Academic literature on the topic 'Engine braking'

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Journal articles on the topic "Engine braking"

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Wang, Yang, Wuqiang Long, Jingchen Cui, Hua Tian, Xiangyu Meng, Xin Wang, and Duo Xu. "Development of a variable mode valve actuation system for a heavy-duty engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 10-11 (February 12, 2020): 2618–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020901659.

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A new variable mode valve actuation system for a heavy-duty engine was proposed and designed in this paper. The variable mode valve actuation system can significantly enhance braking safety and improve fuel economy and emission of heavy-duty engines through flexible switching among four-stroke driving mode, two-stroke compression-release braking mode, and cylinder deactivation mode on a conventional four-stroke engine. The switching was controlled by four-stroke driving modules and two-stroke braking modules, both of which have two operation states: effective state and failure state. For the control of the multi-cylinder engine, all cylinders can be divided into several groups, and all the four-stroke driving modules in the same group were controlled by one solenoid valve, as well as all the two-stroke braking modules were controlled by another solenoid valve. A hydraulic-mechanical multi-body dynamics model was established to investigate the switching response of the variable mode valve actuation system. The results indicated that when the engine operated at 2000 r/min, the switching of the four-stroke driving module and the two-stroke braking module required 30 °CA and 101 °CA at most, respectively. In addition, to avoid the conflict between the four-stroke driving valve lift and the two-stroke braking valve lift, the switching between the four-stroke driving mode and the two-stroke compression-release braking mode must have a reasonable sequence. The variable mode valve actuation system has an excellent switching response and it is convenient for the control of the multi-cylinder engine. Therefore, the variable mode valve actuation system has a good application prospect for heavy-duty engines.
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Wang, Yang, Wuqiang Long, Jingchen Cui, Xin Wang, Hua Tian, and Xiangyu Meng. "Research on two-stroke compression release braking performance of a variable mode valve actuation system." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 9 (December 24, 2019): 1696–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419894449.

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In order to enhance the braking safety and improve the fuel economy and emission of heavy-duty engines, a variable mode valve actuation system which can switch operation modes flexibly among four-stroke driving, two-stroke compression release braking, and cylinder deactivation modes on a four-stroke engine was developed in this article. The switching was controlled by the four-stroke driving module and the two-stroke braking module, both of which have two states: effective state and failure state. Besides, a full-cycle numerical model of a six-cylinder turbocharged engine was established for the performance analysis of two-stroke compression release braking mode. The orthogonal design method was introduced in the present study to obtain the optimum valve parameters which can result in high braking power and maintain the maximum cylinder pressure at a lower level at the same time. Then, the two-stroke compression release brake braking power with the optimum valve parameters was compared with four-stroke compression release braking power. Meanwhile, the two-stroke braking cam profile of the variable mode valve actuation system was designed according to the optimum valve parameters, and the two-stroke braking performance with the dynamic valve lift of the variable mode valve actuation system was validated by the numerical model including the hydraulic system. The results indicated that a higher engine speed leads to higher braking power at the same valve lift. Besides, two-stroke compression release brake braking power of the variable mode valve actuation system achieved 525.3 kW at 2600 r/min and 358.1 kW at 1900 r/min, 52.9% and 71.3% higher than four-stroke compression release braking power, respectively. Although the two-stroke compression release brake braking power with dynamic valve lift is slightly less than that with the optimum valve parameters, it is still much higher than that of the four-stroke compression release braking power. Therefore, it has a good application prospect for heavy-duty engines.
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Verbitskiy, V. V., and V. M. Pogosyan. "Compressor type engine brake." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 3 (2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2021-3-27-30.

