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1
Hanegan, Andrew Aaron. "Industrial energy use indices." Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85849.
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Energy use index (EUI) is an important measure of energy use which normalizes
energy use by dividing by building area. Energy use indices and associated coefficients
of variation are computed for major industry categories for electricity and natural gas use
in small and medium-sized plants in the U.S. The data is very scattered with the
coefficients of variation (CoV) often exceeding the average EUI for an energy type. The
combined CoV from all of the industries considered, which accounts for 8,200 plants
from all areas of the continental U.S., is 290%. This paper discusses EUIs and their
variations based on electricity and natural gas consumption. Data from milder climates
appears more scattered than that from colder climates. For example, the ratio of the
average of coefficient of variations for all industry types in warm versus cold regions of
the U.S. varies from 1.1 to 1.7 depending on the energy sources considered.
The large data scatter indicates that predictions of energy use obtained by
multiplying standard EUI data by plant area may be inaccurate and are less accurate in
warmer than colder climates (warmer and colder are determined by annual average
temperature weather data). Data scatter may have several explanations, including
climate, plant area accounting, the influence of low cost energy and low cost buildings
used in the south of the U.S. This analysis uses electricity and natural gas energy consumption and area data of
manufacturing plants available in the U.S. Department of Energy's national Industrial
Assessment Center (IAC) database. The data there come from Industrial Assessment
Centers which employ university engineering students, faculty and staff to perform
energy assessments for small to medium-sized manufacturing plants. The nation-wide
IAC program is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.
A collection of six general energy saving recommendations were also written with
Texas manufacturing plants in mind. These are meant to provide an easily accessible
starting point for facilities that wish to reduce costs and energy consumption, and are
based on common recommendations from the Texas A&M University IAC program.
2
Afrane-Okese, Yaw. "Domestic energy use database for integrated energy planning." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18688.
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One of the legacies of the apartheid policies in South Africa has been·the huge gap between rich and poor households in terms of their access to basic energy services. This study explores the essence of shifting from· supply-driven approach to an integrated framework in energy planning order to evolve policies that match national goals and objectives with the energy needs of the low-income households. The principles of Integrated Energy Planning (IEP) are outline for the household sector and the development of an energy database is identified as one of the important processes required in IEP. The design of the database is practically demonstrated by capturing existing secondary and primary data on energy use in low-income households in South Africa. The user-interface and on-line data analysis of the database are also illustrated. Furthermore, the data has been extensively analysed to show the factors that influence energy demand in the low-income households and how these factors may interact with one another. In·addition, energy grid-use data·has been aggregated from the· database as input into an energy modelling computer programme for estimating energy demand projections for low-income households. These energy demand projections are based on 'energy scenarios which investigate alternate energy supply options. Thus the study illustrates how energy use data can be organised into a tool for informing policy formulation. Bibliography: p. 154-156.
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Alvarez, André Luiz Montero. "Uso racional e eficiente de energia elétrica: metodologia para determinação dos potenciais de conservação dos usos finais em instalações de ensino e similares." Universidade de São Paulo, 1998. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-17082001-000915/.
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Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para a determinação do potencial de conservação de energia elétrica de usos finais, orientada para a análise de instalações de ensino, aplicável, também, a instalações comerciais em geral. Os usos finais considerados no trabalho são: iluminação, ar condicionado, microcomputadores pessoais e outros equipamentos elétricos. São apresentados procedimentos para o levantamento de dados e para a determinação do potencial de conservação de energia elétrica de cada uso final analisado, além de uma metodologia estatística para a análise de contas de energia elétrica. São definidos, também, indicadores do uso de energia elétrica bastante úteis em diagnósticos energéticos, permitindo estimar o potencial de conservação da instalação a partir da análise comparativa de seus índices com valores típicos obtidos em outros diagnósticos energéticos ou em publicações especializadas. A aplicação prática da metodologia é apresentada na forma de um estudo de caso, realizado em 1996 na Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira - CUASO, o maior campus da Universidade de São Paulo USP e um dos maiores do Brasil, localizado na cidade de São Paulo. Um volume considerável de informações é analisado e discutido em detalhes, fornecendo dados globais e desagregados em usos finais sobre as características de consumo e os potenciais de conservação de energia elétrica do campus.<br>This work presents a methodology for determining the potential of electric energy conservation of electricity end uses. The methodology is oriented to university premises, but it is also applicable to other types of installations. End uses considered in this work include lighting, air conditioning, personal computers and other electric devices. Procedures for data gathering and determination of conservation potential of each end use are presented. A statistical methodology for analyzing electricity bills is also presented. Furthermore, some useful indicators for energy diagnoses are developed. These indicators allow the estimation of the conservation potential of a given installation through comparison with typical values extracted from the other energy diagnoses or technical literature. The proposed methodology was applied in the main campus of University of São Paulo USP, one of the largest in Brazil with some 30,000 undergraduate students. A large amount of data is analyzed and discussed, yielding global and specific indicators regarding end use characteristics and conservation potential within the campus.
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Van, Zyl GHC. "Solar energy for domestic use." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/884.
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Thesis (MTech(Chemical engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 2000<br>The demand for pool heating has increased dramatically over the last few years.
This is ascribed to the idea that a swimming pool is expensive and can only be
used for four months of the year. Therefore, a need for a relatively inexpensive
solar heating system, capable of heating pool water to comfortable temperatures
for an extended period, does exist.
The least expensive solar heating system for swimming pool heating on the
market in South Africa is in the order of R 11000. This is a fixed system, usually
mounted on the roof of a house. In order to ensure the safety of minors, a safety
net or sail must be installed. This is an additional cost, which approximates
R1500, yielding a total cost for safety and heating in the order of R 12500.
Copper pipes packed in black material are utilised in these conventional heating
systems, and it is the cost of this good heat conductor that makes these units
expensive.
In this study an alternative pool heating system constructed of PVC was
investigated. The system is designed to be flexible, mobile, act as a safety
mechanism and absorbs the maximum amount of solar energy available. Dark
blue material as opposed to black PVC was selected for aesthetic reasons at the
expense of maximum efficiency.
The material strength was tested as well as the strength of adhesion. The
influence of factors such as exposure to the sun and the effect of water
containing chlorine and acid on the material were evaluated. Also, various means
of channelling the water through the system for increased efficiency was
investigated.
A pilot model was constructed and its performance evaluated. It has been
concluded that the alternative approach provides effective heating at a lower cost
than current systems. Also, the durability of the design was found to be
acceptable.
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Price, Jamie H., Maranda O. Abel, Amanda Varney, and David Wexler. "Positive Energy: Investigating Alternative Energy Use in Middle Schools." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6027.
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This chapter introduces a project-based learning lesson that integrates science, English language arts (ELA), and math through a study related to energy sources. Throughout the lesson, students are engaged in a real-world problem of determining the impact of a population on energy resources and discovering ways to build greener, more energy-efficient schools for students of the future. Within this chapter, the authors present a proposed project timeline that teachers can use for implementation within their own classrooms, including an entry event to engage students in the mission of the project. A connection between science, ELA, and math practices is addressed in order to provide students with an opportunity to understand the correlation between all three subject areas. Suggested teaching and learning tasks focused on the driving question of the project and related to all three subject areas are presented along with suggestions for a culminating product and assessment of student learning.
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Persson, Johannes. "Low-energy buildings : energy use, indoor climate and market diffusion." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Energiprocesser, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143480.
