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1
Eleri, Ewah Otu. "The energy sector in southern Africa." Energy Policy 24, no. 1 (1996): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(95)00118-2.
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Tomala, Justyna, Mateusz Mierzejewski, Maria Urbaniec, and Sergio Martinez. "Towards Sustainable Energy Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Challenges and Opportunities." Energies 14, no. 19 (2021): 6037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196037.
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Sub-Saharan Africa is considered a region with enormous economic and demographic potential. One of the main challenges it faces, included in the “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, implemented by the African Union”, is to provide access to electricity. Currently, 600 million inhabitants of the African continent do not have access to electricity, which is a significant limiting factor for further economic growth and socio-economic development. Moreover, the measures taken by individual Sub-Saharan African countries appear insufficient in the face of rapid population growth. The aim of the article is to analyse the opportunities and challenges of the development of Sub-Saharan Africa’s energy sector. This raises the following research question: to what extent can a sustainable energy transition be achieved in sub-Saharan African countries to ensure access to electricity? The study used Ward’s hierarchical clustering method, classification and regression tree analysis, and the distance-weighted least squares method. The results show that the level of development of the energy sector in the individual countries of Sub-Saharan Africa varies greatly. Moreover, the Sub-Saharan African region is exposed to the effects of climate change, which also affects the development of the energy sector and whether or not access to electricity can be ensured. The study contributes to assessments of the adaptive capacity and transformative potential of the energy sector in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is particularly important for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 7, which relates to building more robust and efficient systems, as well as implementing diversified energy sources. This research is crucial to bridge the energy access gap and build a resilient and sustainable economy in Sub-Saharan Africa countries.
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Prasad, Gisela. "Energy sector reform, energy transitions and the poor in Africa." Energy Policy 36, no. 8 (2008): 2806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.042.
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Burian, Martin, and Christof Arens. "The clean development mechanism." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 6, no. 2 (2014): 166–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-03-2013-0033.
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Purpose – Since the registration of the first clean development mechanism (CDM) project in 2004, the CDM has seen a dynamic expansion: the CDM pipeline currently comprises 6,725 projects generating 2.73 billion certified emission reductions (CERs) up to 2012. These CERs result in a substantial financial flow from Annex I to Non-Annex I countries. But CDM projects also result in investments in low carbon technologies, a substantial share of which is focused on the energy sector. The total installed capacity of all CDM projects amounts to 288,944 MW. However, the CDM is not widely taken up in Africa. This holds true for Africa's share in the CDM project pipeline (2.62 per cent), for Africa's share in CERs generated up to 2012 (3.58 per cent) and for the normalized CERs per capita, per country. Two hypothesizes are commonly discussed: first, the continent features low per capita emissions and low abatement potentials. Second, African countries may be hampered by weak institutional frameworks. This article reviews both hypotheses and presents new empirical data. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Investigating the greenhouse gas (GHS) abatement potential of 16 energy-related sectors for 11 selected least developed countries in sub-Saharan Africa shows a total theoretical CDM potential of 128.6 million CERs per year. Analyzing investment indicators confirms that most countries are impeded by below average investment conditions. Findings – It is concluded that Africa offers a considerable range of substantial abatement potentials. However, the weak institutional framework is limiting the uptake of the CDM in Africa. This is underpinned by an analysis which shows if a CDM sector has high investment cost, Africa will have a low share in the sector. If the sector has low investment needs per CER, Africa's share in the CDM sector will be bigger. Investment needs and Africa's share in the pipeline feature a negative correlation. Research limitations/implications – Supporting CDM development in Africa should not be constraint to technical assistance. It will be crucial to develop an integrated financing approach, comprising the CDM as a co-financing mechanism, to overcome the institutional challenges. Originality/value – Until today, there are few empirical studies that use concrete criteria and indicators to show why the CDM is underrepresented in Africa. The work presented here contributes to filling this gap.
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Gonzalez Sanchez, Rocio, Roman Seliger, Fernando Fahl, Luca De Felice, Taha B. M. J. Ouarda, and Fabio Farinosi. "Freshwater use of the energy sector in Africa." Applied Energy 270 (July 2020): 115171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115171.
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Woo, Chi-Keung. "Reforming the power sector in Africa." Energy 29, no. 8 (2004): 1231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2003.11.003.
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El-Osta, Wedad, and Usama Elghawi. "Assessment of Energy Intensity Indicators in Libya: Case Study." Sustainable Development Research (ISSN 2690-9898 e-ISSN 2690-9901) 2, no. 1 (2020): p9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v2n1p9.
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Energy-efficient technologies provide chances for money savings and reducing environmental damages related to energy use. This paper aims to assess the energy efficiency in Libya and tools to promote its implementation. In addition, it seeks to present measures and programs that could be foreseen in the transformation sector and some end users.
 Data of energy intensity in Libya was taken from different recognized sources such as World Development Indicators (WDI) - World Bank, and Enerdata web site. The data was collected, assembled, and analyzed using Ms Excel sheets. Results were plotted and compared to World average and Africa or with (Middle East and North African) MENA countries where ever data is available. The main indicators over almost quarter of a century (1990-2014) were presented and changes over this period were indicated.
 It could be concluded that primary energy intensity for Libya during (2000- 2014) is comparable to world average values and for Africa and the final energy intensity has increased at only 0.7% per year during the same period. As an oil producer and exporter country, the ratio of final enrgy intensity to primary energy intensity in Libya has increased at a rate of 1.1% during (2000-2014), which is greater than the World average and African countries. The rate of energy intensity of transport has increased by 6.9 % per year for the period (1990-2014) and 7.8% per year for the period (2000-2014) compared to the world improvement (-1.8%) per year and for Africa (-0.3) % per year for the period (2000-2014)). This is due to lack of regulations and measures concerning this sector and increased number of private cars. Suitable measures and policies should be taken towards this sector to improve its performance since it contributes to the highest share of energy consumption. The highest share of electric energy consumption is at residential, then commercial and service end use, followed by street lighting. There is a good potential for energy saving at these sectors.
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Taliotis, Constantinos, Asami Miketa, Mark Howells, et al. "An indicative assessment of investment opportunities in the African electricity supply sector." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 1 (2014): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i1a2681.
