Relevant bibliographies by topics / Energy industries – South Africa

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Energy industries – South Africa'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Energy industries – South Africa"

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Ziramba, Emmanuel. "Disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in South Africa." Energy Policy 37, no. 6 (June 2009): 2214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.048.

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Stafford, William, Brett Cohen, Simisha Pather-Elias, Harro Von Blottnitz, Robert Van Hille, Sue T. L. Harrison, and Stephanie G. Burton. "Technologies for recovery of energy from wastewaters: Applicability and potential in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i1a3003.

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This study explored technologies for recovering energy from wastewater through production of biomass, combustion and gasification, generation of biogas, production of bioethanol, heat recovery and microbial fuel cells. A first order desktop analysis of the potential for applying these solutions to wastewaters in South Africa revealed that 3 200 to 9 000 MWth of energy has potential for recovery, equating to at most 7% of South Africa’s current electrical power supply. Formal and informal animal husbandry, fruit and beverage industries and domestic blackwater were identified as wastewaters with the greatest potential for energy recovery. Of the reviewed technologies, anaerobic digestion shows applicability to the widest range of feedstocks. Net energy generated, reduction in pollution, and water reclamation are identified as the main benefits, but additional benefits such as certified emission reductions, fertiliser production and the production of secondary products may dictate the economic feasibility.
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Maphisa, Ezekiel, Gillian Marcelle, and Radhika Perrot. "Nuclear energy technology adoption by intensive energy industrial users in South Africa." International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 5, no. 1/2 (2012): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtlid.2012.044881.

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Hamer, W., E. H. Mathews, A. G. S. Gous, J. Booysen, and J. C. Vosloo. "Testing concurrent benefits for Section 12L tax incentives in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i4a8674.

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The South African energy crisis harms the economy. Tax incentives are intended to help, but rules for incentives must be understood by all stakeholders for taxpayers to be encouraged to invest. Section 12L (S12L) is relatively new legislation that allows a tax deduction for verified year-on-year energy efficiency savings in South Africa. Concurrent benefits are excluded from this tax incentive, to prevent a double reward for the same activity. Although the prevention of double benefits is commonly addressed in the field of measurement and verification (M&V), non-technical guidelines are not available. This is a critical shortcoming since multiple professions (tax, audit and legal) need to understand the technical M&V requirements of S12L. This study reviews the current legislation and interpretations of concurrent benefits in terms of S12L. It shows that multiple energy-related incentives are utilised by industries and that, therefore, it must be determined if different programmes overlap, so as to create concurrent benefits with S12L. It is then critical to correctly apply M&V practice to ensure exclusion of concurrent benefits. This study also provides a simplified methodology to evaluate concurrency, based on the S12L regulatory requirements and standard M&V methods. Three case studies show how concurrency can occur and how M&V practice is applied to exclude double benefits. The test for concurrency is shown to reduce to the following question: Is the same energy saving funded twice? The tests must be done to ensure no double benefit occurs.
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Doorasamy, Mishelle, and Bruce Rhodes. "Effectiveness of MFCA as a tool to improving sucrose quality in sugarcane production." Environmental Economics 8, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3-1).2017.02.

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Sugarcane production in South Africa is one of the major foreign exchange earnings, and constitute an important contributor to GDP growth of South Africa. It is argued that sucrose content, one of the significant components of sugarcane has been at the declining trend in the recent years. This study offers Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) as an important tool, since it supports managerial decision making process by making it possible to visualize and quantify material losses. The study hypothesis is that can MFCA as tool increase organizational profitability. The study adopts models from literature to access the efficiency of MFCA as an important alternatives to the conventional accounting process. In this study, production cost has been classified into four categories, namely: system cost, energy cost, material flow cost and residual cost. Accessing the efficiency of this accounting skill, data from South African Sugarcane Milling industry has been adopted to establish our claim in the study and finally, this study has been able to implement the process involved in the use of MFCA. We, therefore, recommend the proficient use of MFCA in organizations among the South African industries as it possess the quality of classifying product cost from waste cost and hence improving profitability and organizational efficiency.
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Brent, Alan, and Marthinus Pretorius. "Industrial and commercial opportunities to utilise concentrating solar thermal systems in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i4a3226.

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A solar energy technology roadmap has been developed for South Africa. The roadmap lists a number of technological systems that fulfil three requirements from a South African perspective. First, they have clearly been demonstrated or commercialised. Second, a local industry could be stimulated including the potential to export, with associate socio-economic growth; and the other requirements of government can be met in terms of improving energy security and access, and addressing climate change. Third, they have a medium to high R&D intensity, in terms of available capacity and associate resources needed to support the further development of the technological systems. Concentrated Solar Thermal systems feature prominently in the list of technologies. These systems can generate electrical power, then referred to as Concentrating Solar Power systems, typically in the 1 to 100 MW range for on- and off-grid applications. They can also simply produce heat, typically in the 100 to 1000ºC range, primarily for commercial and industrial process applications. This paper discusses the international trends and drivers for these systems to generate power and heat, and then focuses on the specific potential in the South African context. A number of barriers to realizing the potential are discussed and recommendations are made accordingly to stimulate the growth of this industry sector in South Africa.
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Kwakwa, Paul Adjei, and Frank Adusah-Poku. "The carbon dioxide emission effects of domestic credit and manufacturing indicators in South Africa." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2019-0245.

