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1

Foell, Wesley K. "Energy planning in developing countries." Energy Policy 13, no. 4 (August 1985): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(85)90030-8.

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2

Kilmartin, Ronald F. "Hydropower Planning in Developing Countries." Journal of Energy Engineering 114, no. 1 (April 1988): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(1988)114:1(1).

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3

Reuter, A., and A. Voss. "6.2. Tools for energy planning in developing countries." Energy 15, no. 7-8 (July 1990): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(90)90016-u.

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4

MEIER, PETER. "Energy Planning in Developing Countries: The Role of Microcomputers." Natural Resources Forum 9, no. 1 (February 1985): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1985.tb01039.x.

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5

Edelman, D. J. "Energy policy, planning and the environment in developing countries." Environmental Engineering and Policy 2, no. 2 (June 1999): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03500901.

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6

Luukkanen, J. J., and U. Lehtinen. "Energy Models as Tools for Policy Planning in Developing Countries." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 18, no. 9 (August 1985): 345–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)60312-4.

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7

Lee, N. C., V. M. S. Leal, and L. C. Dias. "Identification of objectives for national energy planning in developing countries." Energy Strategy Reviews 21 (August 2018): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2018.05.004.

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8

de Oliveira, Adilson, and Jacques Girod. "Energy diagnosis: Toward a policy-oriented approach for energy planning in developing countries." World Development 18, no. 4 (April 1990): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90069-a.

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9

Groot, Loek, and Thijs Oostveen. "Welfare effects of energy subsidy reform in developing countries." Review of Development Economics 23, no. 4 (September 16, 2019): 1926–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12619.

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10

Mainali, Brijesh, Shonali Pachauri, Narasimha D. Rao, and Semida Silveira. "Assessing rural energy sustainability in developing countries." Energy for Sustainable Development 19 (April 2014): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2014.01.008.

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11

Arndt, Channing, Doug Arent, Faaiqa Hartley, Bruno Merven, and Alam Hossain Mondal. "Faster Than You Think: Renewable Energy and Developing Countries." Annual Review of Resource Economics 11, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100518-093759.

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Since 2007, large and unexpected declines in generation costs for renewable energy systems, particularly solar but also wind, combined with policy measures designed to limit greenhouse gas emissions, have created a paradigm shift in energy systems. Variable renewable energy now dominates total investment in electricity power generation systems. This dominance of variable renewable energy in investment has thrust the systems integration task of matching electricity supply with demand to center stage, presenting new challenges for energy policy and planning as well as for the institutional organization of power systems. Despite these challenges, there is ample reason to believe that variable renewables will attain very high levels of penetration into energy systems, particularly in regions well endowed with solar and wind potential. Similar to their success with mobile phone telephony, many developing countries have a significant opportunity to leapfrog directly to more advanced energy technologies that are low cost, reliable, environmentally more benign, and well suited to serving dispersed rural populations.
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12

Shrestha, Ram M., and Gopal B. Bhattarai. "Utility planning implications of electricity loss reduction in developing countries." Energy Policy 22, no. 6 (June 1994): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(94)90072-8.

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13

Lazarević, Andjela. "The process of developing decentralised energy policies in the City of London." Energy & Environment 28, no. 5-6 (July 7, 2017): 639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x17719935.

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Unlike developing countries, advanced economies combine top-down and bottom-up approach for strategic planning and consider energy policy in the wider scope of spatial planning. In order to better align planning policies in different sectors, the authorities have transferred decision making from the central government to the local communities. This paper provides a brief overview of the London’s strategic spatial and energy policies, examining how they fit within more general visions and objectives. Past and future approaches to the spatial and energy planning were also analysed, with respect to the legal documents that supported actions of different government levels. This paper presents decentralised energy planning and supply in London, highlighting the significance of experience and lessons learned in the development of decentralised energy options for developing countries, willing to engage their resources to contribute to a low carbon economy in accordance with their financial and other possibilities.
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14

Goldemberg, Jose, Thomas B. Johansson, Amulya K. N. Reddy, and Robert H. Williams. "Energy efficiency from the perspective of developing countries." Energy for Sustainable Development 1, no. 2 (July 1994): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60029-0.

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15

O'Keefe, Phil, and Mike Sill. "Dominant characteristics of energy markets in developing countries." Energy for Sustainable Development 2, no. 1 (May 1995): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60107-6.

