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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy Efficiency Directive'
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Banyai, Orsolya, and Laszlo Fodor. "ENERGY EFFICIENCY OBLIGATION SCHEMES IN THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY DIRECTIVE - AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 13, no. 11 (2014): 2749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.306.
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Zīgurs, A., and U. Sarma. "Implementation of the Energy Efficiency Directive: Opportunities and Challenges." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 52, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2015-0031.
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Abstract Discussions in Latvia are ongoing regarding the optimum solution to implementing Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (Directive 2012/27/EU). Without a doubt, increased energy efficiency contributes significantly to energy supply security, competitive performance, increased quality of life, reduced energy dependence and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, Directive 2012/27/EU should be implemented with careful planning, evaluating every aspect of the process. This study analyses a scenario, where a significant fraction of target energy efficiency is achieved by obliging energy utilities to implement user-end energy efficiency measures. With implementation of this scheme towards energy end-use savings, user payments for energy should be reduced; on the other hand, these measures will require considerable investment. The energy efficiency obligation scheme stipulates that these investments must be paid by energy utilities; however, they will actually be covered by users, because the source of energy utilities’ income is user payments for energy. Thus, expenses on such measures will be included in energy prices and service tariffs. The authors analyse the ways to achieve a balance between user gains from energy end-use savings and increased energy prices and tariffs as a result of obligations imposed upon energy utilities. Similarly, the suitability of the current regulatory regime for effective implementation of Directive 2012/27/EU is analysed in the energy supply sectors, where supply tariffs are regulated.
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Bundgaard, Anja Marie, Mette Alberg Mosgaard, and Arne Remmen. "From energy efficiency towards resource efficiency within the Ecodesign Directive." Journal of Cleaner Production 144 (February 2017): 358–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.144.
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Grondys, Katarzyna, Armenia Androniceanu, and Zdzisława Dacko-Pikiewicz. "Energy Management in the Operation of Enterprises in the Light of the Applicable Provisions of the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU)." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 4338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174338.
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One of the ways to sustain development is striving for energy efficiency. This is the purpose of directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency, which aims at explaining and promoting energy–saving and ecological solutions that allow increasing the output of consumed energy. Several years after implementation, it is possible to assess the directive’s usefulness and completeness in a few areas of the economy, in particular in the operation of enterprises, which substantially contribute to the global energy consumption. Therefore, the purpose of the study was defined as an assessment of the execution of the concept of energy efficiency in business operations in EU countries, in accordance with the assumptions of directive 2012/27/EU. The collected raw data were derived from surveys gathered in the process of public consultations of the European Commission regard directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. Resulting observations were analysed using the basic methods of descriptive statistics, along with a factor analysis. A logistic regression model was applied to identify the dependencies between the provisions of the directive and the motivation of enterprises to manage energy. As a result of conducted analyses, conclusions were drawn up concerning the assessment of the content of the directive in regard to activities undertaken by EU enterprises to the favour of effective energy management. Obtained results suggest that there is a need to introduce changes in the provisions of the directive, preceded by consultations with the EU business environment. The analysed literature concerning this issue demonstrates that the effectiveness of energy management is taken into consideration from this angle for the first time in our studies.
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Mafalda Matos, Ana, João M. P. Q. Delgado, and Ana Sofia Guimarães. "Linking Energy Poverty with Thermal Building Regulations and Energy Efficiency Policies in Portugal." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010329.
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Energy-poverty (EP) must be considered an energy-related issue since buildings are a central part of people’s daily lives. Thus, it has an important role in energy-related policy implementation. Even though the European Union (EU) has endorsed general energy efficiency through the Energy Efficiency Directive and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive recast, it was the Clean Energy Package for all Europeans that clearly highlighted EP. The growing concerns with EP have also been emphasised in subsequent directives and initiatives. Despite some regulatory framework and the milder climate situation, the proportion of the population experiencing thermal discomfort in southern and eastern European countries, namely in the winter season, is relatively high, reflecting the poor thermal performance of building stock, low family incomes and high energy prices, among others. The current work analysed the EP evolution in Portugal in the EU context, and the Thermal Building Regulations and Energy Efficiency Policies developed, aiming to add insight into the effectiveness of those policies concerning EP mitigation in Portugal as an EU Member state. Moreover, a critical debate on the potential to lower the EP Portuguese situation was also an objective to pursue. It is plausible to admit that reducing EP by acting on residential building stock, namely through the increase of energy efficiency and comfort, plays a key role in improving the living conditions, namely of vulnerable households and deprived areas. This will also decrease energy consumption and dependence while further promoting a smarter, sustainable and inclusive society, contributing to economic growth.
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De Geeter, Anne, and Anatole Boute. "Directive 2006/32/EC on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services: Realising the Transition to Sustai nable Energy Markets?" Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 3, no. 5 (2006): 414–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601006x00461.
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AbstractThe promotion of energy end-use efficiency is central in the European policy on climate change, security of supply and completion of the internal energy market. Accordingly, Directive 2006/32/EC aims at removing the barriers that prevent the efficient use of energy and creating a market for energy services. In this respect, it promotes energy efficiency mechanisms such as financing and informative instruments, public procurement requirements and voluntary agreements. This article argues that by creating a market for energy services, Directive 2006/32/EC adopts a free market environmentalism' approach, but fails to establish the conditions required to ensure the viability of such market. Nevertheless, the mechanisms it proposes are likely to contribute positively towards sustainable energy markets.
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Popovici, Cătălin George. "The Eco-Design Directive ErP for AHUs." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.482.
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The European ErP-Directive 2009/125/EG (Energy-related-Products-Directive), also called the Eco-Design Directive, defines the minimal requirements for energy-related products. The objective of the ErP-Directive is the reduction of energy consumption and the CO2-emission rates as well as an increase of the overall share of renewable energies. This directive applies for all products placed on the market within the European Economic Area (EEA). Relevant for the AHUs is the EC-Directive 1253/2014/EG that came into force on November 26th 2014. Within the framework of this directive and as of January 1st 2016, new requirements concerning the energy efficiency of AHUs will apply within the European Economic Area (EEA). The paper analyzes the new requirements for Air Handling Units under ErP Directive and its consequences.
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Jedinák, Richard. "Energy Efficiency of Building Envelopes." Advanced Materials Research 855 (December 2013): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.855.39.
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Energy efficiency of buildings is one of the basic requirements of current architectural engineering. The new recast of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) calls for all new buildings to be nearly zero energy buildings by the end of 2020. To achieve this target is quite challenging. Nowadays some of the buildings that are realized are reaching these objectives. The current market is able to offer a wide range of thermal systems and thermal insulation materials themselves and the right choice of thermal system or thermal insulation material is a difficult task. Considering the significant impact that energy consumption has, is particularly important to implement policies aimed at improving energy efficiency in buildings. Highly energy efficient buildings can either save primary energy or disseminate the use of the most suitable technologies to be used in new constructions. The building may be considered as an example to study and optimize the benefits of higher energy efficiency together with the use of renewable energy systems. This article is going to discuss the characteristics of these solutions, trends in their research and development and their conceptual bases.