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PurposeCarbon dioxide emission is one of the key causes of global warming and climate change. This study investigates the effects of domestic credit and manufacturing indicators on the emission of carbon dioxide in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relied on time series data from 1975 to 2014 and employed regression and variance decomposition methods to analyze the data.FindingsIn the long run, manufacturing output increases total carbon emissions and emissions from solid fuel; manufactures trade reduces carbon emissions and domestic credit reduces emissions from the manufacturing industries and construction. The long-run effect of the changing technical characteristics of the manufacturing sector is sensitive to the estimation technique used. In the short run, however, changing technical characteristics of the manufacturing sector affect the level of carbon emissions. Income increases emissions from manufacturing industries and construction and urbanization increases total carbon emissions.Research limitations/implicationsPolicymakers have to initiate effective policies to promote energy-efficient technologies among manufacturing firms.Originality/valueThe paper examines the effect of manufacturing on carbon dioxide emissions in South Africa. It also examines the possible effect of manufactures trade on carbon emissions. Moreover, the possible effect of the changing characteristics of the manufacturing sector on carbon emissions is investigated.
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Cheteni, Priviledge. "Smallholder farmers’ awareness of biofuel crops in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Environmental Economics 7, no. 3 (October 21, 2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(3).2016.09.

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In this study, 157 smallholder farmers from the OR Tambo and Chris Hani district municipality in South Africa were purposively sampled to participate in a survey. The objective was to identify the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ awareness of biofuel crops. Using a binary logistic model, it was found that the variables: gender, household income, membership in association, land utilization and qualification were statistically significant in influencing farmers’ awareness of biofuel crops. Therefore, it is recommended that the South African government should identify the smallholder farmers targeted for the biofuel program by their social status, as pointed in this study. Keywords: awareness, binary model, biofuel industrial policy, energy, shared growth initiative, smallholder farmers. JEL Classification: Q1, Q2, Q4, Q5
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Oladiran, M. T., and J. P. Meyer. "Energy and exergy analyses of energy consumptions in the industrial sector in South Africa." Applied Energy 84, no. 10 (October 2007): 1056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.02.004.

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Ghiasi, Mohammad Mehdi, Alireza Aslani, and Younes Noorollahi. "Analysis of Energy System in South Africa Using Exponential Smoothing Approach and Regression Technique." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 5, no. 3 (July 2016): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2016070104.

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The energy demand has increased dramatically in the recent decades. Due to the limitations and environmental effects of fossil fuels, secure level of energy supply is vital for economic and social development. This work is to review the energy sector in South Africa. After that, the consumptions of coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy are estimated by employing simple exponential smoothing methodology. Finding shows that the primary energy consumption in the South Africa is correlated as a function of population growth rate, industrial growth rate, and GDP.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Energy industries – South Africa"

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Banda, Azel. "Electricity production from sugar industries in Africa : a case of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6983.

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Bibliography: leaves 65-70.
Low access to electricity is a problem in Africa. Apart from South Africa and Mauritius access to electricity generally falls below 30% of the population. The situation is even worse in the rural areas which housed about 70% or more of the population and whose access to modern energy services in these areas is between 5%-10%. Hence, this work aims at providing means of increasing access to electricity for the larger portion of the continent. This work looked at the potential of using bagasse, a waste from sugar production, to produce electricity beyond the sugar factory to the national grid. It shows that bagasse generated electricity can contribute to increasing this access in Africa as a whole by as much as 9.4 TWh, using Condensing Extraction Steam Turbines. However, this increase varies among countries with the highest being Swaziland, 67%, and the lowest South Africa, 1.5%, due to the current capacity. The actualization of this technical potential, however, can only come about with proper application of relevant policies and measures that need to be in place for Africa in general and South Africa in particular as more detailed work was done on the latter. Due to limitation in scope, this work did not cover the social, financial and agronomic aspects and neither was optimization of sugar considered in evaluating electricity from bagasse.
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Huggett, Anthony Court. "Energy utilisation in selected industrial sectors in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21800.

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This thesis presents tha findings of an investigation into the use of energy, between the years 1975 and 1984, in five of the major energy-intensive industries in South Africa. Energy use in all economic sectors, from 1964 to 1974, was surveyed in the report "Energy Utilisation in South Africa", published by the Department of Planning and the Environment in 1978. As this report showed the major primary industries to be the largest single users of energy in South Africa, it was decided to isolate a number of major energy-intensive industries for investigation in this study. The 1979 Census of Manufacturing showed five industrial sectors to have consumed 41% by value of the total industrial energy consumption in that year, and it is those with which this thesis is concerned. The five industries are: The Structural Clay Products Industry, The Portland Cement Industry, The Glass Making Industry, The Iron and Steel Industry, The Pulp and Paper Industry.
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Dzenga, Bruce. "Public policy and clean energy venture capital private equity investments in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97395.