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In the coming decades, demand for electricity will increase considerably on the African continent. Investment in power generation, transmission and distribution is necessary to meet this demand. In this paper a cost-optimization tool is used to assess investment opportunities under varying scenarios of GDP growth, electricity trade and CO2 taxation. Business as usual fuel price outlooks are assumed, and related assumptions are relatively conservative. The goal is to find if there are economic indications that renewable energy might play a significant role in the expansion of the African electricity system. The results show that there is potential of renewable energy (RE) resources to have a significant share in the generation mix. By 2030, 42% and 55% of the total generation is powered by renewables in the high and low GDP scenarios respectively. Promotion of interregional trade can assist in unlocking RE potential across the continent, such as hydro in Central Africa and wind in East Africa; these regions are projected to be net exporters of electricity. Additionally, generation by off-grid technologies increases over time, reaching 12% of the total generation by 2030 in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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De Jongh, Derick, Dhirendra Ghoorah, and Anesu Makina. "South African renewable energy investment barriers: An investor perspective." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 2 (2014): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i2a2665.
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As recently as the year 2010, renewable energy contributed less than 1% of all the energy sources in South Africa. Possible reasons include the lack of private sector investment in Renewable Energy technologies. By way of a structured interview methodology, this paper explores the reasons why private investors are reluctant to invest in renewables. The responses point to political, economic, social and technological barriers limiting private investment in renewable energy. Other barriers that were identified include poverty, low levels of education, limited technological readiness and access to the electricity grid. Some of these barriers are specific to the South African context. The paper concludes that a closer relationship between government and the private sector is required to stimulate innovation in the renewable energy sector.
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BARRA, Matteo, and Martin SVEC. "Reinforcing Energy Governance under the EU Energy Diplomacy: A Proposal for Strengthening Energy Frameworks in Africa." European Journal of Risk Regulation 9, no. 2 (2018): 245–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2018.14.
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AbstractThis article, initially discussed at a conference organised in March 2017 by the Belgian Commission for Electricity and Gas Regulation (CREG) on the new governance structures in the EU energy sector, deals with energy governance structures in the EU energy and climate diplomacy and in development cooperation between the EU, its member states and third countries.It is understood that, at large, the existing tools of EU energy and climate diplomacy create governance structures: bilateral partnerships, trade agreements, regional and multilateral orders are per se instruments to govern the underlying relationship between the EU, its member states and third countries. The focus in this paper revolves around those instruments of EU energy and climate diplomacy which aim at reinforcing energy governance structures (referred to also as institutional and normative energy frameworks) and promoting solid transparent frameworks in the field of energy in partner countries.In particular, the paper aims at identifying – among the existing tools of the energy and climate diplomacy –instruments and opportunities in favour of African countries which contribute to strengthening those institutional and normative energy frameworks and facilitate investment towards universal energy access and energy transition. To do so, the paper reviews the existing policy and legal instruments of EU external energy action in general and in Africa and concludes proposing policy recommendations on further development cooperation and energy diplomacy initiatives in favour of African countries.The first section reviews the principles of EU energy and climate diplomacy and their alignment with development objectives, including the emphasis on strengthening institutional and normative frameworks in the energy sector. The second section considers the internal coordination between the EU and its member states which is necessary to carry out the external energy and climate diplomacy as well as development cooperation. The third section describes the existing tools of the EU energy diplomacy that aim to strengthen energy institutions and frameworks in partner countries. The fourth section reviews a selection of existing EU initiatives in favour of African countries and brings forward a proposal for EU action to reinforce energy governance structures of partner countries in Africa.
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Jobodwana, Z. Ntozintle. "POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN THE SADC: REFORMING THE ENERGY SECTOR REGULATORY SYSTEM." Journal of Law, Society and Development 1, no. 1 (2014): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2520-9515/872.
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The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU) and other African regional economic communities (RECs) have as their ultimate objective the political and economic integration of the African continent. The SADC is home to a number of countries, all of them striving to improve their investment climate to attract foreign investors by reducing the costs of doing business in the region. One way of achieving this is by setting targets for and speeding up political and economic integration, improving interconnectivity and thereby enlarging the market size and enhancing its attractiveness. The SADC region still suffers from high levels of energy poverty through low access levels in all countries except South Africa and Mauritius. Numerous studies have shown that greater regional trading and cooperation on power development within the SADC could substantially reduce investment and operational costs as well as carbon emissions. The need for a regional power trading pool and regional cooperation grew out of the power utilities’ recognition of the vulnerability of individual countries if each continued to pursue a policy of self-sufficiency rather than out of a desire to minimise the social or financial costs of the region’s power. The power sector in southern Africa is undergoing tremendous reforms, more especially since the establishment of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) in August 1995. The SADC, however, faces serious challenges that include diminishing surplus generation capacity and the need to ensure that SADC citizens have equitable access to electricity at affordable prices. To meet these challenges, treaties and protocols have been adopted but are failing to deliver at the implementation stage. This article reviews the SADC energy-electricity regulatory framework in the context of economic and political integration and recommends the establishment of an independent regional regulatory authority to oversee the implementation of integrated holistic energy and air pollution control and prevention, and a common climate change policy. Such a regulator would be a highly resourced regional institution that will liaise with international institutions. This independent regional authority will serve as a catalyst for regional economic integration. It will also have a mandate to introduce and coordinate the establishment of an SADC regional emissions trading scheme that will contribute to managing the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and the implementation of global warming adaptation strategies in the region.
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Powanga, Luka, and Irene Giner-Reichl. "China’s Contribution to the African Power Sector: Policy Implications for African Countries." Journal of Energy 2019 (February 14, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7013594.
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China has over the past thirty years experienced unprecedented economic growth averaging over 10% per year (“China GDP Annual Growth Rate ∣ 1989-2018 ∣ Data ∣ Chart ∣ Calendar” n.d.). For this reason, the relationship between China and Africa is often characterized as a case of China colonizing Africa to own natural resources and their associated infrastructure to feed its industrialization. Despite this postulation, Africa sees the cooperation as based on mutual interests in areas such as energy. The two regions could leverage their cooperation with the help of the international community to significantly advance access to electricity in Africa by improving energy efficiency, deploying cookstove programs to reduce health hazards and deaths from smoke inhalation, diversifying energy portfolio, and creating power pools that countries experiencing hiccups in their systems could tap into to meet their electricity needs. The two regions could also formulate energy policies to support these programs. Additionally, the energy infrastructure in Africa is still in infancy presenting an excellent opportunity to utilize emerging technologies and new power systems that are more efficient, resilient, and clean.
