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Journal articles on the topic 'Energy industries – South Africa'
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1
Ziramba, Emmanuel. "Disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in South Africa." Energy Policy 37, no. 6 (June 2009): 2214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.01.048.
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Stafford, William, Brett Cohen, Simisha Pather-Elias, Harro Von Blottnitz, Robert Van Hille, Sue T. L. Harrison, and Stephanie G. Burton. "Technologies for recovery of energy from wastewaters: Applicability and potential in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i1a3003.
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This study explored technologies for recovering energy from wastewater through production of biomass, combustion and gasification, generation of biogas, production of bioethanol, heat recovery and microbial fuel cells. A first order desktop analysis of the potential for applying these solutions to wastewaters in South Africa revealed that 3 200 to 9 000 MWth of energy has potential for recovery, equating to at most 7% of South Africa’s current electrical power supply. Formal and informal animal husbandry, fruit and beverage industries and domestic blackwater were identified as wastewaters with the greatest potential for energy recovery. Of the reviewed technologies, anaerobic digestion shows applicability to the widest range of feedstocks. Net energy generated, reduction in pollution, and water reclamation are identified as the main benefits, but additional benefits such as certified emission reductions, fertiliser production and the production of secondary products may dictate the economic feasibility.
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Maphisa, Ezekiel, Gillian Marcelle, and Radhika Perrot. "Nuclear energy technology adoption by intensive energy industrial users in South Africa." International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 5, no. 1/2 (2012): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtlid.2012.044881.
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Hamer, W., E. H. Mathews, A. G. S. Gous, J. Booysen, and J. C. Vosloo. "Testing concurrent benefits for Section 12L tax incentives in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i4a8674.
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The South African energy crisis harms the economy. Tax incentives are intended to help, but rules for incentives must be understood by all stakeholders for taxpayers to be encouraged to invest. Section 12L (S12L) is relatively new legislation that allows a tax deduction for verified year-on-year energy efficiency savings in South Africa. Concurrent benefits are excluded from this tax incentive, to prevent a double reward for the same activity. Although the prevention of double benefits is commonly addressed in the field of measurement and verification (M&V), non-technical guidelines are not available. This is a critical shortcoming since multiple professions (tax, audit and legal) need to understand the technical M&V requirements of S12L. This study reviews the current legislation and interpretations of concurrent benefits in terms of S12L. It shows that multiple energy-related incentives are utilised by industries and that, therefore, it must be determined if different programmes overlap, so as to create concurrent benefits with S12L. It is then critical to correctly apply M&V practice to ensure exclusion of concurrent benefits. This study also provides a simplified methodology to evaluate concurrency, based on the S12L regulatory requirements and standard M&V methods. Three case studies show how concurrency can occur and how M&V practice is applied to exclude double benefits. The test for concurrency is shown to reduce to the following question: Is the same energy saving funded twice? The tests must be done to ensure no double benefit occurs.
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Doorasamy, Mishelle, and Bruce Rhodes. "Effectiveness of MFCA as a tool to improving sucrose quality in sugarcane production." Environmental Economics 8, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3-1).2017.02.
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Sugarcane production in South Africa is one of the major foreign exchange earnings, and constitute an important contributor to GDP growth of South Africa. It is argued that sucrose content, one of the significant components of sugarcane has been at the declining trend in the recent years. This study offers Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) as an important tool, since it supports managerial decision making process by making it possible to visualize and quantify material losses. The study hypothesis is that can MFCA as tool increase organizational profitability. The study adopts models from literature to access the efficiency of MFCA as an important alternatives to the conventional accounting process. In this study, production cost has been classified into four categories, namely: system cost, energy cost, material flow cost and residual cost. Accessing the efficiency of this accounting skill, data from South African Sugarcane Milling industry has been adopted to establish our claim in the study and finally, this study has been able to implement the process involved in the use of MFCA. We, therefore, recommend the proficient use of MFCA in organizations among the South African industries as it possess the quality of classifying product cost from waste cost and hence improving profitability and organizational efficiency.
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Brent, Alan, and Marthinus Pretorius. "Industrial and commercial opportunities to utilise concentrating solar thermal systems in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 22, no. 4 (November 1, 2011): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2011/v22i4a3226.
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A solar energy technology roadmap has been developed for South Africa. The roadmap lists a number of technological systems that fulfil three requirements from a South African perspective. First, they have clearly been demonstrated or commercialised. Second, a local industry could be stimulated including the potential to export, with associate socio-economic growth; and the other requirements of government can be met in terms of improving energy security and access, and addressing climate change. Third, they have a medium to high R&D intensity, in terms of available capacity and associate resources needed to support the further development of the technological systems. Concentrated Solar Thermal systems feature prominently in the list of technologies. These systems can generate electrical power, then referred to as Concentrating Solar Power systems, typically in the 1 to 100 MW range for on- and off-grid applications. They can also simply produce heat, typically in the 100 to 1000ºC range, primarily for commercial and industrial process applications. This paper discusses the international trends and drivers for these systems to generate power and heat, and then focuses on the specific potential in the South African context. A number of barriers to realizing the potential are discussed and recommendations are made accordingly to stimulate the growth of this industry sector in South Africa.
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Kwakwa, Paul Adjei, and Frank Adusah-Poku. "The carbon dioxide emission effects of domestic credit and manufacturing indicators in South Africa." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 31, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1531–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-11-2019-0245.
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PurposeCarbon dioxide emission is one of the key causes of global warming and climate change. This study investigates the effects of domestic credit and manufacturing indicators on the emission of carbon dioxide in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relied on time series data from 1975 to 2014 and employed regression and variance decomposition methods to analyze the data.FindingsIn the long run, manufacturing output increases total carbon emissions and emissions from solid fuel; manufactures trade reduces carbon emissions and domestic credit reduces emissions from the manufacturing industries and construction. The long-run effect of the changing technical characteristics of the manufacturing sector is sensitive to the estimation technique used. In the short run, however, changing technical characteristics of the manufacturing sector affect the level of carbon emissions. Income increases emissions from manufacturing industries and construction and urbanization increases total carbon emissions.Research limitations/implicationsPolicymakers have to initiate effective policies to promote energy-efficient technologies among manufacturing firms.Originality/valueThe paper examines the effect of manufacturing on carbon dioxide emissions in South Africa. It also examines the possible effect of manufactures trade on carbon emissions. Moreover, the possible effect of the changing characteristics of the manufacturing sector on carbon emissions is investigated.
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Cheteni, Priviledge. "Smallholder farmers’ awareness of biofuel crops in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Environmental Economics 7, no. 3 (October 21, 2016): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(3).2016.09.