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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 2007, Bürer and Wüstenhagen (2009) conducted a survey amongst European and United States venture capital and private equity investors (VC/PE) to ascertain their public clean energy policy preference and concluded that VC/PE investors view the feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme to be the most preferred policy option. In this research study, the author re-conducted part of the Bürer and Wüstenhagen (2009) survey with thirty South African VC/PE investors to determine their perceptions on clean energy public policy preference. It is evident from the survey, that opinions are varied and at times even contradictory. This in itself demonstrates an important feature of the South African VC/PE and clean energy industry: it is young, dynamic, changing rapidly and can look very different, depending on the vantage point. The investors surveyed were mainly optimistic about the long-term development of the South African renewable energy industry led by private investors. VC/PE investors in South Africa have mixed views on various investment options, and are concerned about both the regulatory and macro-economic trends. The interviews and survey results show a number of recurring issues. Altogether, the survey results indicate that VC/PE investors consider FITs to be the best public clean energy policy instrument in leveraging private investment and finance for renewable energy in South Africa. This study serves to illustrate and confirm, in line with empirical studies, that VC/PE investors in South Africa believe that clean energy market-pull policies provide an impetus and indeed spur private investor participation in clean energy in developing countries. While it is true that most VC/PE investors would prefer the price certainty associated with a FIT regime, this is almost an irrelevant question in South Africa since constitutionally the state is bound to procure through competitive tendering. This study also serves to highlight the need for more active research and attention in this field.
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Otto, Willem Liebrecht. "Investigating the introduction of e-mobility in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95956.

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Kellermann, Johann. "The most important barriers inhibiting the sustainability and growth of energy service companies (ESCOs) in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/894.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It has been established worldwide that energy efficiency undertakings are the fastest, most cost-effective and cleanest way to extend energy supplies. When the energy supply made available through energy efficiency projects are compared with increasing primary supply through building new conventional generation facilities, the former is in most cases also safer, more reliable and a more secure form of investment. Energy service companies (ESCOs) are the recognised implementation vehicles of energy efficiency projects and have been in use internationally for many years for this purpose. Globally, however, ESCOs do not have a good history of being viable business enterprises. The most important barriers identified internationally hindering ESCOs’ growth and sustainability were the potential customers’ lack of awareness, information and understanding regarding energy efficiency projects, the financing of these projects, as well as the support of government on energy efficiency policies and regulations. The urgency of implementing energy efficiency measures in South Africa is critical based on the precarious situation of the national electrical suppliers’ ability to provide electricity unfailingly to all its current and future customers. The South African electrical energy situation should therefore provide tremendous opportunities to the local ESCO industry. The aim of this study was therefore to reiterate the importance of energy efficiency projects and to describe the barriers to growth and sustainability experienced by ESCOs in South Africa against the international backdrop. This was done by way of a survey sent out to all registered ESCOs in South Africa. Based on the responses to the survey, the South African industry is in dire straits and is hindered by various barriers to their growth and sustainability. The study identified eight major barriers in the South African ESCO industry which are similar to those experienced by ESCOs internationally. The uniqueness of the local barriers however, is that the industry operates in a highly regulated environment and that these regulators, being the government and Eskom, are recognised as the main perpetrators responsible for most of these barriers, largely due to a lack of dedicated action. Furthermore, the study shows that it is critical for all role players in the South African energy efficiency industry, and specifically the South African government and Eskom, to recognise these barriers and to assist in solving them to improve the growth opportunities in the ESCO industry. Removal of these barriers will not only improve the electricity situation, but will also have a number of positive effects on the micro and macro-economic levels of South Africa, as well as the environment. Finally, the study makes suggestions about the way forward through a number of actions to be taken to lower or remove the most important of these barriers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is reeds wêreldwyd bevestig dat energie-effektiwiteitsprojekte die vinnigste, kostedoeltreffendste en omgewingsvriendelikste manier is om energiebronne uit te brei. Wanneer die energieverskaffing wat beskikbaar gestel word deur energieeffektiwiteitsprojekte vergelyk word met die vermeerdering van primêre energie deur die bou van nuwe konvensionele opwekkingsfasiliteite, is eersgenoemde in die meeste gevalle ook veiliger en ’n meer betroubare en stabiele beleggingsvorm. Energie-diensmaatskappye (energy service companies (ESCOs)) is die erkende implementeringsmediums vir energie-effektiwiteitsprojekte en word reeds baie jare lank internasionaal vir hierdie doel aangewend. ESCOs het egter wêreldwyd nie ’n goeie rekord as lewensvatbare sake-ondernemings nie. Die vernaamste hindernisse wat ESCOs se groei en welvaart stuit is internasionaal geïdentifiseer as voornemende kliënte se gebrek aan bewustheid, inligting en begrip rakende energie-effektiwiteitsprojekte, die finansiering van sodanige projekte, asook die ondersteuning van die regering ten opsigte van energieeffektiewiteitsbeleide en -regulasies. Daar is groot dringendheid om energie-effektiewe projekte en maatreëls in Suid Afrika te implementeer, gebaseer op die huidige onsekerheid of die nasionale elektrisiteitsverskaffer wel in staat is om ’n betroubare bron van elektrisiteit aan sy huidige en voornemende kliënte te voorsien. Die Suid Afrikaanse elektriese energie situasie behoort daarom heelwat geleenthede te skep vir die plaaslike ESCO-industrie. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om die belangrikheid van energie-effektiwiteitsprojekte te beklemtoon en om die hindernisse te omskryf wat ESCOs in Suid Afrika se groei en welvaart stuit, gesien vanuit ‘n internasionale perspektief. Dit was gedoen deur ‘n vraelys aan alle geregistreerde ESCOs te stuur. Na aanleiding van die terugvoering op die vraelyste, sukkel hierdie industrie om kop bo water te hou weens verskeie hindernisse wat hulle groei en welvaart stuit. Hierdie studie identifiseer agt belangrike hindernisse in die Suid-Afrikaanse ESCO industrie wat ooreenstem met die wat deur internasionale ESCOs ondervind word. Die uniekheid van die plaaslike hindernisse is egter dat die industrie werksaam is in ‘n streng gereguleerde omgewing en dat die reguleerders, die regering en Eskom, ook uitgewys word as die vernaamste skuldiges wat verantwoordelik is vir meeste van die hindernisse, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van hulle gebrek aan toegewyde uitvoering van take. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie toon verder dat dit krities is vir al die rolspelers in die Suid-Afrikaanse energie-effektiwiteitsindustrie, spesifiek die Suid-Afrikaanse regering en Eskom, om hierdie hindernisse te erken en om saam te werk om hulle te oorkom en sodoende die groeigeleenthede in die ESCO-bedryf te verbeter. Die verwydering van hierdie hindernisse sal nie alleen die elektrisiteitsituasie verbeter nie, maar sal ook ’n aantal positiewe invloede hê op die mikro- en makro-ekonomiese vlak van Suid-Afrika, sowel as die omgewing. Die studie sluit af met voorstelle rakende die uitvoering van verskeie aksies wat die verwydering van die vernaamste hindernisse tot gevolg sal hê, of die hindernisse se impak op die industrie sal verminder.
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Msimanga, Bongani. "Exploring the impacts of renewable energy and energy efficiency policies on the mining sector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96668.