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16

Atikol, Uğur. "A demand-side planning approach for the commercial sector of developing countries." Energy 29, no. 2 (February 2004): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2003.09.002.

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17

Hafeez, Muhammad, Allah Bakhsh Gulshan, and Fatima Tahira. "Recent Updates on Energy Planning Models - A Review." Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering 4, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 249–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30464/jmee.2020.4.3.249.

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Energy is the most important part for community and financial growth of any country. Energy planning models play a vital role in strategy formulation and power sector progress. In this paper a systematic review and comparison of energy planning models developed and applied from 1977-2019 has been presented. The review indicates that most of the energy planning models has been presented and applied in developed nations. Only few numbers of energy planning models have been presented and applied in under developing countries. The review also shows the comparison of energy planning models applied in developed and under-developed countries. This review article will assistance the energy managers, scholars and strategy makers broadly.
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18

D’Sa, Antonette. "Integrated resource planning (IRP) and power sector reform in developing countries." Energy Policy 33, no. 10 (July 2005): 1271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2003.12.003.

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19

Harvey, A. "Village Planning of Isolated Energy Schemes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 209, no. 2 (May 1995): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1995_209_024_02.

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The majority of rural populations in developing countries do not have access to modernized energy supplies such as grid electricity. There is a move now among international lending institutions and several governments to sanction private ownership and distribution of power. This paper proposes that revised rural energy policies should include official encouragement for isolated village-scale energy schemes. On the basis of relevant experience in Nepal, certain infrastructural supports are recommended to underpin widespread uptake of such schemes. A major constraint currently in many countries is the lack of a methodology for planning and managing schemes at the village level. A methodology is needed for three reasons: to reduce costs, to promote local financial commitment and responsibility, and to provide a common frame of reference linking the local management/planning body to agencies distributing subsidies, to banks providing loans and to national professional advisory bodies. On the basis of experience with pilot projects in Sri Lanka, some proposals are made here as to the content of such a methodology.
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20

Hills, Peter. "The Environmental Context of Energy Decision-Making in Asian-Pacific Developing Countries." Energy & Environment 2, no. 4 (December 1991): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9100200403.

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This paper focuses on the changing environmental context for energy decision-making in the region since the first oil price shock of the early 1970s. It summarizes the evolution of energy planning and policy-making systems in Asian developing countries over this period, considering the basic elements and objectives of energy policy. The discussion then deals with the ways in which environmental policy frameworks have developed and some of the difficulties that have arisen in interfacing energy-environment concerns. The latter part of the paper focuses on the increasing interdependence between energy and environmental decision-making in the light of concerns associated with both the local and regional impacts of energy sector projects and the global environmental implications of emerging energy supply strategies for the 1990s and beyond.
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21

Berg, Sanford V. "Energy efficiency in developing countries: Roles for sector regulators." Energy for Sustainable Development 29 (December 2015): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2015.10.002.

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22

Siddiqi, Afreen, Masahiko Haraguchi, and Venkatesh Narayanamurti. "Urban waste to energy recovery assessment simulations for developing countries." World Development 131 (July 2020): 104949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104949.

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23

VIRJEE, K. "Fuzzy cost recovery in planning for sustainable water supply systems in developing countries*1." Energy 30, no. 8 (June 2005): 1329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.021.

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24

Taleghani, Mohammad, Hamid Reza Ansari, and Philip Jennings. "Renewable energy education for architects: lessons from developed and developing countries." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 17, no. 5 (October 13, 2010): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2010.500797.

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25

Amankwah, Desmond. "Analysis of Household Energy Efficiency in developing countries using the Long Energy Alternative Planning System (Case Study: Ghana)." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 3, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v3i2.59.

