Dissertations / Theses: 'Energy planning in developing countries'

1

Heaps, Charles Gilbert. "A decision support system for energy planning in developing countries." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46335.

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2

D'Souza, Beulah Anchita. "An alternative planning process for improving energy efficiency programs in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65692.

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3

Siu, Yim Ling. "Energy-economic planning and assessment in developing countries : the design and exploration of an energy modelling approach." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329482.

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4

Korkovelos, Alexandros. "Energy modelling to support sub-national sustainable planning in developing countries : The case of Kakamega County in Kenya." Thesis, KTH, Energisystemanalys, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172511.

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Kenya is at the forefront of a socioeconomic transformation, aiming to turn into an industrialized middle income country by 2030. Kenya Vision 2030 has identified energy as a key foundation and one of the infrastructural “enablers” upon which the economic, social and political pillars of this long-term development strategy will be built. Predicting the future of energy systems however, involves risks due to various uncertainties. Therefore, systematic energy planning at national and sub-national/County level is highly recommended through the adoption of more realistic assumptions on the future evolution and profile of demand and robust pre-feasibility of prospective projects including the integration of renewable energy sources, which the country is endowed with. This thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy sector for Kakamega County in Western Kenya. The current energy demand level was estimated for six selected sectors of the County namely Residential, Industrial, Transportation, Commercial, Public and Agricultural. Additionally, the renewable energy resources potential was assessed at local level using GIS and other available data. LEAP software was used in order to model and project the energy demand and supply based on three 15-year scenarios till 2030, developed to support the economic, social and environmental sustainability of the County. This study intended to create a framework aiming to facilitate sub-national energy planning in developing countries and it is expected that the findings will be complementary to already existing energy planning models but also the base for future research towards energy poverty elimination.

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5

Soumonni, Ogundiran. "Electricity planning in West Africa: which way forward? An adaptive management perspective on energy policy." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49049.

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Africa’s quest for economic development will require the increased availability and use of its abundant energy resources. Nevertheless, most of its rural population remains without access to modern energy services and urban residents typically only enjoy an intermittent supply of electricity. The dominant approach to energy planning in West Africa is top-down and centralized, emphasizing electricity generation from large dams or fossil-fueled plants and subsequent grid extension to reach more customers. However, an alternative and complementary paradigm is that of decentralized or Distributed Generation (DG), which stresses small-scale, on-site generation of power and offers a bottom-up approach to energy development. The goal of this dissertation project is to assess the various options for regional electrification and integration through a holistic analysis of the set of existing technologies and policies for deploying them. The main organ of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for regional electricity planning is the West African Power Pool (WAPP) and its primary policy document, the “Master Plan”, addresses regional power supply shortage through centralized planning. Both the WAPP policy documents and the majority of the country-level planning documents are considered to be based on a traditional, empiricist, policy analysis that appears to provide value-neutral solutions and generalizations. In contrast, the analysis provided in this project situates itself within the post-positivistic, deliberative and more contextual approach to policy analysis in order to compare the centralized approach to generation with a distributed approach, which is currently marginal in the region. It uses the Adaptive Management (AM) framework for this analysis, particularly because of the way it deals with ecological resilience in the face of widespread uncertainty. The main policy issue that this project seeks to address is the need for an integrated energy-environment planning process, which is currently lacking in West Africa, so as to achieve long term sustainability. Adaptive management offers policy makers a holistic lens with which to view energy policy, but there are very few examples of institutions that have attempted to implement it in practice anywhere in the world. These instances, however, represent a valuable historical reference point for future policy research and management efforts that seek to explore this approach. In alignment with that objective, this dissertation first provides an overview of the concept of adaptive management in general, and its application to energy problems in particular. Secondly, the research project undertakes a policy analysis of the ECOWAS strategy for electrification, based on a stakeholder analysis, a review of life cycle assessments of existing energy technologies, the expected outcomes of the electricity sector, and a set of traditional criteria for evaluating public policies. In order to further examine the question of electricity access, it carries out a quantitative analysis of the electricity demand and supply in the region. It uses a modeling approach that is based on the logic of AM to determine whether or not the energy requirements for broad based electrification can be met through distributed renewable power, which is currently a negligible component of the generation resource portfolio in West Africa. The dissertation proceeds to carry out a retrospective analysis of three cases in the U.S. where elements of AM have already been applied to energy planning in order to investigate some of the critical determinants for its successful implementation to date. This assessment then informs a prospective analysis of three West African cases that have ideal characteristics for experimentation with AM to determine to what extent similar concepts have been used, or may be employed in the future. The AM framework also calls for the consideration of local values, which should be open to revision in the face of real situations. To this end, the prospective analysis includes three additional place-sensitive criteria, so as to ensure that the framework remains viable in a different socio-political context. The AM analyses are then extended to include a discussion of learning and innovation in clean energy technologies, drawing from the Chinese, Danish and South African experiences. The results suggest that a strong and consistent political will that is in alignment with an explicit social policy is needed to initiate and implement broad-based electrification plans, but that stakeholder participation is critical to their success. In addition, the adoption of multiple instruments and the selection of a diverse range of energy resources were found to be more effective than an overreliance on a single dominant scheme so as to allow room for policy learning. Furthermore, the results confirm that a holistic approach to managing ecosystems associated with electric power production is a fruitful way to integrate ecological considerations with social and economic factors throughout the development of a project. This type of systemic methodology should also include the building of technological capability and the development of innovation capacity in order to address the unique socio-economic context and the rapidly-changing climatic conditions in West Africa. Finally, the articulation of a planning philosophy that engages the values and sensibilities of the people in a particular place, and that is rooted in them, was found to be a critical factor for increasing the level of public participation in management activities in order to achieve more equitable and democratic outcomes.

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6

Bakhiet, Arig G. "Investigation of Agricultural Residues Gasification for Electricity Production in Sudan as an Example for Biomass Energy Utlization under Arid Climate Conditions in Developing Countries." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1211207352814-40782.

