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1

Kumar, Arepalli Mathew, Dr S. P. V. Subba Rao, and Ramaswamy T. "Energy Efficient Cooperative Routing in Diversified WSN Networks." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 11-SPECIAL ISSUE (November 20, 2019): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp11/20193035.

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G, Soumya Dath. "Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey on Energy-Based Routing Techniques." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (February 28, 2019): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd20304.

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Muruganandam, K., Dr RuqaiyaKhanam, and Dr B. Balamurugan. "IOT BASED ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING STRATEGY FOR AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM." International Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research 6, no. 6 (June 2019): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijcesr.2019.6.6.13.

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4

Veeraiah, Neenavath. "A Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficient Multipath Routing in MANET." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12i3/20201190.

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5

Sanchez, Juan A., and Pedro M. Ruiz. "Locally Optimal Source Routing for energy-efficient geographic routing." Wireless Networks 15, no. 4 (September 1, 2007): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-007-0066-1.

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6

Kumar, S. Ravi, and Dr D. Sreenivasa Rao. "Energy Efficient AODV Routing in Wireless Sensor Network based on PSO." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 12-SPECIAL ISSUE (December 31, 2019): 495–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp12/20193244.

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Balavalad, Kirankumar B., Ajaykumar C. Katageri, Balaji M. Biradar, Deepa Chavan, and Basavaraj M. Angadi. "Multipath-LEACH an Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Advances in Computer Networks 2, no. 3 (2014): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jacn.2014.v2.117.

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8

Komali, K., and G. Mutyalamma. "Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Node Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 1335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd8224.

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Shaik, Mahammad Firose, and M. Monica Subashini. "Two - Hop Interference Conscious and Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for WBAN." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 11-SPECIAL ISSUE (February 20, 2019): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp11/20193055.

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10

Gulati, Mandeep Kaur. "A Review of Energy Efficient Routing Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 4, no. 6 (June 23, 2023): 3624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.623.47258.

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11

Subhash, A., and C. Kumuthini. "A Novel Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Network." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 16, no. 15 (April 21, 2023): 1168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v16i15.71.

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12

Sruthi, A., S. P. Anbuudayasankar, and G. Jeyakumar. "Energy-Efficient Green Vehicle Routing Problem." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 12, no. 4 (October 2019): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2019100102.

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The greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector are one of the major contributors to global warming today. Freight share to GHG emissions is likely to increase 2-fold by 2050. This makes it critical for CO2 emissions to be reduced through an optimized transportation strategy. Vehicle routing, when done efficiently, can reduce these emissions across countries. In this attempt, the traditional distance minimization objective of the vehicle routing problem has been replaced with an energy-emission-centric objective. A model is formulated taking energy and emissions into simultaneous consideration and a typical VRP problem has been evaluated using a genetic algorithm. The application of the proposed model is observed to reduce emissions significantly compared to conventional models. Considering the possibility of increase in carbon tax in future, energy-emission minimized routing would not only aid “green logistics,” but also reduce the environmental costs incurred.
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13

Sankar, M. S. "Energy Efficient Multicast Routing in Manet." International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology 2, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcseit.2012.2304.

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14

Kapoor, Shivam, and Rajesh Kumar. "Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for MANETS." i-manager's Journal on Information Technology 3, no. 3 (August 15, 2014): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jit.3.3.2946.

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15

Kaur, Jaspreet, and R. C. Gangwa. "Energy Efficient Routing Algorithms: A Survey." International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijfgcn.2016.9.1.18.

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16

Singh, Devesh Pratap, and R. H. Goudar. "Energy efficient clearance routing in WSN." International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management 8, S2 (May 17, 2014): 555–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13198-014-0263-0.

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17

Kleerekoper, A., and N. P. Filer. "Perfect link routing for energy efficient forwarding in geographic routing." Ad Hoc Networks 30 (July 2015): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2015.03.001.

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18

Thippeswamy, B. M., S. Reshma, V. Tejaswi, K. Shaila, K. R. Venugopal, and L. M. Patnaik. "STEAR: Secure Trust-Aware Energy-Efficient Adaptive Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Advances in Computer Networks 3, no. 2 (2015): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jacn.2015.v3.157.

