Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Enfants soldats'
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Masuemi, Hervé Nora. "Le droit international et les enfants soldats." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G021.
Full textChild soldiers represent most of the main concern of the international community. In that respect, humanitarian, human rights and criminal branches of international law regulate their state and protection. Still, an asymmetrical protection in international humanitarian law is observed as well as a lack of specific status and consideration of girls child soldiers victims of sexual violence. Regarding international human rights law, its rules contain a stronger legal regime against child soldiers recruitment and participation in hostilities and it has an international control system to ensure compliance with its provisions. However, difficulties appear in the plurality of terms used as well as in effective exercise of individual mechanisms and normative protection of criminal child soldiers asylum-seekers or child soldiers victims of sexual violence. With regard to international criminal law, the main goal of that branch is the protection of a particular social order by punishing perpetrators of unsustainable crimes. But, in the meantime, indictment of child soldiers responsible for crimes under international law or violations of international humanitarian law in the international order, is not an option. Thus, the criminal branch criminalize conscription, enlistment and use of children under the age of fifteen to participate actively in hostilities and prioritize child soldiers victim status. It is therefore up to each State to prosecute child soldiers perpetrators within the domestic legal order through their justice system or, to establish truth and reconciliation commissions that child soldiers participate in
Jacquier, Caroline. "La protection des enfants soldats par le droit international." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX32046.
Full textThe use of child soldiers in wars is an increasing drama (350,000 in the world). Their recruitment is favoured by the weakness of laws and the multiplication of internal conflicts. Because of the lack of media and political bad will, the awakening is recent. Statute ruled by a lacunar and nonconstraining humanitarian law, the child soldier doesn’t really have an appropriate protection. A juridical corpus tries to supplement it. But, it requires more universality and consensus on major points. Demobilization and reintegration requires improvements too. Combatant and prisoner-of-war, the tendency is to engage his penal responsibility. Once an international criminal law emerges, it qualifies the conscription of child soldiers under serious violation of humanitarian law, and war crime. The Security Council acts fermely for its eradication. In spite of the priceless asset represented by these recent efforts, they are still not sufficient. A more effective fight is required day after day
Tachon, Nicolas. "Enfants de troupe dans les régiments : 1788-1888 /." Sceaux : l'Esprit du livre éd, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40082352p.
Full textEn appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 287-291.
Azar, Rosalie. "Les guerres d'enfants : causes, résolution et prévention : perspective socio-historique de la participation des enfants aux conflits armés." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0002.
Full textIn many conflicts, the active participation of children is under-estimated. Though, it goes back to ancient times, the child soldier has changed over time, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This increase is not without consequences on the nature of warfare itself. Conflicts become « children’s wars », more violent and less organised than adults’wars. If there is a change in the nature of such conflicts, there must be a change of perspective in the way they are solved and prevented. It is then fundamental to understand the various problems of the DDR processes in order to know how they can be addressed. Incentives for children must also be proposed in order to give them the desire to go back to civil life, by addressing their economic, social, educational and professional needs. The social community cannot be left outside these processes. It becomes also essential to direct our efforts toward the prevention of children’s wars. The multiplication of actors interested in prevention is a tremendous chance to come to that result : states, regions, sub-regions, the Security Council and the ICC show that many preventive rungs may exist. The recruitment and participation of children in conflicts appears as the result of a four-level-equation : it needs to be seen as a humanitarian issue, a violation of fundamental children’s rights, a denial of the right to social development, and a security matter. Consequently, in order to prevent children’s wars, it is absolutely essential to acknowledge this multiplicity and to address it quickly and comprehensively
Zerrari, Donia Dupuis Michel. "Les droits de l'enfant dans le conflit armé." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://edoctorale74.univ-lille2.fr/fileadmin/master_recherche/T_l_chargement/memoires/intercomm/zerrarid06.pdf.
Full textKarimzadeh, Meibody Anahita. "Les enfants soldats : aspects de droit international humanitaire et de droit comparé." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAA003/document.
Full textThe uncontrolled spread of the phenomenon of child soldiers culminated in such a point during the 1990s that the international community was forced to strengthen the protection of children by introducing additional safeguards for children affected by armed conflict. Some of the main explanations for the rise of the phenomenon of child soldiers have been: areas of political instability, conflicts and almost universal impunity in cases of serious human rights violations. The objective of putting an end to the illegal involvement of children in armed conflict required close cooperation between all states concerned. Yet, legal complications did not take long to appear. Moreover, the diversity of legal systems and the variety of doctrinal approaches to the definition of the term "child" made a consensual approach difficult. The international criminalization of recruiting children, defined as a war crime, was just the beginning. The issue of justice in countries emerging from conflict is still relevant today and the adoption of other forms of justice is essential in the process of reconciliation and reintegration of former child soldiers. The criminal accountability of child soldiers is examined in its dual aspect of victim/executioner, addressing some emblematic cases
Bodineau, Sylvie. "Figures d'enfants soldats : vulnérabilité et puissance d'agir." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28331/28331.pdf.