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This study examines the possibility of electricity production through gasification of agricultural residues in Sudan. The study begins in Chapter 1, by providing general contextual analysis of the energy situation (production and consumption patterns) in Sudan with specific focus on electricity. It proceeded to study the potential of Petroleum, Biomass and other renewable sources for electricity production. Dramatic increase in electricity production was found to be essential especially through decentralised power plants as the current electricity production services cover ~ 13 % of the population of Sudan. Biomass potential in Sudan justifies the use of agricultural residues as energy source; its potential was estimated by ~ 350000 TJ/a. Further, the urban centres of arid regions in western Sudan were identified as the target group for this study. In chapter 2, specific investigations for selected study area through field work using statistical tools such as questionnaires, interviews and field observation show that income is highly correlated to electricity consumption. The flat rate system did not result in higher consumption thus the assumption that this consumption will not drastically change in the next 10 years could be accepted. As orientation value for BGPP, 8000 tons of GN.S are available annually, the average electricity consumption is ~ 4 kWh/day/family while acceptable price could be 40 SDD/kWh (0.15 €). In chapter 3, literature review was carried to spot out the comparative merits of the gasification technology and the most optimum gasifying and electricity production system. As a result downdraft gasifier and ICE were suggested as suitable systems. In chapter 4, fuel properties and fuel properties of agricultural residues were studied, different samples were tested and the results were presented. The main conclusions derived were: fuel properties of agricultural residues are modifiable properties, so utlization planning is possible as for any other energy resource. In Sudan, Baggase, Groundnuts shells and Roselle stalks could be considered as possible fuels. The experimental work done in chapter 5 showed that GN.S could be gasified in down draft gasifiers, which are less costly and simpler to operate than circulating systems. Acceptable values of gas thermal properties (c.v.~ 4 MJ/Nm3, 30 % of burnable gases) at fairly continuing processes were obtained. In chapter 6, a concept for biomass power plant was drafted, the main components are: downdraft, air based gasifier connected to ICE, multi-stage gas cleaning system (cyclones, washer and filters) mechanical ash removal and semi closed water cycle. Main operation measures are: electricity is the sole product; working time is 150 day/year between mid Novembermid Mars. Environmental hazards of waste management e.g. flue gas emission and waste water management are the limiting factors. In the last part of chapter 6 an economic analysis was carried out. At a value of 3000 €/kW for the initial system and fuel price of 100000 €/year for ~6 GWh then a price of 0.23 €/kWh and a return period of 24 years could be obtained. The study concludes in chapter 7 that biomass gasification under the local conditions has its comparative merits however a high institutional support is needed at the beginning
Diese Studie untersucht die Möglichkeit der Elektrizitätsproduktion durch Vergasung von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen im Sudan. Die Untersuchung beginnt im Kapitel 1 mit der Bereitstellung einer allgemeinen zusammenhängenden Analyse der Energiesituation (Produktions- und Verbrauchsmuster) im Sudan mit dem besonderen Fokus auf Elektrizität, gefolgt von einer Studie des Potentials von Petroleum, Biomasse und anderer erneuerbarer Quellen für die Produktion von Elektrizität. Eine starke Zunahme bei der Elektrizitätsproduktion wurde als nötig bewertet, da dezentrale Kraftwerke, als die gegenwärtigen Elektrizitätsproduktionsbetriebe, nur die Versorgung von 13 % der Bevölkerung im Sudan abdecken. Das geschätzte Potential der landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle liegt bei ca. 350.000 TJ/Jahre damit kommen sie als Energiequelle in Frage. Weiterhin wurden urbane Zentren der ariden Regionen in Westsudan als Zielgruppe für die Untersuchung ausgewählt. In Kapitel 2 werden detaillierte Untersuchungen für das ausgewählte Studiengebiet durch Feldstudien unter Verwendung von statistischen Werkzeugen, wie Fragebögen, Interviews und Felduntersuchungen dargestellt. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass das Einkommen im höchsten Maße mit dem Elektrizitätsverbrauch korreliert ist. Das Flat rate System hatte keinen höheren Verbrauch zur Folge, folglich kann die Annahme akzeptiert werden, dass sich der Verbrauch in den nächsten 10 Jahren nicht drastisch ändern wird. Als Orientierungswert für Biomasse Kraftwerk: 8.000 t/Jahr Erdnussschalen sind verfügbar. Der durchschnittliche Elektrizitätsverbrauch beträgt ca. 4 kWh/Tag/Familie betrachtet für 10.000 Familien. Im Kapitel 3 wird eine Literaturrecherche für die Vergasungstechnologie durchgeführt, zum Vergleich ihrer Vorteile und zur Auswahl des optimalen Vergasungs- und Gasumwandlungssystems. Als Ergebnis wurden der Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser und gas Motor als passende Systeme vorgeschlagen. In Kapitel 4 werden Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen untersucht, verschiedene Proben getestet und die Ergebnisse präsentiert. Die Hauptschlussfolgerung daraus ist: Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen sind veränderbare Eigenschaften, welche eine bessere Planung erlauben und somit ihre Verwendung favorisieren. Im Sudan können Bagasse, Erdnussschalen und Rosellenstiele als optimaler Brennstoff gelten. Die experimentelle Arbeit in Kapitel 5 zeigt, dass Erdnussschalen im 75 kW Festbett-Gleichstrom-Systemen vergast werden können, welche weniger kostenintensiv und einfach zu bedienen sind als zirkulierende Systeme. Akzeptable Werte der Gaseigenschaften (c.v. ca. 4 MJ/Nm³, 35 % von brennbaren Gasen) wurden in kontinuierlichen Prozessen erreicht. In Kapitel 6 wurde ein Konzept für Biomassekraftwerke entworfen. Deren Hauptkomponenten sind: Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser in Verbindung mit ICE, mehrstufige Gasreinigungssysteme (Zyklone, Wäscher und Filter), mechanische Aschensysteme und ein teilweise geschlossener Wasserkreislauf. Hauptbetriebsmaßnahmen sind: Elektrizität als das einzige Produkt, die Arbeitszeit beträgt 150 Tage pro Jahr zwischen November und April. Umweltrisiken des Abfallmanagements z.B. Rauchgas und Abwassermanagement sind die limitierenden Faktoren. Im letzten Teil von Kapitel 6 wurde eine ökonomische Analyse durchgeführt. Ein Wert von 3000 €/kW für das Anfangssystem und ein Kraftstoffpreis von 100.000 €/Jahr für 6 GWh dann ein Preis von 0,23 €/kWh und eine Amortisationszeit von 24 Jahren können angenommen werden. Die Studie schlussfolgert, dass die Vergasung unter den Bedingungen des Studiengebietes ihre Vorteile hat, jedoch ist institutionelle Unterstützung am Anfang nötig

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7

Bakhiet, Arig G. "Investigation of Agricultural Residues Gasification for Electricity Production in Sudan as an Example for Biomass Energy Utlization under Arid Climate Conditions in Developing Countries." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23713.

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This study examines the possibility of electricity production through gasification of agricultural residues in Sudan. The study begins in Chapter 1, by providing general contextual analysis of the energy situation (production and consumption patterns) in Sudan with specific focus on electricity. It proceeded to study the potential of Petroleum, Biomass and other renewable sources for electricity production. Dramatic increase in electricity production was found to be essential especially through decentralised power plants as the current electricity production services cover ~ 13 % of the population of Sudan. Biomass potential in Sudan justifies the use of agricultural residues as energy source; its potential was estimated by ~ 350000 TJ/a. Further, the urban centres of arid regions in western Sudan were identified as the target group for this study. In chapter 2, specific investigations for selected study area through field work using statistical tools such as questionnaires, interviews and field observation show that income is highly correlated to electricity consumption. The flat rate system did not result in higher consumption thus the assumption that this consumption will not drastically change in the next 10 years could be accepted. As orientation value for BGPP, 8000 tons of GN.S are available annually, the average electricity consumption is ~ 4 kWh/day/family while acceptable price could be 40 SDD/kWh (0.15 €). In chapter 3, literature review was carried to spot out the comparative merits of the gasification technology and the most optimum gasifying and electricity production system. As a result downdraft gasifier and ICE were suggested as suitable systems. In chapter 4, fuel properties and fuel properties of agricultural residues were studied, different samples were tested and the results were presented. The main conclusions derived were: fuel properties of agricultural residues are modifiable properties, so utlization planning is possible as for any other energy resource. In Sudan, Baggase, Groundnuts shells and Roselle stalks could be considered as possible fuels. The experimental work done in chapter 5 showed that GN.S could be gasified in down draft gasifiers, which are less costly and simpler to operate than circulating systems. Acceptable values of gas thermal properties (c.v.~ 4 MJ/Nm3, 30 % of burnable gases) at fairly continuing processes were obtained. In chapter 6, a concept for biomass power plant was drafted, the main components are: downdraft, air based gasifier connected to ICE, multi-stage gas cleaning system (cyclones, washer and filters) mechanical ash removal and semi closed water cycle. Main operation measures are: electricity is the sole product; working time is 150 day/year between mid Novembermid Mars. Environmental hazards of waste management e.g. flue gas emission and waste water management are the limiting factors. In the last part of chapter 6 an economic analysis was carried out. At a value of 3000 €/kW for the initial system and fuel price of 100000 €/year for ~6 GWh then a price of 0.23 €/kWh and a return period of 24 years could be obtained. The study concludes in chapter 7 that biomass gasification under the local conditions has its comparative merits however a high institutional support is needed at the beginning.
Diese Studie untersucht die Möglichkeit der Elektrizitätsproduktion durch Vergasung von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen im Sudan. Die Untersuchung beginnt im Kapitel 1 mit der Bereitstellung einer allgemeinen zusammenhängenden Analyse der Energiesituation (Produktions- und Verbrauchsmuster) im Sudan mit dem besonderen Fokus auf Elektrizität, gefolgt von einer Studie des Potentials von Petroleum, Biomasse und anderer erneuerbarer Quellen für die Produktion von Elektrizität. Eine starke Zunahme bei der Elektrizitätsproduktion wurde als nötig bewertet, da dezentrale Kraftwerke, als die gegenwärtigen Elektrizitätsproduktionsbetriebe, nur die Versorgung von 13 % der Bevölkerung im Sudan abdecken. Das geschätzte Potential der landwirtschaftlichen Abfälle liegt bei ca. 350.000 TJ/Jahre damit kommen sie als Energiequelle in Frage. Weiterhin wurden urbane Zentren der ariden Regionen in Westsudan als Zielgruppe für die Untersuchung ausgewählt. In Kapitel 2 werden detaillierte Untersuchungen für das ausgewählte Studiengebiet durch Feldstudien unter Verwendung von statistischen Werkzeugen, wie Fragebögen, Interviews und Felduntersuchungen dargestellt. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass das Einkommen im höchsten Maße mit dem Elektrizitätsverbrauch korreliert ist. Das Flat rate System hatte keinen höheren Verbrauch zur Folge, folglich kann die Annahme akzeptiert werden, dass sich der Verbrauch in den nächsten 10 Jahren nicht drastisch ändern wird. Als Orientierungswert für Biomasse Kraftwerk: 8.000 t/Jahr Erdnussschalen sind verfügbar. Der durchschnittliche Elektrizitätsverbrauch beträgt ca. 4 kWh/Tag/Familie betrachtet für 10.000 Familien. Im Kapitel 3 wird eine Literaturrecherche für die Vergasungstechnologie durchgeführt, zum Vergleich ihrer Vorteile und zur Auswahl des optimalen Vergasungs- und Gasumwandlungssystems. Als Ergebnis wurden der Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser und gas Motor als passende Systeme vorgeschlagen. In Kapitel 4 werden Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen untersucht, verschiedene Proben getestet und die Ergebnisse präsentiert. Die Hauptschlussfolgerung daraus ist: Brennstoff Eigenschaften von landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen sind veränderbare Eigenschaften, welche eine bessere Planung erlauben und somit ihre Verwendung favorisieren. Im Sudan können Bagasse, Erdnussschalen und Rosellenstiele als optimaler Brennstoff gelten. Die experimentelle Arbeit in Kapitel 5 zeigt, dass Erdnussschalen im 75 kW Festbett-Gleichstrom-Systemen vergast werden können, welche weniger kostenintensiv und einfach zu bedienen sind als zirkulierende Systeme. Akzeptable Werte der Gaseigenschaften (c.v. ca. 4 MJ/Nm³, 35 % von brennbaren Gasen) wurden in kontinuierlichen Prozessen erreicht. In Kapitel 6 wurde ein Konzept für Biomassekraftwerke entworfen. Deren Hauptkomponenten sind: Festbett-Gleichstrom-Vergaser in Verbindung mit ICE, mehrstufige Gasreinigungssysteme (Zyklone, Wäscher und Filter), mechanische Aschensysteme und ein teilweise geschlossener Wasserkreislauf. Hauptbetriebsmaßnahmen sind: Elektrizität als das einzige Produkt, die Arbeitszeit beträgt 150 Tage pro Jahr zwischen November und April. Umweltrisiken des Abfallmanagements z.B. Rauchgas und Abwassermanagement sind die limitierenden Faktoren. Im letzten Teil von Kapitel 6 wurde eine ökonomische Analyse durchgeführt. Ein Wert von 3000 €/kW für das Anfangssystem und ein Kraftstoffpreis von 100.000 €/Jahr für 6 GWh dann ein Preis von 0,23 €/kWh und eine Amortisationszeit von 24 Jahren können angenommen werden. Die Studie schlussfolgert, dass die Vergasung unter den Bedingungen des Studiengebietes ihre Vorteile hat, jedoch ist institutionelle Unterstützung am Anfang nötig.