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The accident rate in road transport remains unacceptably high, and in order to reduce it, it is nec-essary to take into account all the factors affecting this process. In this regard, the process of long-term braking deserves special attention, which negative processes require the creation of additional braking systems (retarder brakes) for vehicles operating in mountainous areas, primarily in the field of passenger transportation. Transmission retarder brakes that provide sufficient braking performance have a number of dis-advantages that inhibit their use. Existing engine retarder brakes provide insufficient deceleration, and studies were carried out at the Kuban State Agrarian University (KubSAU) to improve their efficiency. After a theoretical analysis, the compressor brake mode was experimentally investigated. The in-creased pressure was created in the intake manifold and at the end of the compression stroke, air from the cylinder was released through a special valve back into the system, due to which the brak-ing effect was created. The carried out experiments confirmed the possibility of a significant increase in the engine braking torque in the compressor brake mode, when both valves are closed - the exhaust after the exhaust manifold and the intake in front of the carburetor, and compressed air is supplied to the in-take manifold at different pressures. Then the braking torque increases in comparison with engine braking by more than 3 times.
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LebedevasPaulius, Sergejus, Paulius Rapalis, and Rima Mickevicienė. "Research on the Energy Efficiency Indicators of Transport Diesel Engines under Transient Operation Conditions." Pomorstvo 32, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.32.2.8.

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In this study, we have investigated the efficiency of transport diesel engines CAT3512B-HD in transient braking and acceleration modes in 2M62M locomotives. A comparative analysis of the diesel engine performance has been performed at speeds of power increase and braking ranging from 4–5 kW/s to 17–18 kW/s. A decrease in the fuel economy occurred, and the main reason for it (compared with the steady-state operating condition at qcycl = idem) has been found to be the deterioration of the mechanical efficiency coefficient due to the loss of the additional equipment kinetic energy of the engine. The efficiency decreased by 3–3.5% under power increase operations and by 10–14% in the braking modes. The original methodology for the evaluation of the diesel engine parameters registered by the engine control units (ECU) in the engine operating conditions, mathematical modelling application AVL BOOST, and analytical summaries in artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used. The errors in the obtained results have been 5–8% at a determination coefficient of 0.97–0.99.
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Pizzo, Joe. "Airplane dynamics: Engine thrust, engine braking, and wing lift." Physics Teacher 26, no. 2 (February 1988): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2342452.

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Zheng, Hongpeng, Yulong Lei, and Pengxiang Song. "Designing the main controller of auxiliary braking systems for heavy-duty vehicles in nonemergency braking conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 9 (May 7, 2017): 1605–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217706386.

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With the development of the road industry, heavy-duty vehicles now require additional braking power to fulfill their braking requirements. Auxiliary braking systems, which include a hydraulic retarder and an engine brake, can provide additional braking force in nonemergency braking conditions. A water medium retarder is a new type of hydraulic retarder that can convert the kinetic energy of a vehicle into the thermal energy of coolant. This study introduces a novel auxiliary braking system involving a water medium retarder and an engine brake for heavy-duty vehicles. The specific forces of heavy-duty vehicles and the auxiliary braking system are established. The control logic of the novel auxiliary braking system is assigned, and a main controller is designed to dynamically manage the entire braking process. The main controller includes controllers A and B, which handles the engine brake and water medium retarder, respectively. The heavy-duty vehicles dynamic system model is created using MATLAB/Simulink. Upon performance testing, simulation results show that the designed main controller can effectively and rapidly manage the auxiliary braking system, thus satisfying the braking requirements in any nonemergency braking condition. Even when the slope of a road changes, the main controller can extract dynamical forces as well as acceleration parameters and fulfill the braking requirements of vehicles.
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Zagorodnikh, N. A. "Cases of non-signalized engine braking." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 632 (November 8, 2019): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/632/1/012006.

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Jo, Peter J., John Mandell, Hilko Schmitt, and Gabriel Roberts. "Engine Braking with Lashless Valve Trains." ATZheavy duty worldwide 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41321-021-0408-4.

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Wang, Qing Nian, Wen Wang, Peng Yu Wang, and Feng Li. "Mode Analysis of Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1807.

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EVT transmission in Planetary Gear Hybrid Electric Vehicles makes it available that the engine works on the optimal curves; yet because of the speed limitation of motor MG1, the maximum output power of the engine is a function of vehicle speed. The maximum traction and regenerative braking power is also a function of vehicle speed. Based on this, the vehicle drive modes consist of EV mode, economy mode and power mode, and braking modes include the regenerative braking mode and electromechanical braking mode.
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Janulevičius, Algirdas, and Povilas Gurevičius. "IMPACT OF THE INFLATION PRESSURE OF THE TIRES ON LEAD OF FRONT DRIVE WHEELS AND MOVEMENT RESISTANCE FORCE OF TRACTORS." Transport 34, no. 6 (October 8, 2019): 628–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.11233.