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Severnyák, Krisztina. "Overhead Reduction or Energy Efficiency Measures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.493.
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The energy efficiency minimum requirements determined at the Decree 2006/7 by the Minister without Portfolio, has been amended in 2015, only prescribes cost optimisation levels corresponding in strictness to those by the European Union as set out in the Directive 2010/631 EU for state or EU founded renovations. With the artificial decrease in energy prices in Hungary in 2012, requirements originally considered as optimal has changed and tightening is not needed any more. By maintaining the old requirements, the energy consumption and CO2 emission of renovated and newly constructed buildings will stay below optimum levels. Ignoring actual energy prices results in an apparently low return on constructing energy efficient buildings while energy awareness is also decreasing as a result of these measures. One may wonder about the energy efficiency measures that could have been financed from the savings coming from the enforced utility cost reduction, ones that would have resulted in real energy savings, thus benefitting both the users of buildings and the implementation of Hungarian commitments with the deadline of 2020.
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Severnyak, Krisztina. "Cost Optimality and/or Sustainability in our Building's Life." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.87.
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As energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly important feature, buildings are expected to comply with several criteria and requirements and these criteria are changed and extended with time. The Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and Commission on the energy performance of buildings and the Directive 2010/31/EU request Member States to apply minimum energy performance requirements. These minimum requirements are indeed applied all over the European Union and should be regularly reviewed. Our research aimed at clarifying whether optimum cost and/or energy efficiency represents the next step towards actual energy efficiency. The Directive brought forth an aspect that should have been prioritized long ago already: Are the construction and refurbishment of buildings in Europe economically feasible? The methodology prescribed by the Directive leaves several questions open and provokes further research. The methodology uses costs only as the basis for examining energy consumption and emissions related to already existing, newly constructed or refurbished buildings or refurbishment options. Optimum cost does not necessarily correspond to optimum energy or environmental performance. The price of materials and equipment built in does not always reflect the energy built in or environmental advantages. Subsidies to promote energy efficiency may bias optimum costs. Viewing optimums from the broader aspect of energy consumption, proper results are only yielded by analyses completed for the entire life cycle of buildings. This way, we may decide which characteristics attribute more to a low energy and emission status, i.e. state-of-the-art construction technology or traditional, natural constructing methods such as those used for „conservative eco buildings.” [1]
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Bruggeman, Véronique. "Energy Efficiency as a Criterion for Regulation in the European Community." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 13, Issue 5 (May 1, 2004): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2004019.
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Summary: This article discusses the role of energy efficiency as a criterion for regulation in the European Community. It focuses on energy efficiency as a criterion for the regulation of products. For this reason, the IPPC Directive will not be discussed, however it also implements energy efficiency measures as a condition of the grant of an IPPC-style permit. First attention is drawn to the link between sustainable development, integrated product policy, security of supply and protection of the environment. Then, a brief introduction is given to present market barriers which hinder the production and consumption of more energy-efficient goods. The next three sections examine the European Community's view on its energy efficiency policy and focus therefore on primary legislation, secondary legislation and policy documents. Section VII explains the potential role public procurement can play in the energy efficiency policy. In this view, the article touches upon the Concordia Bus Finland and the Wienstrom cases and makes the connection with the new legislative package aimed at the harmonisation of the existing Public Procurement Directives before some general concluding remarks.
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Hoque, Kazi Mohammed Rayatul, Cagil Ozansoy, and Murat Fahrioglu. "Climate and size correction in European Union’s Waste Framework Directive and R1 energy efficiency criteria." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 670–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18782738.
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This article presents an analysis on the use of the R1 formula to determine the recovery status of some energy from waste plants. Detailed R1 computations are provided to demonstrate the application of R1 guidelines in incineration and gasification facilities. Climate and size correction methods are proposed in consideration of the disadvantage faced by smaller-sized energy from waste plants or those located in warmer regions in meeting the set threshold. A key highlight is the case-based application of climate and size correction factors to three case study plants in scaling the R1 value in consideration of external variants. The proposed size and climate correction factors are compared with the climate correction factor defined in the Waste Framework Directive of the European Union. The application of the proposed correction factors lead to conservative R1 scaling when compared with the application of the Waste Framework Directive climate correction factor. The introduction of the size correction factor addresses an important gap in the current Waste Framework Directive.
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Kaveshnikov, N. Y. "European Union Energy Saving Policy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(37) (August 28, 2014): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-109-115.
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This article analyses methods of energy efficiency stimulation in the European Union. The author investigates basic areas of the EU activity; in particular, the author estimates results of implementation of the Energy Star program, new provisions of labeling of energy-using products, measures to increase energy efficiency in buildings. The paper also analyzes the provisions of the Directive 2012/27 that is the first EU document, providing for a comprehensive approach to energy saving at all stages: production, transformation and consumption. Today EU policy includes: 7) a general political and regulatory framework laid down by the European action plan on energy efficiency and Directive 2012/27; 2) national action plans on energy efficiency, which should be in line with indicative targets set at the EU level; 3) special EU documents in key areas of energy efficiency (buildings, energy-consuming equipment etc.); 4) accompanying instruments, such as target funding, information dissemination, support of specialized networks. The paper gives a comprehensive analysis of the key methods of implementation of EU policy in the area of energy saving. The author concludes that EU operates within the framework of the open method of coordination. The system of mandatory/voluntary technical standards has allowed to achieve significant success, but indicative planning and monitoring of national actions are not completely effective. In the long term EU policy in the area of energy efficiency is restrained by member states unwillingness to delegate to the European Union a more detailed powers in this field and to give the EU bodies facilities to execute more strict control. In the short term - in conditions of economic crisis, the EU countries are not ready to invest significant budget funds in projects with long payback period.
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Upitis, M., I. Amolina, I. Geipele, and N. Zeltins. "Measures to Achieve the Energy Efficiency Improvement Targets in the Multi-Apartment Residential Sector." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 57, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2020-0032.