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Low-energy buildings have, in recent years, gained attention and moved towards a large-scale introduction in the residential sector. During this process, national and international criteria for energy use in buildings have become stricter and the European Union has through the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive imposed on member states to adapt their building regulations for ‘Nearly Zero Energy Buildings’, which by 2021 should be standard for new buildings. With a primary focus on new terraced and detached houses, this thesis analyses how the concept of low-energy buildings may be further developed to reduce the energy use in the residential sector. The main attention is on the technical performance in terms of indoor climate and heat consumption as well as on the market diffusion of low-energy buildings into the housing market. A multidisciplinary approach is applied, which here means that the concept of low-energy buildings is investigated from different perspectives as well as on different system levels. The thesis thus encompasses methods from both engineering and social sciences and approaches the studied areas through literature surveys, interviews, assessments and simulations. The thesis reveals how an increased process integration of the building’s energy system can improve the thermal comfort in low-energy buildings. Moreover, it makes use of learning algorithms – in this case artificial neural networks – to study how the heat consumption can be predicted in a low-energy building in the Swedish climate. The thesis further focuses on the low-energy building as an element in our society and it provides a market diffusion analysis to gain understanding of the contextualisation process. In addition, it suggests possible approaches to increase the market share of low-energy buildings.<br><p>QC 20140321</p>
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Jämting, Hanna. "Sustainable Energy : Implications of Charcoal Use in Babati Households & Possibilities to Use Alternative Energy Sources." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2160.
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<p>This thesis investigates social impacts of charcoal use in households in the Tanzanian town Babati. In Tanzania a majority of the population use charcoal and firewood as their main energy source. A part from the environmental problems connected to charcoal use; there are also considerable social impacts on women’s daily lives. Cooking and collection of wood fuel are time-consuming and restricts the possibilities for women to work and study. The thesis includes an investigation on how the Tanzanian government tackles problems connected to charcoal use, social as well as environmental. The result shows that the Tanzanian government is working with charcoal related problems to some extent but as previous studies shows there are still more that can be done. The main efforts made concentrate on information campaigns and promotion of more energy efficient equipments. One important problem is however that wood fuel is the cheapest available energy source and hence the incentives to start using other, more sustainable, energy sources are very small. The thesis also investigates possibilities for Babati households to substitute charcoal use with renewable energy sources available in the town. The result shows that the possibilities to use renewable energy currently are very limited and mainly affordable to richer households.</p>
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Johansson, Lars. "Efficient energy use in different applications." Doctoral thesis, Luleå : Department of applied physics and mechanical engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 2007. http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1544/2007/24/.
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O'Connell, Lillian. "ENERGY-USE BEHAVIOR AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2989.
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As the effects of global climate change become increasingly apparent, many concerned individuals are making efforts to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. One simple and effective method of reducing one s personal carbon footprint is through energy conservation behavior. Studies have shown that occupant behavior can control as much as 50% of residential energy use and that energy use varies widely between residences with the same number of occupants depending on consumption behavior. In light of this, energy conservation behavior is a valuable method of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and curbing the effects of climate change. Motivating people to conserve energy could have profound positive effects on the environment. The following study applies Icek Ajzen s Theory of Planned Behavior (1991) to energy conservation behavior among college students in the state of Florida. This research tests the hypothesis that pro-environmental attitudes, influence of peers, and a high level of perceived control over behavior have a significant impact on energy conservation behavior.<br>M.A.<br>Department of Sociology<br>Sciences<br>Applied Sociology MA
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Norman, Jonathan. "Industrial energy use and improvement potential." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577741.
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This thesis aims to examine energy demand within UK industry and assess the improvement potential available through efficiency measures. The techniques employed throughout the work have been mainly engineering based, drawing on thermodynamics. Alongside this approach, an assessment of drivers and barriers to the technical potential was undertaken. Data availability was a key challenge in the current work. The variety in energy uses meant the use of publically available datasets was limited. A database was constructed utilising site level emissions data, and employed a subsector disaggregation that facilitated energy analysis. The database was used for an analysis of waste heat recovery options. Opportunities were identified in low temperature recovery, heat-ta-power technology, and the transport of heat. Each of these options would require further research and support to be fully realised. It was found that splitting the industrial sector into an energy-intensive and non-energy- intensive subsector, where the grouping was based on the drivers to energy efficiency, allowed generalisations to be made regarding future improvement potential. Based on analysis of past trends, it was found that the energy-intensive subsector has limited potential for further efficiency gains through currently used processes. To make significant improvements radical changes in current processes will be required. A study of the energy-intensive Cement subsector concurred with these findings. Future efficiency improvements in this subsector are likely limited without a shift to alternative cement production. The non-energy-intensive subsector was thought to have relatively greater improvement potential through existing processes. The analysis of these processes is limited by lack of data however. An analysis of the non-energy-intensive Food and drink subsector therefore focussed on improvements in supplying low temperature heat, rather than the efficiency of specific processes. Opportunities through improving steam systems, increasing combined heat-and-power use, and the adoption of heat pumps were found to offer similar improvement potentials.
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Kabanova, L. "Energy use: economic and ecological problems." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8316.
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Tromop, R. W. "Energy use and energy technologies on the University of Canterbury campus." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6419.
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Building energy systems and the use of energy in an institution, (The University of Canterbury's Ilam campus) are .investigated in this report. The existing installed systems are analysed and alternative "State of the Art" building energy systems are investigated. While technical and economic factors are the main criteria by which these systems are judged, commercial acceptability in New Zealand has also been a major concern.
Section 1 details existing campus building energy systems.
Section 2 examines the following alternative systems:
1. Peak Shaving of electrical demand peaks, is compared with energy cost savings from electrical load reductions.
2. Provision of both heat and electricity needs for the campus by combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant. A CHP plant analysis spreadsheet was developed to help determine the performance of the plant under the varying simultaneous heat and electrical loads on the campus.
3. Alternative air conditioning systems are examined including, centralised district cooling schemes, evaporative cooling, and cold thermal storage.
4. Conversion of the existing steam heating system to hot water operation.
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Brown, Carrie Ann Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Toward zero net energy buildings : optimized for energy use and cost." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77776.
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Thesis (Ph. D. in Building Technology)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-125).<br>Recently, there has been a push toward zero net energy buildings (ZNEBs). While there are many options to reduce the energy used in buildings, it is often difficult to determine which are the most appropriate technologies to implement. To reach zero energy, some designs extensively rely on the use of photovoltaics (PV) to meet the building load, without first exploring the benefits of deep energy efficiency measures. To minimize energy use in a cost effective manner, a tool has been developed to help compare distributed generation (DG) alternatives with energy efficiency measures early in the design process. It was designed to be accessible to non-technical users and to allow them to set up and run simulations in just a few minutes. The tool was built on top of Design Advisor, which provides the capability to analyze a suite of energy efficiency measures such as insulation, window type, schedules, and HVAC types, as well as green and cool roofs. New modules that have been developed for Design Advisor include: heat pumps, absorption chillers, PV, cogeneration, and cost. Using capital cost above baseline as the independent variable, the tool outputs the net annual energy use and total cost (capital and energy) for each case analyzed in the optimization. This allows the user to understand the range of technologies and costs involved along the path from the basecase to a ZNEB.<br>by Carrie Ann Brown.<br>Ph.D.in Building Technology
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Björklund, Lina. "Energy Audit and Energy Saving Measures of a Large Office Building : Bern 9 in Örnsköldsvik." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32840.
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There is a large potential in making the residential and service sector more energy efficient and the first step towards achieving a more efficient use of energy is to implement an energy audit. In this study a property with an approximate area of 8 000 m2, consisting of a main building and three building extensions from different eras has been examined. The main building and its extensions were built in different stages and the first one in the early 20th century and some parts of the last building extension were modified at the time that the examination was carried out. This indicates that there is a vast energy savings potential in the property and an energy audit was performed. The main aim of the study was to examine where the energy was being used and where energy could be saved. Energy saving measures has been suggested together with a calculated approximate energy decrease and payback period. The total energy savings potential for the measures is approximately 146 MWh. The energy audit showed that a large amount of electricity was being used during non-work hours and that energy was lost through the building envelope. The electricity use during non-work hours was examined during the night walk, however, it is suggested to carry out further examinations regarding the property’s vast electricity use during non-work hours. To add loose wool in the roof of B2 has an energy savings potential of 33 000 kWh/year. Another measure is to clean the heat exchangers, this measure has an energy savings potential of 26 000 kWh/year. Also it is suggested to optimize the operational hours for the lighting by implementing presence control and to decrease the energy use for ventilation by cleaning the heat exchangers. Further examinations that would improve the study would be to do measurements of the electricity and temperatures to get a better understanding of the buildings energy use. Also to model the building in a simulation tool would give a calculated energy loss that is more like the actual energy loss of the building and make the results more reliable.