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The transmission of mechanical front-wheel drive tractors normally has a front axle lead ratio, which is equal to 1.5…2.5%. Naturally, when ballast masses are added to the tractor or when inflation pressure in the tires is reduced, distortion of the tires is inevitable, which changes the lead of the front wheels. In this paper, we present the impact of tire inflation pressures on the lead front drive wheels and movement resistance force when the tractor travelled with a front drive axle enabled and was engine braking with the fuel supply off. It was found that the variation in front and rear tires inflation pressure combination can significantly change the lead of the front drive wheels. For the tested tractor up to 6.9%. The result is that when the tractor travelled with the front axle enabled and was engine braking, the engine-braking efficiency decreases with increasing lead of the front wheels. Front (slipping) wheels create the opposite-direction torque, which is transferred to the rear wheels through the tractor’s front-rear axle drive system. Additional losses of the engine braking occur in transmission due to power circulation, and the result is that the tractor wheels receive less braking torque from the engine.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Engine braking"

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Herrera, Carlos A. (Carlos Alberto) 1974. "Hybrid internal combustion engine : driving a vehicle using air compressed in braking." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47662.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80).
After the oil crisis of the 1970's, stringent government standards placed on automobile manufacturers have led the industry to explore more fuel efficient alternatives to the vehicle with a conventional internal combustion engine/transmission powertrain. This is the motivation behind Mr. David F. Moyer's hybrid internal combustion engine concept. A vehicle using this engine should attain higher fuel economy levels as a result of kinetic energy recovery and reuse (achieved by using the engine as an air compressor during braking, storing the compressed air, and then utilizing that air to turn the engine and drive the vehicle), cylinder disabling, and the elimination of idling losses. Data of transmission input power for Ford Motor Company's P2000 vehicle while driven through 1373 seconds of typical urban driving (CVS cycle) were used, combined with a model to estimate engine friction, to carry out an available energy analysis of the hybrid engine. An air processing efficiency was incorporated into the analysis to determine how irreversible the air storage/use processes were. Fuel economy was estimated for the different operating conditions of the concept by matching Ford's 1.8-litre Zetec engine to the vehicle and using the fuel consumption map for that engine. The vehicle with the baseline engine yields 32.6 mpg. Adding cylinder disabling raises this value to 36.8 mpg. Ultimately, if reversible hybrid operation is added, the best possible fuel economy this concept can achieve is 52.4 mpg, for a total maximum savings of 38% in fuel consumption. Using simple thermodynamic models of a braking and an air driving event, we predicted maximum values of 85% and 88% for the air processing efficiency in the braking and the air driving case, respectively. An overall value of 65% was chosen for the efficiency, resulting in a maximum fuel economy of 48.1 mpg and fuel savings of 32%. The analysis above led us to conclude that engine friction plays a significant role in reducing the benefit of this hybrid concept. Furthermore, fully variable valve timing and cylinder disabling improve fuel economy for a conventional engine significantly, and they are essential in minimizing the thermodynamic losses involved in hybrid operation. Therefore, we recommend that methods to reduce engine friction as well as means to implement fully variable valve timing modifications to an internal combustion engine be explored further.
by Carlos A. Herrera.
S.M.
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Bao, Ran. "The architecture of pneumatic regenerative systems for the diesel engine." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21267.