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Mbona, Reginald Masimba. "The Impact of China-Africa Trade on Industries in Africa: A Case Study of FOCAC and BRI." Business and Economic Research 11, no. 2 (2021): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v11i2.18556.
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Over the last two decades, the trade between Africa and China has grown significantly but there is still a debate on how local industries in Africa are being affected. Two key foreign policies, FOCAC and BRI, by China are the foundations on which the trade is done with its African partners. This study aims to assess which industries in Africa are being affected by these Chinese-led foreign trade policies and the significance of that impact. Using panel data, the study examines the effect of the FOCAC era and the FOCAC+BRI era on the energy, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and technology industries for six partners. The results from the analysis showed that imports positively affect the agriculture and the energy sectors while the manufacturing industry is negatively affected by imported goods. On the other hand, exports have shown a positive impact on the mining sector. However, the agriculture industry is still struggling to have positive gains from exports. The findings of this study are important as the continent works towards "One Africa" which seeks to promote sustainable development of the continent. Also, the study focuses on specific industries that are significant to the economic growth of these countries as shown by their positive relationship with the GDP of these nations.
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Karkour, Selim, Safa Rachid, Mariem Maaoui, Chia-Chun Lin, and Norihiro Itsubo. "Status of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Africa." Environments 8, no. 2 (2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8020010.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) has received attention as a tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of products and services. In the last 20 years, research on the topic has increased, and now more than 25,000 articles are related to LCA in scientific journals databases such as the Scopus database; however, the concept is relatively new in Africa, where the number of networks has been highlighted to be very low when compared to the other regions. This paper focuses on a review of life cycle assessments conducted in Africa over the last 20 years. It aims at highlighting the current research gap for African LCA. A total of 199 papers were found for the whole continent; this number is lower than that for both Japan and Germany (more than 400 articles each) and nearly equal to developing countries such as Thailand. Agriculture is the sector which received the most attention, representing 53 articles, followed by electricity and energy (60 articles for the two sectors). South Africa (43), Egypt (23), and Tunisia (19) were the countries where most of the research was conducted. Even if the number of articles related to LCA have increased in recent years, many steps still remain. For example, establishing a specific life cycle inventory (LCI) database for African countries or a targeted ideal life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) method. Several African key sectors could also be assessed further.
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Oladiran, M. T., and J. P. Meyer. "Energy and exergy analyses of energy consumptions in the industrial sector in South Africa." Applied Energy 84, no. 10 (2007): 1056–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2007.02.004.
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Ziuku, Sosten, and Edson L. Meyer. "Implementing building integrated photovoltaics in the housing sector in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 2 (2013): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i2a3133.
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The installation of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) has been increasing rapidly throughout the world, yet little, if at all, has been reported in South Africa. The country has abundant solar energy resource estimated to be between 4.5 and 6.5 kWh/m2/day, yet solar energy contributes less than 1% to the country’s energy mix. More than 90% of the country’s primary energy comes from fossil fuels leading to an unsustainable per capita carbon footprint of about 9 tCO2e. Previous research has shown that photovoltaics can significantly augment the constrained fossil fuel generated electricity supply. This paper discusses the practical application of photovoltaics as a building element in energy efficient residential housing. The study also aims to determine the feasibility of implementing BIPV systems in the residential sector in South Africa. An energy efficient solar house was designed using simulation software and constructed. Ordinary solar panels were integrated onto the north facing roof of the house. A data acquisition system that monitors meteorological conditions and BIPV output was installed. It was observed that elevated back of module temperatures reaching up to 75°C on sunny days decreased module efficiency by up to 20% in the afternoon. The temperature profiles reveal that BIPV products can significantly influence indoor heating and cooling loads. The research seeks to raise awareness among housing stakeholders and solar industry policy makers of the feasibility of BIPV in South Africa.
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Memka, Dabululwandle, and Lawrence Mpele Lekhanya. "Technological challenges influencing the implementation of green energy in the SME sector in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN)." Environmental Economics 8, no. 3 (2017): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(3-1).2017.08.
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Electricity is an essential basic need that the South African government needs to pay special attention. A continuous or uninterrupted supply of electricity is essential for industrial production and economic growth and development. Since South Africa is overly reliant on coal fired electricity generating technologies which are environmentally damaging, the move towards green energy technologies to form part of the electricity generating matrix is highly desirable not only to reduce environmental pollution, but also to increase the supply of electricity to meet rising demand. However, the adoption and implementation of green energy projects has not been that easy and progress has been far from satisfactory. This study was therefore consummated to assess the effectiveness of installed green technology in the area of Pinetown in Kwazulu-Natal. The study also investigated the technological challenges affecting the implementation of green energy projects in SME sector in Pinetown Kwazulu-Natal. Furthermore, the study also examined as to what extent technological challenges are affecting the use of installed green technology in the selected area of Pinetown in Kwazulu-Natal. This was followed by exploring strategies that could be implemented to improve effectiveness of installed green technology in Pinetown. A quantitative research approach was adopted. Data collection for this study was performed by distributing and collecting a structured survey questionnaire to respondents. Data analysis for this research was performed using SPSS.
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Longe, Adedayo Emmanuel, Olawunmi Omitogun, Oluwole Oluniyi Adelokun, Emmanuel Olajide Adebayo, and Shehu Muhammad. "The Impact of Trade and Transport Services on the Environment in Africa." Economic Themes 58, no. 3 (2020): 415–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0024.
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Abstract This study investigates the impact of trade and transport services on the environment in Africa. Secondary data for 21 countries spanning 2000 and 2014 were used and analysed using POLS, FE, RE and PMG. These techniques revealed diverse results. The Hausman test was used to decide between FE and RE in the study. The Hausman test accepts the FE result due to it 5% significant result. The POLS reveal that trade and economic growth reduces degradation in Africa, while transport services in the export and import sector and energy consumption increases degradation. Notably from the FE result, trade, energy consumption and economic growth showed a positive impact on environmental degradation in Africa, while transport services in the import and export sector reduces environmental degradation. For the PMG result, findings show that in the long-run, trade, transport services (export and import), energy consumption, and economic growth increase degradation in Africa. This implies as these activities increases in the long run, there are no measure to ensure environmental quality. In the short-run, trade and transport services in the import sector reduce degradation as many of the importation is dominated by improved technology products, while transport services in the export sector, energy consumption and economic growth positively impact on environmental degradation in Africa. The study concludes a mixed effect of trade and transport services on the environment in Africa. A major recommendation is that more energy efficient technologies should be used in Africa to meet the sustainable environment goal and this can be done by reviewing trade policy to encourage inflow of improved technology into the economies.
