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Alkandari, Fatima A. A. A. "Model-driven engineering for analysing, modelling and comparing cloud computing service level agreements." Thesis, University of York, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11690/.
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In cloud computing, service level agreements (SLAs) are critical, and underpin a pay- per-consumption business model. Different cloud providers offer different services (of different qualities) on demand, and their pre-defined SLAs are used both to advertise services and to define contracts with consumers. However, different providers express their SLAs using their own vocabularies, typically defined in terms of their own tech- nologies and unique selling points. This can make it difficult for consumers to compare cloud SLAs systematically and precisely. We propose a modelling framework that pro- vides mechanisms that can be used systematically and semi-automatically to model and compare cloud SLAs and consumer requirements. Using MDE principles and tools, we propose a metamodel for cloud provider SLAs and cloud consumer requirements, and thereafter demonstrate how to use model comparison technology for automating differ- ent matching processes, thus helping consumers to choose between different providers. We also demonstrate how the matching process can be interactively configured to take into account consumer preferences, via weighting models. The resulting framework can thus be used to better automate high-level consumer interactions with disparate cloud computing technology platforms.
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Al, Ridhawi Yousif. "An ontology-based negotiation protocol and context-level agreements." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27748.
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Services and applications in pervasive environments must adapt to changes occurring in the surrounding environment and meet the needs of mobile users according to the users' changing situations. Existing context-aware architectures and middleware are faced with two problems. First, is their weakness in expressing complex inter-context relationships, stemming from use of less capable approaches to modeling contextual knowledge. Secondly, context dissemination methods used by these systems result in network flooding, unrestricted access to private context information, and the inability of consumers to limit or personalize received context.
This thesis provides an ontology-based context-level negotiation protocol along with a context-aware system architecture. The protocol permits context consumers to personalize their received context information through negotiations with context providers. The thesis illustrates the use of this negotiation protocol through the design and implementation of a context-aware system architecture capable of acquiring, modeling, reasoning and disseminating context information through ontologies.
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Skene, James William. "Language support for service-level agreements for application-service provision." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/5607/.
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My thesis is that practical language support can be provided for Service-Level Agreements (SLAs) for Application-Service Provision (ASP), which is better than that provided by pre-existing languages in that: it provides greater assistance in expressing conditions that mitigate the risks inherent in ASP; and disputes related to agreements expressed in this manner may be more easily resolved in so as to respect the original intent of the parties. I support this thesis by establishing requirements for SLAs for ASP based on an account of a typical ASP infrastructure and business model. These identify the particular risks inherent in ASP, permit comparisons between ASP SLA languages, and guide the development of an abstract, extensible, domain-specific language, SLAng. SLAng is defined using a meta-modelling approach that allows a high degree of precision in the specification of its semantics, traceability from SLA to language specification, and the testing of the language and SLAs to ensure they capture the original intent of the parties. SLAng supports the expression of mutually-monitorable SLAs, for which the determination of compliance depends only on events visible to both client and provider of the service. I demonstrate that such SLAs are the most monitorable possible in a typical ASP scenario, given current monitoring technology, and describe an approximately-monitorable constraint on the accuracy of evidence used to administer such SLAs. SLAng is shown to be of practical use in a case study, evaluated against the original requirements, and compared with pre-existing languages. The evaluation of SLAng is enhanced using metrics developed to assist in assessing the contribution of a domain-specific language specification to encoding the meaning of statements in that language.
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Betser, Dina M. (Dina Marguerite). "Improving service level agreements for a job scheduler by visualizing simulations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76829.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51).<br>Currently, job owners at Google do not have a good way to generate suitable Service Level Agreements (SLAs), which means that they cannot accurately communicate their intentions to the job scheduler. This means that the owner's job might not finish on time or at all. The solution described in this thesis helps users visualize design changes to SLAs and use simulation to explore the behavior resulting from the SLAs. I have designed and begun development of a visualization and simulation framework that allows users to see how the job scheduler's behavior might vary under different SLA parameters. This thesis describes the steps made towards designing and implementing a system that both helps users visualize SLAs and their reward functions, and allows users to create an SLA and gain an idea of the behavior of a job scheduler with the SLA as input.<br>by Dina M. Betser.<br>M.Eng.
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Gaines, Leonard T. "Improving software quality and management through use of service level agreements." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FGaines%5FPhD.pdf.