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For vehicles whose duty cycle is dominated by start-stop operation, fuel consumption may be significantly improved by better management of the start-stop process. Pneumatic hybrid technology represents one technology pathway to realise this goal. Vehicle kinetic energy is converted to pneumatic energy by compressing air into air tank(s) during the braking. The recovered air is reused to supply an air starter, or supply energy to the air path in order to reduce turbo-lag. This research aims to explore the concept and control of a novel pneumatic hybrid powertrain for a city bus application to identify the potential for improvements in fuel economy and drivability. In order to support the investigation of energy management, system architecture and control methodologies, two kinds of simulation models are created. Backward-facing simulation models have been built using Simulink. Forward-facing models have been developed in the GT-POWER and Simulink co-simulation. After comparison, the fully controllable hybrid braking system is chosen to realize the regenerative braking function. A number of architectures for managing a rapid energy transfer into the powertrain to reduce turbo-lag have been investigated. A city bus energy control strategy has been proposed to realize the Stop-Start Function, Boost Function, and Regenerative Braking Function as well as the normal operations. An optimisation study is conducted to identify the relationships between operating parameters and respectively fuel consumption, performance and energy usage. In conclusion, pneumatic hybrid technology can improve the city bus fuel economy by at least 6% in a typical bus driving cycle, and reduce the engine brake torque response and vehicle acceleration. Based on the findings, it can be learned that the pneumatic hybrid technology offers a clear and low-cost alternative to the electric hybrid technology in improving fuel economy and vehicle drivability.
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Vašica, Radoslav. "Měření zpomalení motocyklů při brzdění motorem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233034.

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Diploma thesis deals with the deceleration of the motorcycles with the use of engine braking. Work can by divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part begins with the possibility of division motorcycles according to several criteria. Below is given the primary papers of literature, usable in connection with the issue of this work. Subsequently, the work discusses the factors which are affecting the course of the deceleration with the use of engine braking. The practical part acquaints the reader with available measuring devices, with the place of measurement and the methodology. The following are listed specific measured values for individual motorcycles, supplemented with graphical output. At the end of the practical part is for comparison a brief summary of the measured values of each tested vehicle. Interpretation and evaluation of the measured data are contained in the conclusion of the work.
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Bejčková, Jana. "Měření zpomalení osobních automobilů při brzdění motorem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232895.

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The presented diploma thesis deals with the measurement of car deceleration during engine braking from different starting speeds and different speed gears with a sample of vehicles. This piece of work consists of a theoretical part, where problem background is defined, selected driving parameters including the manner how to measure them are explained and the facts in the field of structural characteristics of the vehicle are given, further from a design of measurement methodology that gives an overall plan of implementation, all the respective information and a description of handling with decelerometer, further from a real measurement of the deceleration including an interpretation of partial obtained values and finally from the evaluation of all results with appropriate conclusions.
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Kašparová, Hana. "Měření zpomalení nákladních automobilů do 12 tun při brzdění motorem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233050.

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This thesis deals with braking effect of the truck’s engine. The theoretical part introduces the reader to the basic construction of trucks, describes most using engine and defines the factors having a significant effect on engine braking. In the practical part the reader is familiar with the technique used in making the measurement and description of the vehicle chosen for the implementation of measurement. The result of the practical part is the values obtained by measurement including their interpretation contained in the conclusion.
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Yu, Wen-Cheng, and 余文正. "Integrated Driving and Adjustable Electronic Engine Braking for Electric Vehicles." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4er4xa.

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碩士
國立中興大學
電機工程學系所
106
Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a new generation of transportation vehicles in many countries. Gasoline vehicles are gradually replaced by electric cars. However, the brake system is mainly traditional hydraulic auxiliary disc brake, and the braking system is independent with the driving system. This thesis proposes a system that can integrate driving and braking design in a compact module. We use the back electromotive force generated by the rotation of the motor as the braking energy, and then change the order of the inverter switches to generate the braking effect. The switches control the magnetic field of the motor so that the motor has a reverse resistance to achieve quickly braking. However, the braking force might be large to damage electric components of a large-powered electric vehicle. To resolve the problem, we uses the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation(PWM) effect to control the upper and lower arm switching mechanism. It adjusts the braking force in an efficient way. The system is equipped with an adjustable regulator to achieve braking control while avoiding surge voltage and surge current of the switching elements. We have successfully applied this design to an electric scooter and an electric car. We test engine braking and general braking, then compares the time of sliding and braking. Finally, we analyze the braking performance according to the braking time.
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Fazeli, Amir. "Development of a Novel Air Hybrid Engine." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6114.