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URBAN, BORIS. "EFFECTUATION AND OPPORTUNITY RECOGNITION IN THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR IN SOUTH AFRICA: A FOCUS ON ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMISM AND HOSTILITY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 23, no. 02 (2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946718500103.
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Effectuation is well suited to broaden our understanding of opportunity recognition because effectual processes are related to recognizing and exploiting opportunities in new markets under conditions of uncertainty. This article investigates the relationship between effectuation and opportunity recognition, while at the same time, accounting for the influence of environmental dynamism and hostility in an African emerging market context — South Africa. In so doing, the paper responds directly to calls for research to emphasize the importance of environmental conditions while placing more attention on quantifying its influences on the opportunity recognition process. Following a survey of 302 enterprises in the renewable energy sector in South Africa, results indicate that entrepreneurs apply effectual principles to recognize and exploit more opportunities while operating in dynamic and hostile surroundings. By explaining the relationships and interactions between effectuation, the environment and opportunity recognition in an African market context, the study provides a more theoretically comprehensive configuration than any of these factors would show in isolation.
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Meyer-Renschhausen, M. "Evaluation of feed-in tariff-schemes in African countries." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 24, no. 1 (2013): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2013/v24i1a3008.
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Almost all African countries are planning to increase their power supply capacities and to diversify the resource base of the electricity sector. In sharp contrast to the ambitious objectives, grid connected power plants, based on renewable energies, are very rare except large scale hydropower in African countries. The small number of renewable energy (RE)-plants in Africa shows that a quick diffusion of these technologies cannot be expected from the dynamic of market forces alone. Political support is necessary. By now, feed-in tariffs (FIT) is the most prominent economic instrument promoting renewable energy technologies in the power sector. They are applied in more than 50 countries, among them several African countries like Algeria, Kenya, Uganda, Ghana and Tanzania. The objective of the paper is to investigate the outcome and effectiveness of African FIT-schemes. It is assumed that most of the FIT-schemes in Africa are poorly working because of unfavourable institutional design, insufficient level of FIT rates or obstacles in the process of implementation. Deficiencies in the design of FIT-schemes and the implementation process can be explained by conflicting policy targets like affordable power prices and grid stability but also with an unclear allocation of property rights that can lead to time-consuming negotiations of Power Purchase Agreements.
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Barnard, M. "SADC’s response to climate change – the role of harmonised law and policy on mitigation in the energy sector." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 1 (2014): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i1a2685.
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The negligible levels of energy-related GHG emissions attributable to the Southern African sub-region translates into the sub-region contributing relatively little towards global climate change. Notwithstanding, the member states comprising the Southern African Development Community (SADC) are among the most vulnerable to the trans boundary effects of global climate change. Existing SADC climate change policy documents highlight the important role of the energy sector in climate change mitigation. Furthermore, various international, African Union and SADC legal instruments stress the crucial role of harmonised law and policy as climate change adaptive measure. It is the central hypothesis of this paper that harmonised sub-regional law and policy aimed at regulating SADC member states’ mitigation efforts in the energy sector is a crucial climate change adaptive strategy. This hypothesis is based on the mandates for the formulation of a SADC climate change action plan and for mitigation in the energy sector. These mandates are contained in the texts of the SADC-CNGO Climate Change Agenda, 2012 and the Southern Africa Sub - Regional Framework on Climate Change, 2010 respectively. It is the main aim of this paper to investigate recent developments in the formulation of harmonised SADC law and policy on climate change in general and law and policy pertaining to mitigation in the energy sector specifically. In achieving the stated aim, themes to be investigated by means of a literature study are those of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change and harmonised sub-regional policy on mitigation in the energy sector as adaptive measure in the SADC.
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Lacey, Forrest G., Eloise A. Marais, Daven K. Henze, et al. "Improving present day and future estimates of anthropogenic sectoral emissions and the resulting air quality impacts in Africa." Faraday Discussions 200 (2017): 397–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00011a.
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The African continent is undergoing immense social and economic change, particularly regarding population growth and urbanization, where the urban population in Africa is anticipated to increase by a factor of 3 over the next 40 years. To understand the potential health impacts from this demographical shift and design efficient emission mitigation strategies, we used improved Africa-specific emissions that account for inefficient combustion sources for a number of sectors such as transportation, household energy generation, waste burning, and home heating and cooking. When these underrepresented emissions sources are combined with the current estimates of emissions in Africa, ambient particulate matter concentrations from present-day anthropogenic activity contribute to 13 210 annual premature deaths, with the largest contributions (38%) coming from residential emissions. By scaling both the population and the emissions for projected national-scale levels of growth, the predicted health impact grows to approximately 78 986 annual premature deaths by 2030 with 45% now resulting from emissions related to energy combustion. In order to mitigate this resulting increase in premature deaths, three scenarios have been developed which reduce sector-specific future emissions based on prior targets for technological improvements and emission controls in transportation, energy production and residential activities. These targeted potential mitigation strategies can avoid up to 37% of the estimated annual premature deaths by 2030 with the largest opportunity being a reduction of 10 868 annual deaths from switching half of the energy generation in South Africa to renewable technologies.
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Ngarava, Zhou, Ayuk, and Tatsvarei. "Achieving Food Security in a Climate Change Environment: Considerations for Environmental Kuznets Curve Use in the South African Agricultural Sector." Climate 7, no. 9 (2019): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli7090108.
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This study relates agricultural income and agricultural carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the context of environmental Kuznets curves for South Africa. We posit likely relationships between UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 1, 2 and 13, relating food production to climate change action. CO2 emissions, income, coal energy consumption and electricity energy consumption time series data from 1990 to 2012 within the South African agricultural sector were used. The autoregressive distributive lag bounds-test and the error correction model were used to analyse the data. The results show long-run relationships. However, agricultural income was only significant in the linear and squared models. Changes in agricultural CO2 emissions from the short run towards the long run are estimated at 71.9%, 124.7% and 125.3% every year by the linear, squared and cubic models, respectively. Exponentially increasing agricultural income did not result in a decrease in agricultural CO2 emissions, which is at odds with the Kuznets hypothesis. The study concludes that it will be difficult for South Africa to simultaneously achieve SDGs 1, 2 and 13, especially given that agriculture is reliant upon livestock production, the largest CO2 emitter in the sector. The sector needs to shift to renewable energy consumption with fewer CO2 emissions.