Full textOsseiran-Houbballah, Mouzayan. "Recherches psychanalytiques sur les effets de l'incorporation des enfants-soldats : le passage à l'acte de terreur comme écriture de l'innommable du traumatisme." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA070060.
Full textDiomandé, Aboubacar. "Le statut juridique de l'enfant dans les conflits armés." Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT3011.
Full textStates members of the United Nations elaborated a lawful corpus destined to protect the child and to improve his condition in armed conflicts. The main idea of this protection is that a child is a particularly vulnerable being. Therefore when he does not participate in the hostilities, he must not be taken for target of the attacks, and should not be recruited by the belligerents. As member of civilian population, he benefits from a general protection against the consequences of hostilities. Notwithstanding this last point, he is often forced to flee as refugee or moved inside his country. In fact the child can find itself as soldier in armed forces and armed groups. For that reason the international community has regulated his recruitment and his participation to the hostilities. Despite this legislation, many children are recruited and constantly participate in armed conflicts. These children often commit the worst atrocities of war. Given that fact, how does the international law apprehends children soldiers' identity ? is that law about executioners and / or victims ? This study tries to demonstrate that the lawful corpus elaborated by the international community protects effectively the child in armed conflicts. Only this protection will be effective if these standards were respected by the belligerents
Dikpo, Thelesphore Toliton. "La question des enfants soldats : quels problèmes pour la défense du droit, le maintien, la garantie et la promotion de la sécurité internationale ?" Lyon 3, 2008. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2008_out_dikpo_t.pdf.
Full textEven though they are regarded as the future of the coming generations, children nowadays are recruited as soldiers in more than forty countries either willingly or forcibly in over than about fifty armed conflicts. They are used as tactics actors and innocents' victims. Since the 1980's, they are key elements and factors in the political and strategic spheres. They are more than 300,000 Childs soldiers involved in modern armed conflits. This phenomenon is as ancient as humanity. In spite of the strength and the variety of the judicial arsenal, the diplomatic and political supports in favour of the children and they protection, we must note the huge fragility of these mechanisms related to war rights and children's Rights. A number of questions arise as a result. When did the child soldiers' phenomenon start? What are the military, political, economical and social reasons which underlie the recruitment of Children in armed conflict? What is the role being played by the children? What are the physical and psychological consequences for children as a result of their participation as soldiers in armed conflict? Should they be punished for the atrocities they have carried out? What are the challenges faced by the transitional justice and how could they be applied to those children? So Many questions which this thesis has attempted to analyse in an interdisciplinary fashion
Tabatabai, Minou. "Les conséquences de la guerre sur l'éducation des enfants." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN1431.
Full textNoubarangar, Rahmat. "Approche psychanalytique et psychopathologique des troubles identitaires chez les enfants soldats centrafricains et tchadiens une fois désarmés intégrés au programme : DDR (Désarmement, Démobilisation et Réinsertion) au Tchad." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7045.
Full textThe Central African crisis has led to the forced enrolment of children and so it has oriented me towards the following research : a psycho – analytical and psycho - pathological approach of Central African and Chadian soldier children ‘ s identity issues particularly once they are disarmed . These children have been through the DDR ( Disarmament , Demobilization and Reinclusion ) programme in Chad . I have been able to start such a research thanks to a training period at the UNICEF and with their team in N’ Djamena . This research is based upon precise observations , interviews and therapeutic activities conducted by resorting to drawings , oral exchanges , all of which have served as clinical materials and have enabled me to show that a soldier child , once disarmed , continues his identification process with his leader even when placed at the Transit and Orientation Centre ( TOC ) . This very process reveals itself through the child acting out at the Centre. How is it possible to really understand a soldier child ‘ s attachment to armed groups and forces ? How can we usefully accompany him so that he can finally and definitely escape this terrible hold on him ? Thus , in order to better identify these key questions , we have studied the soldier ‘ s child behaviour in his social , cultural , and economic environment Moreover , we have also analysed the period when he was being helped by the DDR programme in N’ Djamena ( Chad ) . So , the results demonstrate that these children continue to idealise their leaders because the DDR programme has flaws that partly prevent them from reintegrating and it eventually leads them to leave the Centre in order to join again their first membership group . This research on former Chadian soldier children has proved that the lack of psychological support will then increase their trauma even after several years . In this case , a psychological and educational support must be implemented both for a better identity self - construction of the person / child and to restart the process of building up an emotional psychology of the subject and also to help him become more mature . Furthermore , to enrich this theory as well as the clinical practice , this research has led to an analysis of the various strategies that have been set up to identify the difficulties but also to suggest concrete solutions for the parents and the different communities so that they can all be sensitized about the terrible and devastating consequences of armed wars and conflicts on these children
Akakpo, Kokouvi Dodzi Luc. "Les enfants accusés de crimes internationaux : d’une justice hétérogène à une homogénéité des théories et des pratiques." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23683.
