Academic literature on the topic 'Energy investment strategy'

The paper presents a vision of Russian energy future before 2020. The scenario approach is required to identify potential energy supply and demand future trajectories for Russia facing uncertainties of both global energy system evolution and domestic demographic and economic development in 2007-2020. It allows for assessing energy demand by sectors under different investment, technological and energy pricing policies favoring the least cost balancing of energy supply options and energy efficiency improvements to sustain dynamic economic growth. The given approach provides grounds for evaluation of different energy policies effectiveness. Three scenarios - "Inertia Strategy", "Energy Centrism", and "Efficiency Strategy - Four I" - integral-innovative-intellectual-individual oriented energy systems - are considered in the paper. It shows that ignorance of the last scenario escalates either energy shortages in the country or Russian economy overloading with energy supply investments both preventing from sustaining rates of economic growth which have recently been demonstrated by Russia.

The article is devoted to the study of the investment process in the northern regions of Russia on the example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that the most important factor in the development of any economy, including the economy of the northern regions of Russia, is investment in fixed assets. The aim of the study is to forecast investments in the fuel and energy complex of the northern region for the long term.The authors propose a methodological approach (algorithm) for predictive assessment of investments in the development of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The analysis of investment activity in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the period from 2005 to 2018was carried out. It was noted that the republic has all prerequisites for maintaining leading positions in terms of investment in fixed assets among the regions of the Russian Federation. According to indicator “Investments in fixed assets per capita” theRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia) in 2018 ranked 5th among other regions of Russia.The fuel and energy complex occupies a significant share in the structure of the gross regional product of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The share of investments in the fuel and energy complex in the total volume of investments in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the period from 2008 to 2018 shows an upward trend from 15.3 to 34.5 %. Forecast calculations of investments in fixed assets of the branches of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) have been made. Forecasted amount of investments required for the implementation of the Development Strategy of the Fuel and Energy Complex of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 2020–2032 will be 1,734.6 billion rubles in the moderate scenario and 2,317.9 billion rubles in the strategic scenario. The largest share in the structure of investments in the fuel and energy complex until 2032 is occupied by theoil and gas complex (59.3 %) and coal industry (15.5 %).In conclusion, it is noted that the main mechanism for implementing the energy strategy is public-private partnership. Its improvement and the search for new mechanisms are necessary conditions for the further development of the fuel and energy complex.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between regional factors and investment attractiveness of solar energy production. The aim is to create a rank order of the Greek regions based on their investment attractiveness. Design/methodology/approach – In this research, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied in its group choice approach combined with a purposive sampling of experts from the business, governmental and research fields. Findings – A rank order of the regions was developed related to their investment attractiveness based on the experts’ sampling and the specific criteria that were set. Analyzing the criteria, it was found that general macroeconomic performances of the regions are of low priority, while the ones related to the entrepreneurial development such as solar irradiation and land availability are of high priority. Practical implications – This work is practically applicable, as it conduces to the management of companies operating in the solar energy sector. It is also useful for policy makers as the regions are prioritized, identifying, in this way, opportunities for investment. Originality/value – The novel aspect of this research is regions’ ranking based on their dynamic in solar energy investments. The utilization of the AHP offers additional value to the research of energy planning and management, as it is applied for the first time in the solar energy sector, concerning regional factors, solar energy parameters, economic data and expert sampling to develop a rank order of the regions.

This paper considers a risk-neutral energy supplier who operates an electricity plant in an uncertain demand market. To characterize the impact of carbon emission quota and emergency supply cost of coal electricity, we first consider four different cases, (1) traditional energy without carbon emission restriction; (2) traditional energy with carbon emission quota; (3) mixed energy (both traditional and renewable energy) without carbon emission restriction, and (4) mixed energy with carbon emission quota, to find the optimal renewable energy investment level and coal inventory mechanism for an energy supplier. Then, through the analysis we derive the resulting equilibriums: coal inventory for electricity generation and the investment of renewable energy capacity. By comparing the performances under different scenarios, we find that (a) renewable energy establishment can mitigate the depression of carbon emission constraint, (b) the energy supplier can obtain positive benefits from optimal mixed energy strategy if the additional emergency cost of traditional energy is not too high, and (c) the optimal renewable energy capacity level is decreasing in the carbon emission quota. Our numerical simulations imply that the impact of additional emergency cost to the profit difference between mixed energy strategy and traditional energy strategy is mediated by carbon emission quota.