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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Worldwide, energy has been, and continues to be, key to economic development. However, the current global consensus is that energy-related carbon dioxide emissions would, at current rates, put the world onto a potentially catastrophic trajectory which could lead to global warming of 5 degree Celsius or more compared to pre-industrial times. There is a critical need for a low-carbon development or a move away from conventional fossil fuels energy sources. This study explores impacts of policies that South Africa developed in order to champion sustainable energy strategies based on energy efficiency and non-conventional energy sources, including renewable energy. The mining sector, because of its energy-intensive nature, was chosen. In order to achieve this objective three approaches were carried out: (i) a critical review of literature on energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) ; (ii) two case-studies that demonstrate the impacts of the policies; and (iii) action research on a sample of mines using survey questionnaire and interviewing. The research results show that the need to have security in energy and the need to be competitive and grow revenue are significant in deciding to carry out EE and RE initiatives in the mining sector. The results also show that safety followed by production are the priorities and are accompanied by a range of other demands, such as cost reduction and legislative requirements. It is, therefore, within this context that EE and RE initiative will always be carried out in the mining sector. The research concludes that, under the current market framework, South African EE and RE policies are not as effective as hoped they would be. The research, therefore, recommends that a percentage of the mines’ revenue could be dedicated to EE and RE initiatives. In addition, South Africa needs to come up with a new type of productive endeavour that would lead to less extractive industries, including mines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Energie is, was en sal wereldwyd altyd die sleutel wees tot ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Nieteenstaande, word dit wereldwyd aanvaar dat die huidige energie opwekking se koolstofdioksied vrystelling moontlik kan lei tot aardverwarming van 5 grade Celsius of meer wanneer vergelyk met word met pre-industriële tye. Daar is ‘n kritiese behoefte aan lae koolstofdioksied vrystelling ontwikkelings of ‘n beperking van konvensionele fossielbrandstof energiebronne. Hierdie studie analiseer die impak van die Suid Afrikaanse beleid wat ontwikkel is om volhoubare energie te bevorder wat effektief en onkonvensioneel is, insluitend hernubare energie. Die mynsektor, as ‘n groot verbruiker van energie, vorm die kern van die studie. Die studie is voltooi in drie fases naamlik: (1) kritiese oorsig van die literatuur oor energiedoeltreffendheid (EE) en hernubare energie (RE); (2) twee gevallestudies wat die impak van die beleid bevestig; en (3) praktiese navorsing deur middel van vraelyste en persoonlike onderhoude met seker myne. Die navorsing bevestig dat die behoefte aan bestendige energie teen kompeterende pryse wat die mynsektor in staat stel om inkomste te groei ,‘n beduidende invloed het op die besluit om EE of RE inisiatiewe te onderneem. Die resultate bevestig verder dat beroepsveiligheid en produksie uitsette die eerste prioriteite vir die myne is. Dit word verder beinvloed deur kostebesparings en wetlike vereistes. Enige EE en RE inisiatiewe wat onderneem word sal in hierdie konteks plaasvind. Die navorsing kom tot die slotsom dat, onder huidige marktoestande, Suid Afrika se EE en RE beleid nie so effektief is as waarop daar gehoop is nie. Die navorsing beveel derhalwe aan dat ‘n persentasie van myne se inkomste geoormerk moet word vir EE en RE inisiatiewe. Verder meer , Suid Afrika moet strewe na tipes produksie wat minder natuurlike grondstowwe onttrek, insluitend die myne.
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Watkins, Deidre Ann. "An assessment of the environmental compliance monitoring capacity of the Department of Minerals and Energy, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003848.