Full textChelpi-den, Hamer Magali. "Jeunes militarisés de l'Ouest ivoirien : processus locaux de mobilisation, démobilisation, et interventions humanitaires relatives (2002-2007)." Paris, EHESS, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02472550.
Full textThe recent conflict in Côte d'Ivoire has led to the militarization of many young civilians on both belligerent sides, especially in the west of the country. What is of particular interest is that many of these youths have assumed a function of "commuting" conscripts, alternating periods of semi-military work, where they had to report to some kind of warlike hierarchy, with periods at home where they were back to a quasi daily routine. This became particularly characteristic as the Ivoirian war evolved into a situation of "no peace, no war" with sporadic violence still occurring, but only at certain periods and within specific settings. This book is an in-depth examination of the different processes that led to their militarization and demilitarization, in a context where borders between the military, civilian, and humanitarian arenas have never been strict, and have varied according to conflict phases, individuals social networks and extent of locality of the recruitment
Onguene, Ndongo Theodore. "Violence, traumatisme et bifurcation catastrophique : enjeux du lien dans l'enrôlement "volontaire" d'enfants soldats." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20088.
Full textIn most current configurations of war front using children, we use to find a part of the community-group bearing itself the transgression. It often appears in these wars, a shameful dimension related to the internal dynamics of the group killing itself. By the fact, in these configurations, we have a collective massacre committed by part of Group, on the basis of common and shared social rules and anthropological codes. The catastrophe theory (Thom, 1961) is an opportunity to explain those phenomena using attractive and repulsive forces in individual an groupal catastrophic bifurcation. It seems, on one hand, the “alien intrusion” (Duez B. 2003) which can be considered as the result of the psychic figuration work out and shaping of the psychic object, loses its main structuring function. On the other hand, the individual lost any opportunity to intimately experience the group as a psychic area on which he can transfer his immediate psychic conflicts and issues. Then, archaic scenes take the rule and invite the individual to find new internal form to deal with for symbolisation process. In these transgressions contexts, where children have to deal with harmful adult bearer of death, the rising of Child Soldier phenomena obeys a dynamic in witch strength (used by lord of war) is the common but not the unique parameter to consider. Child Soldier emerge in the war group which is a meta-defensive organization of the community reacting to the state of war
Salgado, Cajales Farid. "Violence, corps armé et pratique sportive: défis dans l'utilisation de la pratique sportive dans des contextes affectés par un conflit armé." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209910.
Full textLes arguments exprimés à l’égard des effets de l’implication des jeunes dans la pratique des activités sportives ou artistiques suggèrent que ces pratiques contribuent à la réconciliation et de ce fait, à la pacification des rapports sociaux. La promotion de la pratique sportive se justifie ainsi par des valeurs et des bénéfices qui lui semblent consubstantiels.
Nous avons ainsi affaire à un scenario dans lequel agissent tant des acteurs civils qu’armés auprès des enfants et des jeunes. Nous constatons que dans un tel scénario l’utilisation des éléments courants du domaine de la pratique sportive ou des activités artistiques répondent à des intérêts opposés par rapport à la représentation et le statut de l’exercice de la violence. Pour les uns, le but est le contrôle les expressions de la violence pendant que, pour les autres, l’intérêt est lié aux enjeux de l’exercice de celle-ci. Ce cadre problématise évidement le rôle, la représentation et la façon dont ces activités participent dans les processus de pacification de rapports sociaux dans un contexte déterminé par la présence d’un conflit armé et par l’exercice systématique de la violence armée.
Nous avons entrepris une enquête auprès des jeunes inscrits dans la pratique des activités sportives et/ou artistiques ainsi que des jeunes sortis des groupes armés afin d’explorer leur attitude face à la possibilité de s’engager dans des activités leur demandant une disposition à exercer la violence armée. Il s’agit de savoir comment se positionnent les enfants et les jeunes impliqués dans la pratique des activités sportives face à la violence et à la possibilité de l’exercer. Et plus précisément, à quel point les jeunes qui font du sport se montrent adverses au fait d’armer leur corps voire devenir « corps armé ».
Le rapport entre la pratique sportive et l’attitude face à la possibilité d’exercer la violence armée est évaluée au sein de la société colombienne qui subit les conséquences d’un long et interminable conflit armé. La durée de ce conflit a engendré une multiplicité de formes par lesquelles s’exerce le contrôle de la population et du territoire à travers la violence armée et organisée.