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Ghana continues to face periodic energy crisis particularly in the power sector. The dominant household energy fuels in Ghanaare mainly biomass, oil products and hydropower. Efficient and wise use of available resources would consequently reduce theeffects and scarcity of these energy resources and make energy more accessible to many households in future. The objective ofthis paper is to use the LEAP model to develop three scenaria to depict a business as usual, assumed lower (10%) and higher(30%) energy savings on household energy intensities by 2030. Key factors relevant in the analysis included current and futurehousehold size, economic growth and saturation of household energy appliances. The results of this research shows a 30%reduction in total household energy consumption thus, higher energy saving scenario which would save about 1,552 ktoe andreduce GHG emission by 1,077.2 ktCO2 equivalent as compared to the baseline scenario by 2030. This scenario would reducehealth risk associated with biomass use and save households income on fuel. Effective implementation of policies and lawsbanning inefficient household electrical devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioners and lighting bulbs is necessary. In addition,awareness on energy savings on improved cooking stoves and automatic lighting control systems in buildings is beneficial inachieving this target. Meanwhile programs and policies in Ghana should aim at barriers in renewable energy technologies toensure its significance in the household energy mix.
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26

Klingshirn, Agnes, and Lars Reutersward. "HEDON: A Northern network for household energy in developing countries." Energy for Sustainable Development 1, no. 1 (May 1994): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60006-x.

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27

Sabory, Najib Rahman, Tomonobu Senjyu, Mir Sayed Shah Danish, Mikaeel Ahmadi, Hameedullah Zaheb, and Mustafa Halim. "A Framework for Integration of Smart and Sustainable Energy Systems in Urban Planning Processes of Low-Income Developing Countries: Afghanistan Case." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 8428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158428.

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Population growth and city expansion in developing countries require traditional urban planning practices to be transformed in order to tackle climate change and follow Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agendas. Almost every expert in the urban sector believes that future cities should be sustainable, smart, and environmentally friendly, where energy is one of the most critical factors to achieve these goals. They also agree that smart and sustainable energy provision for cities requires a comprehensive and responsive legal and policy framework to be in place at the national level. However, this research’s findings reveal a lack of such frameworks for this group of countries. Considering the challenges and unique nature of Low-Income-Developing (LID) countries, there should be a framework based on the realities in these countries. In this research, key challenges of urban and energy sectors of LID countries, specifically Afghanistan, are identified, and a framework for the integration of sustainable and smart energy in the urban planning processes for LID countries is proposed. To make it easily replicable and adaptable for LID countries, the proposed framework is studied and analyzed around Afghanistan’s urban and energy sectors. This is one of the few frameworks of its kind for LID economies to the best of the authors’ knowledge. This framework lays a solid foundation for sustainable and smart energy integration in the urban planning process of developing countries. This study highlights that sustainable and smart energy systems could ensure climate change mitigation and economic growth enhancement but require close cross-sectoral coordination and policy maker’s commitments and involvement. This research will help many existing and emerging cities in the LID countries’ worldwide use and benefit from the proposed framework in their urban planning processes. It also enables policymakers, urban planners and designers, municipalities leadership, and other stakeholders of the urban, energy, and environment sectors to work together and make smart and rational decisions for the future of their cities and lead them towards smart and sustainable cities.
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28

Goldemberg, José. "Fewer insights for developing countries." Energy for Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (June 2004): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60460-3.

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29

Petronijević, Vuk, Aleksandar Đorđević, Miladin Stefanović, Slavko Arsovski, Zdravko Krivokapić, and Milan Mišić. "Energy Recovery through End-of-Life Vehicles Recycling in Developing Countries." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 8764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218764.

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End-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling is a process that spends energy and could be an energy source as well. This part of energy recovering depends on many different factors related to the broad and local aspects of ELV recycling. The ELV recycling process is consuming energy from different energy sources (electrical, fossil), however, this consumption is lower in relation to energy consumption during the production of new vehicle parts from the very beginning. This article attempts to promote an integrated approach in the analysis of the problem of energy recovery through ELV recycling. Authors aim to analyze the ELV recycling process as an energy generator and to present possibilities for its energy recovery. The research analyses are based on the empirical investigation of ELV recycling in the Republic of Serbia, as a developing country, and on defined statistical model presenting the impact of ELV recycling on energy generation, spending, and conservation during one-year intervals. Research results showed that the higher ELV generation rates may led to a higher energy recovery, and environmental and socio-economic sustainability.
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30

Agalgaonkar, A. P., S. V. Kulkarni, and S. A. Khaparde. "Evaluation of Configuration Plans for DGs in Developing Countries Using Advanced Planning Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 21, no. 2 (May 2006): 973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2006.873420.

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31

Buchari, Erika. "A multimodal public transport planning guidance for sustainable transport in developing countries." International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development 8, no. 3/4 (2009): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesd.2009.024631.