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Kamath, Shreyas Mandar. "Energy Use Intensities across Building Use Types and Climate Zones using the CBECS dataset." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1586533755964739.
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McDonald, Christopher Ernest. "Framework for a visual energy use system." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1892.
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Sretenovic, Aleksandra. "Analysis of energy use at university campus." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23572.
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The study of the building energy demand has become a topic of great importance, because of the significant increase of interest in energy sustainability. University campuses represent specific groups of diverse buildings, with significant energy consumption. They consist of many different buildings, representing small-scale town for itself. Therefore, they provide an excellent testbed to characterize and understand energy consumption of group of „mixed use“ buildings. Suitable building database for University campus NTNU Gloshaugen is created, and available data of heating and electricity energy use are collected and organized. Having correct and reliable data is essential, so data error analysis using statistical methods is performed. Heating energy use was modeled using Matlab statistical toolbox functions. Creating a model of energy use helps in future building planning; it can provide useful information about most probable energy consumption for similar buildings, or predict energy use in different conditions. This assignment is realised as a part of the collaborative project “Sustainable Energy and Environment in Western Balkans” that aims to develop and establish five new internationally recognized MSc study programs for the field of “Sustainable Energy and Environment”, one at each of the five collaborating universities in three different WB countries. The project is funded through the Norwegian Programme in Higher Education, Research and Development in the Western Balkans, Programme 3: Energy Sector (HERD Energy) for the period 2011-2013.
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Usman, Muhammad. "Use of Telecom Energy for Smart Grid." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23623.
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With increasing electricity demand and environmental concerns, utilities are looking for improved network operations and efficient energy consumption. Telecom sites with their flexible energy storage and controllable power flows have significant potential to improve reliability, efficiency, security and quality of electricity supply in the AC distribution system.Power quality events such as voltage sags, flickers and energization of power devices cause disturbances in the operational grid. Moreover, extensive use of power electronics devices requires additional reactive power from the grid and cause distortion in the source current waveforms. These power quality problems were identified both from the literature studies and measurements obtained from Sintef Energy, a research organization in Norway. Line rectifiers are being used as grid/utility interfaces for the telecom sites. In this master thesis, an idea is proposed to replace rectifiers with bi-directional AC/DC converters. Operational control schemes for up-to three converters have been developed with the help of vector control technique. These converters with the battery banks on DC side; are not only capable of supplying power for telecommunication services but also of providing the possibility of voltage support, harmonics and reactive power compensation. Basic distribution network models were developed in the software package MATLAB/SIMULINK® to analyse the impact of connected telecom converters both for the voltage support and ancillary services. Simulations were performed and it was observed that the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) was reduced to maximum 3.4%, reactive power drawn from the grid became zero and voltage dip in case of wind distributed generation rises from 83.5% to 97.5% when three Telecom sites started supporting the grid. It was also seen that with proper energy management system, Telecom sites can also support utilities by supplying active power during peak hours load demand and for islanding operation.THD level within the IEEE, IEC, EN power quality standards, compensation of reactive power and provision of voltage support prove that the efficiency of a network can be improved by properly implementing Smart Grid together with the support from distributed telecom sites. Keywords:Smart Grid, power quality issues, Telecom Power Infrastructure, power electronics, voltage source converter, vector oriented control, harmonics, active and reactive power, voltage support.
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Nilsson, Nina. "Increased use of solar energy in commercial buildings by integrating energy storage." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190614.
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From a comparison of available thermal energy storage (TES) technologies it can be concluded that the most mature and suitable storage methods for modern commercial buildings in Sweden are storage tanks, either for heat or cold energy, and underground storage solutions such as borehole thermal energy storage (BTES), aquifer storage and energy piles. In this study an integrated solar energy storage system for heating purpose has been designed with BTES, hot water storage tank(s) and solar thermal collectors. The system has been constructed for three different reference buildings in Stockholm and Malmö using the simulation software Polysun, as to investigate the optimal size of BTES system from an economical and energy perspective. The results showed that the optimal storage dimension for the three reference buildings from an economic perspective for a BTES system was 50 % of a building’s peak power demand for heating and tap warm water. The specific energy demand could be lowered significantly for all three buildings, even if applying a weighting factor on the electricity used for the heat pumps. The investment return in the integrated energy storage system turned out to be positive in most cases; however the net present value (NPV) was negative for some of the storage dimensions in the sensitivity analysis. The conclusion from the study is that BTES systems have potential to increase the use of solar energy in modern commercial buildings in a cost effective way, making it easier to reach the future goals of near zero energy buildings (NZEB).
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Brown, Llinos. "Energy cultures : an approach to explore workplace energy use at multiple scales." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2017. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/23797/.
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Industry is attempting to meet its greenhouse gas emission targets by implementing energy efficiency measures. Technological solutions are often employed through the provision of onsite energy generation and improvements in heating and ventilation systems, despite Janda’s (2000) observation that ‘people use energy not buildings’, with the role of employees often overlooked. Researchers have also tended to ignore the important role of employees when examining energy use in the workplace (Andrews and Johnson, 2016). The unique aspect of the thesis is its attempt to address this gap in research by developing a multi-scalar workplace energy culture framework to inform research on energy use in an industrial workplace. In developing the workplace energy culture framework, the thesis argues that current approaches to examining energy use offer little opportunity for application in the workplace. The workplace energy culture framework provides a lens to examine and gain an understanding of the individual and organisational determinants of energy use. In the thesis, it has been operationalised through a mixed-methods case study approach consisting of surveys, interviews, focus groups and observations. Taken together, these provide both theoretical and methodological insights that could be deployed in other settings. BAE Systems is the collaborative partner of this EPSRC CASE award research, and the workplace energy culture framework was initially applied to one of its UK manufacturing facilities before being deployed to inform research on two US sites. An examination of the energy culture at the UK site provides a rich empirical insight into employees’ attitudes towards energy use on the site. It also highlights the various organisational determinants of energy use, such as the physical environment, wider organisational culture, sub-cultures and methods of communication. This thesis details how interventions seeking to improve energy efficiency – such as ISO 50001 – can target determinants of the framework, which can lead to improvements in energy efficiency and change the site energy culture. The study of various sites also provides insights into how energy cultures change with geography.
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Bennett, Matt. "Auditing energy utilisation in conurbations." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341048.
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Nordström, Gustav. "Use of energy-signature method to estimate energy performance in single-family buildings." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26730.
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The renewal of the existing housing stock is a slow progress and theexisting is quite old. The existing housing stock represents a largeamount of the bought energy need for heating and a simple method forquickly determining the energy performance is needed.There are many different methods for estimating the energyperformance of buildings. In this report the feasibility of using asingle-variate steady state method to investigate energy performancehas been tested. Bought energy need in single-family houses in a coldclimate has been observed during the cold period. The observationshave been made with the help of a measurement system requiring aminimal installation. The heat loss factor of the observed buildingshas been determined using the energy signature approach and differenttime scales have been tried.The result shows that to determine the heat loss factor of single-familybuildings, a single-variate method is valid. Daily averages are a goodtime scale for houses using radiators under the windows to heat thebuilding. Buildings with floor heating in concrete slab need to have alonger time scale, around 3 days.The method does not account for occupancy levels and separateenergy use in specific installations is not easy to estimate with theminimalized measurement setup. A combination of heat sources suchas district heating, electrical heating, heat recovery and/or fire stove isproblematic to handle with the energy signature method if enoughobservations for al heat sources can be achieved.<br>Godkänd; 2014; 20140916 (ysko); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Gustav Nordström Ämne: Träbyggnad/Timber Structures Uppsats: Use of energy-signature method to estimate energy performance in single-family buildings Examinator: Biträdande professor Helena Lidelöw, Institutionen för Samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Teknologie doktor Jutta Schade, avd. för Byggproduktion, Institutionen för Samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag den 31 oktober 2014 kl 10.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Petrick, Ingolf, Lilli Dombrowski, Michael Kröger, Thomas Beckert, Thomas Kuchling, and Sven Kureti. "Algae Biorefinery – Material and energy use of algae." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-137259.