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In this study, 157 smallholder farmers from the OR Tambo and Chris Hani district municipality in South Africa were purposively sampled to participate in a survey. The objective was to identify the factors that influence smallholder farmers’ awareness of biofuel crops. Using a binary logistic model, it was found that the variables: gender, household income, membership in association, land utilization and qualification were statistically significant in influencing farmers’ awareness of biofuel crops. Therefore, it is recommended that the South African government should identify the smallholder farmers targeted for the biofuel program by their social status, as pointed in this study. Keywords: awareness, binary model, biofuel industrial policy, energy, shared growth initiative, smallholder farmers. JEL Classification: Q1, Q2, Q4, Q5
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Oladiran, M. T., and J. P. Meyer. "Energy and exergy analyses of energy consumptions in the industrial sector in South Africa." Applied Energy 84, no. 10 (October 2007): 1056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.02.004.
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Ghiasi, Mohammad Mehdi, Alireza Aslani, and Younes Noorollahi. "Analysis of Energy System in South Africa Using Exponential Smoothing Approach and Regression Technique." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 5, no. 3 (July 2016): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2016070104.
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The energy demand has increased dramatically in the recent decades. Due to the limitations and environmental effects of fossil fuels, secure level of energy supply is vital for economic and social development. This work is to review the energy sector in South Africa. After that, the consumptions of coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy are estimated by employing simple exponential smoothing methodology. Finding shows that the primary energy consumption in the South Africa is correlated as a function of population growth rate, industrial growth rate, and GDP.
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Gudo, Adam Juma Abdallah, Marye Belete, Ghali Abdullahi Abubakar, and Jinsong Deng. "Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Solar Energy Potential for Domestic and Agricultural Utilization to Diminish Poverty in Jubek State, South Sudan, Africa." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061399.
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The study aimed to generate informative data on solar radiation in order to establish sustainable solar energy that will support domestic needs and agricultural production and processing industries in Jubek State, South Sudan. Solar radiation intensity, timely data variation, site landscape, and environment were considered. Input data used was remotely sensed data, digital elevation model, land used land cover (LULC) processed with Aeronautical Reconnaissance Coverage Geographic Information System (ArcGIS). The spatio-temporal distribution analysis results show that (62%) 11,356.7 km2 of the study area is suitable for solar energy farm with an annual potential of about 6.05 × 109 GWh/year out of which only 69.0158 GW h/year is required to meet the local demand of 492,970 people residing in the study area, i.e., 0.11% (1249.2 km2) of Jubek State. Solar energy required for producing and processing 1 ton of different crop ranges between 58.39 × 10−6 and 1477.9 × 10−6 GWh and area size between 10.7 and 306.3 km2, whereas 1 ton of animal production requires solar energy ranging between 750.1 × 10−6 and 8334 × 10−6 GWh and area of about 137.8 to 1531.5 km2. These findings will assist in the establishment of agro-processing industries which will eventually lead to poverty reduction through job creation and improvement of food quantity and quality. The simple approach applied in this study is unique, especially for the study area, thus it can be applied to some other locations following the same steps.
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Mthembu, Dumisani, and Godwell Nhamo. "Landing the Climate SDG into South Africa’s Development Trajectory: Mitigation Policies, Strategies and Institutional Setup." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052991.
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Landing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into national development policies and development trajectories remain one of the desired outcomes to 2030. This paper teases out how South Africa landed the climate action SDG into its development trajectory, with a focus on mitigation policies, strategies and institutional setup. The study uses an online survey, key informant interviews, as well as policy documents and critical discourse analysis. The study concludes that South Africa has landed SDG 13 into its policies designed to respond to climate mitigation. However, there were several inherent challenges in the policies and strategies resulting in implementation inefficiencies, including the fact that the policy on climate change is driven more by international pressures and expectations rather than domestic awareness and activism. There are also challenges with institutional capacity to implement the policies at sub-national levels. Furthermore, reliance on a few experts makes the system vulnerable and fragile. The study also found that not enough is being done to support sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) as there are energy intensive industries failing to comply with mitigation policies in place. Hence the paper recommends the need to fix the disjuncture between the energy policy and climate mitigation.
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Adefarati, Temitope, and G. D. Obikoya. "Evaluation of Wind Resources Potential and Economic Analysis of Wind Power Generation in South Africa." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 44 (August 2019): 150–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.44.150.
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The presence of adequate renewable energy resources and the rapid development of wind projects in South Africa have led to mapping out of the country’s wind capability. In view of this, the economic prospects of utilizing wind energy as a potential energy alternative in South Africa are examined and discussed from the perspectives of green energy strategies for sustainable energy development. This research work is designed to investigate the economic effects of using the wind turbine (WT) in ten locations in South Africa based on the grid planning and power sector reform. The HOMER application software is utilized in this study to assess the wind resources on provincial and national scales, along with estimating the annual energy generation of the selected locations. The wind energy potential of South Africa is analysed by utilizing the capacity factor (CF), wind penetration and mean output of the WT for various locations in South Africa. The results obtained from the study indicate that the selected sites fall within the range of Class 1V of IEC wind classifications with the annual average wind speed of 4.04 m/s for Pretoria and 6.39 m/s for Cape Town at 50m hub heights. The economic assessment of the WT for electric power generation is carried out by using some key performance indicators (KPIs) such as net energy purchased, energy sold, revenue, grid energy purchased, annual utility bill savings, net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). It is established from the study that Cape Town is the most suitable location for installation of the WT by utilizing the same load profile and system configuration. The output of this research work can be used by the renewable energy development agencies as inputs to harness the potential of wind resources for strategic planning of the power sector reform and industrial development.
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Ateba, Benedict B., Johannes J. Prinsloo, and Remigiusz Gawlik. "The significance of electricity supply sustainability to industrial growth in South Africa." Energy Reports 5 (November 2019): 1324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.041.
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Tan-Mullins, May. "Successes and Failures of Corporate Social Responsibility Mechanisms in Chinese Extractive Industries." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 43, no. 4 (December 2014): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261404300402.
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China's insatiable appetite for natural resources and energy to fuel its national growth is having an increasing impact on the domestic and global environment. Globally, China has turned to resource-rich regions in Africa and South America, at times engaging so-called “rogue states” to secure the resources it requires. Now is a critical juncture at which to encourage socially responsible behaviours in the Chinese extractive sectors, such as adopting the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). This analysis discusses the current corporate social responsibility (CSR) mechanisms in extractive industries and assesses the feasibility of socialising China towards adopting CSR global norms in the extractive industries. This article has three sections. The first discusses China's environmental governance trajectory and ecological footprint in the domestic and global extractive industry. The second section discusses the factors contributing to the success and failure of various CSR mechanisms, with a specific focus on the EITI, and the final section expounds on the emerging challenges and issues and concludes with policy recommendations.
