsensus mekanismerna. Resultatet visar att Proof of Work väljer hög säkerhet på bekostnad av hög energianvändning, medan Proof of Stake och Delegated Proof of Stake väljer låg energianvändning men på bekostnad av lägre säkerhet. Analysen ger en ny inblick som visar att centralisering är en oundviklig faktor som hotar säkerheten.

Notre thèse interroge les processus de transition énergétique engagés dans les collectivités territoriales françaises, en les inscrivant dans une perspective historique. Nous analysons les politiques territoriales de développement des énergies renouvelables, de maîtrise de la demande et de modernisation des réseaux d’énergie, qui se développent depuis le milieu des années 2000. Elles se déploient dans un contexte de remise en cause des logiques historiques gouvernant les politiques publiques françaises dans le domaine de l’énergie, et en particulier le secteur de l’électricité. Cela offre des opportunités à un ensemble d’acteurs en contestant les principes d’organisation, mettant en avant des logiques alternatives, qu’ils construisent et étayent depuis plusieurs décennies. A la faveur de l’action d’entrepreneurs politiques, qui mobilisent des ressources acquises au cours de leur carrière, un modèle énergétique alternatif se construit à l’échelle territoriale. Progressivement, il se traduit par l’émergence de systèmes productifs locaux, principalement pilotés par les conseils régionaux et les métropoles. Ces processus entraînent des changements, la plupart du temps incrémentaux, mais qui connaissent des phases d’accélération et peuvent entraîner de profondes transformations des systèmes énergétiques. Ils introduisent une différenciation au sein de l’organisation nationale du secteur de l’énergie, d’autant plus puissante qu’elle est portée de manière standardisée. Au vu de l’importance de l’énergie dans la structuration de l’Etat, ces transitions pourraient avoir des effets sur l’action publique et sur l’Etat lui-même<br>Our work focuses on energy transition policies launched by French local authorities through a historical perspective. We analyze renewable energy and energy efficiency local policies as well as grid modernization, especially since their development in the mid-2000s. They are embedded in a process where historical principles guiding public policies in the energy sector are being challenged, especially as regards electricity. This offers opportunities to actors contesting these organizational principles, who promote alternatives they crafted for a few decades. Thanks to policy entrepreneurs mobilizing resources acquired over the course of their career, an alternative territorialized energy model is emerging. Gradually, it gains ground through the development of local production systems, mostly controlled by regional councils and large urban centers. These processes bring about a number of changes, most of them being incremental. However, we identify accelerating periods that can lead to changes of energy systems on a wider scale. They introduce differentiation from the French energy system, organized and controlled at a national scale. These alternatives are standardized, and it makes them more powerful to confront strong path dependency in this area. Since energy policy has been central in the crafting of the French modern state, these transitions could have consequences on public policies in general and on the state itself

Photovoltaic (PV) DGs can be optimized to provide reactive power support to the grid, although this feature is currently rarely utilized as most DG systems are designed to operate with unity power factor and supply real power only to the grid. In this work, the voltage stability of a power system embedded with PV DG is examined in the context of the high reactive power requirement after a voltage sag or fault. A real-time dynamic multi-function power controller that enables renewable source PV DGs to provide the reactive power support necessary to maintain the voltage stability of the microgrid, and consequently, the wider power system is proposed. The loadability limit necessary to maintain the voltage stability of an interconnected microgrid is determined by using bifurcation analysis to test for the singularity of the network Jacobian and load differential equations with and without the contribution of the DG. The maximum and minimum real and reactive power support permissible from the DG is obtained from the loadability limit and used as the limiting factors in controlling the real and reactive power contribution from the PV source. The designed controller regulates the voltage output based on instantaneous power theory at the point-of-common coupling (PCC) while the reactive power supply is controlled by means of the power factor and reactive current droop method. The control method is implemented in a modified IEEE 13-bus test feeder system using PSCAD® power system analysis software and is applied to the model of a Tampa Electric® PV installation at Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa, FL. This dissertation accomplishes the systematic analysis of the voltage impact of a PV DGembedded power distribution system. The method employed in this work bases the contribution of the PV resource on the voltage stability margins of the microgrid rather than the commonly used loss-of-load probability (LOLP) and effective load-carrying capability (ELCC) measures. The results of the proposed method show good improvement in the before-, during-, and post-start voltage levels at the motor terminals. The voltage stability margin approach provides the utility a more useful measure in sizing and locating PV resources to support the overall power system stability in an emerging smart grid.