The participation of children and teenagers within an armed confrontation is a manifestation that questions the basics of our contemporary society. Within countries affected by armed conflicts, an important effort should be made by the civil society to prevent de usage of children and teenagers by the parties in conflict. In addition children and teenagers formerly involved in armed conflict should be reintegrated in civil life by encouraging the practice of sports and arts. This an initiative promoted by the national and international organizations.
The arguments already discussed regarding the effects of involving the youth in sports and artistic activities suggest that such practices contribute to the reconciliation, thus pacification of social relationships. The promotion of sports is justified by the values and benefits attached by sport practice.
We have inquired youngsters that practice sports and/or arts and former child soldiers about their attitude facing the possibility to get involved in activities related to armed violence. This is to understand how children and teenagers face violence or the possibility to exercise it. In particular, to understand to which point, the youngsters that practice sports are adverse to arm themselves.
Doctorat en Sciences de la motricité
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ngondzi, Jonas Rémy. "Enfants-soldats, conflits armés, liens familiaux : Quels enjeux de prise en charge dans le cadre du processus de DDR ? Approche comparative entre les deux Congo." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958088.
Full textKalifa, Osama. "La protection des enfants pendant les conflits armés : Étude comparative entre le droit international et le droit Libyen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0121.
Full textThe protection of children during armed conflict - Comparative study between international law and Libyan lawChildren are a vulnerable group in society and as such they require special protection, especially in times of armed conflict where their rights may be violated, whether they belong to the civilian population or they are militarily involved in armed conflict. This protection is a recent problem and remains more than ever current. It raises the question of what is the purpose of the specificity announced to the extent that there is already a general protection of civilians. Must we then understand that the latter is insufficient to protect children in war situations? Also, does the general as well as the specific protection applied to children vary according to whether the armed conflict is international or non-international? All of these questions will be the subject of the first part of the thesis entitled: « The protection of civilian children in times of armed conflict ».The second part of the thesis on « The protection of child soldiers in times of armed conflict » examines the legal consequences of the participation of children in hostilities. And in this context, whether these children captured by the enemy will get the status of prisoner of war and whether they will be criminally prosecuted in case of commission of war crimes. The other issue raised in this section is the responsibility of the State, the group, the individual, who recruits children for use in armed conflict, despite their commitment not to do so. . The case of Libya appears here the most indicated; indeed, the country has dealt with these issues in its legislation which however presents flaws that we highlight, especially since in that state broke out in February 2011 a war where are recruited and used children
Kouengo, Armand Victorien. "Etude comparée des thèmes majeurs dans "Allah n'est pas obligé" (A. Kourouma), "Johnny chien méchant" (E. Dongala) et "Les Petits-fils nègres de Vercingétorix" (A. Mabanckou)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PEST0008.
Full textThis study is based on themes related to Africa’s situation nowadays, particularly on « Allah n’est pas obligé » of Ahmadou Kourouma, « Johnny Chien Méchant » of Emmanuel Dongala and « Les Petits-fils nègres de Vercingétorix » of Alain Mabanckou which constitute the corner stone of this thesis. Our attention all along this work is focussed specially on tribal wars and its consequences. Futhermore, one of major problematics of this research is the issue of child-soldiers
Matouk, Abdelnaby Mayssa. "La protection des droits des enfants dans les conflits armés." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCF002/document.
Full textThe protection of children's rights a victim of armed conflict is a recent and current problem which is based on the evolution of human rights and the changing nature of conflicts. It raises the question of the existence of an international legal framework consisting capable of providing protection and assistance to child plagued by hostilities. On this point, it appears that international law provides a set of legal mechanisms applicable to the child, whether direct or indirect victim of the conflict, or participate directly in hostilities. Today too many children die each day due to conflict, disease, malnutrition too are exploited and do not have the opportunity to take classes in a school, seeing their future away from them every day a little more. However, examination of these instruments shows that they are often characterized by the generality of their provisions which are not always adapted to take account of the specific nature of the child. In addition, they sometimes raise questions of applicability. So, if we can not deny them any effectiveness, it remains, in many respects, partial. The adoption of legal mechanisms specifically applicable to the child, had also intended to remedy this inadequacy and the completeness of the legal framework. This respect the obligation to protect children and offer them the opportunity to benefit from support programs implemented in the field by many humanitarian organizations claiming loudly that everyone must act in one way or another, to enable the development of actions increasingly diverse and increasingly effective despite the difficulties. Continuing violations did, however, become aware of the normative gaps and requires a redefinition of the objective of protection. In this context, the growing involvement of the Security Council but also the criminalization of violations committed during the armed conflict, define a new approach to the responsibility of the international community in this regard. This intervention, in fact, served to remind States of their obligations and adopt sanctions against individuals offenders. Similarly, sentences imposed by the International Criminal Court and the Special Court for Sierra Leone for war crimes of recruitment and use of child soldiers mark the end of a miscarriage of justice
Bulté, Marie. "Visions de l'enfant-soldat : construction d'une figure dans les littératures africaines." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20037/document.