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One of the greatest challenges facing the world today is integrating industrial activities such as mining with environmental integrity and social concerns. Monitoring is fundamental to environmental management, both to assess the adherence to standards and to allow environmental managers to learn from practical experiences. However, a problem arises when the regulatory authorities cannot keep up with their mandate of enforcement and compliance monitoring. This research examined how the Department of Minerals and Energy (DME) implements the concept of sustainable development in the mining sector of the Eastern Cape (EC) and, more specifically, the extent to which the Mine Environmental Management (MEM) section is able to effectively monitor compliance of mining operations with environmental legislation. This was the first systematic compilation of statistical data for the DME, and presents the first study in the EC regional office in terms of environmental sustainability. Results indicate that there has been a sustained increase in mining activity over the past three years, possibly as a result of the boom in the construction industry and the accelerated road maintenance and improvement programmes in the Eastern Cape. Mining applications received by the DME have increased by 47% from 2006 to 2007 (January-May) and by a further 100% from 2007 to 2008. In addition to the increasing number of mining concerns being established, 98 mining concerns will need to apply for the conversion of their old order rights to new order rights by the 1st May 2009. Mining in the province is predominantly small scale with mining permits (mined areas less than 1.5Ha) making up 52.3% of all applications, with larger mining concerns contributing 29.3% and prospecting contributing the remaining 18.4%. In terms of compliance inspections, the EC regional office is required to conduct 120 environmental compliance inspections annually in terms of contributing to sustainable development. The MEM section exceeded this target since 2003. However, when the number of operational mines is considered, 120 inspections per year equates to one mine being visited, on average once every four years (based on 2008 data). Based on projected figures (number of compliance audits and number of operational mines) for 2009, the DME’s target of 150 inspections for 2009/10 combined with the limited staff D. Watkins – MBA Dissertation 2008 capacity will, at best, mean that mines would be inspected once in seven years. However, the target of 150 inspections will not actually even cover the expected number of EMP evaluation inspections. This has serious implications in terms of regulating the compliance of the mining concerns with their EMPR’s. The low level of compliance monitoring can be directly related to staff capacity and logistics problems at the regional office as well as provincial targets being based on staff capacity rather than the number of operational mines. Thus, considering potential environmental damage associated with mining operations and the capacity constraints of the MEM to conduct frequent compliance audits, it is likely that mining operations will have negative implications for sustainable development in the region. Currently there are many challenges facing the DME in terms of contributing positively to sustainability in the mining sector and there is a need to base future actions on the idea of continuous improvement and ultimately progress.
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Govender, Soobramoney. "Energy saving mechanisms in the mining industry : a case study of switching off non-essential power." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/843.

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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world today is facing many energy challenges such as power outages experienced internationally and in South Africa. The demand for energy is constantly increasing and is creating environmental problems such as climate change, which is presently a major concern to society. This study is an attempt to establish how energy saving mechanisms such as the elimination of non-essential power can add economic value within the mining industry. This paper examines the effect of non-essential power and how it could assist companies to reduce their energy consumption, aid local power utilities in a crisis and maintain normal production levels. This research report was based on an investigation for power saving opportunities at a mining company during a power crisis. The paper looks at energy efficiency and the barriers to the adoption of energy savings. Companies in general do not have a structured way of addressing non-essential power saving. Companies are not aware of the value such initiatives could have on corporate responsibility and sustainable reporting. The benefits of energy efficiency and nonessential power on the triple bottom line are not clearly documented in literature. When comparing the impact of non-essential power on the triple bottom line, it became obvious that further research is required in order to prove whether it influences the social aspect. The impact of power generation on the global environment has not been clearly calculated and linked to the value of saving power. The literature review highlighted that companies are focusing on long-term initiatives instead of smaller initiatives, which requires less effort. During the investigation of the mining company, it was found that not much effort was made during the design stages in separating the electrical circuits from non-essential and essential power. The author concludes that switching off non-essential power held economic and environmental benefits for the mining company. The author therefore concludes that switching off non-essential power impacts positively on the economic and environmental part of the triple bottom line. It was found that the elimination of non-essential power is easy to implement with minimum investment and effort. Furthermore, the savings from these initiatives could easily be measured to calculate the return on the investment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ons kry deesdae al meer te doen met uitdagings soos internasionale en plaaslike kragonderbrekings in die energiebedryf. Die aanvraag vir energie verhoog deurlopend en veroorsaak omgewingsprobleme soos klimaatsveranderinge, wat ‘n groot bekommernis is vir die samelewing. In hierdie studie word gepoog om vas te stel hoe energie besparings meganismes soos die eliminering van nie-noodsaaklike krag ekonomiese waarde kan voeg tot die mynboubedryf. Die uitwerking wat nie-noodsaaklike krag het en hoe dit maatskappye kan help om kragverbruik te verlaag terwyl produksievlakke steeds gehandhaaf word, is hier ondersoek. Plaaslike kragvoorsieners kan ook baat vind hierby in krisistye. Hierdie navorsingsverslag is gebaseer op ‘n ondersoek van krag besparings geleenthede by ‘n mynmaatskappy gedurende ‘n krisistydperk van kragonderbrekings. Die verslag kyk na die doetreffendheid van energieverbruik, asook na die hindernisse wat ondervind word in die inwerkingstelling van energie besparings inisiatiewe. Maatskappye het in die algemeen nie ‘n gestruktureerde metode om die probleem rakende nie-noodsaaklike krag aan te spreek nie. Hulle is nie bewus van die nut wat sulke inisiatiewe kan hê op korporatiewe verantwoordelikheid en volhoubare verslaggewing nie. Die voordele wat energiebesparing en die eliminering van nie-noodsaaklike krag op die ekonomie, gemeenskap en omgewing het, word nie duidelik geboekstaaf nie. Verdere navorsing moet gedoen word om die impak van energiedoeltreffendheid en nie-noodsaaklike krag op die sosiale aspek te bewys. Die uitwerking wat kragopwekking op die globale omgewing het is nog nie bereken en verbind met die waarde daarvan op kragbesparing nie. Die verslag beklemtoon dat maatskappye fokus op langtermyn inisiatiewe in plaas daarvan om te kyk na kleiner inisiatiewe wat minder moeite en tyd sal verg. Die ondersoek by die mynmaatskappy het getoon dat daar nie klem geplaas is op die onderskeiding tussen nie-noodsaaklike en noodsaaklike krag met die installering van die elektriese stroombane tydens die ontwerpstadium nie. Daar is gevind dat die afskakeling van nie-noodsaaklike krag ekonomiese en omgewingsvoordele vir die maatskappy inhou. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die afskakeling van nie-noodsaaklike krag in die algemeen dus ‘n voordelige uitwerking het op die ekonomie en omgewing. Dit is maklik om te implementeer met minimum moeite en belegging. Die besparings deur middel van hierdie inisiatiewe kan ook maklik gemeet word om die opbrengs op die belegging te bereken.
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Murray, David. "Exploring Green industrial policy in South Africa through the lens of vertically specialized industrialization." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27466.