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Urban, Frauke. "Sustainable energy for developing countries modelling transitions to renewable and clean energy in rapidly developing countries /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University of Groningen] [Host], 2009. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.

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9

Keung, John Kam-Yin. "Public participation in planning in developing countries." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278529.

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10

Beukes, Edward Andrew. "Context sensitive road planning for developing countries." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10075.

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-228).
The majority of South African urban poor live on the periphery of cities, travel long distances to work and school, and are dependent on public transport and walking or cycling (Non-Motorised Transport or NMT) for their travel needs. Road planning practice in South Africa continues to be largely automobile-centric. A need was identified to incorporate more contextual information into the transport planning process, to produce a more comprehensive, holistic and multimodal approach to practice. A description of the context, defined in terms of land use, socioeconomic, environmental and transport information, was developed and forms the basis of a method for making recommendations for road infrastructure provision. Data was incorporated using Spatial Multiple Criteria Assessment (SMCA), a Decision Support System and analysed in a GIS.

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11

Gamman, John K. "Environmental policy implementation in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27977.

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12

Mainali, Brijesh. "Sustainability of rural energy access in developing countries." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-140949.

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The importance of access to modern energy has been well understood by governments and donor agencies in many developing countries, and significant effort has been made in recent years to address energy access challenges. However, despite these efforts, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has predicted that the energy access problem will remain unresolved by 2030. Therefore, adequate and appropriate action is needed to resolve this problem more quickly. This dissertation analyses policies and their impacts and will help researchers and policy makers in developing countries to (i) understand the impact of policies in the formation of a renewable energy (RE) market, (ii) consider the determinants of technological choices when promoting access to energy services and, (iii) better appreciate the sustainability performance of rural energy. For the purpose of analysis, several country cases from Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa region were carried out as these are the two main regions where the energy access problem are most acute. To understand the impact of policies in the formation of RE based rural electrification market, a case study was conducted in Nepal. The study has shown that rural electrification has been expanding as a consequence of market-oriented policies. When it comes to selection of electrification path-ways, different technological alternatives are analysed in Afghanistan and Nepal, taking levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) as the means to select cost effective options. The analysis has presented best-fit conditions for these various technological pathways in the two countries and verified whether they are following the appropriate and cost effective course in their efforts to expand rural electrification. For understanding the determinants of cooking fuel choices and to analyse policy implications in the transition of large populations from traditional to modern fuels, fuel choices are modelled in the case of China. Choices are modelled (using MESSAGE–ACCESS mod-el) with standard economic variables such as income, technology costs and fuel prices, along with some unique variable such as inconvenience costs. Future access scenarios are designed considering different policy options to accelerate the transition. Sustainability is one of the key concerns in terms of energy access. This dissertation introduces methods for evaluating (i) the sustainability performance of energy technologies and (ii) the status and progress of developing countries in providing sustainable energy access. Different sets of sustainability indicators are considered for the rural energy sector and aggregated to form a single composite index. The energy technology sustainability index (ETSI) is used for assessing the performance of different energy technological systems in the case of India. The analysis reveals that mature technologies such as biomass gasifiers, biogas and micro hydro have relatively better sustainability performance among the options considered, while solar and wind, though showing fairly good improvement in sustainability performance, still have difficulties competing with more mature and conventional technologies without policy support. The Energy Sustainability Index (ESI) has been applied to China, India, South Africa, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh and Ghana between 1990 and 2010 to evaluate the status and progress made by these countries in rural energy sustainability. The analysis suggests that South Africa’s rural energy sustainability index is highest followed by China, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh and Ghana respectively. The rural energy sustainability has improved relatively over time in all countries except Ghana. The dissertation shows that policies are helping the rapid expansion of the RE market though with uneven penetration in rural Nepal. Access to credit and cumbersome subsidy delivery mechanism are perceived as the major factors affecting the expansion of rural electrification, requiring innovation. The electrification pathways taken by Nepal seem functional and moving in the right direction but some flaws in the delivery mechanisms require attention. Meanwhile in Afghanistan, pathways are not well defined and the country lacks a clear-cut national policy framework for the expansion of rural electrification. The analysis on fuel transition shows that even a fast developing country such as China will continue to have serious problems guaranteeing the access to solid fuels for cooking for one third of its rural population by 2030. The problem could be more severe in poorer nations. There-fore, further policy intervention addressing the high implicit discount rate of the poorer section of the population, reducing the upfront cost of more efficient technology (stoves) or the costs of cleaner fuels with subsidies must be considered to promote energy transition. Overall, this dissertation has analysed key issues in the global discussion about sustainable energy access. The methods for sustainability assessment suggested have been specially designed for rural settings in developing countries and are instrumental to assess the performance of rural energy technologies and track the progress of sustainable energy access efforts among rural households.

QC 20140210

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13

ENGIEL, DANIEL. "RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29948@1.

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Atualmente pode ser observado um cenário onde a expectativa é de uma enorme pressão sobre a demanda energética futura, as alarmantes consequências das emissões de dióxido de carbono na atmosfera e a realização do abastecimento energético seguro e com certo grau de previsibilidade. Assim torna-se essencial o desenvolvimento de métodos sustentáveis de geração e consumo energético. Baseado neste contexto, o presente estudo visa aprofundar o entendimento da relação entre o consumo de energia renovável e o crescimento econômico para um painel de doze países em desenvolvimento entre o os anos de 2003-2013. O teste de raiz unitária de Levin, Li e Chu bem como o modelo de dados em painel foi utilizado para inferir a relação causal entre as variáveis. O resultado revelou uma relação causal entre o PIB real, consumo de energias renováveis e formação bruta de capital fixo, como consequência dos seus respectivos coeficientes positivos e estatisticamente significativos. Entretanto, não pode ser verificado uma relação causal entre crescimento econômico e a força de trabalho.
Nowadays, a scenario can be observed where the expectation is that there will be enormous pressure on future energy demand, the alarming consequences of carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere and the realization of a secure supply of energy with a certain degree of predictability. Thus, the development of sustainable energy generation and consumption methods is essential. Based on this context, this study aims to deepen the understanding of the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth for a panel of twelve developing countries between the years 2003-2013. The Levin, Li and Chu unit root test as well as the panel data model were used to infer the causal relationship between the variables. The result revealed a causal relationship between real GDP, renewable energy consumption and gross fixed capital formation, as a consequence of their respective positive and statistically significant coefficients. However, a causal relationship between economic growth and the labor force can not be verified.