Проаналізовано вплив бюджетної децентралізації на стимулювання енергозбереження в регіонах України у контексті надання державних та регіональних компенсацій суб’єктам господарювання за впроваджені енергозберігаючі заходи. Визначено тенденції розвитку компенсаційних програм, їх застосування на місцевому рівні, а також проблеми і перспективні напрями щодо подальшого економічного стимулювання розвитку енергозберігаючих процесів в регіонах.<br>Проанализировано влияние бюджетной децентрализации на стимулирование энергосбережения в регионах Украины в контексте предоставления государственных и региональных компенсаций субъектам хозяйствования для внедрения энергосберегающих мероприятий. Определены тенденции развития компенсационных программ, их применение на местном уровне, а также проблемы и перспективные направления по дальнейшему экономическому стимулированию развития энергосберегающих процессов в регионах.<br>The paper analyzes the influence of fiscal decentralization on stimulating energy saving in the regions of Ukraine in the context of providing state and regional compensations to economic entities for implemented energy saving measures. The tendencies of compensation programs development, their application at the local level, as well as problems and perspective directions concerning further economic stimulation of the development of energy saving processes in the regions are determined.<br>Публікація підготовлена в рамках НДР «Розроблення фундаментальних основ відтворювального механізму «зеленої» економіки в умовах інформаційного суспільства» (№ д/р 0115U000684), яка фінансується за рахунок державного бюджету України.

Проаналізовано вплив бюджетної децентралізації на стимулювання енергозбереження в регіонах України у контексті надання державних та регіональних компенсацій суб’єктам господарювання за впроваджені енергозберігаючі заходи. Визначено тенденції розвитку компенсаційних програм, їх застосування на місцевому рівні, а також проблеми і перспективні напрями щодо подальшого економічного стимулювання розвитку енергозберігаючих процесів в регіонах.<br>Проанализировано влияние бюджетной децентрализации на стимулирование энергосбережения в регионах Украины в контексте предоставления государственных и региональных компенсаций субъектам хозяйствования при внедрении энергосберегающих мероприятий. Определены тенденции развития компенсационных программ, их применения на местном уровне, а также проблемы и перспективные направления дальнейшего экономического стимулирования развития энергосберегающих процессов в регионах.<br>The paper analyzes the influence of fiscal decentralization on stimulating energy saving in the regions of Ukraine in the context of providing state and regional compensations to economic entities for implemented energy saving measures. The tendencies of compensation programs development, their application at the local level, as well as problems and perspective directions concerning further economic stimulation of the development of energy saving processes in the regions are determined.