Full textAs an in-between character questioning the usually admitted borders between childhood and adulthood, power and vulnerability, victim and executioner, the child soldier is a gripping figure of our contemporaneity. It is thus not surprising he became a literary character. In a comparative approach, this study has sought to determine the literary works treatment of this character and how they turn it into a singular figure. Far from simply resorting to an exogenous list of significations and extending the media figure of the child soldier, far from only focusing on the violence of its hybridity, English and French African novels build a figure of a witness. This study has therefore been interested in revealing the historiographicalas well as the ethical and political visions of the child soldier who experiences African civil wars
Kalifa, Osama. "La protection des enfants pendant les conflits armés : Étude comparative entre le droit international et le droit Libyen." Thesis, Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0121/document.
Full textThe protection of children during armed conflict - Comparative study between international law and Libyan lawChildren are a vulnerable group in society and as such they require special protection, especially in times of armed conflict where their rights may be violated, whether they belong to the civilian population or they are militarily involved in armed conflict. This protection is a recent problem and remains more than ever current. It raises the question of what is the purpose of the specificity announced to the extent that there is already a general protection of civilians. Must we then understand that the latter is insufficient to protect children in war situations? Also, does the general as well as the specific protection applied to children vary according to whether the armed conflict is international or non-international? All of these questions will be the subject of the first part of the thesis entitled: « The protection of civilian children in times of armed conflict ».The second part of the thesis on « The protection of child soldiers in times of armed conflict » examines the legal consequences of the participation of children in hostilities. And in this context, whether these children captured by the enemy will get the status of prisoner of war and whether they will be criminally prosecuted in case of commission of war crimes. The other issue raised in this section is the responsibility of the State, the group, the individual, who recruits children for use in armed conflict, despite their commitment not to do so. . The case of Libya appears here the most indicated; indeed, the country has dealt with these issues in its legislation which however presents flaws that we highlight, especially since in that state broke out in February 2011 a war where are recruited and used children
Bodineau, Sylvie. "Droits de l'enfant en praxis : la protection des enfants kadogos en République démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37669.
Full textThis thesis intends to provide an anthropological view of the humanitarian intervention aiming at protecting child soldiers known as kadogos (small in Swahili) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It examines the way in which the child rights regime has been implemented, put into practice and articulated in the DRC, through the intervention; in particular, how the global ideal figures of childhood conveyed by the rights of the child have circulated, been put into action and negotiated within a local mechanism to support the reintegration of children and young people leaving armed forces and armed groups. Through a critical analysis of practices, between the elaboration of intervention guidelines and policies and their implementation, it focuses on discourses and practices of the protagonists of the programme implemented (interveners and beneficiaries), considering that they are at the centre of humanitarian transactions, where, in a way, the "monolithic block" that the intervention represents, confronting its field of application, crumbles, dilutes, diversifies, and/or deviates; in the interstices and "entre-lieux de l’humanitaire" (Saillant 2007c) where children's rights are negotiated and "vernacularized" (Merry 2007). By not focusing on an "exotic" population (Congolese "child soldiers"), but on the way in which the "child rights regime" (Pupavac 2001), which originated in the Western world, is confronted with Congolese realities through humanitarian child protection practices, this research is part of an anthropology of the "close". From a typically anthropological perspective, by looking at the practice of children's rights outside their place of creation, it provides a better understanding of how altruisms are constructed in the very contemporary transnational context of humanitarian intervention and human rights. Tracking children's rights from their global conception to their local praxis, it opens the door for their renewal in its different spaces.
Adjadji, Anani Guy. "L’enfant et la violence dans le roman africain de l’ère postcoloniale." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL047.
Full textViolence, war, poverty and precariousness are typical terms, which are repeatedly present in different discourses about the African continent, be it in the media or in the social sphere. In literature, these expressions also dominate the publications of both the colonial and the post-colonial era. Therefore, this work has the main objective of analysing the portrayal of postcolonial violence in selected works published by African French-speaking authors, but without taking into account the figure of the dictator. It emphasizes the issue of children, most especially child soldiers. Moreover it analyses the narrative methods used by the authors, by means of which a child or teenager becomes the main figure in the context of extreme violence. Two novel publications of Ahmadou Kourouma and one of Emmanuel Dongala form the basis of this dissertation. These are works of two authors who, starting in the year 2000, created new structures in the history of French African literature by their intensive writing about the military use of children. It turned out that in their novels, the voice of a child offers a particular view from the lower class of society on postcolonial violence. In addition, the dissertation establishes a causal relationship between postcolonial and colonial violence
La, Rosa Aurélie. "Le concept d'enfant soldat et la Cour Pénale Internationale." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL20006.