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Algae offer as much as 30 times greater biomass productivity than terrestrial plants, and are able to fix carbon and convert it into a number of interesting products.
The numerous challenges in algae production and use extend across the entire process chain. They include the selection of suitable algal phyla, cultivation (which takes place either in open ponds or in closed systems), extraction of the biomass from the suspension, through to optimal use of the obtained biomass. The basic suitability of aquatic biomass for material use and energy supply has been demonstrated in a large number of studies. Numerous research projects are concerned with identifying the optimal processes to enable its widespread implementation. [... aus der Einleitung]
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Hedenberg, Ola, and John Wallander. "Solar energy for domestic use in southern Brazil." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1603.
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<p>Almost all the domestic water in Brazil is heated with an electrical heater directly by the end consumer. A typical heater has an effect of 5 400 W and when the whole population takes a shower in the evening it causes big peaks in the electrical grid. This consumption peaks could be reduced by simple and cheap solar collector system. </p><p>Different system technologies and the most important parts of a solar collector system are described in the technical background. In Lajeado almost every system is a self-circulated system because of the simplicity and the lower costs. </p><p>Solar cooling as an alternative to the vapor compressor chillers has been studied. The cooling demand is biggest when the sun shines; this makes the sun perfect as a source to cooling. The ab- and adsorption chillers as a method in the future have been discussed in this paper; however it has only been studied briefly because small scale chillers using the technology can not be found on the market yet. </p><p>A number of different systems have been dimensioned after the existing conditions of Lajeado, the town where the project has been carried out in. Prizes and costs for both installation and materials come from the local solar collector supplier. With this as a background; several systems for various hot water demands has been dimensioned and costs and repayment time been calculated. A study of all the systems shows that, if the hot water demand increases and the systems get bigger, the profitability grows and the repayment time becomes shorter, down to three years. In almost every case the repayment time was under eight years, which makes solar heating attractive and the profit is good for the southern Brazil.</p>
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Alfredsson, Eva. "Green consumption energy use and carbon dioxide emission." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-80.
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The aim of this thesis is to explore the quantitative potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions through changed patterns of consumption, given unchanged levels of consumption expenditure. The thesis question is analysed using a systems analysis approach which in this case means that life cycle assessment data on energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to household consumption are combined with a financial and behavioural analysis to make sure that the budget constraint is kept and that both the first and second order effects of adopting a green consumption pattern are analysed. The budget constraints are kept using a general linear model. By using marginal propensities to spend to direct the reallocation of saved or deficit money calculated utility is maintained as far as possible. Further, investigations explore the impact of individual household demographic characteristics and geographic context on household consumption patterns, energy requirements and CO2 emissions. The key result of this thesis is that changed household behaviour, choosing “green“ products and energy efficient technology will not make a big difference. What can be achieved in the short time perspective by adopting an almost completely green consumption pattern and energy efficient technology is a reduction of energy requirements by around 8% and CO2 emissions by around 13%. With a longer time perspective and further technological change that provides additional possibilities to move consumption patterns in a greener direction, the effect on energy requirements and CO2 emissions is still fairly small. By 2020, the potential to reduce energy requirements is around 13% and CO2 emissions around 25%. In the most extreme scenario (2050), the scope for reducing energy requirements is 17% and for CO2 emissions 30%. All these reductions will be outpaced by growth in income almost as soon as they are implemented. Of policy relevance the results reveal that very limited impact can be expected by a policy relying on greener consumption patterns, whether adopted voluntarily or as a result of incentives such as tax changes. Such a policy cannot achieve more than a small and temporary reduction to growth in energy requirements and CO2 emissions. It is also shown that, prescribing specific consumption patterns as a means of reducing energy requirements and CO2 emissions has to be done with care. This is illustrated by one of the experiments in which adopting a partly green consumption pattern, a green diet, in fact increased total energy requirements and CO2 emissions. This, and the results of all the other experiments show the importance of applying a systems approach. It demonstrates that life cycle data alone are irrelevant for assessing the total effects of adopting green consumption patterns. Further research on the potential to reduce energy requirements and CO2 emissions thus primarily needs to better capture system wide effects rather than to improve on, and fine tune the measurement of the energy requirements and CO2 emissions related to individual products.
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Darby, Sarah. "Awareness, action and feedback in domestic energy use." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:144896dd-f8d8-40ef-8122-5aeb3ac1551c.
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The nature of gas and electricity and the methods of distribution, billing and payment all contribute to the 'invisibility' of much domestic energy consumption in industrial and post-industrial societies. For the householder, understanding how to invest and behave in ways that will give affordable comfort with minimum environmental impact involves making sense of a hidden set of processes. This poses a major challenge, one that a range of energy advice programmes is attempting to meet. The main focus to date has been on the actions taken as a result of advice, with little attention paid to teaching and learning processes or to context. This thesis explores formal and informal processes by which householders learn about their energy use in order to develop a theoretical framework. Constructivist learning theory guides the investigation and a variant of the 'conscious competence' model of learning is used as a starting point. The concept of'tacit knowledge' (foundational knowledge, usually acquired informally) is used in tracing the development of energy literacy. Empirical data come from householder surveys and from interviews of householders and advisers in five contrasting locations in the UK. Interpretation of this material demonstrates the construction of meaning through experience and interaction with others, and the potential role of the energy adviser as a trusted and knowledgeable person. The building of tacit knowledge is crucial to the development of energy literacy and the householder's ability to absorb and evaluate new information. Energy advisers need to be able to identify and develop existing knowledge, and to form effective networks with social welfare programmes. The need to build awareness by following up advice wherever possible is stressed. There also needs to be a supportive learning infrastructure that includes easily accessible feedback on consumption, and the availability of accurate information for those who are knowledgeable and confident enough to teach themselves.
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Becken, Susanne. "Energy use in the New Zealand tourism sector." Phd thesis, Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/440.
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Energy use associated with tourism has rarely been studied, despite a potentially considerable contribution to global or national energy demand and concomitant greenhouse gas emissions. In New Zealand, tourism constitutes an increasingly important economic sector that is supported by the Government to induce further economic growth. At the same time New Zealand is facing the challenge of reducing currently increasing fossil fuel combustion and carbon dioxide emissions. As a response, this study investigated the contribution tourism makes to energy use in New Zealand. In particular it has examined the role of the three main tourism subsectors (transport, accommodation, and attractions/activities), and different domestic and international 'tourist types'. Seven separate data analyses provided inputs for building a model based on 'tourist types' from which energy use in the New Zealand tourism sector could be estimated. Tourism was found to contribute at least 5.6% to national energy demand, which is larger than its 4.9% contribution to GDP in 2000. Transport, in particular domestic air and car travel, was identified as the dominant energy consumer. Within the accommodation sub-sector, hotels are the largest energy consumers, both in total and on a per visitor-night basis. Of the three sub-sectors, attractions and activities contribute least to energy use, however, activities such as scenic flights or boat cruises were recognised as being energy intensive. As a result of larger visitor volumes, domestic tourists contribute more to energy consumption than international tourists. Domestic and international tourists types differ in their energy consumption patterns, for example measured as energy use per travel day. Tourist types that rely on air travel are the most energy intensive ones, for example the domestic 'long air business' travellers or the international 'coach tourists'. The importance of international tourists' energy use will increase, given current growth rates. There are many options to decrease energy use of the tourism sector, with the most effective ones being within the energy intensive transport sub-sector. Increasing vehicle efficiencies and decreasing travel distances appear to be the most promising measures. This study argues that energy use depends largely on tourists' travel behaviour. Changing behaviour is possible but is postulated to be very difficult, and further research is needed to better understand tourists' motivations, expectations and decision-making. Only then, can strategies be developed and implemented to alter travel behaviours to better balance energy use, other environmental impacts and economic yield. Such a balance is a crucial consideration in the search for more sustainable forms of tourism.