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Through various policy mechanisms deployed in the last seven years, the South African government has pursued the localization of renewable energy manufacturing. These efforts are related to the Department of Trade and Industry's broader goals to industrialize the South African economy by increasing the range and value-add of domestically manufactured products. This thesis uses global value chain analysis to determine what ways local wind and solar manufacturing firms relate to this goal by pursuing innovation, upgrading, workforce development, and regional market penetration strategies. The author uses the theoretical framework of Vertically Specialized Industrialization (VSI) as outlined by Milberg, Jiang, and Gereffi as the basis for assessing firm-level governance strategies. The research was performed through semi-structured telephonic interviews with senior level staff at renewable energy firms and non-governmental organizations, as well as a review of public reports. The findings revealed that wind and solar firms are not significantly pursuing upgrading or innovation strategies as associated with VSI. This is likely the result of insufficient market demand and policy incentives, as well as competition from countries with comparative advantage.
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Burton, Jesse. "The role of industrial policy in pursuing climate change mitigation objectives in South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10175.

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-87).
This thesis has drawn on Fine and Rustomjee's (1996) notion of the Minerals-Energy Complex (MEC) as a tool to analyse the relationship between industrial policy, energy use, and climate change mitigation policy in the South African context. The analysis finds that the South African economy has clearly developed in response to sets of industrial incentives offered both pre- and post-apartheid, which have structured the economy in such a way that electricity-intensive industry have come to dominate exports and investment in the country, but with very little positive effect on socio-economic development. This structure has a detrimental effect on possible mitigation actions; firstly because with the current development trajectory, it will be very challenging to meet mitigation targets as laid out in the country's Long-term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS), and secondly because the mitigation wedges outlined in the LTMS will require significant shifts in the approaches, types and range of industrial policy measures that the country uses.
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Books on the topic "Energy industries – South Africa"

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Kotzé, D. J. Energy projections for South Africa. Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa: Institute for Energy Studies, Rand Afrikaans University, 1985.

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Eberhard, Anton A. Energy, equity and the state: Widening access to energy services in South Africa. Boulder, Colo: Pluto Press, 1995.

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Eberhard, Anton A. Poverty and power: Energy and the South African state. London: Pluto Press, 1995.

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1966-, Van Horen Clive, ed. Poverty and power: Energy and the South African state. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press, 1995.

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Statutory law revision: Legislation administered by the Department of Energy. Pretoria, SA: South African Law Reform Commission, 2010.

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Household energy in South Asia. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987.

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Thokozani, Simelance, and Abdle-Rahman Mohamed, eds. Energy transition in Africa. Pretoria 0001; South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa, 2011.

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Beaumont, Tony. South Africa after siege. London: T & T Publications, 1994.

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E, Brossman Mark, ed. Pension fund divestiture in South Africa. [Brookfield, Wis.]: International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans, 1985.

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Dialogue, Institute for Global, ed. Energy for the future: Select issues facing the energy sector in southern Africa. Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa: Institute for Global Dialogue, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Energy industries – South Africa"

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Hosseini, Seyed Vahid, Ali Izadi, Seyed Hossein Madani, Yong Chen, and Mahmoud Chizari. "Design Procedure of a Hybrid Renewable Power Generation System." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_20.