Solar energy, as an inexhaustible renewable energy, can be used to produce heat and electricity. It is of great importance to examine the strategy for investment on solar energy technology. In response to varying electricity price in the electricity market, the battery energy storage system (BESS) can be used to get price arbitrage. This paper proposes an optimal configuration model for a photovoltaic (PV) system, solar heating system, and BESS in order to obtain maximum profit for investors. The investment potential of these systems is compared and analyzed based on return on investment (ROI) index which is defined to evaluate economic profitability. A bi-level programming is adopted to optimize the operation strategy of batteries (inner layer), the size of PV system and solar heating system, and the size of batteries (outer layer) including their maximum discharge/charge power and capacity. Sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are used as optimization methods. In the case study, five investment strategies are investigated in order to decide how to invest in PV modules, batteries, and solar thermal collectors. The results show that the BESS may be a preferable choice for the investors if the investment cost of BESS goes down a lot in the future. Investing in solar energy for both heat and power may be not reasonable because the ROI of this strategy is always higher than either investing in heat or in power. The optimal strategy may be changed with the fluctuation of heat and electricity prices.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine significant steps taken by the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) to account for both energy cost savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals through strategic investments in energy conservation measures (ECMs) in campus buildings. Through an analysis of multiple years of investment in facility upgrades across the university, the impacts of ECMs of various types are characterized by building type. The standards and criteria for ECMs investments are also evaluated with the goal to develop a predictive tool to support decision making pertaining to an annual investment in a portfolio of ECMs that will maintain a trajectory to achieve both financial return on investment as well as GHG reduction goals. Design/methodology/approach This study is comprised of three main parts: analyzing the energy costs saving and GHG emissions reduction contribution of various building types in which ECMs were conducted, analyzing costs saving and GHG emissions reduction contribution of each ECM while considering the average annual investments made in them and estimating the impact of upgrading Penn State’s steam plants from firing a mixture of coal and natural gas to natural gas only on the GHG emissions. Findings These analyses help identify which types of buildings and ECMs would have larger savings and emissions reduction contributions. A calculator is also created to enable forecasting of costs saving and GHG emissions reduction of investment distribution strategy among ECMs. This study demonstrates that the calculator based on data from previous years will benefit decision makers in more wisely configuring the investment portfolio. Originality/value This paper fulfills an identical need to couple energy efficiency strategies coupled with the environmental impacts associated with different fossil fuel energy sources.

Current global efforts for energy conservation and optimization are focused on improvements in energy supply and production systems, and on encouraging the adoption of energy-efficient devices and equipment. However, systematic assessments of economic and technical implications when adopting energy-efficient alternative systems in buildings have not yet been explored thoroughly. The uncertainty about the consequences of investing in alternative energy-efficient systems has led to a prolonged utilization of obsolete building systems (underperforming HVAC systems, inefficient lighting systems, badly maintained and equipment, and so forth). This has led to overall poor energy efficiency, creating considerable burden on the building operation budget. This research discusses the procedure for formulating an investment strategy to improve existing building energy performance. The approach is suitable for large building portfolios where a plethora of potential refurbishment interventions can be considered. This makes our approach especially suited for use on university campuses and most of this report will focus on that particular application utilization protocols especially for use on campuses. This investment model only looks at the energy related savings versus investments; it is well understood that the ultimate selection of the optimal set of improvement options of a portfolio will be determined by additional considerations, such as overall value, occupant satisfaction, productivity improvements, aesthetics, etc. Nevertheless, many campus managers are confronted with the question how much energy they can save with a given investment amount. This is exactly what our approach helps to answer. The investment optimization strategy is implemented in software "InvEnergy," which systematically calculates the costs and benefits of all possible building-technology pairings, taking uncertainties in the saving/investment calculations and estimates into account. This tool empowers decision makers in facility management to make complex investment decisions during continuous building commissioning.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).
For some time, Oakland, California has suffered the cruel misfortune of persistently negative challenges, including high unemployment, poverty, and slow economic growth. Oakland leaders believe that the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 can help relieve the city of these ailments. Thus far, the City has received over $200 million in Stimulus awards from the government. Over one third of the grant total is designated for workforce and economic development as well as the promotion of energy efficiency. This thesis explores the role of federal investment in local economic development in Oakland. The research first evaluates the effects of two prior periods of government funding in the City - the injection of federal funds to finance the war industries during World War Il and the Economic Development Administration's City Rebuilding Program during the 1960s - and then contrasts how the current flow of stimulus dollars represents a third installment of federal investment that offers a new opportunity for sustained, equitable, and green economic development. Through comparative analysis with similar efforts in Seattle, Washington and Portland, Oregon I argue that in its current form, Oakland's Weatherization and Energy Retrofit Loan Program relies upon a weak finance structure, provides no guarantees for disadvantaged workers, and fails to consider how the age of the city's building stock, income distribution, and racial spread influence where the City should focus retrofit services. By amending these aspects of its retrofit program Oakland can realize its own goals of improved economic, environmental and social equity, and fulfill the promise of the Recovery Act. Therefore, Oakland could serve as a model displaying how cities with nascent energy retrofit programs can improve them to achieve a triple-bottom line of economic, social, and environmental benefits.
by Benjamin Brandin.
M.C.P.