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Hellgren, Mattias. "Energy Use as a Consequence of Everyday Life." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122253.
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Energy use is a part of everyday life and the use of energy is a part of the global climate change. Policy makers urge individuals to change their daily behaviour in order to mitigate climate change and care for our common environment. The dissertation regards daily behaviour as activities performed by individuals. The theoretical base is the time-geographic approach wherein everyday life is regarded as a sequence of interlinked activities performed by indivisible individuals. The dissertation investigates individuals’ energy use as an outcome of the activities they perform in everyday life. The empirical base of the dissertation is time-diaries from the Swedish time use survey 2010/2011. The diary data is explored as sequences of daily activities by using sequence analysis and clustering. The results show that individuals’ energy use is closely interweaved with how they live their everyday lives in terms of activity sequences. The results imply that changing an activity affects both the intricate web of interaction in the household and the interdependence of activities in everyday life. Change does not only affect the singular activity that was the object for the change, but rather major parts of the sequence of activities. In order to address energy conservation in information campaigns considerations ought to be taken on how everyday life is shaped and formed by the individual, by negotiations between the individuals in households, and societal structures. Information can be targeted to groups of individuals with similar activity sequences as they are revealed by cluster analysis.<br>Energianvändningen är en del av vardagen likaväl som användningen av energi är en del av den globala klimatförändringen. För att mildra effekterna på vår gemensamma miljö uppmanas människor av politiker och andra beslutsfattare att förändra sitt vardagsbeteende. I avhandlingen betraktas vardagsbeteendet som människors dagliga aktiviteter. Avhandlingens teoretiska grund är den tidsgeografiska ansatsen, där människors vardag betraktas som en sekvens av de aktiviteter som utförs av odelbara individer. Människors dagliga sekvens av aktiviteter undersöks för att ta reda på vilken energianvändning som genomförandet av aktiviteterna ger upphov till. Den empiriska grunden för avhandlingen är tidsdagboksdata från den svenska tidsanvändningsstudien från 2010/2011 och avhandlingen utforskar tidsdagböckerna som sekvenser av aktiviteter med hjälp av sekvens- och klusteranalys. Resultaten visar att individers energianvändning är nära sammanvävd med de aktivitetssekvenser som visar hur vardagslivet levs. Resultaten pekar vidare på att förändringar av enskilda aktiviteter också påverkar andra aktiviteter i det dagliga livet. Förändringar av en aktivitet påverkar således hela den dagliga sekvensen av aktiviteter. I utformningen av information som syftar till att minska hushållens energianvändning bör hänsyn tas till hur vardagslivets aktivitetssekvens formas av den enskilde i samspelet både med andra individer i hushållet och med samhällsstrukturerna. Målgruppsinriktad information kan utformas med utgångspunkt from människors likartade aktivitetsmönster så som de framgår genom klusteranalys.
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Ek, Ludvig, and Tim Ottosson. "Optimization of energy storage use for solar applications." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Elektroniska Kretsar och System, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149305.
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Energy storage systems is very useful to use in solar panel systems to save money, but also tobe more environment-friendly. The project was given by the solar energy companyPerpetuum Automobile (PPAM) and the project is for their customer, the condominiumcompound Ekoxen. The task is to make a energy regulation for Ekoxen's energy storage sothey can save more money. The energy storage primary task is to shave the top-peaks of theconsumption for Ekoxen. Which means that the battery will supply the household instead forthe three-phase grid. This will make the electric bill for Ekoxen cheaper. Thesimulation/analysis of the energy regulation is done in a spreadsheet tool, where one partworks as a Time-of-Use program and the other work as a modbus feature. Time-of-Use is aweb-based program for PV systems with battery storage, where time-periods can be set toaffect the battery behavior. The modbus feature simulates a system where an algorithm can beimplemented. The results will show that the time-periods for charging the battery with theTime-of-Use program needs to be changed two times per year. One time for the summermonths and a second time for the rest of the months. The results will also show that themodbus feature is better on peak shaving than the time-of-use program.
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Petrick, Ingolf, Lilli Dombrowski, Michael Kröger, Thomas Beckert, Thomas Kuchling, and Sven Kureti. "Algae Biorefinery – Material and energy use of algae." DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum, 2013. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A4316.
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Algae offer as much as 30 times greater biomass productivity than terrestrial plants, and are able to fix carbon and convert it into a number of interesting products.
The numerous challenges in algae production and use extend across the entire process chain. They include the selection of suitable algal phyla, cultivation (which takes place either in open ponds or in closed systems), extraction of the biomass from the suspension, through to optimal use of the obtained biomass. The basic suitability of aquatic biomass for material use and energy supply has been demonstrated in a large number of studies. Numerous research projects are concerned with identifying the optimal processes to enable its widespread implementation. [... aus der Einleitung]
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van, den Broek Karlijn Lisette. "Antecedents of energy literacy and energy saving behaviour : a mixed methods approach." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707576.
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Energy conservation can mitigate significant issues such as climate change and fuel poverty, yet the determinants of this behaviour are poorly understood. It is important to understand the antecedents of energy conservation in order to effectively stimulate this behaviour in society. Traditional models have focused on normative and intentional processes to explain environmental behaviour, but have proven largely unsuccessful for predicting energy use. Considering that day-to-day energy behaviour is likely to be habitual and context dependent, models such as the Comprehensive Action Determination Model (CADM, Klöckner & Blöbaum, 2010), which have integrated these factors with more traditional antecedents of behaviour, may better account for people’s actions. The early research in this thesis tests the application of this model to energy saving behaviour using a mixed-methods approach. Findings show that such a model is suitable to account for the drivers of energy behaviour, particularly because of the important role of habits and situational influences on this behaviour. Although this model can successfully predict daily energy behaviours that involve the routine curtailment of household energy use, one-off energy efficiency investment behaviours are unlikely to be determined by the variables considered by the CADM. That is, these behaviours may be more dependent on people’s understanding of the energy consumption in their household, or their energy literacy. Therefore, the second part of this thesis investigates the cognitive processes that inform conscious energy judgements to explore the antecedents of this energy literacy. The studies in this thesis uncover an unprecedented variety of energy judgement heuristics in this decision-making process, and these heuristics are further investigated, again using various methods. This thesis concludes that, to maximally facilitate energy conservation, the habitual and situational antecedents of energy saving behaviour, as captured in such frameworks as the CADM, need to be considered alongside the cognitive processes that shape people’s energy literacy when designing effective energy conservation interventions that target both routine and non-routine actions.
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Eihab, Abdelghaffar Elsharkawy Heba. "Home energy use, lifestyle, and behaviour : a community energy saving programme (CESP) survey in Aspley, Nottingham." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28034/.