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AbstractDirective (EU) 2018/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency sets a target of 32.5 % energy efficiency to be achieved by 2030, with a possible upward revision in 2023. The directive also stipulates that the obligation to achieve annual energy savings must continue to be met after 2020. In addition, a revised directive on the energy performance of buildings was adopted in May 2018. It includes measures to speed up the renovation of buildings and the transition to more energy-efficient systems, as well as to improve the energy efficiency of new buildings, thus using smart energy management systems [1].Buildings consume the most energy and have the greatest energy saving potential. They are therefore crucial to achieving the European Union’s energy saving targets. The EU allocated around 14 billion EUR to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in the period of 2014–2020, of which 4.6 billion EUR was intended for residential buildings. In addition, the Member States have earmarked 5.4 billion EUR of public co-financing for the improvement of all types of buildings, of which around 2 billion EUR is allocated to residential buildings.Multi-apartment residential buildings in Latvia are in a technically unsatisfactory condition. In Latvia, the service life of multi-apartment residential buildings has been artificially extended. In addition, there is also the problem of reduced construction quality. Housing problems affect all layers of society, but they are most acute for low- and middle-income people.The aim of the research is to study, using the co-financing of the European Union Structural Funds, the activities performed during the renovation process of multi-apartment residential buildings in Latvia and to identify the shortcomings.
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Fedorczak-Cisak, Małgorzata, and Marcin Furtak. "Design and implementation of nZEB buildings in Poland. Building certification." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032130.
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Abstract The article will discuss the design and construction aspects of nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) in Poland. It is the newest building standard introduced by the Directive on the energy performance of buildings 2010/31/EU. The directive made the implementation of nZEB buildings compulsory in European countries. The article will present analyzes of the energy performance of nZEB buildings, in accordance with Polish legal requirements, and discuss the possibility of achieving this standard in terms of economic efficiency. An important issue is also the certification of newly designed buildings, allowing the promotion of buildings with more restrictive parameters than the minimum energy efficiency requirements specified for nZEB buildings. In the article, the authors will present the developed methodology for certifying buildings in Poland, based on the requirements related to energy efficiency, and on in situ testing of buildings. The article will also present examples of building certification in Poland.
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Kunickis, M., M. Balodis, U. Sarma, A. Cers, and O. Linkevics. "Efficient Use of Cogeneration and Fuel Diversification." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 52, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2015-0034.
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Abstract Energy policy of the European Community is implemented by setting various goals in directives and developing support mechanisms to achieve them. However, very often these policies and legislation come into contradiction with each other, for example Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency, repealing Directive 2004/8/EC on the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand. In this paper, the authors attempt to assess the potential conflicts between policy political objectives to increase the share of high-efficiency co-generation and renewable energy sources (RES), based on the example of Riga district heating system (DHS). If a new heat source using biomass is built on the right bank of Riga DHS to increase the share of RES, the society could overpay for additional heat production capacities, such as a decrease in the loading of existing generating units, thereby contributing to an inefficient use of existing capacity. As a result, the following negative consequences may arise: 1) a decrease in primary energy savings (PES) from high-efficiency cogeneration in Riga DHS, 2) an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Baltic region, 3) the worsening security situation of electricity supply in the Latvian power system, 4) an increase in the electricity market price in the Lithuanian and Latvian price areas of Nord Pool power exchange. Within the framework of the research, calculations of PES and GHG emission volumes have been performed for the existing situation and for the situation with heat source, using biomass. The effect of construction of biomass heat source on power capacity balances and Nord Pool electricity prices has been evaluated.
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Virtic, Peter, and Rebeka Kovacic-Lukman. "The importance of the capacity building for implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy solutions." Thermal Science 22, no. 5 (2018): 2257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180115215v.
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Within the Climate and Energy Directive, the European Commission has set three main targets: reduction of GHG emissions, increase a share of renewable resources, and improvements in energy efficiency. This paper introduces needs and solutions for capacity building in cross-border regions of Slovenia-Croatia-Hungary in order to better implement energy efficiency and renewable resources potentials. It was identified that a lack of knowledge by the stakeholders represents a main obstacle for implementing more environmental and economic acceptable energy solutions on a local and regional levels. To address the competences gaps by the stakeholders, online training modules were designed and implemented. The results of trainings revealed the best evaluation scores, and consequently improved knowledge and competencies in Hungary, followed by Croatia and Slovenia.
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Martins, Fernando, Carlos Patrão, Pedro Moura, and Aníbal T. de Almeida. "A Review of Energy Modeling Tools for Energy Efficiency in Smart Cities." Smart Cities 4, no. 4 (November 16, 2021): 1420–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4040075.
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Nowadays, modeling tools are a crucial part of best practice in the elaboration and implementation of a decarbonization plan in any organization, city, or country. The present review analyzes the different modeling tools available to assess energy systems in smart cities. It creates an updated overview of the modeling tools currently available, showing their capabilities and main potential outputs when considering the energy efficiency objective in the context of smart cities in Europe. A restricted set of 14 tools are identified which optimally fulfill the modeling mission of the energy sector, in a smart city context, for different time horizons. The selection considers the capability to include decarbonization assessments, namely, by considering the flexibility to use different external factors, energy policies, technologies, and mainly the implementation of Article 7 from the Energy Efficiency Directive and the “energy efficiency first” principle defined by the European Commission. The ELECTRE TRI method was used to implement a multi-criteria decision approach for sorting modeling tools, aiming at distributing the various alternatives by previously defined categories, and considering the performance criteria of each alternative modeling tool, the analysis suggests that the best options are the LEAP, MESSAGEix, and oemof tools.
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Gryshchenko, Ivan. "IMPLEMENTING BEST PRACTICES FOR IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN UNIVERSITIES." Management 34, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2415-3206.2021.2.1.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. Determining the direction of energy saving development is a significant aspect and is present in the policy of rational use of energy resources of leading countries, in most cases it affects the direct consumer and producer of energy, as well as administrative measures. Implementation of best practices of energy efficiency of all types of activities is a tool to improve energy autonomy of universities in Ukraine.METHODS. The study used: the predictive method – to determine the progress of implementation of EU Directive 2012/27/EC in Ukraine; method of comparative analysis – to determine the optimal mechanisms to promote energy efficiency in different countries and the possibility of implementing this experience to create a system of energy efficiency in Ukrainian universities.FINDINGS. Using and expanding the experience of participation in the project to provide energy efficient and comfortable conditions of study in Ukrainian universities together with the European Investment Bank and the Nordic Environment Corporation will allow to upgrade 200 teaching, research and support facilities in 21 universities to improve the energy efficiency of buildings and reduce operating costs of public higher education institutions; quality of teaching, learning, teaching, research and residential buildings. Implementation of such experience will improve the energy efficiency of universities, optimize mechanisms for state regulation, control and stimulation of energy efficiency; solve problems and expand the power of executive authorities and local governments, energy autonomy of universities.CONCLUSION. The analysis of the successes and difficulties of higher professional education for people with disabilities shows that there is an objective need to consolidate the efforts of the higher education community with regional public organizations, executive authorities, regional and city institutions of health, education and social protection to support young people with disabilities.