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14

Kipouros, Paraskevas. "Energy efficiency and the rebound effect in developing countries." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847026/.

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This thesis investigates relative aggregate energy efficiency for a panel of 39 developing countries using two stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approaches over the period 1989 to 2008. The first adopts an energy demand function (EDF) approach and the second an input distance function (IDF) approach. The EDF approach attempts to estimate a measure of the ’true’ aggregate energy efficiency across the panel of countries over the investigated time. Estimates of the ’true’ energy efficiency from this approach approximates the economically efficient use of energy, thus capturing both technical and allocative efficiency. The results from the analysis confirm that energy intensity should not be considered as a de facto standard indicator of energy efficiency. While, by controlling for a range of socio-economic factors, the measurements of energy efficiency obtained by the analysis are deemed more appropriate and hence it is argued that this analysis should be undertaken to avoid potentially misleading advice to policy makers. The energy efficiency results from this first approach are also used to estimate potential reductions in CO2 emissions that might be achieved if countries were to move towards the estimated efficient frontier. Using IDF and two-stage dynamic panel data approach both relative energy efficiency and the so-called rebound effect (RE) for each country in the panel is estimated. Benefits from better technologies evoke behavioural responses by economic agents that can cause that the full benefit of the technological energy efficiency improvements can not be realised. Hence, failing to consider the magnitude of the RE may undermine the emissions reductions designed by policy makers. Especially in the case of developing countries, these effects are expected to be higher because of the unmet energy demand. This is, as far as is known, the first attempt to model energy demand and energy efficiency in a panel of developing countries using both approaches. Moreover, the results from such analysis is arguably particularly relevant in a world dominated by environmental concerns, especially in the aftermath of the Paris agreement in December 2015. the thesis concludes by comparing the different methodologies adopted and the policy messages that come from the analysis.

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Keeley, Alexander Ryota. "Foreign Direct Investment in Renewable Energy in Developing Countries." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232433.

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Bowazi, Kenneth Mtunduwatha. "Maintenance of university facilities in developing countries." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008472.

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Universities in developing countries are deteriorating physically due to lack of planned maintenance, lack of maintenance policies in the institutions, lack of up-to-date security system, and also lack of qualified personnel at decision-making level. Lack of planning leads to reactive maintenance. It also leads to unbudgeted expenditure and has an impact on the amount of money allocated to maintenance which results in unavailability of funds to carry out maintenance duties. Institutions which have no maintenance policy lack guidelines to follow when a maintenance problem arises. Most personnel in charge of maintenance are junior management or at supervisory level as a result they are not part of middle management that strategically directs the organisation. Most of the decisions made at supervisory scale are easily overruled at management level where the maintenance manager is not present during meetings to motivate maintenance cases. Lack of efficient security also allows vandalism to rise which contributes to the deterioration of facilities. Universities lack creativity and cost management skills to raise its own funds to supplement the maintenance budget, which is largely funded by the government. This study recommends employment of built environment professionals in decision-making positions. It also recommends that organizations should have a maintenance policy in place. Investment should be made in good security systems and management of the facilities should include income generating activities that could subsidise the maintenance budget.

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Sahin, V. "Turkey : Energy planning and policy options; 'an energy planning approach in a developing country'." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355355.

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Itani, Nadine M. "Policy development framework for aviation strategic planning in developing countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9217.

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There exists no predefined framework for aviation policy making and development. While aviation policy planning in most developed countries comes as a result of institutional and industry coordination and is embedded within other national policies addressing the welfare and growth of the country, it is found that in many cases in less developed countries (LDCs), aviation policy planning is often influenced by political pressures and the interests of fund donors. The complexity of this situation in the developing countries results in aviation plans that represent stand alone studies and attempt to find solutions to specific problems rather than comprehensive aviation plans which fit well the country‘s competitiveness profile and are properly coordinated with other national policies for achieving medium and long-term objectives. This study provides a three-stage policy development framework for aviation strategic planning based on situational analysis and performance benchmarking practices in order to assemble policy elements and produce a best-fit aviation strategy. The framework builds on study results that indicate an association between air transport sector performance and aviation policy strategies, arguing that it is not sufficient to simply describe performance but also to be able to assess it and understand how policymakers can use strategic planning tools to affect the air transport industry efficiency levels. This can be achieved by recognizing the level of the country‘s stage of development and working on enhancing the policy elements that produce better output and induce more contributions by aviation to the national economic development and connectivity levels. The proposed aviation policy development framework is systematic and continuous. It helps policymakers in LDC to manage uncertainty in complex situations by allowing them to defend, correct and re-examine the policy actions based on a forward thinking approach which incorporates the contingency elements of the policy and tracks the developments that can affect the odds of its success. The framework‘s elements and its flow of process are explained by providing an illustrative example applied to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

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Adhvaryu, Bhargav. "Enhancing planning in developing countries : urban modelling for Ahmedabad, India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611402.

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Abd, Aziz Azlina. "Energy demand, energy substitution and economic growth : evidence from developed and developing countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30153.

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This thesis contributes to the literature on energy demand in three ways. Firstly, it examines the major determinants of energy demand using a panel of 23 developed countries and 16 developing countries during 1978 to 2003. Secondly, it examines the demand for energy in the industrial sector and the extent of inter-fuel substitution, as well as substitution between energy and non-energy inputs, using data from 5 advanced countries and 5 energy producer's developing countries. Third, the thesis investigates empirically the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for these groups of countries over a 26-year period. The empirical results of this study confirm the majority of the findings in energy demand analysis. Income and price have shown to be important determinants for energy consumption in both developed and developing countries. Moreover, both economic structure and technical progress appear to exert significant impacts on energy consumption. Income has a positive impact on energy demand and the effect is larger in developing countries. In both developed and developing countries, price has a negative impact but these effects are larger in developed countries than in developing countries. The share of industry in GDP is positive and has a greater impact on energy demand in developing countries, whereas technological progress is found to be energy using in developed countries and energy saving in developing countries. With respect to the analysis of inter-factor and inter-fuel substitution in industrial energy demand, the results provide evidence for substitution possibilities between factor inputs and fuels. Substitutability is observed between capital and energy, capital and labour and labour and energy. These findings confirm previous evidence that production technologies in these countries allow flexibility in the capital-energy, capital-labour and labour-energy mix. In the energy sub-model, the elasticities of substitution show that large substitution took place from petroleum to coal, natural gas and especially to electricity. In addition, the evidence for significant inter-fuel substitution between coal and natural gas implies that there is a possibility of replacing the use of coal with natural gas in the industrial sector. The existence of moderate input substitution suggests that there is some flexibility in energy policy options and energy utilization. Finally, the empirical evidence presented in this study suggests that the direction of causality between energy consumption and economic growth varies substantially across countries. There is a unidirectional causality running from GDP to energy consumption in 12 developed countries and in 5 developing countries. A unidirectional causality from energy to GDP exists in Netherlands and bidirectional causality exists in Slovak Republic.

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Bonilla, Martha Isabel 1965. "Understanding developing countries' capacities to negotiate effective trade agreements : Colombia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30110.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-82).
This thesis explores the obstacles (the negotiation machinery, the asymmetric context of power and the international and domestic context) for developing countries in negotiating international trade agreements with the US. By articulating key components of the negotiation theory with personal experience of economic diplomacy and illustrating them through the process of the World Trade Organization agreement in Colombia during 1994, this research contributes to the understanding of the conventional wisdom of international negotiations in developing countries. This work highlights the challenge of international trade negotiations for developing countries (the absence of critical thinking and prescriptive proposals, and the difficulties in making coalitions to challenge the economic powers) as well as the issues (the competitive race for production and trade of high value products), masked under the cold blood of negotiation protocols and the false flavor of choice.
Martha Isabel Bonilla.
M.C.P.

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Hylton, Amri Elizabeth. "Private/public partnership for low-cost housing in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74773.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1985.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.
Bibliography: leaves 41-42.
by Amri Elizabeth Hylton.
M.C.P.

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Juma, Calestous. "Evolutionary technological change : the case of fuel ethanol in developing countries." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/79463/.