This thesis studies the challenge of balancing between economic growth and social development that many developing countries are facing. The study sought to understand the impacts that these goals have on each other and how these impacts could be minimised. It looked at how clean energy access is modelled in developing countries and also how growth in Zambia’s mining sector would be impacted by meeting the government’s clean energy access targets in the residential sector. On one hand, increasing access to clean energy would lead to increase in energy demand, which would, in turn, imply increased capital investment in the energy supply system. This augmented investment means increase in energy prices which in turn would limit the growth of the mining sector (the backbone of the economy). Limited growth implicitly means reduced funding for clean energy projects. Thus, in order to adequately capture these complex interactions, three bottom-up models were developed: energy demand, energy supply and mining models. The energy models sought to understand how energy demand would evolve by 2050 and how much capital investment would be required to meet this demand. The mining model focused on understanding how developments in the energy sector would impact strategic investment decisions in the mining sector. It was found that approaches used to study how households transition from one energy fuel to another in developing countries had significant conceptual errors. However, these errors could be minimised by using a bottom-up approach. Furthermore, it was found that while profit margins would reduce as a result of increase in energy prices, the impact of these prices on the firm’s production output was negligible - except if a firm is a marginal mine operation. The output was not impacted because mining firms make decisions based on thresholds and not marginal decrease in profits. Thus, even though reliable energy supply is critical in mining operations, the influence of energy price in investment decision making in Zambia’s mining sector is limited. The key decision variables in the sector were found to be copper price, grade and type of ore.

Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из трёх глав и заключения. Объем работы составляет 123 страница. Темой диссертационной работы «Факторы повышения конкурентоспособности международных компаний в современных условиях». Исследование является актуальным, так как энергетика находится на этапе всеобщего перехода к возобновляемым источникам энергии. Enel глобализирует распространение новых технологий и нуждаются в иностранных инвестициях стран потенциального будущего присутствия. Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является разработка рекомендаций для компании, находящейся в стадии подготовки к привлечению иностранных инвесторов. Объектом научно-исследовательской работы является итальянская энергетическая компания Enel s.p.a. Предметом – особенности стратегического планирования компании энергетической отрасли. Проведена оценка энергетической отрасли в ситуации пандемии COVID-19. Высказаны предположения по поводу последствий влияния пандемии на рынок энергетики. Описаны особенности деятельности компании-объекта, организационная структура, а также риски и корпоративное управление. Проведена оценка основных производственноэкономических показателей̆компании, а также оценка стоимости компании. Далее проведен анализ рынка конкурентов путем оценки результатов деятельности четырех основных конкурентов. Проведена оценка позиции Enel S.P.A на энергетическом рынке на основании положения крупнейших конкурентов. Разработана стратегия повышения инвестиционного потенциала международной энергетической компании. Проанализирована эффективность деятельности компании путем выявления рисков. Привлечены такие методы, как «Three Pillars of Electricity industry sustainability», The 3A Framework», SWOT анализ. Далее проведена оценка глобальной деятельности компании путем вычисления Индекса транснациональности. Выявлены аспекты ключевой стратегии Enel. Завершающей частью работы стало разработка рекомендаций для повышения возможности трансформации внутренней̆ среды Enel S.P.A. в целях повышения привлекательности общества в свете интересов иностранных инвесторов.
The study is relevant, as the energy sector is at the stage of universal transition to renewable energy sources. Enel is globalizing the spread of new technologies and needs foreign investment from countries with a potential future presence. The purpose of the final qualification work is to develop recommendations for a company that is in the process of preparing to attract foreign investors. The object of the research work is the Italian energy company Enel s. p.a. The subject is the peculiarities of strategic planning of the company in the energy industry. An assessment of the energy industry in the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic was carried out. Suggestions have been made about the impact of the pandemic on the energy market. The features of the target company's activity, organizational structure, as well as risks and corporate governance are described. The assessment of the main production and economic indicators of the company, as well as the assessment of the company's value, was carried out. Further, the analysis of the competitors ' market is carried out by evaluating the performance of the four main competitors. The assessment of Enel S. P. A's position in the energy market is based on the position of its largest competitors. A strategy has been developed to increase the investment potential of an international energy company. The effectiveness of the company's activities is analyzed by identifying risks. Methods such as "Three Pillars of Electricity industry sustainability", The 3A Framework", SWOT analysis are involved. Further, the assessment of the global activity of the company is carried out by calculating the Index of transnationality. Aspects of Enel's key strategy are identified. The final part of the work was the development of recommendations to increase the possibility of transforming the internal environment of Enel S. P. A. in order to increase the attractiveness of the company in the light of the interests of foreign investors.