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AbstractElectrification of small communities in districted off-grid area remains as a challenge for power generation industries. In the current study, various aspects of design of a standalone renewable power plant are examined and implemented in a case study of a rural area in Cape Town, South Africa. Estimating required electricity based on local demand profile, investment, operability, and maintenance costs of different generation technologies are studied in order to investigate their potential in an off-grid clean energy generation system. Several configurations of hybridization of solar system, wind, and micro gas turbine in combination with a battery are investigated. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and number of days with more than 3 h black out are compared.
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Malatji, Lekwapa. "South Africa: Energy Policy." In Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy, 1–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40871-7_157-1.

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Elliott, David, and Terence Cook. "Spreading Renewables South: Into Africa." In Renewable Energy, 39–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74787-3_3.

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Malatji, Lekwapa. "South Africa: Mineral Policy." In Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy, 1–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40871-7_170-1.

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Pollet, Bruno G., Iain Staffell, and Kerry-Ann Adamson. "Energy and Africa." In The Energy Landscape in the Republic of South Africa, 3–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25510-1_2.

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Wakeford, Jeremy J., and Jeremy J. Wakeford. "Energy." In Preparing for Peak Oil in South Africa, 11–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9518-5_2.

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Matheri, Anthony Njuguna, Belaid Mohamed, and Jane Catherine Ngila. "Smart Climate Resilient and Efficient Integrated Waste to Clean Energy System in a Developing Country: Industry 4.0." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1053–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_69.

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AbstractClimate change impacts a natural and human system on the entire globe. Climate-related extreme weather such as drought, floods, and heat waves alters the ecosystems that society depends on. Climate, land, energy, and water systems (CLEWS) are a critical aspect of high importance on resource availability, distribution, and interconnection. The nexus provides a set of guidelines to South Africa that aims on creating a level playing field for all sectors while achieving the aims of the SDGs that are cross-sectoral and multilevel approaches to climate change. The nexus expressed three domains that included resources, governance, and security. It integrated a smart climate resilient with inclusion of the governance and involvement of the stakeholders. Recognition of spatial and sector interdependencies should inform policies, investment and institutional for enhancing nexus security and climate change towards making transition green carbon deals. The nexus offers an integrated approach that analyzes the trade-offs and synergies between the different sectors in order to maximize the efficiency of using the resources that adapt institutional and optimum policy arrangements. Economic transformation and creation of employment through green economy is one of the COP26 green deal agendas in curbing the carbon emissions (green house emission, industrial processes, fuel combustion, and fugitive emissions) as mitigation to climate change, which is cost-effective and economically efficient. The future climate change policy in the developing countries is likely to be both promoted by climate technology transfer and public-private cooperation (cross-sector partnership) through the technology mechanism of the nexus and inclusion of the gender.
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Fig, David. "Reluctant Embrace: South Africa and Renewable Energy." In Emerging Economies, 239–61. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2101-2_10.

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Pollet, Bruno G., Iain Staffell, and Kerry-Ann Adamson. "Energy Generation and Usage in South Africa." In The Energy Landscape in the Republic of South Africa, 17–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25510-1_4.

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Pollet, Bruno G., Iain Staffell, and Kerry-Ann Adamson. "Structure of the Energy Sector in South Africa." In The Energy Landscape in the Republic of South Africa, 21–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25510-1_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Energy industries – South Africa"

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Tartibu, L. K., and E. Bakaya-Kyahurwa. "Potential energy savings from cool roofs in South Africa." In 2017 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue.2017.8068002.

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Londoza, Kayakazi, and Tope Samuel Adeyelure. "Customer Relationship Management System Usage in South African Energy Utility Industries." In 2018 International Conference on Advances in Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icabcd.2018.8465469.

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Mathews, George E., and Jan C. Vosloo. "The benefits of energy efficiency programs - comparing Germany with South Africa." In 2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icue.2015.7280264.

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Lloyd, P. "The status of the LP gas industry in South Africa." In 2014 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icue.2014.6904181.

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Stafford, William, David Le Maitre, Greg Forsyth, Ryan Blanchard, Graham von Maltitz, and Akinwale Oboyade. "Bioenergy potential from invasive alien plant biomass in South Africa." In 2017 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue.2017.8068019.

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Olanrewaju, O. A., A. A. Jimoh, and P. A. Kholopane. "Examining factors responsible for South African industrial energy consumption (1978–2008) for energy management." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society Conference and Exposition in Africa: Intelligent Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources (PowerAfrica 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powerafrica.2012.6498642.

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Algu, S., R. C. Bansal, T. Adefarati, R. Naidoo, and Arvind R. Singh. "Business Case for Photovoltiac Power Systems for High Energy Industrial Consumers in South Africa." In 2020 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpsasia48933.2020.9208505.

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Enweremadu, Christopher, Debendra Baruah, Sadhan Mahapatra, Dipam Patowary, Gunajit Sarma, and Sampriti Kataki. "Addressing Economic and Energy Poverty Through Locally Available Biomass Resources: Investigation of Issues Concerning India and South Africa." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7292.