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This study suggests an evolutionary approach to the analysis of energy technology policy. The approach emphasizes economic fluctuations, technological change and Institutional re-organization through time. The liquid fuel sub-sectors of Zimbabwe and Kenya constitute different technological systems adapted to the production and utilization of different energy forms. They represent different market niches In a techno-economic landscape. Gasoline occupies a central role In the energy budget. The 1973-74 oil crisis created major fluctuations which made it possible to introduce fuel ethanol as an alternative liquid fuel. The process of realising the ethanol niche was largely dependent on the existence of technological options whose technical and financial characteristics allowed them to compete favourably with conventional 1iquid fuels. Niche realization also required the modification of the adoptive terrain to reduce the obstacles to the introduction of the new technological systems. The entire process takes an evolutionary perspective because it involves the generation. selection and retention of technological options under constantly changing conditions. Moreover. the technological systems continue to undergo or require incremental Improvements after they have been installed. Such improvements require the generation of plant-level technical knowledge and often lead to the accumulation of local technological capacity. A glance at the evolutionary path reveals periods of gradual change. punctuated by moments of increased innovations which are often linked to periods of major fluctuations. The process is associated with a complex network of institutional arrangements which are also re-organized either in response to fluctuations or in anticipation of emerging niche opportunities. Institutions play a central role because the process is not random, it is purposive and based on socio-economic expectations. It is precisely this point that led to major differences In the process of niche realization In Zimbabwe and Kenya. although both countries were presented with the same technological options. The study draws a wide range of technology policy and research implications from these differences.

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24

Dutt, Prodyut. "A standards-based methodology for urban transportation planning in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11104.

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Howells, Mark Idwal. "Analyzing sustainable energy in developing countries: Selected South African case studies." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4163.

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This thesis demonstrates the use of selected Energy-Environment-Economic (E3) modelling techniques to provide insight to developing country issues. The work focuses on analyzing combinations of technologies and energy use to satisfy potential requirements of consumers at the lowest cost to society. (Tools such as MARKAL- of the Energy International Energy Agency's (IEA) Technology Systems Analysis Program (ETSAP) - are used often). The thesis shows how these models may be adapted in novel ways to tackle different challenges in different contexts. The applications covered range from macro-economic problems to the micro-economic village level analysis of fuel and appliance use. The thesis demonstrates through a national (South African) analysis selected greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potentials. By examining markets in low-income areas dependent on biomass it shows relationships between institutional- and information-failure and traditional fuel use. Using the increased functionality available in the TIMES model (the successor to the afore-mentioned MARKAL), detailed dynamics of low income fuel use are simulated. By adopting simplifications, a robust, simple and critical analysis of an energy subsidy is made. Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach a range of GHG mitigation options are compared in a developing country context. The thesis reports on environmentally friendly development paths derived from the application of the Goal Programming extension of MARKAL. Finally it questions the appropriateness of the Clean Development Mechanism's policy of supporting only 'additional' GHG mitigation in certain circumstances. In an appendix it develops an efficient industrial data collection process using an MCDA analysis. The main theme of this thesis is to show how suitable modelling can not only warn of inefficiency in development policies, but also indicate technical scenarios of how such inefficiencies are best remedied. Key words: South Africa, Energy-Environment-Economic Modelling, MARKAL, TIMES, Efficiency, MCDA, Greenhouse gas, Goal Programming, Clean Development Mechanism

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Vaz, Peter 1963. "Local resource mobilization in developing countries : the case of South Africa." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70724.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 221-232).
The efficient and equitable provision of public services in a country crucially depends on the allocation of taxing, spending, and regulatory functions among different governmental levels and on the structure of intergovernmental transfers. Using fiscal-federalism, economic-efficiency, and equity principles, I identify appropriate measures for restructuring these intergovernmental fiscal arrangements in developing countries and apply them to a single case, South Africa. My central research question is: Given that South Africa is undergoing a shift from a high degree of centralization to decentralization, what is the "proper" design of this decentralized system and how can the government implement it under particular legal, institutional, administrative, and political constraints? Throughout my study, I focus on the key concept of equity -- an important constitutional objective in South Africa in designing this system. Local government has major responsibility for the provision of basic services. The recent geographic decentralization in South Africa aims at enabling municipalities to generate sufficient revenue for providing these services equitably to their constituents. I analyze the historical and current structure of local government, and recommend its reform so that it is feasible from a fiscal and administrative viewpoint, while simultaneously fulfilling democracy and representation objectives. I examine the options that the newly amalgamated and created municipalities could use to achieve incremental local-revenue enhancement for establishing sustainable service delivery. Specifically, I first estimate the capital and operating costs of providing different levels of service. I then consider the implications of these costs, together with nationally set policies, for municipalities in terms of the choice of service level as well as the available financing mechanisms. Although South Africa basically follows the fiscal-federalism principles of efficiency and equity in assigning revenue responsibility to local government, it needs to consider the reform of existing revenue sources in order to exploit their potential fully. Given that municipalities cannot meet the existing fiscal gap by reducing expenditures or increasing revenues in the short run, they need a well-designed system of intergovernmental transfers. I evaluate the present transfer system and develop alternative models that the national government can consider for the system of operating and capital transfers needed as it phases in local-revenue enhancement. The main contribution of my study is to provide an integrated approach to looking at decentralization system design in the context of a single country -- to which little attention has been paid. Most analysts focus separately on the different system-design components -- local government structure, expenditures, revenues, and intergovernmental transfers -- without discussing the linkages among them. Using South Africa as a case study, I demonstrate the importance of viewing system design as an integrated piece. In addition, I conduct an initial examination of the implementation process, which has also received very little attention in the literature. Thus, I highlight the need for a comprehensive decentralization reform strategy that prioritizes reforms, is phased in gradually so as to gain political acceptance and not overwhelm local government capacity, coordinates the various agencies involved with the process, and pays heed to implementation.
by Peter Vaz.
Ph.D.

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27

Smith, Jonathan Y. (Jonathan York) 1979. "Building energy calculator : a design tool for energy analysis of residential buildings in Developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27128.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2004.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-100).
Buildings are one of the world's largest consumers of energy, yet measures to reduce energy consumption are often ignored during the building design process. In developing countries, enormous numbers of new residential buildings are being constructed each year, and many of these buildings perform very poorly in terms of energy efficiency. One of the major barriers to better building designs is the lack of tools to aid architects during the preliminary design stages. In order to address the need for feedback about building energy use early in the design process, a model was developed and implemented as a software design tool using the C++ programming language. The new program requires a limited amount of input from the user and runs simulations to predict heating and cooling loads for residential buildings. The user interface was created with the architect in mind, and it results in direct graphical comparisons of the energy requirements for different building designs. The simulations run hour by hour for the entire year using measured weather data. They typically complete in less than two seconds, allowing for very fast comparisons of different scenarios. A set of simulations was run to perform a comparison between the new program and an existing tool called Energy-10. Overall, the loads predicted by the two programs were in good agreement.
by Jonathan Y. Smith.
S.M.

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28

Masilela, Calvin Onias. "Professional attitudes in urban planning and management: an exploratory study of the professional culture of Third World planners and planning consultants." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54239.

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This research is concerned with the professional culture of planners and planning consultants working on aspects of urban planning and management in Third World settings. Research on planners' professional culture is of intrinsic value in development studies, where little is known about the socio-economic background, values, attitudes, and role orientations of either group despite the key roles both groups play in the management of human settlements. The particular point of departure here, however, is the significance of such research to planning studies. Of particular relevance, in this context, are the critical notions in the current literature on Third World urbanization and planning that the skills and attitudes of planning professionals are not attuned to the economic, social, and environmental questions which lie behind the material aspects of human habitat in Third World countries. This, it is contended, is in part due to the socialization of Third World planners to Western attitudes, standards, and values during their professional training in industrialized countries. The research reported here represents an attempt to explore these issues, drawing on samples of planning practitioners in several Third World countries (Barbados, Jamaica, India, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) and of planning consultants and academics working regularly on urban problems in Third World settings. The results were derived from a questionnaire survey designed to elicit information on respondents’ role orientations and values, and on their attitudes toward specific issues that relate to the theory and practice of urban planning and management. These include attitudes toward rural-urban migration, the informal sector, squatter settlements, self-help service provision, the use of Western versus indigenous methods and solutions, and receptiveness to current ideas about project replicability and cost recovery. Findings revealed that Third World planners and planning consultants do share some important professional traits as well as elements of a common culture, with a core of shared ideology, similar to that found among developed-world planners despite the differences in contextual detail. Nonetheless, the study findings point to significant overall differences in the attitudes of Third World planners and planning consultants toward planning issues and professional role orientations. The typical Third World planner is a middle-class male of mid-career age who attaches a good deal of importance to his profession and supports the notion of success via technical competence, and administrative and managerial skills, and yet at the same time pragmatic and grassroots oriented. Furthermore, Third World planners as a group do not see the profession as elitist, nor do they regard Western concepts, methods, or training in developed-world institutions as inappropriate to their professional roles. The typical planning consultant, on the other hand, though also male is somewhat older, is more likely to have a social science than a planning, architecture, or engineering background is more likely to have a higher degree and is rather skeptical about professional effectiveness and egalitarianism. It is suggested here that the difference between these actors emanates from the differences in the modus operandi of each group. In short, whereas planning consultants have the luxury to conceptualize problems and solutions in stable environments, insulated from the cut and thrust of local practice, Third World planners operating in environments afflicted with rapid change, uncertainty, and instability are of necessity compelled to adopt a more pragmatic outlook. Thus despite the seeming overpowering circumstances, Third World planners were found to be guardedly optimistic, quietly confident, and resiliently content to pursue their ideals. lt was thus concluded that contextual factors to which planners are exposed to are major determinant of planners' professional role orientations and world-views.
Ph. D.