Full textSince the end of the 20th century, the eyes of the international community have been focused on the utilization of child soldier in armed conflicts. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons, of poverty, and especially of non international armed conflicts, are crucial factors underlying the phenomenon. Numerous rights of the child protection instruments plan the ban on recruiting and using children as soldiers in hostilities. Despite the normative gaps that emerge, regarding in particular the hiring age of the child soldier, important efforts have been provided by the whole international community. These efforts are going to be completed by the International Criminal Court, in particular with the Thomas Lubanga case, first person brought before the Court, under the unique charge of war crime, namely enlisting or conscripting children under the age of fifteen years, and using them to participate actively in hostilities. This first historical verdict sets up a novel and founding case law regarding war crimes of enlistment and use of child soldiers, which legacy may make other proceedings easier on a national level. If the child soldier appears as a victim, he is also a player in hostilities. When dealing with the child soldier phenomenon, a confusion is quite often made between two antonyms : victim and executioner. How does the international law treat the criminal liability of the child soldier ? Are we witnessing the generalization of a status or, at least, a common denominator ?
Nsangou, Jonathan Russel. "Scénographies de l'échec dans quelques romans francophones de l'Afrique subsaharienne." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34870.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the different representations of failure in some Sub-Saharan French novels written between 1961 and 2000. Rereading L’aventure ambiguë of Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Les Soleils des indépendances and Allah n’est pas obligé of Ahmadou Kourouma, Trop de soleil tue l’amour of Mongo Beti, Murambi, le livre des ossements of Boubacar Boris Diop and La Folie et la Mort of Ken Bugul, it shows, through the characters and their disappointing paths, that failure is a recurrent theme of that period. The various speeches that the personel of the novels holds about failure reveals that the perception of this phenomenon is relative, because what is a failure for some, it is not failure for others : while some characters dismiss the various abuses of warrior, traditional and political power, as well as the deviant behavior of other members of society, others find ways to legitimize and rationalize the evil. Rather than being limited to the simple matter of observation of failure in the novels, the thesis goes beyond and proposes a new hermeneutic of francophone fictions of Africa : it brings out what in the interstices of the novels – and from the novelists – allows to deconstruct and overcome the imaginary of failure. Thus, novelists use certain rhetorical processes such as humor, irony, the play of words, the narrative polyphony to escape the grip of failure. They show that instead of indulging in the “sob of the black man”, the postcolonial subject should re-evaluate his attachment to traditions, make an epistemological break and a cultural adjustment, rely on art as a cathartic means, and act to establish a true democracy. In the end, the thesis is against an Afropessimistic reading of Sub-Saharan francophone novels and invites to consider them as a means that would enable Africans to invent a new rationality, a new way of defining oneself in the face of the world ; in short, a way to hope for a better tomorrow.
Kane, Ameth Fadel. "La protection des droits de l'enfant pendant les conflits armés en droit international." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0122/document.
Full textThe protection of children rights victim of the armed conflicts is a recent and current problem which leans on the evolution of human rights and on the transformation of the nature of the conflicts. It raises the question of the existence of a substantial international normative frame, capable of assuring protection and assistance to the child in the grip of hostilities. On this point, it seems that the international law plans a set of legal mechanisms applicable to the child, whether he is direct or indirect victim of the conflicts, or that he participates directly in the hostilities. However, the examination of these instruments shows that they are often characterized by the generality of their measures which are not still adapted to the consideration of the specificity of the child. Furthermore, they sometimes raise questions of applicability. So, if we cannot deny them any effectiveness, this one remains partial in many cases. The adoption of legal mechanisms specifically applicable to the child, as the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 and its optional protocols, had moreover for object to remedy this maladjustment and to establish the exhaustiveness of the legal framework. The obstinacy of the violations makes, however, normative inadequacies become aware and impose a redefining of the objective of protection. In this context, the growing implication of the Security Council, but also the criminalization of the violations committed during the armed conflicts, define a new approach of the responsibility of the international community on the subject. This intervention allowed, indeed, to remind to States their obligations and to adopt penalties against individuals offenders. Also, the condemnations pronounced by the International Criminal Court and the Special Court for the Sierra Leone for war crimes consisting in the recruitment and in the use of children soldiers mark the end of a denial of justice. However, the action of these jurisdictions is sometimes hindered by the complexity of rules governing the international justice or the lack of cooperation of States. Thus, an international frame object of all the contradictions emerges from it, where from the relativity of the system of protection. This puts the necessity of insisting on the first responsibility which falls to States in this domain
Seruhungo, Désiré. "Les formes d'accompagnement et de médiation dans le système éducatif congolais : réalités et perspectives." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG035/document.