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With increasing concern over national green house gas (GHG) emissions, combined with the widespread economic impact of global commodities such as coal, natural gas and oil and their effect on energy prices, improving household energy efficiency can be seen as a key vehicle against which both energy emissions can be reduced and domestic GHG emissions curtailed. It is argued that factors that form the basis of choices, habits and values of individuals dictate an individual's decision to either adopt environmentally sustainable behaviour or not. This research reflects on how this specific area of energy policy is being enacted through policy and regulation, notably through one of the Community Energy Saving Programme (CESP) schemes, rolled out by the UK government in 2009. Although Government can play a pivotal role helping people foster more sustainable behaviour, it must do so in a manner that engages individuals and the public at large. As such, the aim is to adopt a more long term outlook towards encouraging sustainable energy use. The research reflects therefore on the results of a two-phase survey questionnaire administered to the residents of a CESP scheme in Aspley, Nottingham. The questionnaire sought to identify how tenants of energy-inefficient homes tend to behave with respect to domestic energy consumption and how their dwellings performed. This was augmented by quantitative data comprising utility bill figures gathered from the homes under investigation. This study adopts a mixed method strategy where the researcher combines both quantitative and qualitative data in order to provide comprehensive analysis of the research problem. In this research, 'before-and-after design' survey design is set up to explore the associations between variables under study. The field work survey was performed in one of the pilot CESP schemes currently under delivery in the Aspley area of Nottingham. Designed and executed in two survey phases, the first phase sought to understand residents' attitudes and behaviour and explore how this related to home energy use and performance prior to extensive energy-related upgrades to their dwellings. The second survey phase sought to examine changes - if any - in users' energy consumption behaviour and dwelling performance after their homes were upgraded to higher energy efficiency standards. This second phase also explored the possible reasons for any behavioural change depicted; whether it was due to policy uptake, information provided or means of communicating energy saving advice. The Aspley area in Nottingham is identified as one of the most deprived areas in Nottingham, besides the number of inefficient solid wall houses that are 'hard to heat'. Thus, assessing the effectiveness of policy interventions requires a clear understanding of consumer behaviour and motivations across all income groups so that the most appropriate approaches are developed. As such, it is possible that government aspirations to reduce energy consumption will go unheeded if they are inconsistent with the social and physical context of real life. Financial costs, past behaviour, social values and physical infrastructure are considered some of the most difficult barriers to changing energy behaviours. Policies need not only inform people about technological improvements that can be installed in their homes, but should also strongly encourage and incentivise them to use them efficiently. The users' energy consumption behaviour and the policy interventions will make the difference between promising policy, and policy which in fact delivers on its aims for energy efficiency and sustainability.
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Yeung, Chi-shing. "Energy and land-use interaction in Hong Kong : implications for land-use planning /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665516.
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Yeung, Chi-shing, and 楊志成. "Energy and land-use interaction in Hong Kong: implications for land-use planning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43893624.
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Cocks, R. J. "The potential for reducing energy use in UK agriculture." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372542.
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Hitchcock, Guy St John. "The human dimension of domestic energy use : an integrated approach." Thesis, n.p, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Kim, Seongchan. "An analysis of International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)-compliant single-family residential energy use." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1728.
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Karlsson, David. "Is energy in Sweden secure? : The use of quantitative indicators for analyzing energy security." Thesis, Uppsala University, Global Energy Systems, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129969.
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<p>The global energy consumption is increasing rapidly and will likely continue to do so for many years to come. At the same time the world's fossil energy resources, today supplying more than 80% of this demand, are in depletion. This means we face the risk of having a shortage in the global energy supply within just a few years. Countries have lately become more aware of this problematic situation, and have come to realize the importance of energy security and securing their supply of energy.</p><p>The aim of this thesis is to study energy security from a Swedish perspective. This has been done by comparing the main different energy forms used regarding certain security aspects. The thesis as well presents methods to be used for quantitative comparison of various energy alternatives or suppliers in the energy mix, which could be applied to any jurisdiction.</p><p>A division into three main energy services has been done because of their different characteristics; transport, space and water heating, and electricity. Some of the main results from this study are construction of energy security indices for the alternative energy sources used within these services. Also some recommendations for a more secure energy supply are presented and discussed in the thesis, and outlook for the future Swedish energy requirements in 2020.</p>
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Sokol, Julia A. (Julia Alexandrovna). "Deriving archetype templates for urban building energy models based on measured monthly energy use." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100355.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 74-78).<br>Interest in urban energy modeling has grown among planners and policy-makers as more and more municipalities set targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Urban-scale building energy models can help evaluate the efficiency of proposed district designs, consequences of building retrofit interventions, or energy supply options. Bottom-up models based on physical descriptions and engineering calculations are the most versatile for modeling scenarios and evaluating results at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Such urban building energy models (UBEMs) are typically created by grouping buildings with similar properties into archetypes, which standardize many properties that are not uniform in reality, such as occupancy-driven parameters. Since most UBEMs are validated using aggregated, annual measured data, this standardization is usually adequate; however, for a more accurate model that considers end-use differentiation or seasonal variation, neither this standardization nor this validation method are sufficient. This work proposes a new methodology for archetype definition and customization using metered monthly energy data. Customization is done by inferring certain parameters from the energy data and estimating others probabilistically from parametric analysis. The methodology is developed and tested on a case study of 453 low-rise residential buildings in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Four model iterations are compared: single template, eight archetype templates, eight archetypes with individual building customization, and the latter with the addition of parametric analysis and generation of frequency distributions for unknown parameters. The results show an improvement in mean goodness of fit from 46% with one template and 37% with eight templates to 18% for the final iteration. The distribution of energy use intensities, as well as monthly electricity and gas profiles, approach observed values closer with each iteration. The results also demonstrate that error metrics based on aggregated annual consumption, commonly used for urban model validation, are not necessarily representative of the model's fit on a monthly basis.<br>by Julia A. Sokol.<br>S.M.
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Yu, Yi. "Enabling energy awareness of ICT users to improve energy efficiency during use of systems." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7037.
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Data centres have been the primary focus of energy efficiency researches due to their expanding scales and increasing demands of energy. On the other hand, there are several orders of magnitude more end-users and personal computing devices worldwide. Even the modest energy savings from the users would scale up and yield significant impact. As a result, we take the approach towards energy-saving by working with the end-users. We recognise that users of ICT systems are often unaware of their power usage, and are therefore unable to take effective actions even if they wanted to save energy. Apart from energy awareness, the majority of end-users often lack of sufficient knowledge or skills to reduce their energy consumption while using computing devices. Moreover, there is no incentive for them to save energy, especially in public environments where they do not have financial responsibilities for their energy use. We propose a flexible energy monitor that gathers detailed energy usage across complex ICT systems, and provides end-users with accurate and timely feedback of their individual energy usage per workstation. We tailored our prototype energy monitor for a 2-year empirical study, with 83 student users of a university computer lab, and showed that end-users will change their use of computers to be more energy efficient, when sufficient feedback and incentives (rewards) are provided. In our measurements, weekly mean group power consumption as a whole reduced by up to 16%; and weekly individual user power usage reduced by up to 56% during active use. Based on our observations and collected data, we see possibilities of energy saving from both hardware and software components of personal computers. It requires coordination and collaboration between both system administrators and end-users to maximise energy savings. Institutional ‘green' policies are potentially helpful to enforce and regulate energy efficient use of ICT devices.
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Fitzgerald, Darryl Edward. "Development of an energy monitoring practice framework to profile energy use in residential buildings." Thesis, Fitzgerald, Darryl Edward (2021) Development of an energy monitoring practice framework to profile energy use in residential buildings. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61564/.