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The cyclic effect of energy poverty and economic poverty has been conclusively evidenced primarily from the experiences of developing World. In the developing countries, struggle to meet the basic energy needs impacts the life of the poorer section in terms of cost of health, education and quality. However, considering the adequate biomass resources and sustainable technologies for conversion of surplus biomass into useful form of energy; integration of the surplus resources with appropriate technology offers opportunities to address both energy and economic poverty. In this study, feasibility of some proven options of bioenergy based energy technologies and enterprises are investigated to understand their prospects to address energy and economic hardship considering a case study from India and analyzed its replicability in South Africa. Resources inventories, avenues of additional income generation and long term impact of selected bioenergy enterprise options (biogas and producer gas and improved stove) are investigated in the context of both the countries. Organic fertilizer (vermicompost), mushroom and community based agro-industries are some of the prospective entrepreneurial activities which can be supported by the bioenergy options. Considering the abundance and characteristics, feasibility of converting surplus biomass resources (crop residue, manure, food waste) into required energy along with revenue earning avenues is indicated by the study. However, there are social and managerial issues which required to be addressed besides provisions for financial incentives to realize the benefits of such integrated systems.
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Shuma, Reuben M., and Daniel M. Madyira. "Loose biomass briquettes production process in Maphophe village of Limpopo province of South Africa." In 2017 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/icue.2017.8068007.

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Tangwe, S., M. Simon, and E. Meyer. "A quantitative and qualitative methodology to evaluate performance improvement of a coal power plant in South Africa by the virtue of energy efficiency intervention." In 2014 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icue.2014.6904203.

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Reports on the topic "Energy industries – South Africa"

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Cachalia, Firoz, and Jonathan Klaaren. Digitalisation, the ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and the Constitutional Law of Privacy in South Africa: Towards a public law perspective on constitutional privacy in the era of digitalisation. Digital Pathways at Oxford, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/04.

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In this working paper, our focus is on the constitutional debates and case law regarding the right to privacy, adopting a method that is largely theoretical. In an accompanying separate working paper, A South African Public Law Perspective on Digitalisation in the Health Sector, we employ the analysis developed here and focus on the specific case of digital technologies in the health sector. The topic and task of these papers lie at the confluence of many areas of contemporary society. To demonstrate and apply the argument of this paper, it would be possible and valuable to extend its analysis into any of numerous spheres of social life, from energy to education to policing to child care. In our accompanying separate paper, we focus on only one policy domain – the health sector. Our aim is to demonstrate our argument about the significance of a public law perspective on the constitutional right to privacy in the age of digitalisation, and attend to several issues raised by digitalisation’s impact in the health sector. For the most part, we focus on technologies that have health benefits and privacy costs, but we also recognise that certain technologies have health costs and privacy benefits. We also briefly outline the recent establishment (and subsequent events) in South Africa of a contact tracing database responding to the COVID-19 pandemic – the COVID-19 Tracing Database – a development at the interface of the law enforcement and health sectors. Our main point in this accompanying paper is to demonstrate the value that a constitutional right to privacy can bring to the regulation of digital technologies in a variety of legal frameworks and technological settings – from public to private, and from the law of the constitution to the ‘law’ of computer coding.
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SEAD Incentives Working Group, Can, Stephane de la Rue du, Virginie Letschert, Greg Leventis, Theo Covary, and Professor Xia. Energy Efficiency Country Study: Republic Of South Africa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1165577.

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anon. An Energy Overview of the Republic of South Africa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821412.

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Shickman, Kurt. Accelerating the deployment of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies in South Africa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1409037.

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Annecke, W. Non-Economic Determinants of Energy Use in Rural Areas of South Africa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6706.

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Van Horen, C., G. Simmonds, and G. Parker. Joint implementation initiatives in South Africa: A case study of two energy-efficiency projects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6484.

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Yusgiantoro, Filda C., I. Dewa Made Raditya Margenta, Haryanto Haryanto, and Felicia Grace Utomo. Carbon Tax Implementation in the Energy Sector: A Comparative Study in G20 and ASEAN Member States (AMS). Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.003.

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1. This report shows that six G20 countries (Japan, South Africa, Argentina, France, Ireland, and Mexico) and one ASEAN Member States (Singapore) have implemented a carbon tax. 2. The energy sector is the primary GHG emissions contributor in most member states, except Indonesia. However, the energy sector in Indonesia will highly contribute to the national GHG emissions considering the rise of energy demand due to economic and population growth. 3. The effectiveness of carbon tax is specific to which sectors are taxed and which sectors are exempt to a country member. Specifically, a higher emissions price may not cover a large share of emissions in the country. The high carbon tax in France only covers 35% of total emissions in its jurisdiction. Meanwhile, Japan and Singapore’s low carbon tax covers 75% and 80% of total emissions in their jurisdiction, respectively. 4. The numbers of sectoral coverage by emissions price will impact the level of revenues generated from the carbon tax. France obtained the most significant carbon tax revenue for more than USD 9.6 billion. Meanwhile, Argentina generated less than USD 1 million, likely due to tax exemptions in natural gas commodities. 5. The contribution level of carbon tax revenue to the government’s total revenue varies for each country. France and Ireland’s carbon tax revenue contributes 0.71% and 0.53% of their total government revenue, respectively. Meanwhile, the rest of the countries’ carbon tax revenue contributed less than 0.3% each to their government revenue.
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Country Energy Profile, South Africa. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/93986.

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The state of research, development and innovation of electrical energy efficiency technologies in South Africa. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2017/0017.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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