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Herbst, Lynette, and Jörg Lalk. "A case study of climate variability effects on wind resources in South Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, no. 3 (2014): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i3a2652.
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The wind energy sector is one of the most prominent sectors of the renewable energy industry. However, its dependence on meteorological factors subjects it to climate change. Studies analysing the impact of climate change on wind resources usually only model changes in wind speed. Two elements that have to be calculated in addition to wind speed changes are Annual Energy Production (AEP) and Power Density (PD). This is not only because of the inherent variability between wind speed and wind power generated, but also because of the relative magnitudes of change in energy potentially generated at different areas under varied wind climates. In this study, it was assumed that two separate locations would experience a 10% wind speed increase after McInnes et al. (2010). Given the two locations’ different wind speed distributions, a wind speed increase equal in magnitude is not equivalent to similar magnitudes of change in potential energy production in these areas. This paper demonstrates this fact for each of the case studies. It is of general interest to the energy field and is of value since very little literature exists in the Southern African context on climate change- or variability-effects on the (wind) energy sector. Energy output is therefore dependent not only on wind speed, but also wind turbine characteristics. The importance of including wind power curves and wind turbine generator capacity in wind resource analysis is emphasised.
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Brent, Alan, Cebo Silinga, and Nadia Sanetra. "Guideline for energy management in the South African wine industry." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 27, no. 4 (2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i4a1458.
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Pressure is mounting on the wine industry to consider energy management interventions to, inter alia, reduce energy consumption – to be more competitive, become more self-reliant, and to reduce the carbon footprint of the sector. This paper then summarises the process that was undertaken to develop an appropriate energy management guideline for the South African wine industry. It is based on a literature analysis of best practices elsewhere, and a number of case studies across different sizes of winery operations in South Africa. The positive outcomes from energy management interventions at these cases are demonstrated, but a number of challenges are also highlighted. Recommendations are made accordingly.
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Nzomo, Maria, and Zerubabel Getachew. "Regional Energy Integration for Sustainable Development in Eastern Africa: The Case for Geothermal Energy." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 5 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0042.
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Energy is a crucial factor in international relations and a critical input to achieve global economic growth and development. Provision of affordable, sustainable, and reliable energy is necessary and a prerequisite for any country’s economic growth and prosperity. The United Nations Agenda 2030, through its Seventh Sustainable Development Goal (SGD 7) and the African Union Agenda 2063 Aspiration 1recognise the centrality of access to energy towards realising the ambitions enlisted in these documents. The asymmetric distribution of natural resources and the political, strategic, financial, and technological challenges in utilising these resources hinder countries from availing affordable, sustainable, and reliable energy by using domestic sources alone. The inability to attain energy independence makes a compelling case for nations to increasingly integrate their energy supply chains to international and regional energy markets. As a result, ensuring access to affordable energy has become a core interest of regional foreign relations. Therefore, if geopolitics permits, energy cooperation and interdependence become the ultimate and sustainable path towards energy security. Africa has tremendous potential ranging from hydrocarbons to renewable energies. Nevertheless, it has failed to provide adequate energy for its social and economic needs mainly due to poor governance and related challenges. Africa has to utilise such humongous and diversified energy resources by embracing an optimal energy mix that contributes to regional economic development and energy integration. Eastern Africa, home to various renewable energy resources, is one of the energy-poor regions in Africa. The prevailing energy system in the sub-region is hydro-based and lacks reliability. The sub-region has tremendous renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, and geothermal. Still, their utilisation is negligible due to several challenges, including governance and lack of access to finance and technology. This paper argues that an integrated and regional approach to developing the energy sector in Eastern Africa can address the energy-related challenges and contribute towards regional integration in Eastern Africa. In particular, the development of geothermal energy, within the optimal energy mix in the sub-region, for both power generation and direct use application will play a crucial role in forging energy integration in Eastern Africa. In this regard, regional institutions such as power pools and regional economic communities are indispensable. Received: 27 June 2021 / Accepted: 5 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Stevens, L. B., J. Henri, M. Van Nierop, E. Van Staden, J. Lodder, and S. J. Piketh. "Towards the development of a GHG emissions baseline for the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector, South Africa." Clean Air Journal 26, no. 2 (2016): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2410-972x/2016/v26n2a11.
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South Africa is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and as such is required to report on Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the Energy, Transport, Waste and the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sectors every two years in national inventories. The AFOLU sector is unique in that it comprises both sources and sinks for GHGs. Emissions from the AFOLU sector are estimated to contribute a quarter of the total global greenhouse gas emissions. GHG emissions sources from agriculture include enteric fermentation; manure management; manure deposits on pastures, and soil fertilization. Emissions sources from Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) include anthropogenic land use activities such as: management of croplands, forests and grasslands and changes in land use cover (the conversion of one land use to another). South Africa has improved the quantification of AFOLU emissions and the understanding of the dynamic relationship between sinks and sources over the past decade through projects such as the 2010 GHG Inventory, the Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA), and the National Terrestrial Carbon Sinks Assessment (NTCSA). These projects highlight key mitigation opportunities in South Africa and discuss their potentials. The problem remains that South Africa does not have an emissions baseline for the AFOLU sector against which the mitigation potentials can be measured. The AFOLU sector as a result is often excluded from future emission projections, giving an incomplete picture of South Africa’s mitigation potential. The purpose of this project was to develop a robust GHG emissions baseline for the AFOLU sector which will enable South Africa to project emissions into the future and demonstrate its contribution towards the global goal of reducing emissions.
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Azieva, Gulmira, Seyit Kerimkhulle, Umut Turusbekova, Ainagul Alimagambetova, and Shakizada Niyazbekova. "Analysis of access to the electricity transmission network using information technologies in some countries." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 11003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125811003.
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The role of information technology is especially great in strategic sectors of the economy, one of which is energy. After all, the more complex the product, the more acutely it needs more automation of the processes taking place in it. The main informational tasks of power generation are the automation of technological process systems and control over the installed equipment. The main factor that influences the development of information technologies in the energy sector in Kazakhstan is the need for high-tech reforms in this sector of the economy. Thus, the development of IT technologies in the energy sector, like any other industry, will lead to the automation of the entire complex, which will entail its more efficient operation in every sense. The article provides an overview of works devoted to the problem of access to the electricity transmission network in Africa, India, Turkey, etc.