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32

Brown, Kenneth H., Hilary Creed-Kanashiro, and Kathryn G. Dewey. "Optimal Complementary Feeding Practices to Prevent Childhood Malnutrition in Developing Countries." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 16, no. 4 (December 1995): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659501600407.

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Optimal nutritional care of young children requires application of feeding guidelines based on scientific knowledge of children's nutrient requirements and the ability of breastmilk and other foods to satisfy these nutritional needs. This paper reviews recent information on the appropriate duration of exclusive breastfeeding and timing of introduction of complementary foods; the relationship between frequency of feeding, dietary energy density, and total daily energy consumption; and the importance of nutrient composition and selected organoleptic characteristics of complementary foods as determinants of dietary intake. The role of child appetite is also discussed Finally, programmatic options for the promotion of enhanced complementary feeding and relevant practical experiences in Peru are reviewed.
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33

Ighravwe, Desmond Eseoghene. "A non-linear electricity planning model for low-cost housing estates during a lockdown in developing countries." Energy Reports 6 (December 2020): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.178.

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34

Zaman, Sharaban Tahura. "Sustainable Energy Transition in Developing Countries: Is Leapfrogging a Feasible Proposition?" International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 16, no. 1 (2020): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v16i01/81-89.

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35

Monroy, Carlos Rodríguez, and Antonio San Segundo Hernández. "Strengthening financial innovation in energy supply projects for rural communities in developing countries." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 15, no. 5 (October 2008): 471–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3843/susdev.15.5:8.

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36

Haine, Kamel, and Dagnija Blumberga. "Solar Electricity Over Three Continents." Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0072.

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AbstractModern urban planning in the world is nowadays facing severe problems due to the fast increase of the population and migration from villages to cities, which led countries to implementation of strategy of fast, modern urban planning to meet the needs of the population. Since the 1980s, in a context marked by increasing development in energy costs and by rising attention to the problem of global warming, countries have gradually mobilized to control their energy better and reduce the environmental footprint. However, even if there are some great successes, the deployment of renewable energies is still not well developed in developing countries such as Algeria that mainly uses fossil fuels. Considering the huge potential and good climatic conditions, developing countries should take on renewable energies for their future development. This paper aims to understand the impact of modern urban strategy on the application of solar urban planning. This study will clarify the critical role of solar electricity integration used in determining the urban solar potential in four studied regions located on three different continents: Africa, Europe and North America, in the cities of Ibenbadis (Constantine, Algeria), Saint-Hugues (Quebec, Canada), Saint-Malo (France) and Ambolobozobe (Madagascar). The results obtained will allow a comparison of the calculated solar energy potential of three urban sites, the benefits of reducing carbon dioxide as well as a comparison of solar energy costs on three continents.
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37

Dougherty, W. W. "Statement and process: designing 'good' arguments about the rural energy problem in developing countries." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 20, no. 4 (1993): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b200379.

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38

Hasan, A. S. M. Monjurul, Rakib Hossain, Rashedul Amin Tuhin, Taiyeb Hasan Sakib, and Patrik Thollander. "Empirical Investigation of Barriers and Driving Forces for Efficient Energy Management Practices in Non-Energy-Intensive Manufacturing Industries of Bangladesh." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092671.

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Improved energy efficiency is being considered as one of the significant challenges to mitigating climate change all over the world. While developed countries have already adopted energy management and auditing practices to improve energy efficiency, the developing countries lag far behind. There are a limited number of studies which have been conducted in the context of developing countries, which mostly revolve around highly energy-intensive sectors. This study looks into the existence and importance of the challenges to and motivating forces for the adoption of energy management practices in Bangladesh, a developing country, focusing on the non-energy-intensive manufacturing industries. Conducted as a multiple case study, the results indicate the existence of several barriers towards adopting and implementing the management of energy practices in the non-energy-intensive industries of Bangladesh, where among them, “other preferences for capital venture” and “inadequate capital expenditure” are the most dominant. This study also identified a number of driving forces that can accelerate the acceptance of energy efficiency practices, such as the demands from the owner, loans, subsidies, and a lowered cost–benefit ratio. Findings of this study could assist the concerned stakeholders to develop beneficial policies and a proper regulatory framework for the non-energy-intensive industries of developing countries like Bangladesh.
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39

Stritzke, Susann, and Prem Jain. "The Sustainability of Decentralised Renewable Energy Projects in Developing Countries: Learning Lessons from Zambia." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133757.