Le domaine de la gestion de l'énergie dans les smart grids a été largement exploré ces dernières années, de nombreuses approches différentes étant proposées dans la littérature. En collaboration avec notre partenaire industriel Ubiant, qui déploie des solutions d'optimisation énergétique du bâtiment, nous avons mis en évidence le besoin d'un système vraiment robuste et évolutif exploitant la flexibilité de la consommation résidentielle pour optimiser l'utilisation de l'énergie au sein d'une smart grid. Dans le même temps, nous avons observé que la majorité des travaux existants se concentraient sur la gestion de la production et du stockage et qu'aucune des architectures proposées n'étaient véritablement décentralisées. Notre objectif était alors de concevoir un mécanisme dynamique et adaptatif permettant de tirer parti de toute la flexibilité existante tout en garantissant le confort de l'utilisateur et une répartition équitable des efforts d'équilibrage ; mais aussi de proposer une plate-forme ouverte et modulaire avec laquelle une grande variété d'appareils, de contraintes et même d'algorithmes pourraient être interfacés. Dans cette thèse, nous avons réalisé (1) une évaluation des techniques actuelles de prévision de la consommation individuelle en temps réel, dont les résultats nous ont amenés à suivre (2) une approche ascendante et décentralisée pour l'ajustement diffus résidentiel reposant sur un mécanisme de compensation pour assurer un effacement stable. Sur cette base, nous avons ensuite construit (3) une plate-forme générique centrée sur l'utilisateur pour la gestion de l'énergie dans les réseaux intelligents, permettant une intégration aisée de plusieurs périphériques, une adaptation rapide à l'évolution de l'environnement et des contraintes, ainsi qu'un déploiement efficace<br>The field of Energy Management Systems for Smart Grids has been extensively explored in recent years, with many different approaches being described in the literature. In collaboration with our industrial partner Ubiant, which deploys smart homes solutions, we identified a need for a highly robust and scalable system that would exploit the flexibility of residential consumption to optimize energy use in the smart grid. At the same time we observed that the majority of existing works focused on the management of production and storage only, and that none of the proposed architectures are fully decentralized. Our objective was then to design a dynamic and adaptive mechanism to leverage every existing flexibility while ensuring the user's comfort and a fair distribution of the load balancing effort ; but also to offer a modular and open platform with which a large variety of devices, constraints and even algorithms could be interfaced. In this thesis we realised (1) an evaluation of state of the art techniques in real-time individual load forecasting, whose results led us to follow (2) a bottom-up and decentralized approach to distributed residential load shedding system relying on a dynamic compensation mechanism to provide a stable curtailment. On this basis, we then built (3) a generic user-centered platform for energy management in smart grids allowing the easy integration of multiple devices, the quick adaptation to changing environment and constraints, and an efficient deployment

La transition énergétique, entendue comme le passage progressif du modèle énergétique actuel à un modèle énergétique fondé essentiellement sur des énergies décarbonées, a induit une responsabilisation accrue des collectivités territoriales et de leurs groupements dans le sens où ils doivent désormais assumer à travers des leviers juridiques particulièrement effectifs et opérationnels une part importante de la mission consistant à accélérer le développement des énergies renouvelables. Dans ce cadre, on assiste depuis le début des années 2000 à un accroissement des compétences des collectivités territoriales et des groupements de collectivités dans les matières touchant de près ou de loin à la transition énergétique, cela témoigne de la prise de conscience par les pouvoirs publics du rôle incontournable de ces collectivités dans la transition énergétique et de la nécessité de renforcer cette intervention à travers la création de compétences ex nihilo ou en procédant à des transferts de compétences de l'État vers les collectivités territoriales. Ce mouvement a été notamment favorisé par la libéralisation du marché de l'énergie qui a créé un terrain fertile à l'intervention économique des collectivités territoriales dans le secteur énergétique. L'objet de cette thèse est de démontrer que la mise en œuvre de la transition énergétique au niveau local est inextricablement liée à la problématique de la décentralisation territoriale et que donc le renforcement de la place de l'échelon local, exigé par la transition énergétique, se heurte aux limites et contradictions de ladite décentralisation<br>The energy transition, understood as the gradual transition from the current energy model to an energy model based essentially on carbon-free energies, has led to increased accountability of local authorities and their groupings in the sense that they must now assume, through particularly effective and operational legal tools, an important part of the mission consisting in accelerating the development of renewable energies. In this context, since the beginning of the 2000s, we have witnessed an increase in the powers of local authorities and groupings of authorities in matters directly or indirectly related to the energy transition, which testifies to the awareness by the public authorities of the essential role of these communities in the energy transition and the need to strengthen this intervention through the creation of skills ex nihilo or by transferring skills from the central state to the local authorities. This movement has been encouraged particularly by the liberalization of the energy market, which has created fertile ground for the economic intervention of local authorities in the energy sector. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the implementation of the energy transition at the local level is inextricably linked to the problem of territorial decentralization and that therefore the strengthening of the place of the local level required by the energy transition comes up against to the limits and contradictions of this decentralization