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Hohne, Percy Andrew, Kanzumba Kusakana, and Bubele Papy Numbi. "Improving Energy Efficiency of Thermal Processes in Healthcare Institutions: A Review on the Latest Sustainable Energy Management Strategies." Energies 13, no. 3 (2020): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030569.
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Healthcare institutions consume large amounts of energy, ranking the second highest energy-intensive buildings in the commercial sector. Within developed countries, the energy consumption of healthcare institutions may account for up to 18% of the overall energy usage in commercial sectors. Within developing countries, such as South Africa, the energy consumption of healthcare institutions is observed to be a close second to the food service sector. Energy consumption of healthcare institutions per bed typically range from 43–92 kWh per day. In this paper, the largest energy consumers in South African healthcare institutions are identified and appropriate energy-efficiency (EE) initiatives are proposed, in terms of performance, operation, equipment and technology efficiency (POET). Two main thermal energy consumers are identified as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and water-heating systems. These systems are critical to patient health and may be classified as non-deferrable loads. Therefore, several initiatives are suggested to improve the energy efficiency and demand-side management capability of these systems. These initiatives are subdivided into different levels: the conceptual level, active level, technical and further improvement level, as defined in the POET framework. At each level, energy-efficiency initiatives are introduced based on potential energy savings and the effort required to achieve these savings. In addition, model predictive control (MPC) approaches are discussed and reviewed as part of the further improvement section. Average possible energy savings ranged from 50%–70% at the conceptual level, while energy savings of 15%–30% may be expected for energy-efficiency initiatives at the active level. EE activities at the technical level and the further improvement level may result in savings of 50%–70% and 5%–10%, respectively.
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Trikam, A. "Greenhouse gas mitigation options in the industrial sector." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (2002): 473–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v5i2.2686.
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This report identifies the major opportunities for climate change mitigation through industrial energy efficiency and fuel switching in South Africa. The potential for greenhouse gas reduction (outlining areas of possible resultant CDM investment) in local industry, a CO2 mitigation cost curve and accounting of emissions reductions in existing and future industrial plants, will provide the basis for realising these opportunities. Greenhouse gas mitigation in the industrial sector is closely linked with 2 groups: energy efficiency improvements and fuel switching; and these options are outlined in more detail in this report.
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Bazilian, Morgan, Patrick Nussbaumer, Hans-Holger Rogner, et al. "Energy access scenarios to 2030 for the power sector in sub-Saharan Africa." Utilities Policy 20, no. 1 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2011.11.002.
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Akrofi, Mark McCarthy, and Sarpong Hammond Antwi. "COVID-19 energy sector responses in Africa: A review of preliminary government interventions." Energy Research & Social Science 68 (October 2020): 101681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101681.
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Oluborode Jegede, Ademola. "The environmental and economic implications of the climate change and extractive industry nexus in Africa." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (2016): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4-1).2016.01.
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Climate change and extractive industry are two important global streams that are linked to each other in that risks associated with the former can adversely affect different areas of the extractive sector, while the activities of the latter can contribute to climate change. Yet, this nexus is hardly clearly articulated in the context of implications for the environment and economic considerations in Africa. Assessing key literature on the two themes, the paper argues that the link of extractive industry with climate change can have both negative and positive implications for environmental protection and the economy in Africa. The nexus of climate change and the extractive sector can be negative in that unsustainable extractive processes in terms of their outcome of deforestation and energy use are an important source of carbon emission contributing to global warming. The nexus can be positive in that it involves initiatives that can contribute to sustainable extractive sector and thereby reduce carbon emissions underlying climate change. Keywords: Africa, climate change, extractive sector, environmental protection, economic implications. JEL Classification: Q51, Q58, N5
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Sorgho, Raissa, Carlos A. Montenegro Quiñonez, Valérie R. Louis, et al. "Climate Change Policies in 16 West African Countries: A Systematic Review of Adaptation with a Focus on Agriculture, Food Security, and Nutrition." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23 (2020): 8897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238897.
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Climate change strongly impacts the agricultural sector in West Africa, threatening food security and nutrition, particularly for populations with the least adaptive capacity. Little is known about national climate change policies in the region. This systematic review identifies and analyses climate change policy documents in all 16 West African countries: (1) What are the existing climate change adaptation policies publicly available? (2) Which topics are addressed? (3) How are agriculture and food security framed and addressed? Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed and Google scholar as key databases were searched with an extensive grey literature search. Keywords for searches were combinations of “Africa”, “Climate Change”, and “National Policy/Plan/Strategy/Guideline”. Fifteen countries have at least one national policy document on climate change in the frame of our study. Nineteen policy documents covered seven key sectors (energy, agriculture, water resources, health, forestry, infrastructure, and education), and eight thematic areas (community resilience, disaster risk management, institutional development, industry development, research and development, policy making, economic investment, and partnerships/collaboration). At the intersection of these sectors/areas, effects of changing climate on countries/populations were evaluated and described. Climate change adaptation strategies emerged including development of local risk/disaster plans, micro-financing and insurance schemes (public or private), green energy, and development of community groups/farmers organizations. No clear trend emerged when analysing the adaptation options, however, climate change adaptation in the agriculture sector was almost always included. Analysing agriculture, nutrition, and food security, seven agricultural challenges were identified: The small scale of West African farming, information gaps, missing infrastructure, poor financing, weak farmer/community organizations, a shifting agricultural calendar, and deteriorating environmental ecology. They reflect barriers to adaptation especially for small-scale subsistence farmers with increased climate change vulnerabilities. The study has shown that most West African countries have climate change policies. Nevertheless, key questions remain unanswered, and demand for further research, e.g., on evaluating the implementation in the respective countries, persists.
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Turkson, John, and Norbert Wohlgemuth. "Power sector reform and distributed generation in sub-Saharan Africa." Energy Policy 29, no. 2 (2001): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(00)00112-9.
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Ghiasi, Mohammad Mehdi, Alireza Aslani, and Younes Noorollahi. "Analysis of Energy System in South Africa Using Exponential Smoothing Approach and Regression Technique." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 5, no. 3 (2016): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2016070104.