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Pacheco-Torgal, F., Joana Faria, and Saíd Jalali. "Embodied Energy versus Operational Energy. Showing the Shortcomings of the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD)." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.587.
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Energy is a key issue for Portugal, it is responsible for the higher part of its imports and since almost 30% of Portuguese energy is generated in power stations it is also responsible for high CO2 emissions. Between 1995 and 2005 Portuguese GNP rise 28%, however the imported energy in the same period increased 400%, from 1500 million to 5500 million dollars. As to the period between 2005 and 2007 the energy imports reach about 10,000 million dollars. Although recent and strong investments in renewable energy, Portugal continue to import energy and fossil fuels. This question is very relevant since a major part of the energy produced in Portugal is generated in power plants thus emitting greenhouse gases (GHGs). Therefore, investigations that could minimize energy use are needed. This paper presents a case study of a 97 apartment-type building (27.647 m2) located in Portugal, concerning both embodied energy as well as operational energy (heating, hot water, electricity). The operational energy was an average of 187,2 MJ/m2/yr and the embodied energy accounts for aprox. 2372 MJ/m2, representing just 25,3% of the former for a service life of 50 years. Since Portuguese energy efficiency building regulation made under the Energy Performance Building Directive (2002/91/EC-EPBD) will lead to a major decrease of operational energy this means that the energy required for the manufacturing of building materials could represent in a near future almost 400% of operational energy. Replacement up to 75% of Portland cement with mineral admixtures could allow energy savings needed to operate a very high efficient 97 apartment-type building during 50 years.
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Sanseverino, Eleonora Riva, Gianluca Scaccianoce, Valentina Vaccaro, Maurizio Carta, and Raffaella Riva Sanseverino. "Smart Cities and Municipal Building Regulation for Energy Efficiency." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 6, no. 4 (October 2015): 56–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2015100104.
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The “Smart Cities & Communities Initiative” of the Strategic Energy Technology Plan is the strategic European response to lead cities and regions to a carbon free future. In this contest energy efficiency in buildings has a crucial role and must be considered in a holistic approach to the urban planning. In order to implement the minimum requirements stated by the European Directive about the Energy Performance of Buildings, and in order to consider different planning layers with the view to a smart city planning, local regulations are a key factor aiming at sustainable territorial planning. This paper investigates the possibility to draft a basic structure of Municipal Building Regulations in order to guide local administrators and technicians and to limit discretionary power of bureaucracy. The paper is organized as follows. First, a review of the most common practices for building regulations in Europe is proposed, then the basic structure of a municipal building regulation for the city of Palermo (Southern Italy) accounting for sustainability is discussed.
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Vainio, Terttu, Eero Nippala, and Timo Kauppinen. "HVAC’s Role in the Decarbonisation of the Existing BuildingStock - case Finland." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 13005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124613005.
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The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive together with the Energy Efficiency Directive and Renewable Energy Sources Directive define the frame and target state for energy performance of the existing building stock. This should be very energy efficient and decarbonised by 2050. The Finnish target is more ambitious, to achieve the target state already in 2035. In this paper, we discuss and concretise the role of HVAC in overcoming the challenge. Buildings in the Nordic countries are already very energy efficient. Structural improvements of energy efficiency are relatively expensive and have limited potential for energy saving. The best cost-benefit ratio can be obtained by combining HVAC with dynamic building automation systems. Also the EPBD calls for improvement of building automation systems and related measurements in new as well as existing buildings. The performance of buildings can be verified and deviations can be detected by monitoring-based commissioning during their life cycle. This means that special attention must be paid to the instrumentation level and an improved online reporting system for stakeholders. As a conclusion, we see that HVAC systems are in a key role in decarbonisation of existing buildings and a strategic sector on the way to a carbon-neutral society.
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Cui, Hai Hong. "Research on Amending the Energy Efficiency Provisions in the Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 1991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.1991.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify the main requirements of the Building Regulations Part L1A for new dwellings. An explanation of the technical basis for energy rating is given including how they are calculated, how fuel costs are used, the role of the standard occupancy pattern, and an appreciation of the Building Research Establishment Domestic Energy Model (BREDEM). The aims and requirements of the European Directive on the Energy performance of Buildings and its implementation for new and existing domestic buildings is also considered. Design/methodology/approach – The requirements of Part L1A of the Building Regulations are developed. These relate to the thermal properties of the building fabric including insulation, thermal bridging, air tightness and glazing, the efficiency and responsiveness of heating and hot water systems, ventilation and lighting. The methodology for calculating thermal transmittance coefficients (U-values) is also demonstrated.
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Dec, Karolina, and Elżbieta Broniewicz. "Energy Self-Sufficient Public Utility Building—Concept." Proceedings 51, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020051018.
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In this study, the idea of an energy self-sufficient public utility building was presented, as well as its energy balance components and the possibility of powering it with renewable sources. The annual energy consumption profile of the building was analyzed. Current data concerning the production of electricity from Renewable Energy Systems (RES) were presented. The applicable provisions of the Directive of the European Parliament and the EU Council on energy efficiency were discussed.
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Zangheri, Paolo, Marina Economidou, and Nicola Labanca. "Progress in the Implementation of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive through the Lens of the National Annual Reports." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 21, 2019): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061107.
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Following the adoption of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) in 2012, the Member States of the European Union implemented various policies and measures to meet the Directive's requirements, including national energy efficiency targets for 2020. The progress made at national level is tracked through the Annual Reports provided by Member States to the Commission in accordance with the EED Article 24. To provide valuable insights of the actions taken by Member States towards increasing energy efficiency in various sectors of their economies, this paper reviews the assessment of the Annual Reports (AR) submitted since 2013 – the year in which the first reports were due – until the latest Annual Reports of 2018. Notably, the implementation status of key EED provisions such as Article 5 on the exemplary role of public bodies’ buildings and Article 7 on Energy Efficiency Obligation Schemes (EEOS) is discussed, providing a historical view of the progress made from the inception of the various actions until now. The need of more efforts, in particular with the Article 5 implementation, is identified. The national contributions towards the EU 2020 target are also discussed, including an analysis of the latest energy consumption trends and reasons for which energy consumption remained stable or increased, as given by Member States in their reports. Lessons learned from the EED experience so far are drawn that provide valuable input for the successful implementation of the future requirements under the new Energy Union Governance.
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Madlener, Reinhard, and Giovanni Sorda. "Intensivere Holzenergienutzung in Europa: Politik- und Forschungsaspekte." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2013.0428.