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19

Sampath, O., and P. Suryanarayana Babu. "Energy Efficient Routing Strategies for Large Scale Wireless Sensor in Heterogeneous Networks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-2 (February 28, 2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd20281.

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20

J. B. Shajilin Loret, J. B. Shajilin Loret, and T. Ganesh Kumar J. B. Shajilin Loret. "An Improved Trust based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." 網際網路技術學刊 22, no. 7 (December 2021): 1509–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642021122207005.

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21

Kunz, Thomas, and Rana Alhalimi. "Energy-efficient proactive routing in MANET: Energy metrics accuracy." Ad Hoc Networks 8, no. 7 (September 2010): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2010.02.004.

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22

Abdul, Md, Md Shahidul, and Md Solaiman. "Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Sensing Data." International Journal of Computer Applications 170, no. 6 (July 17, 2017): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2017914858.

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23

Sachenbacher, Martin, Martin Leucker, Andreas Artmeier, and Julian Haselmayr. "Efficient Energy-Optimal Routing for Electric Vehicles." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 1 (August 4, 2011): 1402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v25i1.7803.

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Traditionally routing has focused on finding shortest paths in networks with positive, static edge costs representing the distance between two nodes. Energy-optimal routing for electric vehicles creates novel algorithmic challenges, as simply understanding edge costs as energy values and applying standard algorithms does not work. First, edge costs can be negative due to recuperation, excluding Dijkstra-like algorithms. Second, edge costs may depend on parameters such as vehicle weight only known at query time, ruling out existing preprocessing techniques. Third, considering battery capacity limitations implies that the cost of a path is no longer just the sum of its edge costs. This paper shows how these challenges can be met within the framework of A* search. We show how the specific domain gives rise to a consistent heuristic function yielding an O(n2) routing algorithm. Moreover, we show how battery constraints can be treated by dynamically adapting edge costs and hence can be handled in the same way as parameters given at query time, without increasing run-time complexity. Experimental results with real road networks and vehicle data demonstrate the advantages of our solution.
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24

Tan Liwei. "Advanced Reliable and Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol." International Journal of Advancements in Computing Technology 4, no. 19 (October 31, 2012): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol4.issue19.24.

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25

Jonnalagadda, Suman, K. Shyamala, and G. Roja. "Energy-Efficient Routing in WSN: A Review." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.1111ecst.

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Research in WSN has been increasing tremendously throughout the years. Because of its reliability, flexibility, accuracy, and easy deployment, it has its wide range of applications in every field. They consist of small nodes called sensors and they are capable of communication, sensing, and computing. The important constraint associated with the sensors is the energy. To achieve this we need to employ better routing methods. Routing, energy conservation, limited resources, interoperability, security, and scalability are some of the challenging tasks that need to be addressed. Many routing protocols are developed for WSNs. The efficiency of the network, which depends upon the lifetime of the sensor nodes, can be improved through the clustering technology. It is a process to divide the SNs in the network field into various clusters. Each cluster in the network field has a Cluster Head (CH). This CH will be communicating to the Base Station (BS) or the Sink. A detailed review of the routing protocols that are efficient for energy in the WSN is presented in this paper.
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26

Pásztor, Dániel, Péter Ekler, and János Levendovszky. "Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Acta Cybernetica 25, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actacyb.288351.

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Efficient data collection is the core concept of implementing Industry4.0 on IoT platforms. This requires energy aware communication protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) where different functions, like sensing and processing on the IoT nodes must be supported by local battery power. Thus, energy aware network protocols, such as routing, became one of fundamental challenges in IoT data collection schemes.In our research, we have developed novel routing algorithms which guarantee minimum energy consumption data transfer which is achieved subject to pre-defined reliability constraints. We assume that data is transmitted in the form of packets and the routing algorithm identifies the paths over which the packets can reach the Base Station (BS) with minimum transmission energy, while the probability of successful packet transmission still exceeds a pre-defined reliability parameter. In this way, the longevity and the information throughput of the network is maximized and the low energy transmissions will considerably extend the lifetime of the IoT nodes. In this paper we propose a solution that maximizes the lifetime of the nodes.
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27

Sahana, Subrata, and Karan Singh. "Fuzzy based energy efficient underwater routing protocol." Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography 22, no. 8 (November 17, 2019): 1501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720529.2019.1695901.