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Energy monitoring is pivotal to undertaking energy consumption and efficiency studies in residential buildings. Residential building account for approximately 25% of final energy demand. However, many of the promised gains from energy monitoring have yet to be realised. Key to this issue is the lack of an energy monitoring practice framework that can provide accurate and repeatable long-term load profile data for use in energy management systems. The lack of such a framework was recently highlighted by ISO 50001:2018 through the inclusion of monitoring performance evaluation in the 2018 revision of the standard. In this research a practice framework was developed and validated based on an energy measurement, monitoring, and processing conceptual hierarchy. The energy practice framework emphasises the links between the measurement, monitoring and load profile data processing functions integral to an energy monitoring process. To validate the application of the practice framework a building electrical energy simulator and tester (BEEST) was designed and constructed so that load profile time-series data could be simultaneously collected, communicated, and stored by multiple commercial energy monitoring devices. The physically simulated load profile time-series data from multiple simulations and across multiple different energy monitoring devices was examined using extracted statistical, structural and frequency domain features to gauge load profile accuracy and repeatability. The load profiles extracted features were also tested for accuracy and repeatability through the application of cluster analysis. Research results showed variations in energy monitoring practice caused significant inaccuracy and low precision in monitored load profile features. In particular precision of extracted feature (e.g., frequency domain data) can vary more than ±100%. The research showed that mapping energy monitoring practice to a known framework provides a basis on which load profile data can be compared and profiled.
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Neumbo, Johanna Nangula. "Exploring energy access and use trends in Tsumkwe, Namibia : an end-user perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86730.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to establish a tangible metric by which to evaluate the impact of modern energy access on the livelihoods of rural Sub-Sahara African communities. The narrative is set in Tsumkwe, a remote rural Namibian location some 596 km north-east from the main capital city Windhoek.
Initiatives aimed at rural electrification and energy provision are expected to reduce poverty as well as contribute to the community’s general wellbeing. However, determining the relationship between energy and development is quite a challenging undertaking. An analysis that is either exclusively quantitative or qualitative runs the risk of providing a skewed picture of the energy-development-poverty nexus.
In this thesis, quantitative data is embedded within qualitative data as an attempt to examine the nexus and to translate how intervention programmes are transformed into outcomes in order to gauge success of a project.
The transformative paradigm shaped the theoretical framework and informed the mixed-method research approach while the capability approach was used to analyse plurality and individualisation of policy impacts. Consequently, the role of place is positioned at the centre in gauging experiences of the poor vis-à-vis the importance of locating resources and capabilities to address socio-economic issues within a geographical location. The injustice of energy poverty can be viewed as unequal access to energy services (i.e. distributional injustice) as well as an intervention that failed to recognise the needs of certain groups and potentiality offered by place. From this, the concept of an energy poverty penalty is qualitatively developed. It was found that the penalty, although it is more pronounced in the low income groups, is exacerbated by choice offered in an energy basket thus affecting non-income poor households too. Therefore, the energy poor are not necessarily income-poor.
It is finally concluded that while sustainable energy interventions offer the possibility to reduce energy poverty and the attendant human wellbeing index improvement they need to be grounded in a robust information base to track progress towards targets. Most existing indicators and composite indices assessing access to energy, the degree of development related to energy and deprivation of access to modern energy fail to account for the energy poverty trap.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om ‘n tasbare meting daar te stel om die impak to toegang to moderne energie daar te stel in landelike gebied in sub-Sahara Afrika te evalueer. Die studie is uitgevore in Tsumkwe, ‘n afgeleë landelike gebied in Namibië, sowat 596 km noordoos van die hoofstad, Windhoek.
Daar word veronderstel dat inisiatiewe wat daargestel word om energie en elektrisiteit toeganglik te maak vir landelike gebiede en gemeenskappe, verarming sal teewerk en gemeenskappe kan ophef. Dit is egter moelik om die verhouding tussen energie verskaffing and vooruitgang te bepaal. ‘n Studie wat net kwalitatief of kwantitatief gebaseer is, sal nie die ware toedrag van sake uitlig nie.
In hierdie tesis is kwalitatiewe data verweef met kwantitatiewe data om vas te stel presies hoe effektief programme is wat daargestel is om energie aan landelike gebiede te lewer.
Die transformatiewe paradigma het die teoretiese raamwerk gevorm en gelei tot die kombinasiemetode navorsingsbenadering terwyl die moontlikheids benadering gebruik is om die pluraliteit en individualisering van die beleidsimpakte te ontleed. Gevolglik, is die rol van plek in die middelpunt van die ondervindings van die armes vis-à-vis die belangrikheid van die verkryging van hulpbronne en vermoë om sosio-ekonomiese kwessies binne ‘n geografiese ligging te hanteer. Die feit dat landelike gebiede verarm is wat energie en elektrisiteit voorsiening betref, kan toegeskryf word aan die volgende: ongelyke toegang to energie dienste, programme wat nie die behoeftes van landelike gemeenskappe aanspreek nie en die potensiaal van plek waar die program aangepak word is nie voldoende aangespreek nie. In die lig van hierdie potensiële oorsake van energie verarming is die konsep energie aarmoede boete kwaliteitsgewys ontwikkel. Dit is gevind dat die boete, wat meer van toepassing is op lae inkomste groep is, beinvloed word deur die keuse wat beskikbaar gemaak is in terme van energie voorsiening. Hierdie keuse het ook ‘n invloed op die “geen-inkomste” arm groep in ‘n gemeenskap. Dit is dus duidelik dat diegene wat energie verarm nie noodwending geldelik ook verarm is nie.
Die studie, ter opsomming, het tot die slotsom gekom dat hoewel tussenkomende programme wat daar gestel word om volhoubare projekte aan te bied vir energie voorsiening in landelike gebiede, energie verarming kan verminder, dit nie effektief genoeg is tensy dit opgevolg word met duidelike doelwitte nie. Die bestaanded aanduidings vir toegang tot energie, aanduidings wat energie toegang en vooruitgang evalueer is nie werklik effektief genoeg nie.
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Ghasemi, Milad. "Behavior Related Energy Use in Single-Family Homes : A Study on residential houses in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Uthålliga byggnadssystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175882.
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Complete overview of energy use in a residential building is depends on many different factors. When analyzing proper and effective ways for energy reducing/conserving systems, often times only technological solutions for households appliances are considered. Human behavior has been shown to be an important factor affecting the overall energy use in the household. Many aspects of energy use are directly connected to user behavior and are affected by how the user utilizes available systems. This paper focuses on describing the mean influencing causes of human environmental psychology based on study on a Swedish suburb community, called Fårdala. User behaviors and actions affecting residential energy use are analyzed and presented in form of eleven (11) abstract triggers to households energy use. Finally an energy monitoring system based on the findings are purposed. What is found from study on human psychology, shows that human behavior is mainly controlled by three (3) key categories of behavior. Conscious/voluntary behavior, Socio-environmental/cultural based behavior and Systemic/learned behavior. Out of the three, while the last one poses as most influential on behavior related energy use, it is also the hardest to affect and change. To effectively counteract the negative effects of user behavior on residential energy use, energy saving devices should react more accordingly to the users and offer engagement. Such a system is an energy monitoring device, which allows for a “double-sided” communication with the user. The user is presented with relevant information about real-time energy use of all of the systems and is able to make changes on the fly. The system should also be able to learn and apply energy saving actions based on user behavior.
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Bowes, Robert Christopher. "Electricity use in the farm dairy." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2679.
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Dairy farmers suffered substantially increased energy bills during the 1970's, at a time of herd expansion and modernisation of equipment to allow bulk milk refrigeration and storage on the farm. Little was known of the levels of electricity use in the dairy farming sector, but extrapolations had suggested a figure of 300 to over 400 kWh/cow/annum. Farmers were requesting quantitative estimates for the potential of conservation equipment, particularly plate heat exchangers and heat recovery units. An energy audit of dairy farms in South Devon is described. Over a period of two years, data were collected relating to energy use by each of the major components of a milking parlour and dairy, for a range of parlour sizes, levels of production and the ambient conditions. Analysis revealed the factors most influencing variations in energy use. An equation was developed to describe the energy use by a bulk milk tank, given the level of production and the ambient temperature. The bulk tank accounted for some 40% of the total energy used. The bulk tank has been studied in detail. The stages of heat transfer from the milk to the chilled water and the resulting effects upon the ice bank have been modelled. Laboratory investigations were carried out to determine some parameters empirically. The model's limits, sensitivity and validation are reported. Typical levels and ranges of energy use are suggested. A mean of approximately 250 kWh/cow/annum resulted from the audit, but 200 kWh/cow/annum was achieved by the most economical of farms without resort to conservation equipment, and this level is proposed as a target for the conscientious farmer. The factors affecting energy use in the farm dairy are identified as political, environmental, technical and managerial and these are discussed. The farmer's influence has to be directed mainly at the last of these categories. Investment in energy conservation equipment should not be considered until consumption is down to the proposed target level.
