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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy gradients'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Chittur K, Subramaniam, Aishwarya Chandran, Ashwini Khandelwal, and Sivakumar A. "Energy Conversion using electrolytic concentration gradients." MRS Proceedings 1774 (2015): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.758.

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ABSTRACTSalinity gradient is an enormous source of clean energy. A process for potential generation from an ionic concentration gradient produced in single and multicell assembly is presented. The ionic gradient is created using a fuel cell type cell with a micro-porous ion exchange membrane, both anionic (AEM) and cationic (CEM). Various salinity gradients, Salt : Fresh, from 100 : 0 to 16000 : 0 was established using NaCl solution, in the electrode chambers. A potential of 20 mV/cm to 25 mV/cm can be realized at ambient temperatures and pressures for a bipolar AEM/CEM cell. The performance w

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2

Liu, Chang Song, Dong Mei Zheng, Ji Gen Zhou, Yong Wan, and Zhi Wen Li. "Fabrication of Surface Energy Gradients Using Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces Prepared by Photodegradation." Materials Science Forum 688 (June 2011): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.688.102.

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A new technique, direct photodegradation of self-assembled monolayers (SAM), to obtain surface energy gradients on Si substrates was demonstrated. The gradient surface, with hydrophobic to hydrophilic gradients, was prepared by two steps: Firstly, a homogeneous fluoroalkylsilane SAM film was deposited by a chemical vapor deposition on a Si substrate. Secondly, a controlled photodegradation technique was directly applied to the homogeneous FAS-SAM surface. The surface energy gradient was then obtained due to the different intensity of photoirradiation in the different positions along the photod

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3

Kauffman, Louis H. "Following Knots down Their Energy Gradients." Symmetry 4, no. 2 (2012): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym4020276.

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4

Baysal, K., D. W. Jung, K. K. Gunter, T. E. Gunter, and G. P. Brierley. "Na(+)-dependent Ca2+ efflux mechanism of heart mitochondria is not a passive Ca2+/2Na+ exchanger." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 266, no. 3 (1994): C800—C808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.3.c800.

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Net Ca2+ flux across the inner membrane of respiring heart mitochondria was evaluated under conditions in which virtually all Ca2+ movement can be attributed to the Na+/Ca2+ antiport. If this antiport promotes a passive electroneutral exchange of Ca2+ for 2Na+, the Ca2+ gradient should be equal to the square of the Na+ gradient at equilibrium. Because the mitochondrial Na+/H+ antiport equilibrates the Na+ and H+ gradients, the Ca2+ gradient should also equal the square of the H+ gradient. In a series of > 20 determinations at different matrix [Ca2+], different delta pH, and varying membrane

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5

Hashimoto, Kenro, and Yoshihiro Osamura. "Orbital exponent optimization for molecular self-consistent-field wave functions including the polarization function." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 2 (1992): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-077.

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We have applied the analytical energy gradient method with respect to the orbital exponents for molecular self-consistent-field wave functions including the polarization functions. The gradients for Gaussian-type functions in Huzinaga–Dunning's double zeta basis set with and without polarization functions were compared for some hydrides of the first-row elements. The changes in the gradients caused by the polarization functions were observed. It was found that the polarization functions on hydrogen play a role in reducing the gradients produced in the absence of these functions. Although optim

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6

Eremeyev, Victor A. "Local material symmetry group for first- and second-order strain gradient fluids." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 26, no. 8 (2021): 1173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10812865211021640.

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Using an unified approach based on the local material symmetry group introduced for general first- and second-order strain gradient elastic media, we analyze the constitutive equations of strain gradient fluids. For the strain gradient medium there exists a strain energy density dependent on first- and higher-order gradients of placement vector, whereas for fluids a strain energy depends on a current mass density and its gradients. Both models found applications to modeling of materials with complex inner structure such as beam-lattice metamaterials and fluids at small scales. The local materi

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7

Zachariassen, K., A. Olsen, and T. Aunaas. "The effect of formaldehyde exposure on the transmembrane distribution of free amino acids in muscles of Mytilus edulis." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 6 (1996): 1287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.6.1287.

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Free amino acids in the posterior adductor muscle of mussels (Mytilus edulis) occur in a high-energy gradient group, with energy gradients of 15&shy;18 kJ mol-1 (aspartate, beta-alanine, glycine, taurine and threonine), and a low-energy gradient group, with energy gradients around 12 kJ mol-1 (the rest of the amino acids). Two of the amino acids, glycine and taurine, are present at intracellular concentrations of 100&shy;150 mmol kg-1, while the other amino acids occur at concentrations below 50 mmol kg-1. Exposure of mussels to formaldehyde causes a marked influx of Na+ into the muscl

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8

Kitaura, Kazuo, Sin-Ichirou Sugiki, Tatsuya Nakano, Yuto Komeiji, and Masami Uebayasi. "Fragment molecular orbital method: analytical energy gradients." Chemical Physics Letters 336, no. 1-2 (2001): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00099-9.