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Sirirangsi, Rangsima. "Population Policy Implementation and Evaluation in Less Industrialized Countries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279258/.

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This study emphasizes the impact of family planning program components on contraceptive prevalence in less industrialized countries. Building on Lapham and Mauldin's "Program Effort and Fertility Decline" framework and policy evaluation's theory, the author developed two models to examine the impact of family planning programs on contraceptive prevalence and fertility under the constraints of socioeconomic development and demand for family planning. The study employed path analysis and multiple regression on data from the 1982 program effort study in 94 less developed countries (LDCs) by Lapham and Mauldin and 98 LDCs of the 1989 program effort study by Mauldin and Ross. The results of data analyses for all data sets are consistent for the most part. Major findings are as follows: (1) A combination of program effort and socioeconomic development best explains the variation of contraceptive prevalence. (2) Among socioeconomic variables, female literacy exerts the strongest direct and indirect influences to increase contraceptive prevalence and indirect influence to decrease total fertility rate. (3) Christianity performs a significant role in reducing contraceptive prevalence. (4) Among program effort components, availability and accessibility for fertility-control supplies and services have the most influence on contraceptive prevalence. (5) When controlling for demand for family planning, female literacy and Christianity have expected and significant relationships with contraceptive prevalence. Availability and accessibility to fertility-control supplies and services exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on contraceptive prevalence. Demand for family planning has a positive and statistically significant effect on program variables, availability, and contraceptive prevalence. (6) There is a strong inverse relationship between contraceptive use and fertility. Demand for family planning, program effort, and socioeconomic development influence fertility through contraceptive prevalence. The findings of this study suggest that governments in LDCs should give priorities to increasing female education and availability of contraception to effectively reduce fertility.

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Boyce, A. M. "The effect of vehicle interactions on the appraisal of road schemes in developing countries." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370365.

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Malapile, Lesiba Joseph. "Development of a Technology Planning Framework for School Districts in Developing Countries." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50854.

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This developmental research used components of Rogers\' diffusion of innovations (1962) theory to develop a technology planning framework for school districts in developing countries. The Framework may be used by officials from developing countries in different levels of government to develop a technology plan for their districts and states. The study utilized two types of expert reviewers to evaluate the proposed Framework. The first type was the Diffusion of Innovations theory expert reviewers who were selected to determine if the Framework conforms to the principles of the theory. The second expert reviewers were individuals in different parts of Africa who were selected to establish if the Framework is feasible and practical to the conditions of developing countries. The overall feedback from expert reviewers was positive and suggestions and comments were used to modify the Framework in order to improve it to be an effective technology planning tool. The final product of this study is a step-by-step procedural guide consisting of activities and suggestions that can be used to develop a school district technology plan in a developing country.
Ph. D.

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32

Kursun, Berrin. "Towards Design of Sustainable Energy Systems in Developing Countries: Centralized and Localized Options." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1373372115.

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33

Najam, Adil. "Getting beyond the lowest common denominator : Developing countries in global environmental negotiations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8685.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 331-361).
This study explores the collective negotiation behavior of the developing countries of the South in international environmental politics. The so-called 'South'-represented in global negotiations by Group of 77 (G77)-is an unwieldy and unlikely collective made up of over 130 countries displaying dramatically different economic conditions, ideological persuasions, political systems and geographic features and environmental endowments. Yet, for over 30 years now, the collective has demonstrated remarkable resilience in the face of internal divisions as well as external threats. Although sometimes described as an economic collective 'of the poor', the South is, in fact, a political collective 'of the marginalized'. Its resilience stems from its member's strongly shared sense of exclusion from the international system and their collective desire to change the 'rules of the game'. This resilience, however, has often come at the cost of having to slip into 'lowest common denominator' positions. In following an 'asymmetrically prescriptive-descriptive' research approach, this study seeks to explore the nature of the 'South' as a negotiating collective and understand why it tends to slip into lowest common denominator positions. The study uses the case of global negotiations on the Desertification Convention and twelve experimental runs of a simulation-game (The Chlorine Game; conducted in four countries, with 191 players of 59 different nationalities).
(cont.) The case-experience and the experimental results are analyzed using a heuristic framework developed to explore and explain strategic options available to collectives in international multilateral negotiations. Descriptively, the study concludes that the South tends to negotiate as a 'behavioral alignment' maintaining a relatively broad issue focus and investing relatively little in the internal organization. While this explains its 'lowest common denominator' tendency, it is nonetheless an understandable strategy given the South's chronic lack of resources and diversity. Prescriptively, the study suggests that the most desirable results for the South are likely to be in 'coalition mode' where the collective moves towards increased internal coordination and a more specific issue-focus. This will require concerted investment in more meaningful South-South negotiation prior to North-South negotiations and in the internal organization of the G77.
by Adil Najam.
Ph.D.

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34

Smoke, Paul J. "The fiscal role of local government in developing countries : lessons from Kenya." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70167.

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Ramasubramanian, Laxmi. "Mapping Madras--geographic information systems applications for metropolitan management in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69285.

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Auerbach, Rupert. "The seed pod : facilitating self organizing robust settlement patterns in developing countries." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16353.

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Darwin's theory of natural selection defines a conscious process of self organisation in which traits become more or less common in such a way that an organism is able to survive and flourish in a particular environment. Rapid growth in the last fifty years made possible by more and more efficient ways of harvesting resource has created rapid environmental change. Intricately balanced ecologies that have taken millions of years to evolve are suffering from unravelling diversity. It is essential that ballooning populations around the world develop systems in which individual settlements positively affect surrounding ecologies. The effect of sick ecologies and drained resources are most harshly felt by the poor in developing countries. The situation boils down to provision of an element which firstly provides the vital requirements for survival while positively affecting the ecologies of which it is a part; secondly allows settlements to adapt over time according to the traits of users in an environment rather than those of a hierarchical disconnected third party and thirdly insures that survival does not depend on having lots of children. The seed pod aims to grow a localized ecology which allows urbanisation for the poor in developing countries to follow self organizing settlement patterns. Goals: Healthy living becomes possible in the local ecology without employment (unemployment is a reality) Financial resources are freed up for facilities such as schools Social support networks strengthen Minimization of strain on resources allows diversity to flourish Construction of instant communities is replaced by a robust self organizing process of development with the capacity to adapt to rapidly changing conditions The seeds are sown and the settlement grows organically from each unique social and ecological environment Empowerment, self reliance and local skills are generated A community lease and a community-managed register of rights holders with the potential for upgrade to individual ownership provides people the opportunity for long term investment in a great living environment. Resolution at a micro scale is likely to result in more conflict then provision of large scale identically defined units. If systems are put in place to help resolve conflict, however, the process would be tangibly more democratic. The seed pod goes hand in hand with a system for conflict resolution illustrated by the phased growth of Green Park an informal settlement in Driftsands Nature Reserve and by notionally suggesting the integration of the education system into the community through a transition of safe, contained learning spaces and permeable public spaces.

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Lucas, Porta Hugo. "Challenges and Potential Support Mechanisms for Renewable Energy Deployment in Developing Countries." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671223.