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The energy demand has increased dramatically in the recent decades. Due to the limitations and environmental effects of fossil fuels, secure level of energy supply is vital for economic and social development. This work is to review the energy sector in South Africa. After that, the consumptions of coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy are estimated by employing simple exponential smoothing methodology. Finding shows that the primary energy consumption in the South Africa is correlated as a function of population growth rate, industrial growth rate, and GDP.
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Zhou, Peter P., Francis D. Yamba, Philip Lloyd, et al. "Determination of regional emission factors for the power sector in Southern Africa." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 20, no. 4 (2009): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2009/v20i4a3307.
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The generation of power within Southern Africa is reviewed. A study is described in which the emission factors for CO2 and NOx were determined experimentally across a wide range of power stations and technologies, and compared to the IPCC default factors. It was found that the CO2 emission factors tended to be at the upper end of the IPCC default range, whereas the NOx emission factors were generally below the low end. The results from South Africa tend to dominate the regional picture at present, but this is likely to change in the near future, as Botswana has announced plans to introduce over 4 000 MWe of coal-fired power stations.
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Amansure, Ric, and Chris Adendorff. "The success of multi-sector participation in the management of revenue for beneficiary communities of South African renewable energy companies – sub-model A." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28, no. 1 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i1a1418.
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AbstractMulti-sector participation is one of three sub-models that resulted from the splitting of the original model that resulted from the data analysis as part of a thesis entitled ‘A theoretical for successful management of revenue for beneficiary communities of renewable energy companies in South Africa.’ The sub-model provides specific guidance for the multi-sector participation of enterprises, stakeholders, industry experts and community development practitioners in the renewable energy sector to create a pro-active, effective, and relevant decision-making process for achieving success in the management of revenue for beneficiary communities. To address the primary objective, a number of secondary objectives were formulated through the development of a conceptual model consisting of identified variables based on a comprehensive survey of the related literature. By constructing a path diagram between the independent variable and subsequent intervening and dependent variables, appropriate hypotheses were developed. Primary data sourced from an identified national and international population of community management practitioners were collected using an electronic measuring instrument. These data were analysed and tested empirically using structural equation modelling. The determinants that were identified through a review of the literature as elements of multi-sector participation that influences the success of revenue management for beneficiary communities for South African renewable energy companies included the use of outside advice, financial management, support services, and good governance. Keywords: renewable energy, green energy, beneficiary communities, community development, revenue management, socio-economic development, economic development, multi-sector participation
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Jerome, Afeikhena. "Infrastructure, Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Africa." Journal of Infrastructure Development 3, no. 2 (2011): 127–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097493061100300203.
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The relationship between infrastructure, growth and poverty is empirically robust in the macro- economic and microeconomic literature as well as in the rapidly evolving randomised field evaluation studies. This article appraises the role of infrastructure in economic growth and poverty alleviation in Africa. It notes that Africa’s infrastructure is still much below international standards in terms of quantity and quality. Access, affordability and quality of service continue to be key issues in all infrastructure sectors. Poverty was also not carefully addressed as part of the regulatory and other reform packages implemented during the 1990s. Not surprisingly, the infrastructure needs of the poor, the majority of who reside in rural and peri-urban areas have not been met and they continue to rely on unsafe, unreliable and often overpriced alternatives to compensate for the policy failures. Unlike the reforms of the 1990s which were shaped by ideological cleavages and blame game, there is gradually a coalescing of opinions on the reform agenda in the twenty-first century. The choice is no longer between a segregation of public and private provision but mutual collaboration between both actors. The public sector is now expected to play a much more important role in financing infrastructure than previously acknow-ledged, while the private sector should assist in meeting the significant needs associated with infrastructure construction, operation, and to some extent, financing in sectors such as telecommunications, energy generation, and transport services in which commercial and political risks are much lower. JEL Classification: F3, L3, L9, N17, 055
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Fourie, David, and Cornel Malan. "Public Procurement in the South African Economy: Addressing the Systemic Issues." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (2020): 8692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208692.
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Public procurement fulfils an important role in the economy and public expenditure of a country and can be regarded as a critical indicator of the effectiveness of a government, because it is a central aspect of public service delivery. Notwithstanding various reforms made to date to public sector procurement in South Africa and the application of Supply Chain Management as a strategic policy strategic instrument, the South African public procurement system still faces several challenges and has been strongly criticised. This paper aims to understand the current public procurement environment in South Africa, its dilemmas and challenges, and to propose that public procurement be refocused towards a strategically placed business process, implemented by well-trained and competent procurement officials. The purpose is to provide a theoretical foundation as well as practical guidance regarding the role of public procurement in the South African public sector. The methodology involved an intensive literature study and document analysis to evaluate various official policy documents and official publications to determine the status of South African public procurement. The study found that the majority of challenges faced by public procurement in South Africa can probably be attributed to the implementation of the system, rather than to the system itself. In the shorter and longer term, the public procurement system in South Africa will have no choice but to emerge as a stronger, more resilient, streamlined and efficient provider of goods and services for the greater good of all.
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Eberhard, Anton, and Raine Naude. "The South African Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme: A Review and Lessons Learned." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 27, no. 4 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2016/v27i4a1483.
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The South African Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) is a competitive tender process that was launched to facilitate private sector investment into grid-connected renewable energy (RE) generation. It has been an undisputed success in terms of capacity, investment and price outcomes. Since 2011 a total of 6,328 Megawatts of wind, solar PV and other RE generation capacity has been procured, amounting to USD 20.5 billion in investment. Bid tariffs have fallen sharply over the course of the programme and the most recently awarded projects are amongst the lowest priced grid-connected RE projects in the world. Considering South Africa's success in achieving more investment via Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in 4 years than in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa over the past 25, the REIPPPP's design and management is likely to be of interest to policymakers in African (and other developing) countries. This paper thus provides a comprehensive review of the programme’s tender documentation, implementation, and outcomes to date. Together with supporting research, this analysis has been used to develop a set of high-level lessons intended to facilitate the roll out of similar RE IPP competitive tender programmes in other emerging markets.
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Dioha, Michael O., and Atul Kumar. "Exploring sustainable energy transitions in sub-Saharan Africa residential sector: The case of Nigeria." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 117 (January 2020): 109510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109510.