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9

Kishore, Ravi Anant, Brenton Davis, Jake Greathouse, et al. "Energy scavenging from ultra-low temperature gradients." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 3 (2019): 1008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ee03084g.

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10

Chang, Hyung-Kwan, Eunpyo Choi, and Jungyul Park. "Paper-based energy harvesting from salinity gradients." Lab on a Chip 16, no. 4 (2016): 700–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5lc01232e.

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Environment-friendly and flexible paper-based energy harvesting with a simple configuration is proposed using the principle of reverse electrodialysis (RED). Owing to the intrinsic capillary flow in paper, a pump-less and truly portable paper based power source is realized and it can be integrated directly with μPADs as a practical application.

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11

Klaus, Manuela, and Christoph Genzel. "Nondestructive separation of residual stress and composition gradients in thin films by angle- and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. I. Theoretical concepts." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 1 (2017): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716020598.

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Different X-ray measurement and data evaluation concepts are presented, which allow for residual stress analysis in thin films with pronounced gradients in chemical composition. These gradients lead to a variation in the strain-free lattice parameter a 0 with respect to the film thickness and superimpose the lattice strain induced by the film's inherent stresses. Non-consideration of a 0(z) gradients is shown to lead to considerable errors (`ghost stresses') in the residual stress depth profiles. With the simulated example of a TiC x N1−x film with a pronounced carbon gradient, the first part

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12

George, N. T., S. Sponberg, and T. L. Daniel. "Temperature gradients drive mechanical energy gradients in the flight muscle of Manduca sexta." Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no. 3 (2012): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.062901.

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13

Tulloch, Ross, and K. Shafer Smith. "Quasigeostrophic Turbulence with Explicit Surface Dynamics: Application to the Atmospheric Energy Spectrum." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 2 (2009): 450–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2653.1.

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Abstract The horizontal wavenumber spectra of wind and temperature near the tropopause have a steep −3 slope at synoptic scales and a shallower −5/3 slope at mesoscales, with a transition between the two regimes at a wavelength of about 450 km. Here it is demonstrated that a quasigeostrophic model driven by baroclinic instability exhibits such a transition near its upper boundary (analogous to the tropopause) when surface temperature advection at that boundary is properly resolved and forced. To accurately represent surface advection at the upper and lower boundaries, the vertical structure of

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14

Boamah, Mavis D., Emilie H. Lozier, Jeongmin Kim, et al. "Energy conversion via metal nanolayers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 33 (2019): 16210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906601116.

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Current approaches for electric power generation from nanoscale conducting or semiconducting layers in contact with moving aqueous droplets are promising as they show efficiencies of around 30%, yet even the most successful ones pose challenges regarding fabrication and scaling. Here, we report stable, all-inorganic single-element structures synthesized in a single step that generate electrical current when alternating salinity gradients flow along its surface in a liquid flow cell. Nanolayers of iron, vanadium, or nickel, 10 to 30 nm thin, produce open-circuit potentials of several tens of mi

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15

Lutsko, Nicholas J., and Max Popp. "The Influence of Meridional Gradients in Insolation and Longwave Optical Depth on the Climate of a Gray Radiation GCM." Journal of Climate 31, no. 19 (2018): 7803–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-18-0103.1.

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The relative contributions of the meridional gradients in insolation and in longwave optical depth (caused by gradients in water vapor) to the equator-to-pole temperature difference, and to Earth’s climate in general, have not been quantified before. As a first step to understanding these contributions, this study investigates simulations with an idealized general circulation model in which the gradients are eliminated individually or jointly, while keeping the global means fixed. The insolation gradient has a larger influence on the model’s climate than the gradient in optical depth, but both

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16

Sidhardh, Sai, and Manas C. Ray. "Exact solutions for elastic response in micro- and nano-beams considering strain gradient elasticity." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 24, no. 4 (2018): 895–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286518761182.

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This paper presents the exact solutions derived for the static bending response of simply supported isotropic micro- and nano-beams. The governing differential equations of equilibrium and the associated boundary conditions for the beam are derived by applying the variational principle over the internal energy functional involving strain and strain gradient terms. The Mindlin’s Form II model for higher order metrics of energy involving strain gradient terms and three additional material length constants has been used for the current formulation. Constitutive relations for stress and the higher

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17

Thomas, Jared J., Pieter MO Gebraad, and Andrew Ning. "Improving the FLORIS wind plant model for compatibility with gradient-based optimization." Wind Engineering 41, no. 5 (2017): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x17722000.