Du Protocole de Kyoto est née une série d’objectifs de réduction des émissions de GES. Le respect de ces objectifs peut entraîner des coûts très lourds pour les économies des pays développés engagés dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques. Pour minimiser les coûts imposés par ces objectifs, des instruments économiques ont été développés, avec notamment la création de marchés du carbone. Y participent les trois mécanismes de flexibilité du Protocole de Kyoto parmi lesquels figure le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP).

Parmi les problèmes posés par ce mécanisme de compensation, il y a des disparités observées dans la répartition géographique de sa mise en œuvre, alors qu’il est censé contribuer au développement de nombreux pays non-Annexe I. Parmi ceux-ci, les Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) en général et ceux d’Afrique en particulier restent largement sous-représentés. Pourtant, le MDP a été adopté à la fois comme une contribution innovatrice à l’atténuation des changements climatiques et comme un moteur de promotion du développement durable dans les pays en développement.

Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse est triple. Primo, elle vise à étudier en profondeur cet instrument en dégageant ses principales caractéristiques, y compris les disparités d’implantation d’activités de projets qui lui sont liées. Secundo, elle en examine les causes par une analyse des barrières ou freins à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP dans ces PMA d’Afrique en général et au Burundi en particulier. Tertio, elle révèle les opportunités (avantages/bénéfices) potentielles qui restent toujours non valorisées par l’implémentation d’activités de projets éligibles au titre du MDP.

L’analyse menée montre que les disparités susmentionnées jouent essentiellement en faveur des grands pays émergents d’Asie et d’Amérique latine, ce qui va à l’encontre du principe d’équité. En effet, en décembre 2011, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde détenaient 72,7 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 75,8 % de crédits-carbone attendus en 2012. A l’opposé, les PMA ne disposaient dans le même temps que de 1,3 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 1,2 % de leurs crédits attendus d’ici 2012. Les PMA d’Afrique ne restent qu’avec des parts de l’ordre de 0,8 % et 0,9 % respectivement. Cette situation reste si drastiquement critique qu’il importe d’en déceler les raisons.

Des caractéristiques de l’instrument, des expériences menées jusqu’ici et de la situation dans des pays hôtes, il ressort que les barrières sont de deux types. D’une part, les barrières endogènes, c'est-à-dire les barrières liées à l’organisation interne des pays. D’autre part, les barrières exogènes qui sont liées essentiellement à l’organisation générale du processus du MDP. L’étude a permis ainsi de montrer que les barrières endogènes constituent le nœud du problème en termes de visibilité des pays hôtes dans le marché du MDP. Celle-ci reste largement limitée dans ce marché international du carbone.

Les barrières identifiées dans ce travail, en particulier les barrières endogènes, risquent de se révéler difficiles à lever, car elles exigent des réformes structurelles au sein de l’organisation politique, institutionnelle, économique, et juridique du pays hôte. En outre, l’intégration de ces barrières dans un système unique d’interrelations constitue un des points originaux du travail. Ces interrelations ne sont pas négligeables et complexifient l’application du mécanisme, car, dans la plupart des cas, une action amorcée pour lever une barrière peut s’avérer inefficace si d’autres barrières associées ne sont pas prises en compte.