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An air hybrid vehicle is an alternative to the electric hybrid vehicle that stores the kinetic energy of the vehicle during braking in the form of pressurized air. In this thesis, a novel compression strategy for an air hybrid engine is developed that increases the efficiency of conventional air hybrid engines significantly. The new air hybrid engine utilizes a new compression process in which two air tanks are used to increase the air pressure during the engine compressor mode. To develop the new engine, its mathematical model is derived and validated using GT-Power software. An experimental setup has also been designed to test the performance of the proposed system. The experimental results show the superiority of the new configuration over conventional single-tank system in storing energy. In addition, a new switchable cam-based valvetrain and cylinder head is proposed to eliminate the need for a fully flexible valve system in air hybrid engines. The cam-based valvetrain can be used both for the conventional and the proposed double-tank air hybrid engines. To control the engine braking torque using this valvetrain, the same throttle that controls the traction torque is used. Model-based and model-free control methods are adopted to develop a controller for the engine braking torque. The new throttle-based air hybrid engine torque control is modeled and validated by simulation and experiments. The fuel economy obtained in a drive cycle by a double-tank air hybrid vehicle is evaluated and compared to that of a single-tank air hybrid vehicle.
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王源煒. "The Feasibility Study of Idle Start and Regenerative Braking Applications in Air Hybrid Engines." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62489099183620501422.

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Books on the topic "Engine braking"

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Jaguar XJ6 workshop manual(1986-1994): Covering Jaguar & Daimler saloons fitted with 2.9, 3.2, 3.6 and 4.0 litre engines plus fuel, ignition & cooling systems, manual & automatic gearboxes, transmission, suspension & hubs, steering, braking, electrics & bodywork. Auckland: M.A.P.Books, 1994.

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Schmidt, Robert Kyle. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/9780768099430.

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The aircraft landing gear and its associated systems represent a compelling design challenge: simultaneously a system, a structure, and a machine, it supports the aircraft on the ground, absorbs landing and braking energy, permits maneuvering, and retracts to minimize aircraft drag. Yet, as it is not required during flight, it also represents dead weight and significant effort must be made to minimize its total mass. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear, written by R. Kyle Schmidt, PE (B.A.Sc. - Mechanical Engineering, M.Sc. - Safety and Aircraft Accident Investigation, Chairman of the SAE A-5 Committee on Aircraft Landing Gear), is designed to guide the reader through the key principles of landing system design and to provide additional references when available. Many problems which must be confronted have already been addressed by others in the past, but the information is not known or shared, leading to the observation that there are few new problems, but many new people. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear is intended to share much of the existing information and provide avenues for further exploration. The design of an aircraft and its associated systems, including the landing system, involves iterative loops as the impact of each modification to a system or component is evaluated against the whole. It is rare to find that the lightest possible landing gear represents the best solution for the aircraft: the lightest landing gear may require attachment structures which don't exist and which would require significant weight and compromise on the part of the airframe structure design. With those requirements and compromises in mind,The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear starts with the study of airfield compatibility, aircraft stability on the ground, the correct choice of tires, followed by discussion of brakes, wheels, and brake control systems. Various landing gear architectures are investigated together with the details of shock absorber designs. Retraction, kinematics, and mechanisms are studied as well as possible actuation approaches. Detailed information on the various hydraulic and electric services commonly found on aircraft, and system elements such as dressings, lighting, and steering are also reviewed. Detail design points, the process of analysis, and a review of the relevant requirements and regulations round out the book content. The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear is a landmark work in the industry, and a must-read for any engineer interested in updating specific skills and students preparing for an exciting career.
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Book chapters on the topic "Engine braking"

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Post, Wulf. "Car braking systems." In Fundamentals of Automotive and Engine Technology, 130–41. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03972-1_11.

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Bildstein, Michael, Karsten Mann, and Boyke Richter. "Regenerative braking system." In Fundamentals of Automotive and Engine Technology, 240–43. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03972-1_22.