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28

Cho, Seongsoo, Bhanu Shrestha, Surendra Shrestha, Jong-Yong Lee, and Suck-Joo Hong. "Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." International journal of advanced smart convergence 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7236/ijasc2014.3.2.1.

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29

Das, Ayan Kumar. "Energy Efficient Multi-Event Routing in Wsn." International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems 2, no. 4 (October 31, 2012): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijassn.2012.2402.

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30

J.J, Jijesh, and Shivashankar,. "Energy Efficient Routing Protocol Based on DSR." International Journal of Ad hoc, Sensor & Ubiquitous Computing 7, no. 5 (October 30, 2016): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijasuc.2016.7501.

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31

Nakano, K., S. Olariu, and A. Y. Zomaya. "Energy-efficient permutation routing in radio networks." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 12, no. 6 (June 2001): 544–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/71.932709.

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32

Das, Subhajit, Subhabrata Barman, and Jayashri Deb Sinha. "Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Network." Procedia Technology 6 (2012): 731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2012.10.088.

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33

Singh, Tejpreet, Jaswinder Singh, and Sandeep Sharma. "Energy efficient secured routing protocol for MANETs." Wireless Networks 23, no. 4 (January 27, 2016): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-1176-9.

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34

Reddy, A. Pratapa, and N. Satyanarayana. "Energy-efficient stable multipath routing in MANET." Wireless Networks 23, no. 7 (April 23, 2016): 2083–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1220-4.

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35

Das, Santosh Kumar, and Sachin Tripathi. "Intelligent energy-aware efficient routing for MANET." Wireless Networks 24, no. 4 (October 31, 2016): 1139–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1388-7.

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36

Omidvar, Naeimeh, Danny H. K. Tsang, Mohammad Reza Pakravan, and Vincent K. N. Lau. "Efficient Energy-Aware Routing With Redundancy Elimination." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 33, no. 12 (December 2015): 2815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2481281.

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37

Yang, Yuan, Mingwei Xu, Dan Wang, and Yu Wang. "Towards Energy-Efficient Routing in Satellite Networks." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 34, no. 12 (December 2016): 3869–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2016.2611860.

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38

Masikos, Michail, Michael Theologou, Konstantinos Demestichas, and Evgenia Adamopoulou. "Machine-learning methodology for energy efficient routing." IET Intelligent Transport Systems 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2014): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2013.0006.

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39

Antoniadis, Antonios, Sungjin Im, Ravishankar Krishnaswamy, Benjamin Moseley, Viswanath Nagarajan, Kirk Pruhs, and Clifford Stein. "Hallucination Helps: Energy Efficient Virtual Circuit Routing." SIAM Journal on Computing 49, no. 1 (January 2020): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/18m1228591.

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40

Yang, Yuan, Mingwei Xu, and Qi Li. "Towards fast rerouting-based energy efficient routing." Computer Networks 70 (September 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2014.04.014.

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41

Charles, A. "Energy efficient quality routing protocol for WSNs." i-manager’s Journal on Wireless Communication Networks 11, no. 1 (2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jwcn.11.1.18935.

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Timely emerging research technology increases the need for real-time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), which has made quality-based communication protocols an interesting and hot research topic. More specifically, network protocols must cope with power constraints while providing accurate quality assurance. In many of these applications, network traffic consists of delay-sensitive traffic and delay-tolerant traffic. Therefore, Quality of Service (QoS) routing becomes an important issue. The main purpose of this idea is to develop a way to improve the quality of the network and further improve throughput while at the same time creating an energy-saving method with excellent quality of service. This paper proposes to model an Energy Efficient Qualitative Routing Protocol (EEQRP) method based on an energy-efficient protocol that can be used to develop a fast, miniaturized, more energetic, and efficient way than existing routing protocols. It evaluates and compares the performance of the routing protocol (EEQRP). The Network Simulator-2 (NS2) is used to run and test the proposed system, which provides lower average latency, greater power savings, and a higher packet delivery rate than the current protocol.
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42

Repuri, Raja Kishore, and John Pradeep Darsy. "Energy-Efficient LoRa Routing for Smart Grids." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 3072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063072.