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Matizamhuka, Wallace. "The Impact of Magnetic Materials in Renewable Energy-Related Technologies in the 21st Century Industrial Revolution: The Case of South Africa." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3149412.
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Magnetic materials specifically permanent magnets are critical for the efficient performance of many renewable energy technologies. The increased reliance on renewable energy sources has accelerated research in energy-related technologies the world over. The use of rare-earth (RE) metals in permanent magnets continues to be a source of greater concern owing to the limited RE supply coupled with dwindling reserves on the globe. This review focuses on how this has impacted on the state-of-the-art magnetic materials that continue to play a pivotal role in driving renewable energy technologies. Magnetic materials are perceived as key in driving the 21st century industrial revolution, and the participation of South Africa in this energy paradigm is critical in driving a new industrial revolution within the African continent. A number of opportunities are highlighted, and clarity is given on the several ubiquitous misconceptions and the risks on the heavy reliance on a single source for RE magnetic materials.
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Bimha, Alfred. "Carbon Risk Analysis Of The South African Banks’ Lending To The JSE100 CDP Companies." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 5, no. 4 (2015): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv5i4c1art2.
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There is a pertinent concern over the continued lending to companies that are still pursuing projects that increase the amount of carbon emissions in the atmosphere. South Africa has most of its energy generation being done through coal thermal powered turbines. More so there are a number of new power stations being built in South Africa that are coal powered. Coal on the other hand is deemed as having the highest amount of carbon that contributes to the greenhouse effect which in turn affects the climate leading to climate change consequences. There is also a growing concern on the uptake of renewable energy initiatives by companies that are deemed carbon intensive. Banks are being castigated for not using their economic transformation role to champion the agenda of combating climate change caused by carbon emissions. In this study, the extent of lending in the short and long term to carbon intensive companies by South African banks is examined. Using a sample of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange top 100 companies that participate in Carbon Disclosure Project, an analysis is done through four carbon metrics –carbon intensity, carbon dependency, carbon exposure, carbon risk. The analysis used public information from the banks’ websites, South African Reserve Bank reports and other public databases that contain sustainability information of the JSE100 companies. The analysis was done by comparing the carbon metrics of the recognized seven (7) sectorial industry catergories (SIC) on the JSE, mainly Energy & Materials, Industrials, Consumer Staples, Consumer Discretionary, Financials, IT & Telecoms and Health Care. The major finding of the research is that there is a high carbon risk in short term loans compared to long term loans across the JSE100 companies that are analysed. More so, the Energy & Materials sector seem to have the highest carbon risk compared to the other sectors.
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Lambrechts, IJ. "Replacement depreciation and price regulation." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i3a3243.
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Price regulation occurs quite commonly amongst natural monopolies which frequently include public utilities. In South Africa and in certain countries in Africa, there has recently been a revival of price regulation in certain industries and enterprises, where competition is limited or non-existent. Price regulation can be applied in a multitude of ways. Because of the importance of the price levels (historical and replacement) in the price setting exercise, the focus in this paper will be on the issue of depreciation to arrive at the final prices. The electricity utility industry was historically viewed as a highly mature and heavily regulated natural monopoly. In many parts of the world, electricity utilities have already been deregulated to a large extent and in the United States the process was preceded by a process of unbundling or ringfencing of the main divisions, i.e. generation and distribution. Even the network component of transmission, traditionally seen as natural monopolies, was deregulated to a large extent. The deregulation process, whether fully or partially, emphasised the requirement for a detailed explanation for a specific price level. The need for acceptable and transparent selling prices has, therefore, not disappeared. Regulatory pricing is consequently a vital component of pricing at this stage and in the restructured industry it will continue to play an important role because of a limited number of participants. In other sectors of the South African energy industry too, the deregulation process has either not started or has not been completed. Price regulation is presently and will in future be applicable to the liquid fuels industry, which includes the pipeline of Petronet as well as gas pipelines. Other industries which are being price regulated at the moment include water, medicine, telecommunication (fixed lines) and postal rates. Although the economic regulation for these industries may differ substantially, the principles applying to depreciation calculations would be similar. Replacement depreciation produces lower profit figures during periods of inflation. Quoted companies often oppose this system because of a lack of taxation recognition on income and the adverse effect on earnings per share. This paper covers the calculation of depreciation by price regulators where assets are not diversified (single assets). Shorter depreciation lifetimes based on historical cost result in an automatic provision for replacement depreciation. The extent of the provision would be a function of the difference between the actual and selected lifetimes, income tax rates, re-investment rates and the extent of the financial gearing ratio. Provision for replacement depreciation may be reduced significantly, if not reduced completely, by reducing depreciation lifetimes.
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Ilupeju, Samuel A. O., Hilton Maverengo, Freddie L. Inambao, and Ntumba Marc Alain Mutombo. "Energy Efficiency Evaluation in a Pulp and Paper Industry in South Africa - A Case Study." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 32 (September 2017): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.32.155.
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Power consumption is becoming more expensive by the day. This is not far from the fact that power generation is facing a lot of challenges coupled with increasing demand. Industrial sector power demand shares a significant proportion of this generated power. It is therefore a necessary task to manage well industrial energy use through appropriate energy efficiency methods practice so as to minimise energy losses. In this study energy efficiency opportunities in pulp and paper (P&P) mill are identified and the saving potential is then quantified. An energy flow model with the help of an energy audit are used to quantify energy supply, generation, conversion and end use thereby exposing areas of energy losses of the mill. This analysis will serve as an eye opener to future and current P&P making operations in South Africa, and as a base case for stimulating changes toward more efficient energy utilization in the pulp and paper industry. Quite a reasonable energy losses avenues were identified, audited and options of improvements suggested. The results proved that quite a sensible amount of energy is lost in the P&P case study and a near future look into the opportunities and barriers have been noted.
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Iloh, Patrick, George Fanourakis, and Aurobindo Ogra. "Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of South African Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) for Concrete Use." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010193.
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The foundry industry in South Africa forms one of the greatest industries in the manufacturing sector. It produces waste foundry sand (WFS) that ends up in landfill sites. Around 80% of the WFS could be utilized as a substitute for sand in concrete. The utilization of WFS will benefit the industry, as raw materials (natural sand alternative) and energy are conserved, while costs of disposal are lowered. Soil pollution, as well as water and air resources, will be minimized and the foundries’ competitiveness will be improved. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of five WFSs (two clays and three chemically bonded molding sands) from Gauteng, South Africa were analyzed. The samples were investigated with a view to determine their conformity with applicable engineering criteria when used as a replacement, to various extents, of the fine aggregate. The main properties investigated included physical properties (particle gradation, moisture content, un-compacted bulk density, specific gravity, loss on ignition, clay content, and fineness modulus) and the chemical properties (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), pH). The sands generally did not meet the standards pertaining to grading requirements. However, the chemical test results showed the composition of these sands to be comparable with results from other investigations and suitable for use as a natural sand replacement in concrete.