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Zhang, Yan, Choyu Lee, Hua Zhao, Tom Ma, Jing Feng, Zhiqiang Lin, and Jie Shen. "Improvement of Fuel Economy and Vehicle Performance Through Pneumatic Regenerative Engine Braking Device (Reneged)." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 55–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33841-0_4.

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Prasanth, B., Deepa Kaliyaperumal, R. Jeyanthi, and Saravanan Brahmanandam. "Real-Time Optimization of Regenerative Braking System in Electric Vehicles." In Electric Vehicles and the Future of Energy Efficient Transportation, 193–218. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7626-7.ch008.

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In the present era, electric vehicles (EV) have revolutionized the world with their dominant features like cleanliness and high efficiency compared to that of the internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles. To crave for the higher efficiency of the EV during the braking, the kinetic energy of the EV is converted into electrical energy, which is harvested into storage system, called regenerative braking. Various techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy-based controllers consider factors like state of charge of the battery and supercapacitor and brake demand for calculating the regenerative braking energy. A force distribution curve is designed to ensure that the braking force is distributed and applied on the four wheels simultaneously. In real-time optimization, an operating area is formed for maximizing the regenerative force which is evaluated by linear programming. It is proved that the drive range of the vehicle is increased by 25.7% compared to the one with non-RBS. In this work, RTO-based control loop for regenerative braking system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.
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Janak, R., and J. Baltrucki. "Next Generation of Valve Train Technology for Engine Braking and More." In Ventiltrieb und Zylinderkopf 2017, 223–40. VDI Verlag, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181022917-223.

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Giang, Wayne C. W., Huei-Yen Winnie Chen, and Birsen Donmez. "Smartwatches vs. Smartphones." In Multigenerational Online Behavior and Media Use, 453–73. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7909-0.ch024.

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This work seeks to understand whether the unique features of a smartwatch, compared to a smartphone, mitigate or exacerbate driver distraction due to notifications, and to provide insights about drivers' perceptions of the risks associated with using smartwatches while driving. As smartwatches are gaining popularity among consumers, there is a need to understand how smartwatch use may influence driving performance. Previous driving research has examined voice calling on smartwatches, but not interactions with notifications, a key marketed feature. Engaging with notifications (e.g., reading and texting) on a handheld device is a known distraction associated with increased crash risks. Two driving simulator studies compared smartwatch to smartphone notifications. Experiment I asked participants to read aloud brief text notifications and Experiment II had participants manually select a response to arithmetic questions presented as notifications. Both experiments investigated the resulting glances to and physical interactions with the devices, as well as self-reported risk perception. Experiment II also investigated driving performance and self-reported knowledge/expectation about legislation surrounding the use of smart devices while driving. Experiment I found that participants were faster to visually engage with the notification on the smartwatch than the smartphone, took longer to finish reading aloud the notifications, and exhibited more glances longer than 1.6 s. Experiment II found that participants took longer to reply to notifications and had longer overall glance durations on the smartwatch than the smartphone, along with longer brake reaction times to lead vehicle braking events. Compared to the no device baseline, both devices increased lane position variability and resulted in higher self-reported perceived risk. Experiment II participants also considered that smartwatch use while driving deserves penalties equal to or less than smartphone use. The findings suggest that smartwatches may have road safety consequences. Given the common view among participants to associate smartwatch use with equal or less traffic penalties than smartphone use, there may be a disconnect between drivers' actual performance and their perceptions about smartwatch use while driving.
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Conference papers on the topic "Engine braking"

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Cossalter, Vittore, Roberto Lot, and Fabiano Maggio. "On the Braking Behavior of Motorcycles." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-32-0018.

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Zellner, John W., Brian K. Kebschull, and Tetsuo Tsuchida. "Influence of Antilock Brakes on Motorcycle Braking in a Turn." In Small Engine Technology Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/891773.

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Yang, Zhou. "A Study of Two-Stroke Engine Braking for HD Diesel Engines." In SAE 2002 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0487.

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Eggleton, Peter. "Reducing Emissions From Diesel-Hauled Commuter Trains by Recouping Braking Energy." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81146.