Full textEducation in the DRC (Republic Democratic of Congo) favors some students and disadvantages others because it offers all the students a single learning path, regardless of their learning style. Which explains the failures and the abandonments. This is the case of street and demobilized child soldiers who, due to lack of supervision, may be a social danger.However, if these young people had been oriented towards school structures corresponding to their rhythms and learning styles, they could integrate into society. Unfortunately, they do not exist. For the education system that benefiting everyone, the DRC authorities should open up the school system with new pedagogical approaches, train teachers, give them a good salary, build new schools and equip them
Charles-Alfred, Christophe-Claude. "La justice transitionnelle face à la responsabilité de l'enfant associé aux forces et groupes armés âgé de plus de quinze ans auteur d'infractions graves." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1066.
Full textThe legal justice mechanism of the Child Associated with Armed Forces and Groups of more than fifteen years old of serious offenders is inconsistent. In fact, this kid's allowed to obtain the combatant status even if he never assumes automatically his responsibilities when he commits serious offences. It's because the international community is divided and considers him as a victim or a criminal. This uncertainty creates the effect of legal insecurity since he doesn't know how he'll be treated by Justice. This situation benefits to his recruiter who encourages him to commit the most serous crimes. The child feels almighty. But at the end of the conflict, he may probably rejected by this community who considers him as an executioner. So, his reintegration is compromise. To rectify this situation, harmonizing the age of the fighter should be a solution to clarity his accountability status. For the moment, fifteen years old appears as minimum standard. If the child isn't so youth to take arms, he can bear his accountability. But how? Whith Transitional Justice in general and more specifically the creation of a Special Court for Serious Violations which judge those who have the highest level of responsibility in the commission of the crime. For the others, we propose Restorative Justice that meet their needs, those of their victims and their entire community
Boroumand, Armin. "L'exploitation des enfants par le travail en droit international, européen et iranien : étude normative comparée." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA001.
Full textChild Labour and Child Exploitation in International, European and Iranian law (a Comparative Legal Study): According to the ILO’s Convention No. 182, all forms of slavery or similar practices, such as debt bondage and serfdom, trafficking, forced labour and compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflicts appear among the worst forms of child labour. The aforementioned Convention classifies all these concepts into a singlecategory which may give rise to a possible ambiguity. The aim of this thesis is to shed light on the nuances of each of these notions in international, European (in particular, Council of Europe) and Iranian law. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part deals with theevolution of the international, European and Iranian Legal framework in the fight against child labour in general. The second part particularly focuses on grave forms of child labour of economic nature which require a specific legal regime
Aivo, Gérard. "Le statut de combattant dans les conflits armés non internationaux : etude critique de droit international humanitaire." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30053.
Full textBefore the Geneva Conventions of 1949, only the international armed conflicts were regulated by the law of the war. This last one could apply in the civil wars only after the recognition of the rebel forces as belligerent party. Now, since the Second World War we attended an increase in non-International armed conflicts. But the Geneva Conventions of 1949 dedicated them only the common article 3; then the additional Protocol II of 1977 came to complete it. These two texts contain numerous gaps, in particular the absence of definition of the "combatants" and the "civilians", making so difficult the respect for the principle of distinction nevertheless essential for the protection of the civil populations. These rules do not regulate either the means and the war methods. Besides the normative gaps, there are material problems which complicate the effective implementation of the relevant rules. It is in particular about the participation of the civil populations in the hostilities, including the children-Soldiers and the mercenaries. The absence of combatant's status in the non-International armed conflicts appears as the main problem compromising the efficiency of the international humanitarian law. Does not this one contribute to the non compliance with this law by the armed groups? Would it be necessary to confer this status to these last ones to bring them to apply the international humanitarian law or to envisage the other means? Which one?
Sesay, Mohamed Kanja. "La gouvernance sans Etat : une étude de cas sur les territoires contrôlés par le front révolutionnaire uni en Sierra Leone." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40043/document.