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Bildirici, Melike E., Tahsin Bakirtas, and Fazıl Kayikci. "Economic growth and electricity consumption: Auto regressive distributed lag analysis." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 23, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2012/v23i4a3176.
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Knowledge of the direction of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth is of primary importance if appropriate energy policies and energy conservation measures are to be devised. This study estimates the causality relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in per capita and aggregate levels. The study uses the price and income elasticities of total electricity demand and industrial demand by using the auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) method for some developed and developing countries, including the US, UK, Canada, Japan, China, India, Brazil, Italy, France, Turkey and South Africa. There is evidence to support the growth hypothesis for the US, China, Canada and Brazil. There is evidence to support the conservation hypothesis for India, Turkey, South Africa, Japan, UK, France and Italy.
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Ramagoma, Justice, and Chris Adendorff. "Managing a transition to green energy sources: The perspectives of energy practitioners in the Southern African Development Community region." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 27, no. 4 (December 21, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i4a1638.
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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) region has low energy security, exacerbated by electricity power cuts and load-shedding in almost all its member states. Green energy has the potential to contribute to the shortfall in the supply of energy required on the grid network during daily (morning and evening) and seasonal (winter) peak periods. The Statistica 12 program was used to analyse and compare responses between identified groups in the SADC region’s Energy sector. Multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance were used to examine associations between variables within the identified categories of respondents, and conclusions were made about six hypotheses. The categories of respondents sampled included: people associated with fossil fuel and renewable energy; people with experience of 1-6 years and more than 6 years; researchers and industry practitioners; practitioners based in South Africa and in other SADC countries; and a category based on practitioners’ positions (junior managers, middle managers, and senior managers) in their respective organisations. The study found that energy practitioners generally support a transition to green energy sources and there is consensus that the uptake of green energy will be slow initially, driven by low costs of fossil-based sources, but the uptake will eventually grow exponentially to a point of driving industries in future. The study recommends that SADC countries prioritise mapping of green energy resources to facilitate the selection of suitable green energy options in order to meet local energy needs and environmental protection. Research and development of suitable green energy storage technologies to overcome intermittency of some green energy sources must be expedited in the region.
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Naicker, Prisha, and George Alex Thopil. "A framework for sustainable utility scale renewable energy selection in South Africa." Journal of Cleaner Production 224 (July 2019): 637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.257.
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Pinto, Guilherme Moreira Caetano, Bruno Pedroso, Jessyca Moraes, Luiz Alberto Pilatti, and Claudia Tania Picinin. "Environmental management practices in industries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) from 2011 to 2015." Journal of Cleaner Production 198 (October 2018): 1251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.046.
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Grant, Richard, Pádraig Carmody, and James T. Murphy. "A green transition in South Africa? Sociotechnical experimentation in the Atlantis Special Economic Zone." Journal of Modern African Studies 58, no. 2 (June 2020): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x20000208.
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AbstractSouth Africa faces interconnected challenges of developing and diversifying its economy and adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change. A green policy tilt is ascendant in the country, manifest in a cascading array of policies and special initiatives. Utilising concepts from the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions, we assess Africa's first designated Green Special Economic Zone (SEZ), Atlantis SEZ (ASEZ) in the Western Cape, a niche innovation aimed at transforming the Province's industrial base. This initiative is very ambitious in four respects: (1) it links green SEZ development in a deprived metropolitan area to the broader regional economy; (2) it utilises an innovative governance structure; (3) it promises localization economies and export potential; and (4) it connects SEZ niche experimentation with emergent renewable energy regimes. While elements are in place which might seed a sociotechnical transition, societal and political forces (i.e. landscape features) continue to limit its realisation, highlighting the immanent, structural realities shaping South Africa's economic futures.
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Memka, Dabululwandle, and Lawrence Mpele Lekhanya. "Technological challenges influencing the implementation of green energy in the SME sector in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN)." Environmental Economics 8, no. 3 (October 31, 2017): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3-1).2017.08.
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Electricity is an essential basic need that the South African government needs to pay special attention. A continuous or uninterrupted supply of electricity is essential for industrial production and economic growth and development. Since South Africa is overly reliant on coal fired electricity generating technologies which are environmentally damaging, the move towards green energy technologies to form part of the electricity generating matrix is highly desirable not only to reduce environmental pollution, but also to increase the supply of electricity to meet rising demand. However, the adoption and implementation of green energy projects has not been that easy and progress has been far from satisfactory. This study was therefore consummated to assess the effectiveness of installed green technology in the area of Pinetown in Kwazulu-Natal. The study also investigated the technological challenges affecting the implementation of green energy projects in SME sector in Pinetown Kwazulu-Natal. Furthermore, the study also examined as to what extent technological challenges are affecting the use of installed green technology in the selected area of Pinetown in Kwazulu-Natal. This was followed by exploring strategies that could be implemented to improve effectiveness of installed green technology in Pinetown. A quantitative research approach was adopted. Data collection for this study was performed by distributing and collecting a structured survey questionnaire to respondents. Data analysis for this research was performed using SPSS.
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Szymczak, Pat Davis. "Africa Set To Fuel Asian Growth and Its Own Brighter Future." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0521-0028-jpt.
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Africa is on track to becoming the world’s most populous region by 2023 as growth in the continent’s population surpasses that of China and India; between 2020 and 2040, one in every two births will be African, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). The problem—and the opportunity—is that three-quarters of those new global citizens living in sub-Saharan Africa will live without access to electricity and other energy-driven staples of the modern world. “More than half a billion people [will be] added to Africa’s urban population by 2040, much higher than the growth seen in China’s urban population in the two decades of China’s economic and energy boom,” IEA noted in its Africa Energy Outlook 2019. “Growing urban populations mean rapid growth in energy demand for industrial production, cooling, and mobility,” IEA analysts wrote. “The projected growth in oil demand is higher than that of China and second only to that of India as the size of the car fleet more than doubles (the bulk of which have low fuel efficiency) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is increasingly used for clean cooking.” With regards to gas, Africa is on track to becoming the third-largest region to feed the growth in global gas demand over the next 20 years, the IEA said (Fig. 1). Africa accounted for 8.8% of the world’s oil production in 2019, according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020. Nigeria was Africa’s top oil producer at 2.2%; Algeria was next at 1.6%; then Angola, 1.5%; and Libya, 1.3%. BP economists calculated Africa contributed 6.0% to the world’s natural gas production in 2019. They ranked Algeria as the continent’s top gas producer at a global share of 2.2% followed by Egypt, 1.6%, and Nigeria, 1.2%. Africa’s hydrocarbon-producing nations have always depended on fossil fuel and mineral exports for the foreign exchange that feeds their economies. But as the continent’s population grows and its demographics become younger and more urban, Africa is revealing itself as a “barefoot shoemaker”—wealthy to the extreme in fossil fuels and renewables, but with three-quarters of its sub-Saharan population living without electricity. Africa’s R/P (reserves-to-production) ratio is about half that of the Middle East and a quarter of first-place South America. But it is worth asking if South America’s high R/P is not due to years of high-profile exploration, while Africa—with a west-coastal geology similar to South America’s east coast—is simply underexplored. The World Bank has declared 32 of the continent’s 48 nations to be in an energy crisis considering that their gross domestic product (GDP) growth is outpacing power generation by a factor of three to four times. Investment is vital to turning this situation around, and the most attractive investment opportunities pre-pandemic were found in Nigeria, Mozambique, Egypt, Mauritania, and Equatorial Guinea, according to the organizers of Africa Oil Week (AOW), an exploration and production (E&P) investment conference held annually for 27 years.