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The concept of a hybrid braking energy recoupment system was defined for coaches of diesel-hauled regional commuter trains. Functional specifications were developed having the goal of increasing by 25 percent the acceleration rate of a commuter train consisting of 10 bi-level coaches hauled by a 3,000 hp diesel locomotive, typical of the rolling stock now in service in Canada and the U.S.A. Because increasing train acceleration was the primary aim, the concept was named the Hybrid Augmented Traction System (HATS). Analyses of HATS simulations showed that in addition to augmenting acceleration and reducing trip time, braking energy recoupment reduced fuel consumption and corresponding diesel emissions. Examined were three alternate hybrid systems for train retardation by recoupment of braking energy, its storage and then regeneration based, respectively, on Hydrostatic, Battery and Ultracapacitor energy storage. The Ultracapacitor Hybrid system appeared the most promising due to the capability of ultracapacitors to repeatedly and rapidly accept large charges, be temperature insensitive and flexible in the placement of modules in the limited space available. The study foresees that HATS technology development could be expedited via the procurement process if railway operators specified braking energy recoupment requirements in calls-for-proposals for new capital equipment.
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Jansen, Henricus, Beau LeBlanc, Christopher Wilhelm, Tyler Shaw, and Alvin Lowi. "Quantifying Engine Braking for Various Common Street Motorcycles." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0880.

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Zou, Naiwei, Qingnian Wang, Wei Wang, and Xiaohua Zeng. "Simulation Study of CVT Ratio Control for Engine Braking." In 2009 International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmtma.2009.541.

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Wei, Lu, Yao Jia, Liu Wei, and Liu Jin-gang. "Simulation of CVT ratio control strategy of engine braking." In 2010 2nd International Asia Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (CAR 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/car.2010.5456655.

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Saggam, Nikhil, Pritam Edke, Guruprasath Alagarsamy, Surbhi Kohli, and Matthew Vance. "Engine Braking: A Perspective in Terms of Brake Power." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology 2019. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2019-26-0288.

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9

Ac¸ikbas¸, Su¨leyman, and M. Turan So¨ylemez. "Parameters Affecting Braking Energy Recuperation Rate in DC Rail Transit." In ASME/IEEE 2007 Joint Rail Conference and Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc/ice2007-40023.

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Rail systems are well-known for their energy efficiency. Energy resources used in mass rail transit systems is predominantly electricity around the world. Energy consumption of a wide mass rail transit network operator in a city can easily be the biggest electricity consumer of the city. Therefore, it is very important that the efficiency is increased. This is also an essential requirement for sustainable development. Some trains used in mass transit systems are equipped with regenerative braking. This allows trains to brake in regenerative mode and feed the other trains on the line, if there is a demand. Researches showed that up to 40% of the total traction energy consumption could be supplied by this regenerative braking energy, if it is 100% used. This usage rate depends on many different parameters such as train operation frequency (headway), train-set auxilary power consumption rate, nominal braking acceleration rate, braking effort vs. velocity curve of trains. Power system configuration such as substation locations and distances, catenary system resistance, and nominal power feeding voltage level has also considerable effect on recuperation rate. In the paper, some of these parameters’ impacts will be examined with the help of a multi-train, multi-line DC rail system simulator. The results will be given in comparison tables and discussed. Lastly, new emerging technologies such as flywheels and super capacitors to capture the un-used braking energy will be briefly given.
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Fazeli, Amir, and Amir Khajepour. "An Air Hybrid Engine With Higher Efficiency and Cam-Based Valvetrain System." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81017.

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In this paper, a new configuration for air hybrid engines is introduced which increases the energy storing capacity of the system during braking and simplifies significantly the valvetrain needed for the hybridized engine by relaxing the need for a fully flexible valvetrain system. The proposed configuration allows easy implementation of various air hybrid operational modes. Moreover, the specific configuration of the system avoids irreversible gas exchange in the cylinder during regenerative mode which results in the significant increase of the energy recovering efficiency. One of the most important advantages of the proposed system is that the engine torque in the regenerative braking mode is controlled by the same throttle system used in the conventional ICE mode. The performance and feasibility of the proposed configuration is shown through simulation and experimental work.
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