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Els països en desenvolupament enfronten el doble desafiament d'haver de contribuir amb la seva part a la mitigació del canvi climàtic i, al mateix temps, tractar de promoure amb urgència el desenvolupament sostenible. Atès que aquest últim es correlaciona positivament amb la demanda d'energia, el primer només es pot aconseguir quan els països en desenvolupament aconsegueixen descarbonitzar els seus sectors d'energia. La tesi porta a terme un anàlisi dels desafiaments únics per al desplegament d'energia renovable per al cas dels Petits Estats Insulars en Desenvolupament de Pacífic, destacant la necessitat de polítiques específiques i desbloquejar finances i inversions privades . L'anàlisi també ha demostrat que les transicions energètiques en els països en desenvolupament poden reduir-se, dràsticament, a causa dels dèficits de capacitat humana. Els dèficits de capacitat humana i la manca d'ofertes adequades d'educació i capacitació es van avaluar mitjançant una anàlisi de la base de dades IRELP de IRENA. Els resultats indiquen un desajust significatiu entre la quantitat i la qualitat de l'educació i les habilitats que busquen els sectors d'energia renovable, el que representa una barrera estructural crítica per al desplegament eficient d’energia renovable, especialment, en els països en desenvolupament. S'avaluen posteriorment les subhastes d'energia renovable pel que fa a la seva capacitat per incentivar, les inversions privades en sectors d'energia renovable a l'Àfrica subsahariana, al mateix temps que es minimitzen el preu de l'electricitat generada a partir d'energies renovables. Aquestes característiques, així com l'adaptabilitat de les subhastes per atendre també a objectius polítiques secundàries, les fan molt atractives per als encarregats de formular polítiques en els països en desenvolupament. A més, es va analitzar l'aplicabilitat i l'èxit dels subhastes en el context de la contractació de serveis d'electrificació rural, amb base en l'experiència del Perú, confirmant l'adaptabilitat i flexibilitat de les subhastes a contextos específics. No obstant això, les subhastes no són suficient, i si bé les barreres estructurals extenses per al desplegament d'energia renovable, com els dèficits de capacitat humana, poden abordar teòricament a través de disseny adequats, això sempre resultarà en compensacions d'eficiència. Aquesta tesi suggereix que les subhastes són, idealment, un component integrat d'una combinació de polítiques més àmplia i alineada.
Los países en desarrollo enfrentan el doble desafío de tener que contribuir con su parte a la mitigación del cambio climático y, al mismo tiempo, tratar de promover con urgencia el desarrollo sostenible. Dado que este último se correlaciona positivamente con la demanda de energía, el primero solo se puede lograr cuando los países en desarrollo logran descarbonizar sus sectores de energía. La tesis lleva a cabo un análisis de los desafíos únicos para el despliegue de energía renovable para el caso de los Pequeños Estados Insulares en Desarrollo del Pacífico, destacando la necesidad políticas específicas y desbloquear finanzas e inversiones privadas. El análisis también ha demostrado que las transiciones energéticas en los países en desarrollo pueden reducirse drásticamente debido a la falta de recursos humanos. Los déficits de recursos humanos y la falta de ofertas adecuadas de educación y formación se evaluaron mediante el análisis de la base de datos IRELP de IRENA. Los resultados indican un desajuste significativo entre la cantidad y la calidad de la formación ofertada y las habilidades que busca el sector de las energías renovables, lo que representa una barrera estructural crítica para el despliegue eficiente de energía renovable, especialmente en los países en desarrollo. Se evalúan, posteriormente, las subastas de energía renovable con respecto a su capacidad para incentivar inversiones privadas en el África subsahariana, al mismo tiempo que se minimiza el coste de la generación renovable. Esta característica, así como su adaptabilidad para promover al mismo tiempo objetivos políticos secundarios, las hacen muy atractivas para los países en desarrollo. Además, se analizó la aplicabilidad y el éxito de las subastas en el contexto de la contratación de servicios de electrificación rural, con base en la experiencia del Perú, confirmando la adaptabilidad y flexibilidad de las subastas a contextos específicos. Sin embargo, las subastas no son suficiente, y si bien las barreras estructurales extensas para el despliegue de energía renovable, como los déficits de recursos humanos, pueden abordarse teóricamente a través de su diseño, esto siempre reducirá su eficiencia. Esta tesis sugiere que las subastas son, idealmente, un componente integrado de una combinación de políticas más amplia y alineada.
Developing countries face the dual challenge of having to contribute their share to climate change mitigation while simultaneously trying to urgently promote sustainable development. Given that the latter is correlating positively with energy demand, the former can only be achieved when developing countries manage to decarbonise their power sectors. The thesis seeks to explore the unique challenges to renewable energy deployment is conducted for the case of Pacific Small Island Development States, highlighting the need for targeted policy intervention and the need to unlock private finance and investment. The analysis has also shown that energy transitions in developing countries may be severely slowed down due to widespread human capacity deficits. Human capacity deficits and the lack of adequate education and training offers were evaluated through an analysis of IRENA’s IRELP database. Results are indicative of a significant mismatch between quantity and quality of education and skills which, the emerging renewable energy sectors seek and, what education providers are capable to supply, representing a critical structural barrier to efficient renewable energy deployment, especially in developing countries. Renewable energy procurement auctions in developing countries are subsequently evaluated with respect to their capability to significantly incentive private investments into renewable energy sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa, while at the same time minimizing support costs by competitively driving down the price of electricity generated from renewables. These features, as well as the adaptability of auctions to cater also to secondary policy objectives and priorities, render them highly attractive to policy makers in developing countries. Further, the applicability and success of auction mechanisms in the context of rural electrification service procurement were analysed, based on experience from Peru, confirming auctions adaptability and flexibility to specific contexts. Auctions are, however, not a one-fit-all solution, and while extensive structural barriers to renewable energy deployment, such as human capacity deficits, can theoretically be addressed via the diligent composition of adequate design elements, this will always result in efficiency trade-offs. This thesis suggests that auctions are ideally an integrated component of a wider aligned and reinforcing policy mix.

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Zhou, Jian-an. "Econometric analysis of manufacturing demand for energy in four Asian developing countries." Connect to resource, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1250184734.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1993.
Includes vita. Last page of prefatory pagination incorrectly numbered as ixv. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 332-342). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

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Lithole, Thifhelimbilu Christopher. "Rural energy development in developing countries : South and East Sub-Saharan Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9499.

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Includes bibliographical references.
There are some common characteristics of rural communities throughout the world. They tend to lack a good economic infrastructure, essential social amenities, tourist potential, good road infrastructure, literacy, and most importantly, scarcity of sufficient energy supply to meet basic needs, and deteriorating environments due to increasing pressure on available traditional energy resources. Furthermore, rural areas in the developing countries of South and East Sub-Saharan Africa are characterised by high population ratios, low levels of income, concentration of poverty, significant socio-economic disparities relative to urban area, and a high rate rural-urban migration. The availability of adequate and convenient energy is essential in addressing these priorities of rural development. The development of energy resources for rural areas is, therefore, closely linked to the economic, social and environmental concerns of mainstream rural development. Unlike growth-driven energy development for industrialisation and urbanisation, rural energy development must consider social and environmental development. More importantly, it must be people-oriented. The result of the study has indicated that the pace of energy transition from traditional to commercial energy in the rural areas of countries in the region has lagged behind that in urban areas, a similar situation to that existing between developing countries and developed countries. Significant rural-urban inequalities in commercial energy supply and consumption exist. Rural communities still continue to rely heavily on traditional energy, mainly biomass resources.

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Ohiare, Sanusi. "Financing rural energy projects in developing countries : a case study of Nigeria." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10462.

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The recent awareness created by the UN Secretary General on the need to provide universal energy for all by 2030, which culminated in the declaration of 2012 as the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for All”, laid particular emphasis on the challenge of funding rural electrification in developing countries, and the need for innovative ways and financing options to be developed at national, regional and global levels towards achieving the ‘energy for all’ target of 2030. This research, as part of efforts towards remedying the rural electrification scourge of developing countries, particularly in Nigeria, provides financing options for rural electrification as far as the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) context is concerned. The study does this by first identifying appropriate least-cost electrification supply mode (Grid, Mini-grid and Off-grid), and estimating the financing requirement for providing universal energy access to rural Nigeria by 2030, using a spatial electricity planning model called the ‘Network Planner’. Results from this research shows that by the end of the seventeen year planning period (2013-2030), 98% of currently un-electrified communities will be viable for grid expansion, while only 2% will be mini-grid compatible. This is based on a proposed MV line extension of 12,193,060 metres or (12,193 kilometres), LV line length proposal of 711,954,700 metres or (711,954 kilometres), and an estimated total cost of US$34.5 billion investment within the planning period. More so, a total number of 28.5 million households are to be electrified by 2030, which is equivalent to an estimated 125million people to be provided electricity by 2030.The analysis was done for the 36 states of Nigeria and the entire country, using data from the 774 Local Government Areas of Nigeria. In addition to the Rural Electrification Fund (REF) of the FGN, which gets funding from yearly budgetary allocations from the FGN, fines obtained by NERC, surplus appropriation, interests accruing to the REF and donations from various sources, the following financing options were recommended for rural electrification in Nigeria: The establishment of a Renewable Energy Development Charge (REDC); The establishment of a Rural Electrification Fund Tax (REFT) Law; adopting rural electrification as part of Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) for oil and other companies; Exploring the option of Crowd-funding; and Establishing a Renewable Energy Private Equity Fund in Nigeria.