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Energy-efficient routing protocols in Internet of Things (IoT) applications are always of colossal importance as they improve the network’s longevity. The smart grid (SG) application of the IoT uses advanced metring infrastructure (AMI) to read and record power consumption periodically or on demand. The AMI sensor nodes in a smart grid network sense, process, and transmit information, which require energy, which is a limited resource and is an important parameter required to maintain the network for a longer duration. The present work discusses a novel energy-efficient routing criterion in an SG environment realised using LoRa nodes. Firstly, a modified LEACH protocol–cumulative low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (Cum_LEACH) is proposed for cluster head selection among the nodes. It uses the cumulative energy distribution of the nodes to select the cluster head. Furthermore, for test packet transmission, multiple optimal paths are created using the quadratic kernelised African-buffalo-optimisation-based LOADng (qAB_LOADng) algorithm. The best optimal path is selected from these multiple paths using a modified version of the MAX algorithm called the SMAx algorithm. This routing criterion showed an improved energy consumption profile of the nodes and the number of active nodes after running for 5000 iterations compared to standard routing protocols such as LEACH, SEP, and DEEC.
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43

Et. al., Kushnian Kour,. "An Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm For Wban." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 10 (April 28, 2021): 7174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i10.5608.

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The wireless body area network is the decentralized and dynamic type of network in which sensor nodes can be added dynamically. The RPL is the routing protocol which is used to establish path from source to destination. The SEAR protocol is the improved version of RPL routing protocol. In this research paper, problem of link failure is resolved with the parameters of buffer size. The proposed mode is implemented in MATLAB and compared with basic SEAR protocol in terms of certain parameters. It is analyzed that proposed model performs well in terms of energy consumption, packet loss and throughput.
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44

Mutombo, Vially Kazadi, Seungyeon Lee, Jusuk Lee, and Jiman Hong. "EER-RL: Energy-Efficient Routing Based on Reinforcement Learning." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (April 19, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589145.

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Wireless sensor devices are the backbone of the Internet of things (IoT), enabling real-world objects and human beings to be connected to the Internet and interact with each other to improve citizens’ living conditions. However, IoT devices are memory and power-constrained and do not allow high computational applications, whereas the routing task is what makes an object to be part of an IoT network despite of being a high power-consuming task. Therefore, energy efficiency is a crucial factor to consider when designing a routing protocol for IoT wireless networks. In this paper, we propose EER-RL, an energy-efficient routing protocol based on reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning (RL) allows devices to adapt to network changes, such as mobility and energy level, and improve routing decisions. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with other existing energy-efficient routing protocols, and the results show that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of energy efficiency and network lifetime and scalability.
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45

Panda, Niranjan, and Pankajini Panda. "A secure and energy efficient ant routing algorithm." Intelligent Decision Technologies 14, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/idt-190042.

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In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), setting up an ideal and proficient route linking the conveying bodies is the essential objective of the routing protocols. But any assault during the routing stage may upset the communication, paralyzing the whole network. So, providing security in routing for a protected communication between nodes has become a prime concern. In the present study, we propose a Secure Energy Efficient Ant Routing Algorithm (SEEARA) based on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm and cryptographic primitives that exercises on power control and secure routing between a pair of network nodes and increases the performance and longevity of the network. Also, it can be realized during simulation studies that SEEARA shows a better solution in comparison with the previously proposed routing protocols.
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46

Kocherla, Raviteja, and Ramesh Vatambeti. "Review and Analysis of Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 2969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9173.

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This review paper focuses on different studies that have examined this subject involving the development and implementation of different energy-efficient routing protocols. Specifically, the paper seeks to unearth issues such as the methodologies adopted, the proposed energy-efficient routing models in different scenarios and applications, and the scholars’ results regarding the impact of the proposed algorithms on the network lifetime of WSNs. From the results, a common trend and emerging theme that have been established demonstrate that when energy-efficient routing systems are implemented, they are likely to minimize the energy consumption of WSN networks. With energy consumption minimized, the resultant efficiency with which the energy-efficient routing protocols are associated contributes to an increase in the network lifetime.
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47