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Increased use of wood energy in Europe: policy and research issues The contrasting and often conflicting objectives associated with the increased use of bioenergy resources pose significant political and regulatory challenges across Europe. In the EU, wood energy use is not regulated in a dedicated directive, but is part of a variety of directives with different foci, and the individual EU member states implement these directives in very different ways. The challenges lie, on the one hand, in the harmonization of policies, standards and regulation and, on the other hand, in measures for efficiency improvements and minimization of adverse side effects of wood energy use. In this paper, the current EU bioenergy and wood energy legislative framework and specific policies are presented and current research themes in the context of the European wood energy policy highlighted, with a special emphasis on cascadic use of wood resources. It can be concluded that sustainable material and energy use of wood is subject to many restrictions, and that although cascadic use contributes to resource efficiency and CO2 mitigation, it may also affect the prevailing market structures significantly.
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Jovanovic-Popovic, Milica, Ljiljana Djukanovic, and Milos Nedic. "Energy refurbishment of public buildings under cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Constraints and potentials." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 4 (2018): 1285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170601226j.
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By harmonizing national legislation to European codes concerning energy efficiency in building sector, Serbia took commitment to improve energy efficiency of national government buildings. Following the Directive 2012/27/EU principles, refurbishment of this part of building stock is recognized as a leading example in long-therm process of applying energy efficiency regulations at national level. Initial steps in implementation of adopted energy efficiency principles were made in Serbia during 2015, when first energy certificates for three most valuable buildings of national authorities (Government building, The National Assembly, and the Palace of Serbia) were issued. This paper will present results obtained during energy-assessment and energy-certification process of this particular buildings, showing at the same time their specificity, that pretty much traces possible category and range of proposed energy refurbishment scenarios.
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Geissler, Susanne, Alexandros G. Charalambides, and Michael Hanratty. "Public Access to Building Related Energy Data for Better Decision Making in Implementing Energy Efficiency Strategies: Legal Barriers and Technical Challenges." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12102029.
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The EU is committed to achieve ambitious energy efficiency and CO2 reduction targets. Regarding improving the energy performance of the building stock, detailed building related energy data made accessible by means of GIS are crucial. For this purpose, geo-referenced data from Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) according to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive is of central importance, in order to facilitate decision-making about large-scale renovation projects and developing targeted products and services. The ENERFUND project developed a method and subsequently an internet based tool making use of EPC data from 13 EU member states as well as other open-source data (such as renovation costs), thus clearly demonstrating the feasibility and usefulness of this approach. However, also technical challenges and legal barriers were encountered, such as a lack of data and varying data specifications depending on the national transposition of the European Directive, and different interpretation of specific clauses of the General Data Protection Regulation depending on EU member states’ societal norms. Recommendations include the development of guidance notes to be issued by the responsible EU bodies to specify and harmonize data for mandatory public access, to ensure the effective implementation of energy efficiency and CO2 reduction policies in the EU’s building sector.
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Pļaviņa, Baiba, and Gita Actiņa. "Implementation of Energy Efficiency Management System in Multi-Storey Residential Houses in Littoral Regions of Latvia." Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2020-0001.
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AbstractBased on EU guidelines and national development plans, energy efficient process management has been slowly implemented in Latvian regions in the context of the Directive 2012/27/EU putting forward two binding indicative national energy efficiency goals for Latvia: (1) to achieve 1.5 % of energy savings delivered to final consumers every year, and (2) to renovate 3 % of the state-owned buildings annually. The aim of the paper is to reflect the management system of energy efficient processes in public and residential buildings in Latvian littoral regions of the Baltic Sea, which can be an important factor for achieving the goals of the Directive. The paper presents the results of the research on energy efficient processes in public and residential buildings in Latvian littoral regions of the Baltic Sea in order to determine the existing challenges. Methods applied in the research are data collection, grouping, analysis and comparison, studies of regulatory documents, as well as statistical data collection and analysis. Contribution of the research is the improvement of energy efficient solutions in public and residential buildings in littoral regions of the Baltic Sea by using the estimated energy efficient processes. The results of the research are of international importance and can be applied not only in public and residential buildings in littoral regions of the Baltic Sea but also in other regions with similar climate or energy efficient process management problems in order to improve the selection of criteria of energy efficient solutions and renovation.
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Grosso, Mario, Astrid Motta, and Lucia Rigamonti. "Efficiency of energy recovery from waste incineration, in the light of the new Waste Framework Directive." Waste Management 30, no. 7 (July 2010): 1238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.036.
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Maria, Efpraxia-Aithra, Georgia-Panagiota Limniou, and Spyridon Kokkaliaris. "The energy efficiency directive and the challenges for the Hellenic legislative process in times of crisis." Advances in Building Energy Research 7, no. 1 (May 2013): 128–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2013.809273.
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Koronen, Carolina, Max Åhman, and Lars J. Nilsson. "Data centres in future European energy systems—energy efficiency, integration and policy." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-019-09833-8.
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AbstractEnd-use efficiency, demand response and coupling of different energy vectors are important aspects of future renewable energy systems. Growth in the number of data centres is leading to an increase in electricity demand and the emergence of a new electricity-intensive industry. Studies on data centres and energy use have so far focused mainly on energy efficiency. This paper contributes with an assessment of the potential for energy system integration of data centres via demand response and waste heat utilization, and with a review of EU policies relevant to this. Waste heat utilization is mainly an option for data centres that are close to district heating systems. Flexible electricity demand can be achieved through temporal and spatial scheduling of data centre operations. This could provide more than 10 GW of demand response in the European electricity system in 2030. Most data centres also have auxiliary power systems employing batteries and stand-by diesel generators, which could potentially be used in power system balancing. These potentials have received little attention so far and have not yet been considered in policies concerning energy or data centres. Policies are needed to capture the potential societal benefits of energy system integration of data centres. In the EU, such policies are in their nascent phase and mainly focused on energy efficiency through the voluntary Code of Conduct and criteria under the EU Ecodesign Directive. Some research and development in the field of energy efficiency and integration is also supported through the EU Horizon 2020 programme. Our analysis shows that there is considerable potential for demand response and energy system integration. This motivates greater efforts in developing future policies, policy coordination, and changes in regulation, taxation and electricity market design.
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Tamašauskas, Rokas, Jolanta Šadauskienė, Patrikas Bruzgevičius, and Dorota Anna Krawczyk. "An Evaluation of Primary Energy Factor Values of Wind Turbines." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016009.
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In order to fulfil the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements regarding the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, much attention has been paid to primary energy consumption. Wind energy is one type of primary energy. The analysis of the literature has revealed that wind energy is evaluated by different methods. Therefore, the aim of this article was to calculate the effect of the parameters of wind sources on the primary energy factor of wind turbines. In order to achieve this aim, the primary energy factor of 100 investigated wind turbines and 11 wind farms operating in Lithuania was calculated. Investigation results showed that the difference of the non-renewable primary energy factor between wind turbines due to capacity is 35%. This paper provides a recommendation with regard to EU energy efficiency and renewable energy directives and regulations: All EU member states should use the same or very similar methodology for the calculation of the primary energy factor of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
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Javier, Jesús, Julio, and Paulo. "Analysis and Energy Certification of an Andalusian Public Health Center. Comparative between the General Option and Simplified Procedures." Proceedings 38, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019038003.