L’étude s’est également attachée à évaluer les retombées potentielles liées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au Burundi. Les principales opportunités perdues jusqu’ici se situent dans quelques secteurs socioéconomiques du pays, essentiellement dans la gestion des déchets et l’énergie. L’étude en a ainsi retenu des options technologiques susceptibles de contribuer à des solutions à la problématique de la gestion des déchets et de l’approvisionnement énergétique au Burundi, tout en favorisant la stabilisation d’émissions de GES. Il s’agit de technologies adaptées de compostage et de bio-méthanisation dans le secteur de la gestion des déchets et les technologies de production d’énergies à partir de sources renouvelables (hydro, solaire, biogaz) et d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de la biomasse (foyers améliorés, carbonisation) dans le secteur de l’énergie.

Ces opportunités ont également été analysées suivant des critères et indicateurs de durabilité (matrice de développement durable du Gold Standard). Les résultats montrent que ces options technologiques peuvent apporter une contribution au développement durable du pays. En effet, les opportunités se rencontrent à la fois dans le développement social (création d’emplois, moyens de subsistance des pauvres, accès aux énergies propres, renforcement des capacités), le développement écologique (réduction des émissions de GES, amélioration de la qualité de l’air, de l’eau et du sol, sauvegarde de la biodiversité), et le développement économique et technologique (rémunération d’emplois créés, augmentation des investissements, transfert et autonomie technologiques).

Afin de faire bénéficier le pays des retombées des activités de projets du MDP, il est proposé des solutions qui peuvent contribuer à une levée/atténuation de ces barrières. Ces propositions forment une combinaison d’actions à mener au niveau international, régional et surtout local/national. Au niveau international, des organes habilités devraient apporter des réformes profondes au MDP. Au niveau régional, le renforcement des capacités par des actions de coopération pourrait favoriser l’échange d’expériences en la matière. Au niveau local/national, l’adoption des réformes profondes aux niveaux institutionnel, législatif et juridique, dans une logique d’améliorer les politiques de planification du développement socioéconomique et environnemental, rendrait le pays naturellement plus attractif. En particulier, la mise en place et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale du MDP pourrait contribuer à relever le défi.

Les propositions de solutions pour réduire les barrières à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP sont susceptibles de stimuler l’investissement en général. Ainsi, toute stratégie adoptée dans cette logique peut contribuer non seulement à la participation du pays au processus du MDP, mais aussi à favoriser la mise en œuvre d’autres projets conventionnels de développement au niveau national. Finalement, la considération de ces différentes opportunités associées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au niveau du pays par des instances habilitées (décideurs politiques, acteurs institutionnels et économiques) conduirait à faire de ce mécanisme une contribution utile au développement du pays/The Kyoto Protocol has established a series of targets for reducing GHG emissions. The fulfilment of these objectives may result in heavy costs for the economies of developed countries engaged in the fight against climate change. To minimize the costs imposed by these targets, economic instruments were developed, notably with the creation of carbon markets. The three flexible mechanisms of Kyoto Protocol are involved in this, one of which being the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

Among the problems posed by this offset mechanism, disparities can be observed in regional distribution after it has been implemented, when it ought to be contributing towards the development of a number of Non-Annex I countries. Among these countries, the least developed ones (LDCs) in general and Africa ones in particular are largely under-represented. However, the CDM was adopted both as an innovative solution to mitigate climate change and as an engine to promote sustainable development in developing countries.

Within this context, the overall objective of this thesis is threefold. First of all, it aims to study this instrument in depth, by picking out its main characteristics, including the disparities in project activities implementation related to it. Secondly, it examines the causes for these disparities by analyzing the barriers or restrictions preventing implementation of CDM project activities in these African LDCs in general and in Burundi in particular. Its third purpose is to reveal the potential opportunities (advantages/benefits) which have yet to be developed by setting up eligible CDM project activities.

The analysis carried out shows that the aforementioned disparities come out in favor of the large emerging countries in Asia and Latin America primarily, which goes against the principle of equity. In fact, in December 2011, Brazil, China and India held 72.7% of all CDM project activities and 75.8% of carbon emission credits expected in 2012. On the contrary, for the same time period, the LDCs had only 1.3% of all CDM project activities and 1.2% of their carbon emission credits expected up until 2012. The African LDCs are left only with shares of 0.8% and 0.9% respectively. This situation is extremely critical. It is crucial to discover the reasons for it.

The instrument’s features, experiments carried out so far and the situation in host countries all reveal that the barriers fall into two categories. On the one hand, there are endogenous barriers, i.e. barriers related to the internal organization of countries. On the other hand, exogenous barriers are related to the general running of the CDM process especially. The study has thus revealed that the endogenous barriers are the crux of the problem where the presence of host countries is concerned in the CDM market. The visibility of host countries is rather limited in this international carbon market.