Khan, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Shiraz, Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor, Suleman Khan, Ali Safaa Sadiq, and Ghufran Ahmed. "EE-MRP: Energy-Efficient Multistage Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6839671.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have captivated substantial attention from both industrial and academic research in the last few years. The major factor behind the research efforts in that field is their vast range of applications which include surveillance systems, military operations, health care, environment event monitoring, and human safety. However, sensor nodes are low potential and energy constrained devices; therefore, energy-efficient routing protocol is the foremost concern. In this paper, an energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Our protocol consists of a routing algorithm for the transmission of data, cluster head selection algorithm, and a scheme for the formation of clusters. On the basis of energy analysis of the existing routing protocols, a multistage data transmission mechanism is proposed. An efficient cluster head selection algorithm is adopted and unnecessary frequency of reclustering is exterminated. Static clustering is used for efficient selection of cluster heads. The performance and energy efficiency of our proposed routing protocol are assessed by the comparison of the existing routing protocols on a simulation platform. On the basis of simulation results, it is observed that our proposed routing protocol (EE-MRP) has performed well in terms of overall network lifetime, throughput, and energy efficiency.
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48

Kaur, Mukhwinder. "Types Routing Protocols based one Energy Efficiency." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 709–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38057.

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Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of autonomous sensors distributed in space to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, and pressure, and to coordinate communications. The information collected reaches its destination through the network infrastructure. Energy-efficient routing protocols are becoming more important because sensor nodes are power-limited devices. Several tiered routing protocols have recently been proposed to minimize power consumption. For example, LEACH is a basic hierarchical routing protocol that uses clustering to achieve energy efficiency. Much research has been done to eliminate the shortcomings and improve the performance of hierarchical routing protocols. WSN hierarchical routing protocols and analyzes the capabilities and performance of existing hierarchical routing protocols. It also compares existing routing protocols, highlights key technical differences, and provides a performance comparison of some LEACH-based routing protocols. Finally, this article highlights the issues and challenges of existing WSN routing protocols. It supports future research on the selection of appropriate research areas and provides guidance on the selection of energy saving methods in the energy efficient design of WSN routing protocols. Keywords: wireless sensor network, routing protocols, CSMA, CH, TDMA
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49

Jaffri, Zain ul Abidin, Muhammad Asif, Wali Ullah Khan, Zeeshan Ahmad, Zain ul Abiden Akhtar, Kalim Ullah, and Md Sadek Ali. "TEZEM: A new energy-efficient routing protocol for next-generation wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 18, no. 6 (June 2022): 155013292211072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501329221107246.

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The design and implementation of energy-efficient routing protocols for next-generation wireless sensor networks is always a challenge due to limited power resource capabilities. Hierarchical (clustering) routing protocols appeared to be a remarkable solution for extending the lifetime of wireless sensor networks, particularly in application-aware (threshold-sensitive) and heterogeneity-aware cluster-based routing protocols. In this article, we propose a protocol, namely, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol. It is a heterogeneity-aware and threshold-based protocol that provides a better solution to existing problems in next-generation wireless sensor networks. During execution, the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol splits the entire network area into several zones to manage network traffic efficiently. In the first step, Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is designed for a homogeneous network where the initial energy of all the nodes is the same. Thereafter, we bring in heterogeneity in the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol execution environment to optimize its energy consumption. By investigating the performance of the various numbers of divisions, it is proved that the Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol with 9 zonal divisions has higher stability and throughput. The performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol is compared with those of Stable Election Protocol, Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Modified Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, and Gateway-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol through computer simulations. Simulation results verify the improved performance of the proposed Threshold-based Energy-aware Zonal Efficiency Measuring hierarchical routing protocol in terms of network stability, lifetime, and throughput.
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Roy, Sohini. "Energy Aware Cluster Based Routing Scheme For Wireless Sensor Network." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 40, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fcds-2015-0013.

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Abstract:
Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has emerged as an important supplement to the modern wireless communication systems due to its wide range of applications. The recent researches are facing the various challenges of the sensor network more gracefully. However, energy efficiency has still remained a matter of concern for the researches. Meeting the countless security needs, timely data delivery and taking a quick action, efficient route selection and multi-path routing etc. can only be achieved at the cost of energy. Hierarchical routing is more useful in this regard. The proposed algorithm Energy Aware Cluster Based Routing Scheme (EACBRS) aims at conserving energy with the help of hierarchical routing by calculating the optimum number of cluster heads for the network, selecting energy-efficient route to the sink and by offering congestion control. Simulation results prove that EACBRS performs better than existing hierarchical routing algorithms like Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC) algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks and Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Clustered scheme for Wireless Sensor Network (EEHC).
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