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Podoba, Z. S., and M. M. Smirnova. "Russia’s Export Specialization in Africa." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 3 (November 24, 2019): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-3-109-128.
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The paper is devoted to the study of Russia’s export specialization in the countries of Africa in the period from 2001 to 2017. A comprehensive analysis of the dynamics, the commodity and geographical structure of Russian exports to the African continent has been carried out. Using bilateral trade data for product groups at the level of two digits of the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS), this study examines the main patterns of comparative advantage in Russia’s trade with the countries of the region in the early 21st century. Based on the calculation results of the bilateral revealed comparative advantage index (RCA), authors identified a group of Russia’s trade partners in Africa, characterized by the largest number of export specialization product groups: Algeria, Angola, Guinea, Egypt, South Africa. Comparative analysis of Russia’s export specialization in Africa with the main partners in terms of trade turnover indicates, that Russia has more diverse comparative advantages in trade with some African countries (17 product groups), than with European ones, such as Germany (9 product groups) and Netherlands (8 groups). The study shows that Russia has export specialization in the following main product groups in African countries: HS 84 ‘Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances; parts thereof ’, HS 85‘Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof ’, HS 87 ‘Vehicles other than railway or tramway rolling-stock, and parts and accessories thereof ’, HS 48‘Paper and paperboard’ and HS 10‘Cereals’. The authors revealed, that the intensity of Russia’s export specialization in African countries increases with the augmentation of the technical complexity of products exported. It proves that Russian industrial products have competitive advantages in the African market. The development and strengthening of economic cooperation with Africa is one of the most important direction of non-commodity and non-energy exports expansion and geographical diversification of Russian trade. The paper concludes by discussing the promising avenues for the future Russian-African export partnership.
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Trikam, A. "Greenhouse gas mitigation options in the industrial sector." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2002): 473–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i2.2686.
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This report identifies the major opportunities for climate change mitigation through industrial energy efficiency and fuel switching in South Africa. The potential for greenhouse gas reduction (outlining areas of possible resultant CDM investment) in local industry, a CO2 mitigation cost curve and accounting of emissions reductions in existing and future industrial plants, will provide the basis for realising these opportunities. Greenhouse gas mitigation in the industrial sector is closely linked with 2 groups: energy efficiency improvements and fuel switching; and these options are outlined in more detail in this report.
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Leonard, Llewellyn, and Rolf Lidskog. "Conditions and Constrains for Reflexive Governance of Industrial Risks: The Case of the South Durban Industrial Basin, South Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105679.
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Within sustainability development paradigms, state governance is considered important in interventions to address risks produced by the industrial society. However, there is largely a lack of understanding, especially in the Global South, about the nature and workings of the governance institutions necessary to tackle risks effectively. Reflexive governance, as a new mode of governance, has been developed as a way to be more inclusive and more reflexive and respond to complex risks. Conversely, there is limited scholarly work that has examined the theoretical and empirical foundations of this governance approach, especially how it may unfold in the Global South. This paper explores the conditions and constrains for reflexive governance in a particular case: that of the South Durban Industrial Basin. South Durban is one of the most polluted regions in southern Africa and has been the most active industrial site of contention between local residents and industry and government during apartheid and into the new democracy. Empirical analysis found a number of constrains involved in enabling reflexive governance. It also found that a close alliance between government and industry to promote economic development has overshadowed social and environmental protection. Reflexive governance practitioners need to be cognisant of its applicability across diverse geographic settings and beyond western notions of reflexive governance.
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Lotz, M., and A. C. Brent. "A review of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration and the Kyoto Protocol’s clean development mechanism and prospects for Southern Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2008/v19i1a3315.
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AbstractThe clean development mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is a financial incentive intended to make economically marginal greenhouse gas (GHG) prevention projects more feasible. Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) is a possi-ble GHG mitigating strategy. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines a CCS project as a process consisting of three phases: the separation of carbon dioxide from industrial and energy-related sources; transportation of the carbon dioxide to a storage location; and long-term isola-tion of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This paper focuses on prospects of CCS as CDM projects in general and in the context of Southern Africa. Currently there is no evidence of a long term proven track record of integrated CCS systems; only three industrial scale CCS projects exist global-ly. Nevertheless, new concepts have been proposed for CCS CDM projects such as long-term liability and certified emission reduction (CER) cancellation. However, these concepts are not in the current CDM framework at present. It is thus difficult to prove CCS as an eligible CDM project without first addressing possible expansion and shortfalls of the current CDM structure. More research is also required to quantify the trade offs presented between mitigating carbon dioxide from the atmos-phere at the possible detriment of the areas of stor-age in the Southern Africa context. Only then may CCS projects be deemed more viable in the CDM context. Finally, although the potential for CCS in South Africa has been noted due to major point sources, the cost of capture and storage is a major obstacle; matching point sources and geological storage options is problematic for South Africa and neighbouring countries due to large transport dis-tances. The regulatory risks associated with CCS are further deterrents for the implementation of CCS CDM projects in Southern Africa in the near future.
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Kipepe, Theodore Mwata, and Xiaowei Pan. "Energy improvement in induction furnace using foaming slag with variation of carbon injection." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, no. 2 (April 13, 2017): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i2a2197.
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Energy efficiency is nowadays one of the biggest concerns worldwide. It has become one of the critical matters to any country and industry particularly in South Africa. Because of the complexities and challenges found in industries and especially in foundry, many strategies have been established to measure and regulate more efficiently the energy. Many studies have been conducted in steelmaking process and electrical arc furnace using foaming slag to reduce energy consumption. As such, in this case study, the experiment will be conducted in a small foundry metal casting laboratory using an Induction Furnace (IF), which will reduce energy usage by using the foaming slag and as well pointing out the importance and the impact of carbon rate change on the foaming creation. After experiments all results show that the melting time can be reduced from 42min to 35 min, which is 20% time saving, the electrical energy consumption also has been reduced from 13.93kWh to 10kWh which is 39.3% saving. On the other hand, the foaming slag optimum height was reached at 1 cm. Therefore, a simple modelling has been designed and calculations have been made on heat transfer at the surface opening of the Induction Furnace and temperature loss has been reduced from 878°C to 870°C, with heat transfer loss reduced from 27.99kW to 26.38kW which was 6.10% of energy saving.