The barriers identified in this thesis, particularly endogenous ones, may be difficult to remove because they demand structural reforms in the political, institutional, economical and legal organization of the host country. In addition, the integration of these barriers into a single system of interrelationships is one of the original points of this thesis. These interrelationships are not insignificant and complicate the mechanism’s application, because in most cases, initiating an action to remove a barrier may be ineffective if other associated barriers are not taken into account.

The study has also focused on evaluating the potential impacts linked to the implementation of CDM project activities in Burundi. The main opportunities lost up to date are in some socioeconomic sectors in the country, particularly in the waste management and energy sectors. The study has therefore identified technological options that are likely to bring solutions to the question of waste management and energy supply in Burundi, while at the same time contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions. These options are notably composting and anaerobic digestion technologies in the area of waste management, and energy generation technologies from renewable sources (hydro, solar, biogas) and improved energy efficiency of biomass (better households, carbonization) in the energy sector.

These opportunities were also analyzed in accordance with sustainability criteria and indicators (Gold Standard sustainable development matrix). The results show that these technological options may contribute to sustainable development in the country. Indeed, the opportunities can be seen at the same time in social development (job creation, means of subsistence for the poor, clean energy access, capacity building); ecological development (reducing GHG emissions, improvement in quality of air, water and soil, preservation of biodiversity) and economic & technological development (better pay for jobs created, increased investment, technology transfer and technological autonomy).

In order to allow the country to take advantage of these opportunities through CDM project activities, it has been proposed solutions that can help raise/mitigate these barriers. These proposals are a combination of actions to be taken at international and regional levels and above all at a local/ national level. In the international arena, authorized bodies should make major reforms to the CDM. At a regional level, capacity building through joint actions could encourage the exchange of expertise in the field. Locally/nationally, adopting major reforms at institutional, legislative and legal levels, with a view to improving planning policies in socioeconomic and environmental development, would make the country naturally more attractive. In particular, establishing and implementing a national CDM strategy could also contribute towards taking up the challenge.

Proposals of solutions for mitigating barriers to implement CDM project activities are likely to stimulate investment in general. Thus, any strategy adopted along these lines can contribute not only to the country’s participation in the CDM process, but also to favoring implementation of other conventional projects for development at national level. Finally, considering these different opportunities associated with implementing CDM project activities in the country via authorized bodies (policymakers, institutional and economic actors) would lead to this mechanism being a useful contribution towards national development.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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The general objective of this study was to identify the factors that influence the decision to participate with foreign direct investment (FDI) in emerging markets in the generation of electric power. To achieve the objective proposed, first, it was identified, systematized and integrated theories, treatments and theoretical approaches on the field of economics, strategy and internationalization of enterprises that influence the strategic decision to participate with foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries in electric power industry, as well it was identified in the literature the main factors that determine the strategic choice to participate with foreign direct investment (FDI) in emerging markets. Based on this systematization and integration, a framework was developed incorporating new elements, which in the specific case of the electric power industry in emerging countries were not previously addressed in FDI strategies. In this work it was also identified relationships between the concepts, dimensions, subdimensions, and the variables to be tested in later studies. This study also identified and described the main features of FDI in the electric power industry in emerging countries, with two important contributions: it was observed that the investment in new technologies took place in developed countries and there was the migration of mature technologies to developing countries (compatible with product life cycle theory of Vernon) and that some studies attribute low returns to foreign investors in regulated sectors, while others highlight the high profits in international investments in regulated industries, such as the energy sector. Finally, a new concept of developing country was proposed, through the inclusion of human (human assets) and technological factors (degree of industrialization and innovation capacity) in addition to the economic factors currently used (income and economic vulnerability). It is recommended that further research be undertaken, for example, with respect to the impact of the various technologies for generation of electric power on the decision to enter emerging countries by FDI, consolidation of the data bases of the various institutions responsible for gathering information on FDI, research into the varying perceptions presented by specialists and companies in relation to the FDI strategy of companies. It is also possible to replicate this study in other segments and industries.
A presente tese tem como objetivo geral identificar os fatores que influenciam a escolha de participar no mercado de países emergentes por meio de investimento externo direto (IED) na geração de energia elétrica. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, primeiramente, foram identificadas, sistematizadas e integradas teorias, tratamentos teóricos e abordagens do campo da economia, estratégia e internacionalização de empresas que influenciam a decisão estratégica de investimento externo direto na geração de energia elétrica em países emergentes, bem como foram identificados na literatura os principais fatores considerados intervenientes ou determinantes para a escolha estratégica de realizar investimentos externos diretos em países emergentes. Com base nesta sistematização e integração, foi elaborado um framework incorporando novos elementos, que em se tratar do setor específico de energia elétrica e o contexto específico de países emergentes incorpora novos elementos, não previamente contemplados de maneira explícita em se tratar de IED. Ao longo do trabalho também foram identificadas relações entre os conceitos, as dimensões, as subdimensões e as variáveis, a serem testadas posteriormente. O presente estudo também identificou e descreveu as principais características do IED no setor de elétrico e no segmento de geração em países emergentes, com duas contribuições relevantes: há o investimento em novas tecnologias nos países desenvolvidos e a migração de tecnologias maduras para os países em desenvolvimento (compatível com a teoria do ciclo de vida do produto de Vernon) e alguns estudos atribuem baixos retornos aos investidores estrangeiros em setores regulados, enquanto outros destacam os altos ganhos nos investimentos internacionais em indústrias reguladas, como o setor de energia. Por fim, foi proposta a formação de um novo conceito de países emergentes, por meio da inserção de fatores humanos (ativos humanos) e tecnológicos (ao exemplo do grau de industrialização e da capacidade de inovação), aos fatores econômicos (renda e vulnerabilidade econômica) atualmente utilizados. A título de sugestão, considera-se pertinente a continuação da investigação iniciada nesta tese, por meio da realização de pesquisas sobre os impactos das tecnologias de geração de energia elétrica na decisão de realizar IED em países emergentes, realização de cruzamento de bancos de dados das diversas instituições atuantes no cadastramento de IED, realização de pesquisa sobre as diferenças de percepções apresentadas por especialistas e empresas com relação à estratégia de IED das empresas. Também é possível reaplicar o estudo em outros segmentos e setores.