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Sare, Yakubu Awudu. "Effect of financial sector development on energy consumption in Africa: Is it threshold specific?" International Journal of Green Energy 16, no. 15 (2019): 1637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1681428.
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Suberu, Mohammed Yekini, Mohd Wazir Mustafa, Nouruddeen Bashir, Nor Asiah Muhamad, and Ahmad Safawi Mokhtar. "Power sector renewable energy integration for expanding access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25 (September 2013): 630–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.033.
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Adefarati, Temitope, and G. D. Obikoya. "Evaluation of Wind Resources Potential and Economic Analysis of Wind Power Generation in South Africa." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 44 (August 2019): 150–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.44.150.
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The presence of adequate renewable energy resources and the rapid development of wind projects in South Africa have led to mapping out of the country’s wind capability. In view of this, the economic prospects of utilizing wind energy as a potential energy alternative in South Africa are examined and discussed from the perspectives of green energy strategies for sustainable energy development. This research work is designed to investigate the economic effects of using the wind turbine (WT) in ten locations in South Africa based on the grid planning and power sector reform. The HOMER application software is utilized in this study to assess the wind resources on provincial and national scales, along with estimating the annual energy generation of the selected locations. The wind energy potential of South Africa is analysed by utilizing the capacity factor (CF), wind penetration and mean output of the WT for various locations in South Africa. The results obtained from the study indicate that the selected sites fall within the range of Class 1V of IEC wind classifications with the annual average wind speed of 4.04 m/s for Pretoria and 6.39 m/s for Cape Town at 50m hub heights. The economic assessment of the WT for electric power generation is carried out by using some key performance indicators (KPIs) such as net energy purchased, energy sold, revenue, grid energy purchased, annual utility bill savings, net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). It is established from the study that Cape Town is the most suitable location for installation of the WT by utilizing the same load profile and system configuration. The output of this research work can be used by the renewable energy development agencies as inputs to harness the potential of wind resources for strategic planning of the power sector reform and industrial development.
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Sy, Amadou N. R., and Mariama Sow. "Does Good Governance Matter more for Energy Investment? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of African Economies 28, no. 6 (2019): i16—i40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejz023.
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Abstract This paper examines the relationship between three global priorities: access to energy, good governance, and financing for development. Using the World Governance Indicators (WGI), it finds that while governance matters for raising domestic revenues, its effect on external financing sources is mixed. Good governance, except for political stability, does not appear to matter much for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to oil exporting countries but is positively associated with FDI to oil importing countries. In contrast, official development finance (ODA) is positively associated with good governance. The bigger bang for improving governance is at home in the form of increased tax revenues (excluding resource rents). The paper also uses the newly developed Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) and finds that improved governance is associated with increased private investment and ODA to the energy sector. In contrast, Chinese investment to the sector appears not to be responsive to changes in governance.
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M. Odhiambo, Nicholas. "Energy consumption and financial development in South Africa." Ekonomski pregled 70, no. 1 (2019): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.70.1.3.
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This paper examines the dynamic relationship between energy consumption and financial development in South Africa during the period 1980-2013. In order to address the omission of variable bias, the study has included economic growth as an intermittent variable between financial development and energy consumption. Unlike some previous studies, this study uses three proxies for financial development: i) domestic credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP as a proxy for financial institutions’ depth; ii) bank credit to bank deposits as a proxy for financial institutions’ stability; and iii) bank lending-deposit spread as a proxy for financial institutions’ efficiency. Using the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration and Granger-causality test, the obtained results show that there is a distinct long-run unidirectional causal flow from financial development to energy consumption in South Africa. This applies irrespective of which proxy has been used to measure the level of financial development. The study also finds that there is a long-run unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption, and a unidirectional causality from economic growth to financial development when bank lending-deposit interest rates spread is used as a proxy for financial development. This, therefore, implies that energy consumption in South Africa is largely driven by the growth-led financial development in the long run.
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Ali, Essossinam. "Climate change and agricultural development in West Africa: Role of renewable energy and trade openness." Environmental Economics 12, no. 1 (2021): 14–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.02.
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The design, implementation, and evaluation of energy policies in combating climate change are becoming increasingly evident to strengthen economic growth driven by the agricultural sector in most developing countries. The study analyzes the direct and indirect effects of renewable energy consumption (REC) on agriculture value-added (AgVA), CO2 emissions, and trade openness in the short- and long-run in the West African countries. The second-generation panel unit root tests, the panel cointegration methods, and Panel Vector Error Correction Model are used with World Bank data from 1990 to 2015. A panel Granger causality test was also used to determine the direction of causality between variables. Findings show a unidirectional relationship between AgVA, CO2 emissions, and REC; between REC, gross fixe capital formation (GFCF) and trade openness. Moreover, the bidirectional hypothesis is verified between agricultural development and trade openness. However, the null hypothesis is found between AgVA and GFCF, on the one hand, and GFCF and CO2 emissions, on the other hand. These results suggest that fostering renewable energy policy and revisiting trade policy toward reducing environmental pollution will enable agricultural development and boost the regional economy. AcknowledgmentThe author wants to thank Dr. Moukpè GNINIGUE for his technical supports and Prof. Jean Marcelin Bosson BROU from the University of Houphouet Boigny (Cote d’Ivoire), Dr. Odzadifo K. WONYRA and Dr. Hodabalo BATAKA from the University of Kara, Dr. Koffi Massesso ADJI from the West African Sciences Services Centre on Climate Change and Land Use (University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar) and Essotanam MAMBA from the University of Lomé for their constructive comments on the earlier version of this manuscripts. Finally, the author is grateful to the anonymous reviewers and Editor-in-Chief of Environmental Economics, whose comments have improved this paper. However, the opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the author.
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Aitken, R. "Household energy use: a comparison of household energy consumption and expenditure across three provinces." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18, no. 1 (2007): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i1a3338.
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This paper details and contrasts the patterns of household energy consumption from three sample groups across three provinces in South Africa. The three samples were selected from unelectrified areas in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal, North West and the Eastern Cape. The paper shows the range of energy sources and carriers as well as the most prominent and common applications. Understand-ing patterns of household energy consumption and expenditure, as well as the energy burden of rural households can be used to shape and inform ener-gy interventions within these regions for both public and private sector concerns.
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Karekezi, Stephen, and John Kimani. "Status of power sector reform in Africa: impact on the poor." Energy Policy 30, no. 11-12 (2002): 923–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00048-4.
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