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Gouws, Rupert. "Measurement and verification of load shifting interventions for a fridge plant system in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i1a3002.
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In this paper, the author presents the measurement and verification methodology used to quantify the impacts of load shifting measures that are implemented on large industrial fridge plant systems in South Africa. A summary on the operation of fridge plant systems and the data typically available for baseline development is provided. The author discusses issues surrounding baseline development and service level adjustments for the following two scenarios: 1) the electrical data is available for both the baseline and post-implementation periods; and 2) only the thermal data is available during the baseline period, but both the thermal and electrical data is available during the post-implementation period. Typical results are provided with advantages and disadvantages of both methodologies.
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Hens, Luc, Torsten Wiedemann, Schalk Raath, Riana Stone, Paul Renders, Eric Craenhals, and Barry Richter. "Monitoring environmental management at primary schools in South Africa." Journal of Cleaner Production 18, no. 7 (May 2010): 666–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.11.001.
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Sipio, Galgaro, Carli, Greggio, Mantovan, and Sukha. "How Different Natural Energy Sources Affect the Shallow Geothermal Suitability in Urban Areas: The South Africa Case Study." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030022.
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In recent years, the overall worldwide demand for energy has been increasing due to the constant growth of both global population and industrialization, which is particularly intensifying in emerging countries (China, India, South Africa, Brazil) and recently industrialized ones (i.e., Mexico, Turkey). In this framework, the exploitation of shallow geothermal energy through heat geo-exchange systems, as borehole heat exchangers (closed loop systems) or groundwater systems (open loop systems) coupled with a heat pump (Ground Source Heat Pump—GSHP), is really appealing, due to its versatility and energy efficiency. The heat exchanged with the underground, a reliable and green thermal energy source, is used mainly for heating and cooling of residential, industrial or commercial buildings and greenhouses. Several technologies are available and combinations with other local renewable energy sources are also possible, representing very interesting efficient and environmentally friendly solutions to be adopted in urban areas. The integration of different natural energy sources brings significant advantages, such as the reduction of CO2 emissions, the mitigation of the subsurface urban heat island effect, the minimization of electricity consumption. However, the underground suitability to low enthalpy geothermal systems is strictly related to the climatic, geological, hydrogeological, geothermal and thermophysical properties, typical of the area under investigation. The evaluation of these parameters allows to assess the amount of heat at disposal and the possibility to exchange it. On one hand, it is necessary to select and collect the data related to the factors that better characterize the ground behavior from the point of view of the heat exchange capacity. On the other, it is essential to integrate them in thematic maps created by Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, providing a preliminary evaluation of the territory suitability to geo-exchange and supporting the land use geothermal management both for closed and open loop systems. A preliminary representation of low-enthalpy geothermal resources suitability maps for Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town, the three main urbanized cities of South Africa, representing the geological and climatic national variability of the country, is here presented. From a methodological point of view, these maps are created by assigning to each value of the descriptive parameters selected (i.e., lithology, type of aquifer, thermal conductivity, average annual air and ground temperature) a corresponding quantitative value, assessing its different attitude for thermal purposes. In this way, one of the first contribution to the suitability of geothermal energy resources in South Africa is obtained.
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Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe, Tendai Chibarabada, Vimbayi Chimonyo, Vongai Murugani, Laura Pereira, Nafiisa Sobratee, Laurencia Govender, Rob Slotow, and Albert Modi. "Mainstreaming Underutilized Indigenous and Traditional Crops into Food Systems: A South African Perspective." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010172.
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Business as usual or transformative change? While the global agro-industrial food system is credited with increasing food production, availability and accessibility, it is also credited with giving birth to ‘new’ challenges such as malnutrition, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. We reviewed the potential of underutilized indigenous and traditional crops to bring about a transformative change to South Africa’s food system. South Africa has a dichotomous food system, characterized by a distinct, dominant agro-industrial, and, alternative, informal food system. This dichotomous food system has inadvertently undermined the development of smallholder producers. While the dominant agro-industrial food system has led to improvements in food supply, it has also resulted in significant trade-offs with agro-biodiversity, dietary diversity, environmental sustainability, and socio-economic stability, especially amongst the rural poor. This challenges South Africa’s ability to deliver on sustainable and healthy food systems under environmental change. The review proposes a transdisciplinary approach to mainstreaming underutilized indigenous and traditional crops into the food system, which offers real opportunities for developing a sustainable and healthy food system, while, at the same time, achieving societal goals such as employment creation, wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. This process can be initiated by researchers translating existing evidence for informing policy-makers. Similarly, policy-makers need to acknowledge the divergence in the existing policies, and bring about policy convergence in pursuit of a food system which includes smallholder famers, and where underutilized indigenous and traditional crops are mainstreamed into the South African food system.
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Bowman, Andrew. "Parastatals and economic transformation in South Africa: The political economy of the Eskom crisis." African Affairs 119, no. 476 (June 24, 2020): 395–431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adaa013.
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ABSTRACT This article analyses the causes, outcomes, and political significance of the inter-connected operational, financial, and governance crises afflicting Eskom, South Africa’s electricity parastatal. These crises emerged in the context of African National Congress initiatives to turn Eskom and other key parastatals into instruments of an envisaged South African developmental state, through increased investment and strategic procurement to support economic transformation goals. Instead, Eskom’s spiralling costs, procurement irregularities and inability to translate increased investment into functional new infrastructure meant it impeded these goals. Its indebtedness became a severe macro-economic risk, making Eskom a precarious nexus for the circulation of public funds, while the cost and unreliability of electricity has undermined South Africa’s energy-intensive industrial core. Intertwined with this were multiple high-profile corruption scandals associated with the ‘state-capture’ controversies of the latter stages of Jacob Zuma’s presidency. The article argues that Eskom’s extreme dysfunctionality results from long-running, and as yet unresolved, contestation of the parastatal and electricity policy more broadly by various interest groups, in a context of an increasingly fragmented political and business elite. This created a range of incoherent distributional pressures and institutional constraints. Rather than a straightforward outcome of corruption and ‘state capture’, this reflects deeper tensions in the post-apartheid political economy.
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Rankin, R., and P. G. Rousseau. "Demand side management in South Africa at industrial residence water heating systems using in line water heating methodology." Energy Conversion and Management 49, no. 1 (January 2008): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.05.022.