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Mainali, Brijesh. "Renewable Energy Market for Rural Electrification in Developing Countries: Country Case Nepal." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33201.

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The availability of abundant renewable resources, lack of fossil fuels and difficult geographical terrain for grid line extensions contribute to the advantages of renewable based decentralized rural electrification in Ne-pal. Solar home system (SHS) and micro-hydro are the most commonly adopted off-grid renewable energy technologies in the country. This dis-sertation examines the market of renewable energy based rural electrifi-cation within prevailing policy and programmes framework. The study verifies whether the market has been able to serve the poor in Nepal. It also captures the perception of various stakeholders (e.g. private sup-ply/installation companies, NGOs, financial institutions and the donor‘s programme) regarding the business, financing issues and the role of gov-ernment policy on the market development. In addition, the study dis-cusses and analyses renewable based rural electrification supply models, the economics behind rural electrification, market drivers and market distribution in the rural areas of Nepal. The financial mix in the off-grid rural electrification is generally charac-terized by subsidy, equity and credit. The study shows that awareness about renewable energy technologies and willingness to pay for electricity access has increased considerably. However, there is a huge financial gap between the cost of electrification and affordability among the poor. The distribution analysis shows there is significant increment in the extensive growth but decrease in the intensive growth rate of rural electrification thus indicating market expansion with uneven penetration among the ru-ral people. Solar PV technology is still not in the reach of the economic poor. Access to credit and cumbersome subsidy delivery mechanisms have been perceived as the major factors affecting the expansion of rural electrification by the stakeholders, requiring innovation in the credit and subsidy delivery system so that a larger rural population can be given ac-cess to electrification.
QC 20110502

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Gill, J. S. "Traditional fuels and cooking stoves in developing countries : a technical, social and environmental assessment." Thesis, Open University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355644.

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Wong, Hon-ho, and 黃漢浩. "Analytical models for the assessment of information technology on sustainable electrification." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122362X.

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Araújo, Kathleen M. "Energy at the Frontier : low carbon energy system transitions and innovation in four prime mover countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79207.

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Thesis (Ph. D. in International Energy and Environmental Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
All too often, discussion about the imperative to change national energy pathways revolves around long timescales and least cost economics of near-term energy alternatives. While both elements certainly matter, they don't fully reflect what can drive such development trajectories. This study explores national energy transitions by examining ways in which four prime mover countries of low carbon energy technology shifted away from fossil fuels, following the first global oil crisis of 1973. The research analyzes the role of readiness, sectoral contributions, and adaptive policy in the scale-up and innovations of advanced, alternative energy technologies. Cases of Brazilian biofuels, Danish wind power, French nuclear power and Icelandic geothermal energy are evaluated for a period of four decades. Fundamentally, the research finds that significant change can occur in under 15 years; that technology complexity need not impede change; and that countries of varying governance approaches and consumption levels effectuated such transitions. This research also underscores how low carbon energy technologies may be adopted before they are competitive and then become competitive in the process.
by Kathleen M. Araújo.
Ph.D.in International Energy and Environmental Policy

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Barnes, Rebecca Ruth Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Planning for sustainable water and sanitation projects in rural, developing communities." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44507.

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Premature failure or abandonment of water or sanitation interventions in developing communities is a common phenomenon and one which is preventing potential benefits from being fully realised. While the causes of project failure are complex and varied, the literature addressing project failure implicates poor planning in many unsustained small-scale projects. In particular, a number of authors criticise planning that fails to include consideration of key sustainability areas. This thesis explores the relationship between planning for rural water and sanitation development projects and their sustainability using both ??depth?? of information gathered through a case study in rural Philippines and ??breadth?? of information gathered from key informants representing a range of regions and organisational types. Key informant interviews show the case study findings to be generally transferable between regions. Both methods illustrate the need for interpersonal relationships of trust and unity, commitment and integrity in project personnel, significant time spent in data-gathering and consensus development, creative modes of communication, ongoing contact and detailed long-term financial planning. A critical evaluation of 17 prominent, existing planning frameworks for rural water supply and sanitation projects is presented with respect to key attributes of good planning practice as identified during the case study and interviews. The evaluation reveals both strengths and inadequacies in current planning frameworks, illuminating possible causes of persistent poor planning. Finally, methods are identified by which planning processes can be improved so as to reduce the incidence of early water and sanitation project failure. An existing decision framework, the Water Services Association of Australia (WSAA) Sustainability Framework, was trialled during the Philippines Case Study. The new Planning Framework for Rural Water and Sanitation was developed as a result of the trial, the case study and the interviews. The new framework employs the primary sustainability criteria in the decision process in the form of constraints developed using participatory processes, thereby defining a safe space within which the beneficiaries may have freedom and confidence to select their desired technical solutions. Other key elements of good planning practice are incorporated, including those typically omitted by existing frameworks in the rural water and sanitation development sector.

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Subbakrishna, Nagendra. "Appropriate technology and the rural energy sector in South East Asian developing countries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28348.

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Given increasing problems in the availability, affordability and deliverability of commercial primary and secondary energy resources, coupled with growing macroeconomic uncertainties, the use of renewable, non-commercial energy resources has been actively promoted in rural areas of developing countries. This, in addition to the fact that conventional, 'state-of-the-art' energy facilities present technical problems, are inequitable and pose potential environmental hazards, has led to proposals for instituting alternative, intermediate or 'appropriate' technologies in rural settlements. This thesis identifies technical, economic, social, cultural and institutional barriers to the introduction of intermediate or 'appropriate' technologies in rural areas. The cases of solar and biogas technologies in Korea, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea the Philippines and Thailand are considered. Policy and planning process recommendations are made on the roles of government, voluntary aid-agencies and the rural user, to overcome the obstacles to implementing these technologies. These recommendations cover the micro (village) and macro (regional and national) levels over two time horizons, and stress the need for a comprehensive approach to discerning rural needs, followed by integrated technology diffusion through effective program and project implementation. In addition, this thesis identifies the need for a continuous collection of information on rural socio-economic conditions and potential for rural interfuel substitution and finally, recommends research into improving technical efficiencies of alternative energy technologies such as solar and biogas. Alternative or intermediate energy technologies such as solar and biogas can play an important role in augmenting rural energy supply. Unless steps are taken to remove the identified barriers to implementation in future technology diffusion efforts, this potential will not be realized. Policy and planning process recommendations made in this thesis present means through which these barriers could be removed.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

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Shi, Xishi. "Highway appraisal in developing countries : a method for determining the cost effectiveness of highway schemes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387002.

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Mbatha, Martha Senzangani. "A case study of development projects undertaken in developing countries : successes and failures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75974.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves [46]-[47].
by Martha Senzangani Mbatha.
M.C.P.

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Ellis, S. D. "The economics of the provision of rural transport services in developing countries." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3297.

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Rural accessibility planning in developing countries over the last few decades has primarily focused on increasing rural communities access to rural roads. It has been considered that road building improves access to health, education, markets and employment opportunities, and hence promotes economic development. It is argued in this thesis that accessibility, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, has not improved to the desired extent because the problem of mobility, in terms of access to vehicle services, has not been addressed. The provision of rural roads and transport services have been taken as synonymous with each other, but in reality this has not proved to be the case. This thesis attempts to redress that balance by seeking to change the mindset of policy makers to think about mobility and increase the emphasis placed on the promotion of transport services, both motorised and non-motorised. The findings relate to surveys undertaken in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Zimbabwe and Pakistan where data were collected on vehicle operating costs (VOC's) and performance for a wide range of commonly used rural vehicles. These included human porterage and non-motorised vehicles such as bicycles and animal transport, as well as motorised vehicles such as conventional trucks and pickups, agricultural tractors and simple engine-powered vehicles. Analysis of the data demonstrated large differences in the VOC's and transport charges for rural transport services between the generally efficient systems in the Asian countries and the inefficient ones in the African countries studied. These findings form the foundation for the development of the Rural Transport Planner (RTP) and the framework which identifies the relationships between transport charges, VOC's, and factors relating to the vehicles operating environment. The RTP provides the first known attempt at producing a model for rural vehicle selection and for recommending interventions to improve the operating environment for rural transport services.

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Mitra, Indradip. "Optimum utilization of renewable energy for electrification of small islands in developing countries." Kassel Kassel Univ. Press, 2008. http://d-nb.info/994135718/04.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Energy planning in developing countries'

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