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The FLORIS (FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady-state) model, a parametric wind turbine wake model that predicts steady-state wake characteristics based on wind turbine position and yaw angle, was developed for optimization of control settings and turbine locations. This article provides details on changes made to the FLORIS model to make the model more suitable for gradient-based optimization. Changes to the FLORIS model were made to remove discontinuities and add curvature to regions of non-physical zero gradient. Exact gradients for the FLORIS model were obtained using algorithmic diff

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18

Hsu, Wei-Shan, Anant Preet, Tung-Yi Lin, and Tzu-En Lin. "Miniaturized Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting Devices." Molecules 26, no. 18 (2021): 5469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185469.

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Harvesting salinity gradient energy, also known as “osmotic energy” or “blue energy”, generated from the free energy mixing of seawater and fresh river water provides a renewable and sustainable alternative for circumventing the recent upsurge in global energy consumption. The osmotic pressure resulting from mixing water streams with different salinities can be converted into electrical energy driven by a potential difference or ionic gradients. Reversed-electrodialysis (RED) has become more prominent among the conventional membrane-based separation methodologies due to its higher energy effic

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19

Sodano, Henry A., Garnett E. Simmers, Remi Dereux, and Daniel J. Inman. "Recharging Batteries using Energy Harvested from Thermal Gradients." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 18, no. 1 (2006): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x06063906.

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20

Kaduk, Benjamin, Takashi Tsuchimochi, and Troy Van Voorhis. "Analytic energy gradients for constrained DFT-configuration interaction." Journal of Chemical Physics 140, no. 18 (2014): 18A503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4862497.

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21

Lee, Timothy J. "Theory for externally contracted configuration interaction energy gradients." Journal of Chemical Physics 87, no. 5 (1987): 2825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.453070.

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22

Kozaki, Masatoshi, Shuichi Suzuki, and Keiji Okada. "Dendritic Light-harvesting Antennas with Excitation Energy Gradients." Chemistry Letters 42, no. 10 (2013): 1112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.130654.

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23

Soleimani, Soheil, E. Ghasemi, and M. A. Almas. "Effects of Pressure Gradients on Energy Dissipation Coefficient." Journal of Advanced Thermal Science Research 1, no. 2 (2015): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5826.2014.01.02.6.

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24

Moser, André, Metin Erd, Milos Kostic, Keith Cobry, Michael Kroener, and Peter Woias. "Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting from Transient Ambient Temperature Gradients." Journal of Electronic Materials 41, no. 6 (2012): 1653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11664-011-1894-4.

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25

Rice, J. E., and R. D. Amos. "On the efficient evaluation of analytic energy gradients." Chemical Physics Letters 122, no. 6 (1985): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(85)87275-4.

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26

Williams, Ian, Sangyoon Lee, Azzurra Apriceno, Richard P. Sear, and Giuseppe Battaglia. "Diffusioosmotic and convective flows induced by a nonelectrolyte concentration gradient." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (2020): 25263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009072117.

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Glucose is an important energy source in our bodies, and its consumption results in gradients over length scales ranging from the subcellular to entire organs. Concentration gradients can drive material transport through both diffusioosmosis and convection. Convection arises because concentration gradients are mass density gradients. Diffusioosmosis is fluid flow induced by the interaction between a solute and a solid surface. A concentration gradient parallel to a surface creates an osmotic pressure gradient near the surface, resulting in flow. Diffusioosmosis is well understood for electroly

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27

Minetti, A. E., L. P. Ardigò, and F. Saibene. "Mechanical determinants of the minimum energy cost of gradient running in humans." Journal of Experimental Biology 195, no. 1 (1994): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.195.1.211.

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The metabolic cost and the mechanical work of running at different speeds and gradients were measured on five human subjects. The mechanical work was partitioned into the internal work (Wint) due to the speed changes of body segments with respect to the body centre of mass and the external work (Wext) due to the position and speed changes of the body centre of mass in the environment. Wext was further divided into a positive part (W+ext) and a negative part (W-ext), associated with the energy increases and decreases, respectively, over the stride period. For all constant speeds, the most econo

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28

Walenta, Stefan, Stacey Snyder, Zishan A. Haroon, et al. "Tissue gradients of energy metabolites mirror oxygen tension gradients in a rat mammary carcinoma model." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 51, no. 3 (2001): 840–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01700-x.