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The requirements concerning the energy certification of buildings established in Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002, which was in turn modified by Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 19 May 2010, regarding the energy efficiency of buildings, were transposed into Spanish legislation through Royal Decree 47/2007, dated January 19, through which a Basic Procedure for certification was approved of energy efficiency of new buildings, which was consolidated by Royal Decree 235/2013, of April 5, which approves the basic procedure for the certification of the energy efficiency of buildings. In said Royal Decree, it is established that existing buildings or units of buildings occupied by a public authority, must obtain an energy efficiency certificate and will have the obligation to display their energy efficiency label, when their total useful area exceeds 250 m2, and are usually frequented by the public. The Basic Procedure is established that must comply with the methodology for calculating the energy efficiency rating, considering those factors that have the greatest impact on their energy consumption, as well as the technical and administrative conditions for the energy efficiency certifications of the buildings. For this purpose, three software programs were promoted from the competent Ministry, one corresponding to the general option (LIDER-CALENER “HULC” unified tool) and two others corresponding to the simplified option (simplified procedures CE3 and CE3X), which allow the energy qualification to be carried out of buildings according to three types of buildings (residential, small and medium-sized tertiary, and large tertiary) that are increasing the requirements of the energy certification of the building depending on the type of the same. This study identifies the possible alternatives for improving energy efficiency over the initial qualification of the building, within a context of technical and economic feasibility, optimizing energy demand, reducing CO2 emissions and building energy consumption, being The study also compares the results obtained in the energy rating, between the general option and the simplified procedures, on an Andalusian health center in 1957, which corresponds to the typology of the Grand Tertiary building (GT).
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Harnesk, David, and Sara Brogaard. "Social Dynamics of Renewable Energy—How the European Union’s Renewable Energy Directive Triggers Land Pressure in Tanzania." Journal of Environment & Development 26, no. 2 (December 8, 2016): 156–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496516681043.
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The European Union plays a globally influential role in environmental legislation, with policies and regulation rooted in particular norms. Through a narrative on regulatory capitalism, ecological modernization, and diffusion, we trace how the promotion of renewable energy in transport through subsidies, mandatory targets, and prescriptive criteria for liquid biofuels mobilize social forces for its market development. The study identifies prevailing norms, mechanisms of decision making, and the network of actors involved in this regulatory regime and also identifies where and through whom its expansion influenced decisions in Tanzania. The findings show how this regime emphasizes systematic eco-innovation of energy technologies, has a substitutable approach to natural capital, and subordinates social concerns to economic efficiency. The analysis shows how this regime mobilized a broader network of actors with similar interests, who mediated the political space of liquid biofuels in Tanzania in ways which conflicted with a domestic critique concerning land use.
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Mattoni, B., P. Gori, and F. Bisegna. "A step towards the optimization of the indoor luminous environment by genetic algorithms." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 5 (October 19, 2015): 590–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x15608229.
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Buildings are heavily responsible for energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Increasing their energy efficiency is in the direction of the EU strategies; and this is consistent with EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD 2010/31/EU), 2010. In this view the design and management of daylight and artificial light can play a fundamental role. In this paper, a method to optimize indoor lighting design from energy efficiency, economic and environmental viewpoints is presented. The optimization was developed through the Genetic Algorithms technique and the optimal layout in terms of number, location and mounting heights of luminaires in a generic office room was evaluated. Solutions with different types of light sources, nominal luminous flux and photometric distribution curves were compared and the cost effectiveness of these alternatives was also considered. The systems resulting from the optimization show increased uniformity of illuminance, a reduction of the number of luminaires and a decrease of the maximum UGR values, proving the effectiveness of the technique in the lighting design field. Results show that current methods for lighting design can still be improved to achieve optimal configurations in terms of energy efficiency and cost effectiveness.
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Fotis, Panagiotis. "Sustainable Development and Competition: new evidence from EU countries." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 06045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129606045.
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In this paper we present energy efficiency targets indicators of sustainable development and we discuss the role of competition, on promoting and enhancing sustainability and pricing issues. For this purpose, we present statistical evidence of energy efficiency targets indicators, we highlight the degree of competition of electrical markets in various member states and we present the effect of the degree of competition on electrical prices and energy efficiency targets. The empirical results indicate that the higher the degree of competition in electrical markets, the lower the electrical prices. Furthermore, less concentrated electrical markets exhibit higher rates of greenhouse gas emissions and share of renewable energy in total energy consumption than in the less competitive markets. Even though the empirical results do not reveal a clear-cut picture in regard with the effect of competition on energy efficiency indicator, EU28 countries have a primary energy consumption of almost 1.526 Mtoe in 2019 and they are quite close to achieve the energy efficiency target of Europe 2020 strategy implemented by Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency.
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Herce, Carlos, Enrico Biele, Chiara Martini, Marcello Salvio, and Claudia Toro. "Impact of Energy Monitoring and Management Systems on the Implementation and Planning of Energy Performance Improved Actions: An Empirical Analysis Based on Energy Audits in Italy." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164723.
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The implementation of monitoring tools and energy management systems (EnMSs) supports companies in their long-term energy efficiency strategies, and they are essential to analyse the effectiveness of energy performance improvement actions (EPIAs). The first fundamental step towards increasing energy efficiency is the development of energy audits (EAs). EAs provide comprehensive information about the energy usage in a specific facility, identifying and quantifying cost-effective EPIAs. The crucial role of these tools in clean energy transition is remarked by the European Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), which promotes the implementation of EAs and EnMS programmes. The purpose of this work is to better understand the link between EnMSs (specifically ISO 50001) and EAs in the EED Article 8 implementation in two industrial and two tertiary sectors in Italy. Moreover, the impact of company size, energy monitoring systems, and EnMSs on planned and/or implemented EPIAs is analysed. Our findings show that, albeit the complexity of the variables involved in energy efficiency gap, the “energy savings/company” and “EPIA/site” ratios are higher in enterprises with an EnMS and monitoring system. Thus, a correct energy audit must always be accompanied by a specific monitoring plan if it is to be effective and useful to the company decision maker.
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Keller, Lars, Maximilian Riede, Steffen Link, Katharina Hüfner, and Johann Stötter. "Can Education Save Money, Energy, and the Climate?— Assessing the Potential Impacts of Climate Change Education on Energy Literacy and Energy Consumption in the Light of the EU Energy Efficiency Directive and the Austrian Energy Efficiency Act." Energies 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031118.