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Wright, Jim Allen, and Jim Allen Wright. "Earth Integration and Thermal Mass (for Global Energy Use Reduction)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/620722.
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As the rest of the world under development catches up economically with the developed nations, adoption of western tastes is projected to lead to enormous increases in energy use. Specifically, air conditioning use within countries with low saturation rates and high cooling degree rates (India and China) have a potential demand of up to 5 times that of the U.S. market. This growth in HVAC (Heating Ventilation&Air Conditioning) means billions of tons of increased carbon dioxide emissions and trillions of dollars in investment in electricity generation and transmission infrastructure.If there is adoption of Earth sheltering and integration design within these geographical areas, then it might be possible to mitigate the need for such high increase in electricity demand.Ultimately, an estimate of how much quantifiable impact wide adoption of earth integration can have in the regions in question needs to be calculated and compared to projected energy demand if things continue as they are. To do so, parameters need to be determined to see how much of the future air conditioning demand can be met through thermal mass/earth integration. That is, how much future energy demand can be avoided through earth sheltering? To do so:1-Determine what areas account for the greatest projected demand in future air conditioning use.2-See how much of the projected demand can be met through Thermal Mass and Earth Integration (T.M./E.I.) within these areas.3-A design/energy modeling exercise showing proper use and implementation of Earth sheltering within our local climate will be carried out to prove effectiveness of varied strategic thermal mass applications.4-Compare the relative savings of different levels of Earth Integration to arrive at an average overall savings if universal adoption takes place.Top-down approach to energy savings (HVAC efficiency) is not enough to offset projected adoption and its impact on the local and global environments. Energy efficient design is necessary to deal with as much of the increase in projected demand as possible. The use of earth as a building material can be a powerful tool in the fight against increasing energy demands and accompanied destructive environmental effects and needs greater consideration and adoption.
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Baroncelli, Leonardo. "Use of POWER8 architecture for High Energy Physics simulations." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Il seguente elaborato di tesi è svolto nel contesto di una accordo tra le organizzazioni INAF e CERNOpenLab per esplorare le possibilità computazionali dell’architettura IBM POWER nel contesto della fisica delle alte energie. Nel primo capitolo si illustrano le sfide che la prossima generazione di esperimenti porranno alla comunità scientifica. Tra queste sfide, è evidenziata la grande richiesta di tempo di calcolo dei metodi Monte Carlo per il Particles Transport. Anche un piccolo incremento di velocità delle simulazioni farebbe risparmiare alla comunità scientifica centinaia di migliaia di euro all’anno. Viene quindi descritto il software Geant4 e presentata la sua evoluzione, il progetto GeantV. Lo scopo di quest’ultimo è sfruttare completamente le caratteristiche dei processori moderni, come l’architettura IBM POWER di cui vengono delineate le caratteristiche principali. Nel secondo capitolo si porta a termine la validazione scientifica di un insieme di modelli fisici di Geant4 sulla CPU POWER8E, nel contesto della missione e-ASTROGAM. Nel terzo capitolo vengono confrontate le velocità delle CPU POWER8NVL e Xeon E5-2697 misurando il tempo di calcolo su di un codice Geant4 di simulazione. Si mostra un problema di efficienza nel test a singolo thread. La causa del problema viene ricondotta all’utilizzo del compilatore GCC. Il problema viene risolto attraverso l’utilizzo del compilatore XL. Lo stesso codice di simulazione viene quindi eseguito in modalità multi thread e viene verificata la scalabità in entrambe le CPU. Nel quarto capitolo, si compilano sull’architettura POWER8NVL, le librerie delle dipendenze software di GeantV, risolvendo gli errori di compilazione
incontrati. Infine si compilano le librerie di GeantV come primo passo verso una futura integrazione tra GeantV e l’architettura POWER. Nel capitolo conclusivo, si riassumono i risultati ottenuti e vengono prestantate una serie di possibili strategie per aumentare l’efficienza computazionale del POWER.
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Tang, Lu. "MAPPING THE ENERGY USE IN XINJIANG, PROVINCE OF CHINA." Thesis, University of Gävle, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3760.
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Rong, Fang. "Impact of urban sprawl on U.S. residential energy use." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3848.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.<br>Thesis research directed by: Public Affairs. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Lindholm, Eva-Lotta. "Energy use in Swedish forestry and its environmental impact /." Uppsala : Department of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10153264.pdf.
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Yalley, Peter Paa-Kofi. "Use of waste and low energy materials for construction." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54741/.
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Considerable work has been done on the mechanical properties of coconut-fibre enhanced concrete. The primary test variables were the fibres weight fraction, and fibres aspect ratio. The addition of coconut-fibres significantly improved many of the engineering properties of concrete, notably torsion, toughness and tensile strength. The ability to resist cracking and spalling were also enhanced. However, the addition of fibres did not improve the compressive strength, as expected, due to difficulties in compaction which consequently lead in increase of voids. When coconut fibre was added to plain concrete, the torsional strength increased (by up to about 25%) as well as the energy-absorbing capacity, but there is an optimum weight fraction (0.5% by weight of cement) beyond which the torsional strength started to decrease again. Similar results were also obtained for different fibre aspect ratios, where again results showed there was an optimum aspect ratio (125). An increase in fibre weight fraction provided a consistent increase in ductility up to the optimum content (0.5%) with corresponding fibre aspect ratio of 125. The second part of this research, reports on the investigation on cement stabilised soil block. A local soil was stabilised chemically by cement. A better compressive strength at the dry state and after two hours of immersion in water was obtained with chemical stabilisation at cement content of 5%. Blocks stabilised with 5% cement content by weight of soil has a dry and wet compressive strength of 6.64 and 2.27MPa respectively, and dry density of 1910 kg/m3 at an optimal water content of 12% by weight of cement. The highly decreased compressive strength after two hours of immersion in water, even with higher cement content, indicated that appropriate building design that would prevent stabilised soil blocks from coming into direct contact with rainwater was important. A newly proposed concept of a plastic carton soil blocks as masonry units for low-cost environmentally friendly construction is proposed in the final part of the thesis. A test system was designed to perform rigorous and comprehensive measurements on seven types of soil block specimens encased in thermoplastic cartons. The cartons were similar to "ice cream tubs" of dimensions 165x60x120mm, thus making a building block/brick of reasonable handling size. Some of the test specimens also had soil mixed with palm or plastic fibres. Thermoplastic carton soil blocks without the addition of fibres as an enhancement were measured with a minimum compressive strength of 17.5MPa. Even so it should be noted that 17.5MPa is still a very reasonable strength and over half that of a typical concrete block. In the case of the fibre enhanced soil block, the compressive strength increased with increase in fibre content. With fibre addition of 1.5% (by weight), the compressive strength of the thermoplastic cartons increased by 28.5% and 38% respectively for palm and plastic fibres, over the plain thermoplastic carton soil block without fibres. For increase in fibres content from 0.75% to 1.5% (i.e. a doubling of fibre content) the compressive strength increased by only about 20% to 23%. Additionally, stiffness is also greatly improved. A finite element model was constructed for the thermoplastic carton soil block geometry and input files were generated for non-linear static analyses in MSC Patran. Very good agreement was achieved between the numerical predictions and experimentally measured results in both size and shape of the stress-strain graphs.