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29

Dewhirst, M. W., S. Walenta, S. Snyder, W. Mueller-Klieser, R. Braun, and B. Chance. "Tissue gradients of energy metabolites mirror oxygen tension gradients in a rat mammary carcinoma model." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 48, no. 3 (2000): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80059-0.

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30

Li, Rong, and Jun Xiong. "Role of substrate shape on thermal energy transmission in robotized wire and arc additive manufacturing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 7 (2019): 1285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2018-0277.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to present how the thermal energy transmission of circular parts produced in robotized gas metal arc (GMA)-based additive manufacturing was affected by the substrate shape through finite element analysis, including distributions of thermal energy and temperature gradient in the molten pool and deposited layers. Design/methodology/approach Three geometric shapes, namely, square, rectangle and round were chosen in simulation, and validation tests were carried out by corresponding experiments. Findings The thermal energy conduction ability of the deposited lay

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31

Lam, D. C. C., and A. C. M. Chong. "Characterization and modeling of specific strain gradient modulus of epoxy." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 2 (2001): 558–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0080.

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Microscale sensing and actuating components are prevalent in microelectromechanical systems. Deformations of microscale components are dependent not only on the strains in the body, but also on the strain gradients. The contribution of strain gradients to plastic hardening is characterized by the specific strain gradient modulus of the material. The specific strain gradient modulus has been predicted to vary with the plastic strain. The moduli of plastically prestrained epoxy specimens were experimentally characterized in this investigation using nanoindentation. Prestraining induced softening

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32

Yuval, Janni, and Yohai Kaspi. "The Effect of Vertical Baroclinicity Concentration on Atmospheric Macroturbulence Scaling Relations." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, no. 5 (2017): 1651–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-16-0277.1.

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Abstract Motivated by the expectation that under global warming upper-level meridional temperature gradients will increase while lower-level temperature gradients will decrease, the relations between the vertical structure of baroclinicity and eddy fields are investigated. The sensitivity of eddies and the relation between the mean available potential energy and eddy quantities are studied for cases where the vertical structure of the lapse rate and meridional temperature gradient are modified. To investigate this systematically, an idealized general circulation model with a Newtonian cooling

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33

Zeller, Christian, Binu Surendran, and Micheal F. Zaeh. "Parameterized Extended Finite Element Method for high thermal gradients." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 5, no. 3 (2017): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2017.12.001.

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Abstract The Finite Element Method results in inaccuracies for temperature changes at the boundary if the mesh is too coarse in comparison with the applied time step. Oscillations occur as the adjacent elements balance the excessive energy of the boundary element. An Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) with extrinsic enrichment of the boundary element by a parameterized problem-specific ansatz function is presented. The method is able to represent high thermal gradients at the boundary with a coarse mesh as the enrichment function compensates for the excessive energy at the element affected

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34

Bardall, Aaron, Shih-Yuan Chen, Karen E. Daniels, and Michael Shearer. "Gradient-induced droplet motion over soft solids." IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 85, no. 3 (2020): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamat/hxaa015.

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Abstract Fluid droplets can be induced to move over rigid or flexible surfaces under external or body forces. We describe the effect of variations in material properties of a flexible substrate as a mechanism for motion. In this paper, we consider a droplet placed on a substrate with either a stiffness or surface energy gradient and consider its potential for motion via coupling to elastic deformations of the substrate. In order to clarify the role of contact angles and to obtain a tractable model, we consider a 2D droplet. The gradients in substrate material properties give rise to asymmetric

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35

Kotoul, Michal, and Petr Skalka. "Applicability of the Critical Energy Release Rate for Predicting the Growth of a Crack in Nanoscale Materials Applying the Strain Gradient Elasticity Theory." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.185.

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The paper investigates the limits of applicability of the critical energy release rate for predicting the growth of a crack in nanoscale materials applying the strain gradient elasticity theory (SGET) capable to capture size effects, nonlocal material point interactions and surface effects in the form of (phenomenological) higher-order stress/strain gradients.

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36

GULITSKI, G., M. KHOLMYANSKY, W. KINZELBACH, B. LÜTHI, A. TSINOBER, and S. YORISH. "Velocity and temperature derivatives in high- Reynolds-number turbulent flows in the atmospheric surface layer. Part 3. Temperature and joint statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 589 (October 8, 2007): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007007513.