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The Austrian Education Energy Initiative ETSIT has been established as a response to the EU Energy Efficiency Directive and the Austrian Energy Efficiency Act. This paper investigates the energy literacy of its young participants, i.e., 6000 primary and secondary school students altogether, on a cognitive, affective and behavioural level, and it compares the putative energy-saving effectiveness of the workshops to that of conventional energy audits.For the current analysis, data from, 640 students who validly answered an online survey shortly after participating in one of the energy education workshops, and 353 students who validly answered the online survey approximately one year after having participated (overall n = 993) were analysed. The results indicate that ETSIT raises students’ energy literacy on a cognitive, affective and behavioural level with about three-quarters of participants claiming they will positively change their energy consumption behaviour in the future as a result of workshop participation. This is true shortly after participation in the workshops, and also at the 1-year follow-up. In its second impact perspective, this paper delivers an innovative attempt to look at education from a cost-benefit analysis. A default formula for energy audits is adopted to quantify the kilowatt hours (and thus emissions and costs) saved through workshop participation. Despite limitations, the surprising results show that such workshops can compete with conventional energy audits, and that education can, in fact, help save money, resources, and, most important of all, the climate.
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Munteanu, Răzvan-Aurelian. "Public policies in the First District of Bucharest - Sustainable solutions for increasing energy efficiency." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0005.
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AbstractThe paper represents an analysis of the public policies implemented in the First District of Bucharest related to the energy efficiency. Energy represents a strategic factor for the socio-economic development of Romania and finding the best solutions for increasing energy efficiency will contribute to the objectives for durability and competitiveness in the European Union. The importance of the theme is given by the requirement of the European Union through Energy Efficiency Directive that require member states to set up plans at every three years and evaluate the progress towards energy efficiency annually. Also, for the next period, 2021-2030, all member states must elaborate the 10-year integrated national energy and climate plan (NECP), presenting the solutions in order to meet the different targets for 2030, including energy efficiency. The objective of the article is to find the best solutions for increasing the energy efficiency, having as case study the 1-st District of Bucharest. The author is presenting three solutions, as follows: multistorey thermal rehabilitation, domestic elevators modernization, individual houses thermal rehabilitation. The impact of the solutions presented in the paper are the following: decrease of energy consumption, decrease of CO2 emissions, safety increase.
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Tamašauskas, Rokas, Jolanta Šadauskienė, Patrikas Bruzgevičius, and Dorota Anna Krawczyk. "Investigation and Evaluation of Primary Energy from Wind Turbines for a Nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB)." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2019): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112145.
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In order to fulfill the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requirements regarding the reduction of energy consumption in buildings, great attention is paid to primary energy consumption. Wind energy is considered a type of primary energy. The analysis of the literature has revealed that wind energy is evaluated by different methods. Therefore, the aim of this article is to calculate the effect of the parameters of wind sources and wind speed on the primary energy factor of wind turbines. In order to achieve this aim, the primary energy factor of investigated 100 wind turbines and 11 wind farms operating in Lithuania was calculated. The results of the investigation show that the difference in the non-renewable primary energy factors between wind turbines with regard to their capacity is 35%. In addition, primary energy factor (PEF) values depend on geographic location and climate conditions. This paper provides a recommendation that the EU energy efficiency and renewable energy directives and regulations of all EU member states should use the same or, at least, a very similar methodology for the calculation of the primary energy factors of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
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Cîrstolovean, I. L. "Which Is Greener? The Gas Condenser Boiler Or Ground Source Heat Pump. Which Is The Contribution Of Renewable Energy To The Energy Consumption For Heating To A Building?" Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jaes-2015-0015.
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Abstract The goals of this paper are: to estimate the carbon emission reduction on energy efficiency measurements in a laboratory building in Transilvania University from Braşov, Romania, in accordance with the European Directive 2009/28/EC and to estimate the contribution of renewable energy to energy efficiency of the building using the performance indicator named Renewable Energy Ratio - RER. We will detail the methods of calculation for CO2 emissions and we will present the results for gas condensing boiler, and ground source heat pump for the laboratory building. The results show that conventional energy efficiency technologies and renewable energy technologies can be used to decrease CO2 emissions in buildings by 20–30% on average and up to over 40% for some building types and locations. The contribution of renewable energy is between 40 and 50 % from total energy use and only for heating is 58%. This value could rise to 0.63 if we apply to electricity produced by photovoltaic panels.
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Sánka, Imrich, Thomas Schoberer, Werner Stutterecker, and Dušan Petráš. "Indoor environmental quality evaluation in NZEB." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102054.
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The European Commission in 2010 accepted Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the 2012 Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) are the main energy conservation legislative instruments for to reduce the energy consumption of new built and renovated buildings in Europe. The national regulation based on EPBD states that after the year 2016 only so called ultra-low energy buildings can be built. The next tightening in energy saving will come after 2021 (for commercial buildings after 2019), when only nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) would be allowed to build. It means that these buildings must fulfil A0 category requirements by energy labelling. But what about the indoor environmental quality in objects like this? This article shows results of indoor environmental quality measurement in NZEB building. Indoor air temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration and air exchange rate had been measured. Except these parameters energy consumption from the grid and from the photovoltaic panel had been evaluated.
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Atmaca, Merve, and Zerrin Yýlmaz. "A Study on Energy and Cost Efficiency for Existing Hotel Buildings in Turkey." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103037.
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In Turkey, according to TUİK Sectoral Energy Consumption Statistics (2006), the hotel buildings with the highest share, constitute 35% of the total building energy consumption. Energy needs and consumption behaviours differ according to the typology of the building. Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) has been adapted to the conditions of Turkey to increase energy and cost efficiency, to reduce the environmental and economic negative effects. The energy consumption and the global cost were investigated under different conditions in an existing hotel building. The paper is unique in its ability to deliver optimum solution through comparison by evaluating energy and cost efficiency at the same time considering sectoral, climatic, technological and economic national conditions when the literature research detailed in the present works about the problem is evaluated in detail. All findings have been compared simultaneously under different climate regions of seasonal and yearly working conditions of selected test hotel to obtain the energy and cost efficiency. Among the proposed improvement scenarios, the optimum scenario is determined in terms of cost and energy efficiency in S18 which has the highest energy efficiency. In this case, both insulation material type and thickness as well as glass type can be bent and through multiple measures can be achieved by 25.7% improvement for energy efficiency.
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Kalaycıoğlu, Ece, and Ayşe Zerrin Yılmaz. "Settlement scale analysis approach to reach nearly zero energy communities." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106026.