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Decentralised renewable energy (RE) systems such as solar PV mini-grids (MG) are considered to be a cornerstone for the strategic achievement of the UN’s energy access goals in the developing world. Many of these systems implemented however face substantial technical, financial and social sustainability challenges which are also a recurring theme in the relevant literature. MG analyses however often lack detailed technical or financial data or apply ‘silo-approaches’ as a comprehensive review of MG case study literature presented in this article reveals. Consequently, this study aims to enhance the understanding of RE MG sustainability in the developing context based on the integrated evaluation of the technical, financial and social dimensions of MG operation through empirical data from community surveys on energy use from Uganda and Zambia and two in-depth MG case studies from Zambia. By presenting detailed technical and financial data in combination with energy consumer perception, the study aims to close existing data gaps on sustainable RE MG operation and offers an approach to evaluate and optimise the operational sustainability of an MG in its individual local context. The article finds that the complex rural community ecosystem is a central, but yet undervalued determinant of MG sustainability in rural developing contexts. The mismatch between energy affordability and MG tariffs threatens MG sustainability and the scaling of energy access projects if not addressed specifically during project development and implementation. Consequently, the article calls for a strategic inclusion of community-ecosystem parameters and MG planning based on realistic energy affordability levels and an added value approach that includes dynamic MG financing mechanisms and targeted measures to generate added value through energy consumption as integral parts of RE MG projects.
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Reed, T. B., and Ronal Larson. "A wood-gas stove for developing countries." Energy for Sustainable Development 3, no. 2 (July 1996): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60589-x.

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41

KAHEN, GOEL. "Integrating Energy Planning and Techno-Economic Development: A Solid Basis for the Assessment and Transfer of Energy Technology to Developing Countries." Energy Sources 20, no. 4-5 (May 1998): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908319808970066.

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42

Fadly, Dalia. "Low-carbon transition: Private sector investment in renewable energy projects in developing countries." World Development 122 (October 2019): 552–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.015.

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43

Awan, Rehmat Ullah, Falak Sher, and Akhtar Abbas. "An Investigation of Multidimensional Energy Poverty in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 52, no. 4I (December 1, 2013): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v52i4ipp.405-419.

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Poverty is an alarming problem all over the world. It is one of the severe challenges today faced by not only the developing nations but by the developed nations also. However, the problem is worst in developing countries [United Nations and IEA (2010)]. All these countries face poverty in different forms such as food poverty, energy poverty, shortage of natural resources, shortage of agricultural products, lack of shelter and clothing among others. It is persuasive to correlate poverty with lack of energy consumption also. Such a correlation identifies that poor use energy very inadequately [Pachauri, et al. (2004)]. Energy helps societies to move from one development stage to another. Worldwide energy demand is increasing while supply is decreasing due to increase in the world population, emerging economies and economic development. In current day to day life energy has become an essential requirement. For all of us energy is required for lighting, transportation, cooking, health services, and to fulfill many of our basic needs. Electricity access at household level enhances telecommunication, entertainment, and knowledge via radio, television, and computer etc.
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44

Singh, Nadia, Richard Nyuur, and Ben Richmond. "Renewable Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Multivariate Panel Data Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 24, 2019): 2418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082418.

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Renewable energy is being increasingly touted as the “fuel of the future,” which will help to reconcile the prerogatives of high economic growth and an economically friendly development trajectory. This paper seeks to examine relationships between renewable energy production and economic growth and the differential impact on both developed and developing economies. We employed the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) regression model to a sample of 20 developed and developing countries for the period 1995–2016. Our key empirical findings reveal that renewable energy production is associated with a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth in both developed and developing countries for the period 1995–2016. Our results also show that the impact of renewable energy production on economic growth is higher in developing economies, as compared to developed economies. In developed countries, an increase in renewable energy production leads to a 0.07 per cent rise in output, compared to only 0.05 per cent rise in output for developing countries. These findings have important implications for policymakers and reveal that renewable energy production can offer an environmentally sustainable means of economic growth in the future.
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Shakeel, Muhammad, M. Mazhar Iqbal, and M. Tariq Majeed. "Energy Consumption, Trade and GDP: A Case Study of South Asian Countries." Pakistan Development Review 53, no. 4II (December 1, 2014): 461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v53i4iipp.461-476.