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Rankin, R., and P. G. Rousseau. "Sanitary hot water consumption patterns in commercial and industrial sectors in South Africa: Impact on heating system design." Energy Conversion and Management 47, no. 6 (April 2006): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.06.002.
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Walwyn, David, Andreas Bertoldi, and Christian Gable. "Building the hydrogen economy through niche experimentation and digitalisation." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 30, no. 8 (December 9, 2019): 1179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-11-2017-0247.
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Purpose Hydrogen fuel cells could play an important role in meeting the challenges of the Two Degrees Scenario. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of this technology in South Africa with the aim of understanding how the country can transform its existing socio-technical systems and act to support a hydrogen-based technological innovation system (TIS). Design/methodology/approach A mixed methods approach has been followed in this study. Secondary data analysis was used initially to build a profile of South Africa’s present energy system, followed by a stakeholder survey of the emerging hydrogen economy. Respondents were selected based on a convenience/snowball sampling approach and were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, covering opportunities for South Africa in the global hydrogen economy; sources of competitive advantage; the present phase of development; the maturity of each function and the main weaknesses within the TIS; and finally the appropriate policy instrument to remedy the weakness and/or maximise opportunities for local companies. Findings The research has shown that the hydrogen economy is still at a pre-competitive level and requires ongoing government support to ensure an energy transition is realised. In particular, it is important that niche experimentation, a proven strategy in respect of successful sustainability transitions, is further pursued. Importantly, the net cost of hydrogen-based transportation, which is still several times larger than the cost of transport based on the internal combustion engine (ICE), must be reduced, especially in the key applications of public transport and underground vehicles. Furthermore, the development of digital technologies to manage supply fluctuations in energy grids must be accelerated. Originality/value The South Africa economy will be severely affected by the replacement of the ICEs with battery electric vehicles due to the country’s reliance on ICEs for platinum demand. Fuel cells represent a new market for platinum but the hydrogen TIS is still at a vulnerable point in its development; without policy support, it will not contribute to a successful socio-technical transformation, nor provide an alternative outlet for platinum.
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Von Blottnitz, H. "A comparison of air emissions of thermal power plants in South Africa and 15 European countries." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i1a3292.
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Data recorded in the recently established European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER) is potentially useful for benchmarking of the environmental performance of industrial activity against European practice. Entries in the category of large power plants in the reporting year 2001 for 15 European Union (EU) countries were evaluated to estimate total and fuel specific emissions of NOx, SO2, particulate matter, and CO2. Since the EPER data quality is unknown and since it records only absolute values for emissions and thus does not allow for an eco-efficiency analysis, environmental or sustainability reports made available online by a subset of the operators were sourced to compile a set of specific emissions (per kWh of electricity generated) for the major fossil fuel types, viz. natural gas, fuel oil, coal and lignite. With a few exceptions, notably for PM10 for eight countries and NOx in one case, the large power plant data reported to the EPER is shown to be sufficiently representative of fossil-fuel based generation of electricity and is trustworthy. The fuel mix differs considerably, and together with the varying standard of pollution control technologies, this results in a wide variation in the combustion-related environmental burdens of the generated electricity. Emissions data for South African thermal electricity generation was sourced from Eskom’s 2000 environmental report; in absolute terms they are the highest in this comparison, and in specific terms amongst the three highest per unit of electricity generated from coal.
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Brent, Alan, Rovani Sigamoney, Harro Von Blottnitz, and Sibbele Hietkamp. "Life cycle inventories to assess value chains in the South African biofuels industry." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 21, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2010/v21i4a3259.
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The South African government ratified a new biofuels industrial strategy at the end of 2007. The feasibility study that forms the basis of the strategy highlights the potential environmental implications of such a strategy. However, at present there is no structured approach to evaluate the environmental profile of the scenarios within the strategy. This paper introduces life cycle inventories whereby the environmental profiles of biofuel value chains may be evaluated meaningfully. The scope of the paper focuses on the seed extraction biodiesel production scenarios of the strategy. The inventory analysis shows that the inputs and outputs of the farming unit process are sensitive to the type of crop and region of produce. Water usage is a highly variable parameter, which emphasises the importance of rainfall and irrigation to the overall burden of the biodiesel system on water resources. Crop yields may differ by a factor of two, which is a significant difference in terms of land and non-renewable energy resources requirements. The oil and meal/cake content of the seed proves to be the most important parameter that influences the initial unit processes of the value chains; almost all the inputs and outputs of the farming unit processes, for all the crops, range in the order of a factor of two due to this parameter. The uncertainties associated with the logistic system in the value chain also have major implications. Further, should there be no market offset for the meal/cake co-products, the waste treatment requirements would be highly uncertain. Very little uncertainties were detected in the biodiesel production unit process, although the energy efficiency, and sustainability, of the overall production system remains questionable. The paper identifies a number of limitations with inventory sets that need to be addressed through further research efforts to improve the environmental evaluations of a biofuel value chain in South Africa for policy-making purposes.
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Maama, Haruna, Mishelle Doorasamy, and Raj Rajaram. "Cleaner production, environmental and economic sustainability of production firms in South Africa." Journal of Cleaner Production 298 (May 2021): 126707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126707.
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Banganayi, Farai Chrispen, Didier Kasongo Nyembwe, and Hartmut Polzin. "Optimisation of an Environmentally Friendly Foundry Inorganic Binder Core Making Process for the Replacement of an Organic Binder." MRS Advances 5, no. 25 (2020): 1323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.225.
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ABSTRACTThere is a need to introduce modern sand binder systems in the South African foundry industry as a means of improving its competiveness through the reduction of scrap castings and compliance to environmental regulations. According to the Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP). The foundry industry will play an important role with regards to the economic infrastructure priority advocated in the National Development Plan (NDP) of South Africa. In this study, a new generation water glass binder is introduced in a local foundry for production of cores for export plumbing casting production. The new water glass introduced is unique in that it contains an inorganic breakdown agent. The core making operating parameters including binder content, temperature and cycle time are optimised through core making trials without any alterations on the coremaking machines. Production data was evaluated using an optimization feature of Microsoft excel software. The results provided a set of optimum operating variables to manufacture 80-100% good quality sand cores for casting applications with an environmentally friendly binder. The most favourable binder content is above 2.60%.The most favourable operating temperature range is 160-174 0C. Therefore temperature and related energy costs can be reduced. The shortfall is reduction in cycle time.
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Olowoyo, J. O., L. Mpagane, and S. Nyathi. "Nature of Waste and Disposal Practices Among Different Business Holders Around Industrial Area of Rosslyn, Pretoria, South Africa." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 1491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2020.v19i04.015.