Doctoral dissertation presents an analysis of the Serbian economy in the mutual relations between the European Union (EU) and the Western Balkans. The assumption that the EU and Serbia, as an integral part of the Balkan region, have interests in the partnership and cooperation is the baseline of the research. The following aspects have been singled out, by method of ranking, which is based on achieving the highest turnover in the last six years: trade, foreign direct investment and energy. Gravity model was used to analyze routes of trade and energy. A models of trade import and export between Serbia and the EU 28 member countries and the countries of the Western Balkans, as well as models of imports and exports of energy between Serbia and the EU 28 member countries and the countries of the Western Balkans, were used in order to assess the potential of trade and energy trade. Method of trend line and trend extrapolation of foreign direct investment (FDI) was used in order to determine the degree of the presence of FDI in Serbia and their predictions, which could be an indicator of investment climate in Serbia. The conclusion is that Serbia has strategic importance as a candidate for membership in the EU because of its regional importance. Entering the Western Balkan countries in the EU should not happen without Serbia, because Serbia has a regional importance, which arise from the economic, historical, cultural, infrastructural and geopolitical links with countries in the region, of which some are already members of the EU.

Depuis 2001 et la recomposition des équilibres de puissance, l'Inde s'affirme comme l'un des acteurs qui compte dans un espace international de plus en plus multipolaire. Les mouvements de fond actuels provoquent une redistribution de cette puissance imposant de nouvelles alliances et de nouveaux jeux de pouvoirs. L'Inde n'est pas étrangère à cette tendance et encore plus depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir, en 2014, de l'actuel Premier ministre, Narendra Modi. Ce dernier conduit une politique extérieure ambitieuse pour que son pays accède à un statut de puissance mondiale. C'est dans ce cadre que se pose notre problématique qui est de savoir dans quelle mesure la place de l'Afrique dans la politique étrangère indienne permet-elle justement à l'Inde de parvenir à se hisser à ce statut de puissance. Pour y répondre, cette thèse investigue trois directions. D'abord, la place de l'océan Indien dans la relation indo-africaine doit rendre compte du rôle de l'Afrique dans la volonté indienne de faire de cet océan un espace pacifique et sécurisé sur lequel l'Inde puisse être un acteur incontournable face à des acteurs politiques puissants et hétérogènes. Ensuite, cette thèse s'attache à déterminer le rôle que l'Afrique joue dans la volonté de l'Inde d'être une puissance ayant une capacité d'influence politique sur la scène internationale au travers des instances internationales, de ses relations bilatérales avec les États africains et de la diaspora indienne installée dans ces pays. Enfin, cette recherche de statut passe par le champ économique et la nécessaire évaluation de l'empreinte économique que l'Inde souhaite imprimer en Afrique pour mieux asseoir ses capacités d'influence. Cette étude doit permettre de donner un éclairage sur la politique extérieure indienne à l'heure où les États-Unis réévaluent leur implication dans l'océan Indien, où la Chine met en place la « One Belt, One Road » et où l'Inde et le Japon viennent de s'unir pour proposer un nouveau partenariat à l'Afrique
Since 2001 and the reshuffling of the balance of power, India has become one of the influential actors in an increasingly multipolar international context. The current groundswells are reshuffling powers between Nations in shaping new alliances and new power games. India is, more than ever, involved in this trend since the current Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, came to power in 2014. He conducts an ambitious foreign policy as a means to make his country a global and respected power. The context of the issue detailed in this document is: to what extent does Africa's place in India's foreign policy enables India to reach this status of power? This thesis investigates the following three themes: Firstly, the Indian Ocean's place in the Indo-African relationship should reflect Africa's role in India's will to make the Indian Ocean region a peaceful and secured space in which India is a decisive player in front of powerful and heterogeneous political actors. Secondly, this thesis focuses on assessing Africa's role in India's initiatives to be an influential player on politics on the international agenda through international bodies, its bilateral relations with African states and the Indian diaspora settled down in these countries. Thirdly, India's search for that particular status goes through the economic area and the assessment of India's economic footprint in Africa to better establish its influence on that Continent. This study tries to shed the light on India's foreign policy while the United States are reassessing their involvement in the Indian Ocean, and while China is setting up its "One Belt, One Road" and India and Japan have just come together to propose a new partnership to Africa