Full textThe war in Sierra Leone began in 1991 and ended in 2002. Analysts remaindivided on the question of its cause, particularly on the issue of the motivations ofthe rebel Revolutionary United Front (RUF), the armed group which started thehostilities. From its entry into Sierra Leone to date; the RUF has been the subjectof much debate and criticism, both on its organization and its methods of wagingwar. By asking questions relating to the organizational capacity of the RUF, thisstudy aims to contextualize the central arguments often associated with civil warsof the Sierra Leonean kind: they insist on the absence of meaning; these conflictsillustrate a situation of chaos and/or are devoid of political reflections. They arealso the consequence of the absence or failure of a State.This present study continues these discussions in relation to the RUF, bydemonstrating that this guerilla force was not as disorganized as often portrayed,despite increased media coverage on its use of violence. The RUF was not a groupof murderous diamond thieves but also quite structured with a clear hierarchicallogic or ideology. Through this internal organisation, it set up structures toestablish governor/governed relations with urban populations under its control.The rebel force thus established a system to manage these local communities. Suchconsiderations changed the nature of the armed group in the areas under itscontrol, where it established a civil "administrative unit", far from being efficientbut identifiable as such.By juxtaposing the complex interactions of daily governance, the thesishighlights the governance practices of the RUF and the aspects that characterise"normal" life in these « war torn » towns. It analyzes the variables of therelationship between members of the rebel movement occupying these towns andthe local population. Once a town is conquered, the rebels are forced to dosomething there, an "administrative system" establishing an order of coexistence inthe whole area is imposed.The study therefore analyzes the tools of civil governance, mobilized intime of war. During this study, several field research trips to Sierra Leone, wereconducted. These trips have allowed the realization of several interviews,individual and collective. They support the general ideas presented in this thesis
Sesay, Mohamed. "La gouvernance sans État : une étude de cas sur les territoires contrôlés par le Front Révolutionnaire Uni en Sierra Leone." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958107.
Full textMartinez, Kamir. "Entre violence et resistance : la réinsertion de la femme africaine subsaharienne dans l'histoire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCA018/document.
Full textIn relation to the immediate history, contemporary African literature contributes to the denunciation of the violence of postcolonial regimes and civil wars. These new forms of writing are characterized both by the urgency and by the intention to move away from European forms, giving rise to a universalizing writing and the claim of the novel as a work of art. This contribution is proposed, from nine Francophone, Anglophone and Hispanophone novels published between 1990 and 2000, to explore and analyse the reintegration of Sub-Saharan African women in the official archives. Through fictional testimonies inspired by real facts and stories of the private sphere, these authors create a new imagination about African women evolving between violence and resistance. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we will try to identify the images of the woman in these novels, as well as the stylistic and linguistic means in the process of the reinterpretation of the archives and the reintegration of the African Sub-Saharan woman in history
En relación a la historia inmediata, la literatura africana contemporánea contribuye a la denuncia de la violencia de los regímenes poscoloniales y de las guerras civiles. Estas nuevas formas de escritura se caracterizan tanto por la urgencia de escribir como por la intención de alejarse de las formas de expresión europeas, dando lugar a una escritura universal y a la reivindicación de la novela como obra de arte. Esta contribución se propone de explorar y analizar la reintegración de las mujeres africanas subsaharianas a los archivos oficiales, a partir de nueve novelas de expresión francesa, inglesa y española, publicadas entre 1990 y 2000. A través de testimonios ficticios inspirados por hechos reales e historias de la vida privada, estos autores y autoras crean una nueva imagen de las mujeres africanas desenvolviéndose entre la violencia y la resistencia. A través de un enfoque interdisciplinario, intentaremos identificar las imágenes de la mujer en estas novelas, así como el estilo y el lenguaje en el proceso de reinterpretación de los archivos y la reintegración de la mujer africana subsahariana en la historia
Kaddour, Alya. "De l'utilité des conventions internationales visant à éliminer les "pires formes de travail des enfants" /." 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766704681&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textDaxhelet, Marie-Laure. "L'étude des processus défensifs, adaptatifs et anti-traumatiques chez des enfants soldats congolais." Thèse, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5383/1/D2444.pdf.
Full textBolduc, Karine. "Les enfants-soldats et la justice transitionnelle : les impératifs d'imputabilité face à l'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3966/1/M11981.pdf.
Full textDarius, Émile. "Réflexion de politique pénale sur la responsabilité et le traitement des enfants soldats, auteurs de crimes internationaux à la lumière de l'expérience de la Sierra Leone." Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1306/1/M10103.pdf.
Full textDe, Montigny Chentale. "Victimes et bourreaux : quelle protection pour les enfants combattants?" Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1783/1/M9290.pdf.
Full textLajoie, Ariane. "Le droit à la réparation chez les jeunes filles démobilisées des groupes armés : vers une approche de participation émancipatoire : étude de cas de la Colombie." Mémoire, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5779/1/M13010.pdf.
Full textSACKEY, DONALD E. "Esthétique et éthique du témoignage dans le nouveau roman africain d'expression française: Emmanuel Dongala, Tierno Monénembo et Ahmadou Kourouma." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7026.
Full textThesis (Ph.D, French) -- Queen's University, 2012-03-01 12:40:14.865
Ménard, Stéphanie. "La réintégration des filles associées aux forces et aux groupes armés en République démocratique du Congo." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4361/1/M12301.pdf.
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