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Acute shortage of energy sources in developing countries in general and South Asian countries in particular has shown that energy has become a binding input for any production process. Nowadays operation of heavy machinery and electrical equipment, and transportation of raw material and final products from their place of origination to their destination require heavy consumption of energy in one form or the other. Therefore, energy consumption that was previously ignored in the production function of a firm and an economy is now considered a vital input in production process. It affects GDP directly as by increasing energy consumption; more output can be produced with given stock of capital and labor force in a country. Also uninterrupted availability of energy at reasonable cost improves competiveness of home products in international markets and thus increases exports of home country a great deal. Resulting increase in net exports further adds to the GDP through multiplier effect
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46

Telaye Mengistu, Andualem, Pablo Benitez, Seneshaw Tamru, Haileselassie Medhin, and Michael Toman. "Exploring Carbon Pricing in Developing Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis in Ethiopia." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 14, 2019): 4395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164395.

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This study uses a Computable General Equilibrium model to analyze policy scenarios for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum fuels and kerosene in Ethiopia. The carbon tax starts at $5 per ton of carbon dioxide in 2018 and rises to $30 per ton in 2030; these rates are translated into taxes on the different energy types covered, depending on their carbon contents. Different scenarios examine the impacts with revenue recycling through a uniform sales tax reduction, reduction of labor income tax, reduction of business income tax, direct transfer back to households, and use by the government to reduce debt. Because petroleum fuels and kerosene are a relatively small part of the Ethiopian economy, the carbon tax has small impacts on overall economic activity and greenhouse gas emissions. In proportional terms, however, the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources is notable, depending on the recycling scenario. The assumed carbon tax trajectory also can raise significant revenue—up to $800 million per year by 2030. The impacts on the poor through increased cost of living are not that large, since the share of the poor in total use of the taxed energy types is small. In terms of induced income effects through employment changes, urban households tend to experience more impacts than rural households, but the results also depend on the household skill level and the revenue recycling scenario.
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47

Shahbaz, Muhammad, Samia Nasreen, Chong Hui Ling, and Rashid Sbia. "Causality between Trade Openness and Energy Consumption: What Causes What in High, Middle and Low Income Countries." Pakistan Development Review 53, no. 4II (December 1, 2014): 423–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v53i4iipp.423-459.

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Trade liberalisation has affected the flow of trade (goods and services) between developed and developing countries. The Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory reveals that under free trade, developing countries would specialise in the production of those goods that are produced by relatively abundant factors of production such as labour and natural resources. Developed countries would specialise in the production of those goods that are produced by human capital and manufactured in capital-intensive activities. Trade openness entails movement of goods produced in one country for either consumption or further processing to other country. Production of those goods is not possible without the effective use of energy. Trade openness affects energy demand via scale effect, technique effect and composite effect. Other things being same, trade openness increases economic activities, thus stimulates domestic production and hence economic growth. A surge in domestic production increases energy demand , which is commonly referred as scale effect. Such scale effect is caused by trade openness. Economic condition of the country and extent of relationship between economic growth and trade openness determine the impact of trade openness on energy consumption [Shahbaz, et al. (2013); Cole (2006)]. Trade openness enables developing economies to import advanced technologies from developed economies. The adoption of advanced technology lowers energy intensity. The use of advanced technologies result in less energy consumption and more output that is usually referred to as technique effect [Arrow (1962)]. Composite effect reveals the shift of production structure from agriculture to industry with the use of energy intensive production techniques. In initial stages of economic development economy is based largely on agriculture sector, thus the use of energy is relatively less. As economy starts shifting from agriculture to industry, the energy consumption increases.
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48

Weiss de Abreu, Mariana, Daniel Viana Ferreira, Amaro Olimpio Pereira, Joilson Cabral, and Claude Cohen. "Household energy consumption behaviors in developing countries: A structural decomposition analysis for Brazil." Energy for Sustainable Development 62 (June 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2021.03.001.

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49

López-González, A., L. Ferrer-Martí, and B. Domenech. "Sustainable rural electrification planning in developing countries: A proposal for electrification of isolated communities of Venezuela." Energy Policy 129 (June 2019): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.041.

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50

Nock, Destenie, Todd Levin, and Erin Baker. "Changing the policy paradigm: A benefit maximization approach to electricity planning in developing countries." Applied Energy 264 (April 2020): 114583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114583.

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