AbstractBefore exploring risk mitigation solutions available to public and private actors, this chapter first focuses on the identification and definition of investment risks associated with clean energy access solutions in sub-Saharan Africa. It provides the reader with a comprehensive understanding of the hurdles linked to clean energy access financing across the region.

AbstractOff-shore wind energy technology is considered to be one of the most important renewable energy source in the 21st century towards reducing carbon emission and providing the electricity needed to power our cities. However, due to being installed away from the shore, ensuring availability and performing maintenance procedures could be an expensive and time consuming task. Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) could play an important role in enhancing the payback period on investment and avoiding unexpected failures that could reduce the available capacity and increase maintenance costs. Due to being at distance from the shore, it is difficult to transfer high frequency data in real time and because of this data transferring issue, only low frequency-average SCADA data (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) is available for condition monitoring. Another problem when monitoring wind energy is the massive variation in weather conditions (e.g. wind speed and direction), which could produce a wide range of operational alerts and warnings. This paper presents a novel case study of integrated event-based wind turbine alerts with time-based sensory data from the SCADA system to perform a condition monitoring strategy to categorise health conditions. The initial results presented in this paper, using vibration levels of the drive train, indicate that the suggested monitoring strategy could be implemented to develop an effective condition monitoring system.

Manufacturers lack the proper economic tools to improve energy efficiency of the plant. This paper uses energy economic analysis to increase the overall profit of the manufacturing facility by reducing energy consumption with minimal throughput impact. A return on investment strategy is developed to give plant managers the quantitative tools to select the machine which, when replaced, will lead to the largest return on investment. Over the long term, this will lead to the largest decrease in energy costs. To increase profits on a daily basis, a control methodology is developed that uses energy opportunity windows to insert downtime events that have minimal production impact, but reduce the overall energy consumption. A simulation case study is performed to test the control methodology and the return on investment strategy to show the effect of both on the profit of the manufacturing facility.

This paper examines, summarizes, and updates the study of a strategy for the Northeast Asia Power System Interconnection conducted by the Asian Development Bank. It presents independent reviews and assessments by various stakeholders from Japan, Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, and the Russian Federation together with additional analysis by experts from the private and public sectors, academe, and international research and development institutions. It also calls for further discussions, studies, and activities in the development of the vast renewable energy potential of Mongolia’s South Gobi. Specific integrated investment project approaches for solar and wind power development and two cross-border transmission links in the region are proposed.

Programs that encouraged investments in residential energy efficiency had limited returns in several impact evaluations in real-world settings. Relatively small impacts on energy savings coupled with low take-up meant that encouraging these investments through information campaigns and subsidies was not a cost-effective strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.