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This is part 3 of our work describing experiments in which explicit information was obtained on all the derivatives, i.e. spatial derivatives, ∂/∂xj, and temporal derivatives, ∂/∂t, of velocity and temperature fields (and all the components of velocity fluctuations and temperature) at the Reynolds numberReλ~104.This part is devoted to the issues concerning temperature with the emphasis on joint statistics of temperature and velocity derivatives, based on preliminary results from a jet facility and the main results from a field experiment. Apart from a number of conventional results, these cont

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37

Li, Zheng, and Gerald H. Pollack. "Surface-induced flow: A natural microscopic engine using infrared energy as fuel." Science Advances 6, no. 19 (2020): eaba0941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0941.

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Fluid commonly flows in response to an external pressure gradient. However, when a tunnel-containing hydrogel is immersed in water, spontaneous flow occurs through the tunnel without any pressure gradient. We confirmed this flow in a wide range of plant- and animal-derived hydrogels. The flow appears to be driven by axial concentration gradients originating from surface activities of the tunnel wall. Those activities include (i) hydrogel-water interaction and (ii) material exchange across the tunnel boundary. Unlike pressure-driven flow, this surface-induced flow has two distinct features: inc

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38

Stenrup, Michael, Roland Lindh, and Ignacio Fdez. Galván. "Constrained numerical gradients and composite gradients: Practical tools for geometry optimization and potential energy surface navigation." Journal of Computational Chemistry 36, no. 22 (2015): 1698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.23987.

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Yip, Ngai Yin, Doriano Brogioli, Hubertus V. M. Hamelers, and Kitty Nijmeijer. "Salinity Gradients for Sustainable Energy: Primer, Progress, and Prospects." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 22 (2016): 12072–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b03448.

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40

Breitzman, Timothy, and Kaushik Dayal. "Bond-level deformation gradients and energy averaging in peridynamics." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 110 (January 2018): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2017.09.015.

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41

Jiao, Yanmei, Chun Yang, and Yuejun Kang. "Energy Conversion from Salinity Gradients by Forward Osmosis–Electrokinetics." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 118, no. 20 (2014): 10574–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp412032b.

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42

Werpetinski, Katrina S., and Michael Cook. "Grid-free density-functional technique with analytical energy gradients." Physical Review A 52, no. 5 (1995): R3397—R3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.52.r3397.

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43

Anatole von Lilienfeld, O. "Accurate ab initio energy gradients in chemical compound space." Journal of Chemical Physics 131, no. 16 (2009): 164102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3249969.

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44

Ortiz, J. V. "Total energies and energy gradients in electron propagator theory." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 44, S26 (1992): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560440805.

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45

Wu, Qin, Aron J. Cohen, and Weitao Yang. "Analytic energy gradients of the optimized effective potential method." Journal of Chemical Physics 123, no. 13 (2005): 134111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1989310.

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46

Burgos, Pierre, Zhenyu Zhang, Ramin Golestanian, Graham J. Leggett, and Mark Geoghegan. "Directed Single Molecule Diffusion Triggered by Surface Energy Gradients." ACS Nano 3, no. 10 (2009): 3235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn900991r.

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47

Sigrist, Lukas, Naomi Stricker, Dominic Bernath, Jan Beutel, and Lothar Thiele. "Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting From Gradients in the Earth Surface." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67, no. 11 (2020): 9460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2952796.

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48

Hoffmann, Mark R., and Jack Simons. "Analytical energy gradients for a unitary coupled-cluster theory." Chemical Physics Letters 142, no. 6 (1987): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(87)80642-5.

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49

Wegner, Lars H. "A thermodynamic analysis of the feasibility of water secretion into xylem vessels against a water potential gradient." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 9 (2015): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15077.

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A series of recent publications has launched a debate on trans-membrane water secretion into root xylem vessels against a water potential gradient, energised by a cotransport with salts (e.g. KCl) that follow their chemical potential gradient. Cation–chloride–cotransporter -type transporters that function in this way in mammalian epithelia were detected in root stelar cells bordering on xylem vessels. Using literature data on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings, one study confirmed that K+ and Cl– gradients across stelar cell membranes favour salt efflux. Moreover, the energetic costs of put

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Mirzaali, Nava, Gunashekar, Nouri-Goushki, Doubrovski, and Zadpoor. "Fracture Behavior of Bio-Inspired Functionally Graded Soft–Hard Composites Made by Multi-Material 3D Printing: The Case of Colinear Cracks." Materials 12, no. 17 (2019): 2735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172735.

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Abstract:

The functional gradient is a concept often occurring in nature. This concept can be implemented in the design and fabrication of advanced materials with specific functionalities and properties. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) can effectively eliminate the interface problems in extremely hard–soft connections, and, thus, have numerous and diverse applications in high-tech industries, such as those in biomedical and aerospace fields. Here, using voxel-based multi-material additive manufacturing (AM, = 3D printing) techniques, which works on the basis of material jetting, we studied the frac

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