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Schoeman, Yolandi, Paul Oberholster, and Vernon Somerset. "A Zero-Waste Multi-Criteria Decision-Support Model for the Iron and Steel Industry in Developing Countries: A Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052832.
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The iron and steel industry is a major global industry that consumes vast quantities of energy and causes environmental degradation through greenhouse gas emissions and industrial waste generation, treatment, and disposal. There is a need to manage complex iron and steel industrial waste in Africa, which requires a system engineering approach to zero waste management as informed by multi-criteria decision-making. The purpose of the current study was to develop a hybrid four-step multi-criteria decision-support model, the i-ZEWATA (Industrial Zero Waste Tiered Analysis). I-ZEWATA acts as a road map to understand, design, assess, and evaluate the iron and steel industrial waste systems with the ultimate objective of moving towards and achieving a zero-waste footprint. The results demonstrate that iron and steel waste can be identified, visualized, prioritized, and managed to promote zero-waste by applying a system-engineered approach. Additionally, relationship patterns to environmental, social, operational, and economic aspects with system behavioral patterns and outcomes were identified. It was clear from the case study in South Africa that, although technology and solution investment is essential, waste management, valorization, and treatment components require a concerted effort to improve industrial waste operational management through effective zero-waste decision-support towards a circular economy.
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Mathews, John A. "Energizing Industrial Development: The Role of the State in 21st Century Greening Strategies." Revista do Serviço Público 66 (November 18, 2015): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21874/rsp.v66i0.1276.
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Industrial development, as it diffuses globally to encompass the great emerging 21st century powers China, India and Brazil, increasingly has to place energy issues at the core – to move off the fossil fuels that worked in the past but are creating impossible tensions now and to move towards a new green growth model that promises to reduce or eliminate those tensions as it expands. In this paper I review the issues involved in the new ‘green industrial strategy’ and discuss the institutional state strategies being deployed in China, India, Brazil and South Africa – the BICS countries – to drive the transition that is under way. The argument goes that in the 21st century the developmental state has perforce to be a practitioner of green industrial strategies. The Brazilian model with its threefold involvement of state institutions in developing rolling ten-year plans for renewable energy deployment, targeted investment with local content requirements through the national development bank and promotion of cost eductions through state-mediated reverse auctions, is discussed as a viable strategy.Keywords: industrialization, strategic planning, sustainable development, public policy, renewable energy, international cooperation, case study
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Potts, S., and D. R. Walwyn. "An exploratory study of the South African concentrated solar power sector using the technological innovation systems framework." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, no. 2 (June 14, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i2a7725.
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Wide-scale deployment of variable renewable energy (wind and solar photovoltaic) is constrained by its associated requirements for energy storage, the technologies for which are currently too expensive to be routinely used. Concentrated solar power (CSP), with its inherent storage capacity, offers semi-dispatchable electricity at large scale. However, its deployment to date has been restricted by high capital costs and the limited geographical locations with optimal solar radiation to attain required efficiencies. South Africa, with its abundant solar resources, has the potential to develop an export-competitive CSP industry by leveraging existing capabilities in innovation, manufacturing and construction, but has yet to attain this goal. This study applied a qualitative, exploratory approach and the framework of technological innovation systems (TIS) to understand the factors that are currently prohibiting the country from being a global leader in CSP. The assessment has revealed the presence of largely immature TIS, characterised by a heavy reliance on imported technology and market support from the state-supported procurement programme. The advancement of CSP remains contingent on further allocation of CSP procurement targets in this programme and sufficient support to develop entrepreneurial activity. An integrated industrial policy strategy, which can ensure technology transfer and address the high cost of CSP, is recommended as a means of addressing the barriers to its development as a competitive industry.
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Swartz, Jan-Stefan, Pieter G. van Zyl, Johan P. Beukes, Corinne Galy-Lacaux, Avishkar Ramandh, and Jacobus J. Pienaar. "Measurement report: Statistical modelling of long-term trends of atmospheric inorganic gaseous species within proximity of the pollution hotspot in South Africa." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 17 (September 11, 2020): 10637–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10637-2020.
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Abstract. South Africa is considered an important source region of atmospheric pollutants, which is compounded by high population and industrial growth. However, this region is understudied, especially with regard to evaluating long-term trends of atmospheric pollutants. The aim of this study was to perform statistical modelling of SO2, NO2 and O3 long-term trends based on 21-, 19- and 16-year passive sampling datasets available for three South African INDAAF (International Network to study Deposition and Atmospheric Chemistry in Africa) sites located within proximity of the pollution hotspot in the industrialized north-eastern interior in South Africa. The interdependencies between local, regional and global parameters on variances in SO2, NO2 and O3 levels were investigated in the model. Average monthly SO2 concentrations at Amersfoort (AF), Louis Trichardt (LT) and Skukuza (SK) were 9.91, 1.70 and 2.07 µg m−3, respectively, while respective mean monthly NO2 concentrations at each of these sites were 6.56, 1.46 and 2.54 µg m−3. Average monthly O3 concentrations were 50.77, 58.44 and 43.36 µg m−3 at AF, LT and SK, respectively. Long-term temporal trends indicated seasonal and inter-annual variability at all three sites, which could be ascribed to changes in meteorological conditions and/or variances in source contribution. Local, regional and global parameters contributed to SO2 variability, with total solar irradiation (TSI) being the most significant factor at the regional background site LT. Temperature (T) was the most important factor at SK, located in the Kruger National Park, while population growth (P) made the most substantial contribution at the industrially impacted AF site. Air masses passing over the source region also contributed to SO2 levels at SK and LT. Local and regional factors made more substantial contributions to modelled NO2 levels, with P being the most significant factor explaining NO2 variability at all three sites, while relative humidity (RH) was the most important local and regional meteorological factor. The important contribution of P on modelled SO2 and NO2 concentrations was indicative of the impact of increased anthropogenic activities and energy demand in the north-eastern interior of South Africa. Higher SO2 concentrations, associated with lower temperatures, as well as the negative correlation of NO2 levels to RH, reflected the influence of pollution build-up and increased household combustion during winter. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) made a significant contribution to modelled O3 levels at all three sites, while the influence of local and regional meteorological factors was also evident. Trend lines for SO2 and NO2 at AF indicated an increase in SO2 and NO2 concentrations over the 19-year sampling period, while an upward trend in NO2 levels at SK signified the influence of growing rural communities. Marginal trends were observed for SO2 at SK, as well as SO2 and NO2 at LT, while O3 remained relatively constant at all three sites. SO2 and NO2 concentrations were higher at AF, while the regional O3 problem was evident at all three sites.
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Zhang, Yaming, Majed Abbas, and Wasim Iqbal. "Analyzing sentiments and attitudes toward carbon taxation in Europe, USA, South Africa, Canada and Australia." Sustainable Production and Consumption 28 (October 2021): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.04.010.
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