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Looking at the recent developments, the European Union (EU) aims to become a zero carbon community. For the building sector, Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) was recast in 2010 introducing the definition of the nearly zero energy building (NZEB) levels to construct all new buildings at this level by the end of 2020. The last revision of the directive in 2018 also promotes the renovation of the building stock to the NZEB levels. In the paper, it was proposed to define the nearly zero energy levels for settlements. This way, it was aimed to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of reaching the nearly zero energy levels at larger scales than single buildings. Settlement level studies, including the district energy systems, intended to reveal the energy efficiency measures which lead to optimal cost levels for more than one building. Key parameters were examined for a new settlement design which may be beneficial for the large-scale renewable energy system implementation and district energy system (DES) usage with high energy performance buildings.
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Krutwig, Michael C., and Adrian Tanțău. "Obligatory versus voluntary energy audits: are there differences in quality?" Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0047.
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Abstract Directive 2012/27/UE of the European Parliament has created a new motivation for energy audits: the avoidance of penalties. According to this directive, large companies in all EU member states must carry out energy audits at least every four years. Does this obligation affect the quality of energy audits? We hypothesize that voluntary audits, in comparison to mandatory audits, have a higher quality level in terms of a higher investment in energy efficiency measures. While mandatory audits must always take the entire company into account, voluntary energy audits allow companies to focus on the most promising business or process areas. The energy balance limits can also be drawn more focused. The auditor can also be selected according to specific professional qualifications. As a methodology, we first define quality criteria for energy audits based on the energy efficiency measures determined. Important factors are the adoption rate, the calculated energy savings and the consideration of non-energy benefits in the calculation. The validation of the collected quality criteria is carried out by a comparison with the results of already existing research work. In an empirical study, we then compare data from audits of both types that have already been carried out with regard to the quality characteristics found. Via a database with 1,692 energy audits conducted in Germany in the years 2014-2016, we can draw up detailed comparisons of the energy balances and, in particular, of the measures calculated. This enables clear conclusions to be drawn about the differences in quality between the different program types.
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Dolge, Kristiāna, Reinis Āzis, Peter D. Lund, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Importance of Energy Efficiency in Manufacturing Industries for Climate and Competitiveness." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0022.
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Abstract The manufacturing industry in Europe is currently enfacing one of its greatest challenges due to the emission reductions needed to reach carbon neutrality by the middle of this century. The European Union’s Energy Efficiency Directive and Green Deal will force manufacturing industries to significantly reduce their present energy consumption, but at the same time sustain their competitiveness globally. Here we use the Latvian manufacturing industry as a case to analyse how different macro-level factors have affected its energy use and how the industrial energy efficiency has progressed during the last decade. We apply the Log-Mean Divisia index decomposition method to decompose the energy use in the manufacturing subsectors over the period of the past ten years from 2010 to 2019. The findings unravel the key driving factors of industrial energy consumption, which could serve as a valuable basis for effective energy efficiency policymaking in the future. The results show that energy consumption trends differed across industrial subsectors and the effect of industrial energy efficiency improvements was more pronounced in the period following the entry into force of Energy Efficiency Law in Latvia. Significant increases in energy consumption are observed in the two largest Latvian manufacturing subsectors, such as the non-metallic minerals production sector and the wood processing sector, where the current pace of energy efficiency improvements cannot compensate for the effect of increasing industrial activity, which increases overall industrial energy consumption. The results suggest that the Latvian manufacturing industry is at the crossroads of the sustainability dilemma between economic gains and energy saving targets.
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Macut, Nikola, Milica Jovanovic-Popovic, and Snezana Andric. "Possibilities for the use of geothermal energy in new residential buildings in Serbia, case study: Urban blocks in city of Kragujevac." Thermal Science 22, Suppl. 4 (2018): 1195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci170602221m.
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Use of RES is an important element for achieving ambitious results for CO2 emission reduction in EU, emphasized and obligated by RES Directive, among other documents. In Serbia, as a candidate country and a signatory of Energy treaty, targets set by relevant documents reflect in benchmarks set by National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, setting the level of reduction of energy consumption until 2018 for 9%, with more ambitious projections up to 2030. This calls for extensive research of possibilities for the use of renewable energy in buildings, its potentials and possible restrictions. Since the Directive states that low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby, an investigation of possibilities for application of geothermal ground probes for a typical residential urban block in the city of Kragujevac is present-ed. This enables analysis of limitations imposed by legal and physical conditions: planning guidelines, type of ground, functional requests and infrastructural capacities. Typology of characteristic urban block layouts for residential buildings is generated, leading to projections of possible area covered with ground probes and calculations of relevant energy needed for heating, based on current regulations on energy efficiency in buildings. From these calculations, percentage of defined energy needs from possible geothermal ground probes is defined, enabling estimation of geothermal energy potential for new residential building blocks.
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Millán, Gema, Erudino Llano, Joachim Globisch, Antoine Durand, Tim Hettesheimer, and Eduardo Alcalde. "Increasing Energy Efficiency in the Food and Beverage Industry: A Human-Centered Design Approach." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 7037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177037.
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Energy efficiency in companies is addressed by established tools or procedures, such as energy audits or the implementation of an energy management system in accordance with the Energy Efficiency Directive. Both options indistinctly provide sufficient information for companies to identify opportunities for improvement and savings in their energy costs. However, the influence of cultural and behavioral aspects on employees and the organizational and structural configuration of companies impacts the effectiveness of these tools. In this regard, within the framework of the INDUCE “Towards a sustainable agro-food Industry: Capacity building programmes in Energy Efficiency” project, which is an H2020 research project focused on the food and beverage industry, an innovative methodology based on the human-centered design approach has been designed to motivate and empower the key actors of companies by creating an energy culture that increases energy efficiency. This methodology, which internalizes the procedures and philosophy of continuous improvement of an energy management system, allows companies to adopt different models adapted to each situation in order to acquire an energy-efficiency culture that enables actions to be carried out in companies more effectively and with long-term impact. This paper describes the methodology and its implementation and validation within 11 pilot companies in France, Germany, Spain, and The Netherlands, providing some representative results.
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Kerekes, A., and A. Zöld. "The fiancée is unduly beautiful." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 6, no. 1 (June 2015): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2015.6.1.8.
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According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, a significant share of the energy consumption of nearly zero energy buildings is covered from renewable energy. Biomass is considered as one of the most important renewable sources. It is promising since most of the Member states apply very low primary energy conversion factors for it. Nevertheless, the primary energy need is not as favourable as the conversion factors suggest, due to the efficiency of the biomass boilers for all over the year which depends on the changing load. Heating systems supplied with biomass boilers need buffer storage tanks which further decrease the efficiency of the system. The nearly zero energy buildings, especially those of residential use exhibit more stable load due to the lower heat loss and the overwhelming share of the net energy need of domestic hot water supply.