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Singh, Hem. "An analysis of long-term agreements with suppliers in Lockheed Martin's commercial satellite systems division." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53053.
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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2009.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-69).<br>Lockheed Martin designs and builds commercial satellites to customers' specifications. The customers, such as telecommunications companies and weather forecasters, are very price sensitive and, usually, award contracts to the lowest priced bids. Lockheed manufactures satellites using a combination of in-house manufacturing, purchasing, and subcontracting (for subcontract parts). The subcontract parts constitute a majority of a satellite's costs. Lockheed uses contracts and other supply management techniques to stay competitive and to keep satellite, specifically subcontract part, costs under control. Some of the subcontract part contracts are managed under subcontract agreements called long-term agreements (LTA). A small supplier pool, long turnover (for bringing these suppliers onboard), regulatory requirements, and capital-intensive nature of the industry are important considerations in evaluating these LTAs. The LTAs embody the risks inherent in project supply chains, specifically, price, currency, and supply risks. In such events, LTAs can become a liability and can lead to monetary losses or discord with suppliers. This thesis provides an overview of the satellite supply chain, analyzes supplier relations to better understand the business dynamics, and analyzes LTAs to better control the satellite input costs. Key words: commercial satellite, contractor, long-term agreement, subcontract, Lockheed, subcontractor, LTA, satellite supply chain, contracts.<br>by Hem Singh.<br>M.Eng.in Logistics
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Stigson, Peter. "The industry role in policymaking : Policy learning in climate politics." Doctoral thesis, Västerås : School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-7324.
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Gil, Fabio Coutinho de Alcantara. "A onerosidade excessiva em contratos de engineering." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-24052011-143442/.
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O presente trabalho visa analisar em que medida a alteração das circunstâncias negociais que levem à situação de onerosidade excessiva prevista pelo Código Civil produz efeitos sobre a utilidade que as partes derivam dos contratos de engineering, considerados estes como contratos que têm por objeto o desenvolvimento de projetos industriais e de infraestrutura de grande porte. Situa esses contratos em seu contexto histórico e social, descrevendo seus principais elementos de distinção, especialmente a complexidade e risco das operações econômicas que lhes é subjacente e os qualifica como contratos socialmente típicos, sujeitos ao regime dos contratos de empreitada. A tese discute a adequação do tratamento jurisprudencial que vem sendo dado à onerosidade excessiva e descreve os esquemas negociais geralmente usados em tais contratos para fins de alocação de riscos. Finalmente, a tese discute a aplicação de modelos da Análise Econômica do Direito, como a Teoria dos Contratos Incompletos, como subsídio para a valoração de aplicabilidade das normas sobre onerosidade excessiva aos contratos de engineering e análise dos efeitos de sua aplicação sobre esses contratos.<br>The aim of this work is to analyze to what extent changed circumstances that are contractually relevant, so as to characterize the legal figure of excessive onerosity [a situation of material burden for complying with a given obligation on one of the contracting parties] pursuant to the Brazilian Civil Code, bring about effects on the payoffs the contracting parties derive from so-called engineering agreements, understood as agreements for the development of large-scale industrial and infrastructure projects. The work traces back the historical and social context of such agreements and describes their main distinguishing features, especially the complexity and risk elements of their underlying economic transactions. The work also describes such agreements as socially codified agreements, subject to the discipline of a legally codified figure called empreitada [or contractor agreement]. The work also discusses how court precedents deal with the legal figure of excessive onerosity and describes the deal structures normally used in such agreements for the purposes of risk allocation. Finally, the work discusses the application of Law & Economics models, such as the Theory of Incomplete Contracts, as a tool for evaluating the applicability of rules governing the legal figure of excessive onerosity to engineering agreements and analyzing their respective effects.
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Gopallawa, Praveen. "Fatigue Failure Model for Local Roads in Ohio that Use Road User Maintenance Agreements Due to the Increase in Truck Traffic." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1566389151107255.
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Janse, van Vuuren Francois Jacobus. "Technology licencing practices of South African manufacturing companies a profile and the influence of some organisational, transactional and contextual factors /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01122005-084535.
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Scherdin, Mikaela, and Johanna Örnehag. "Landsbygdens behov, förutsättningar & möjligheter för ett landsbygdsavtal." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30275.
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En förutsättning för ett levande land är att alla delar av landet prioriteras. Trots olika behov, förutsättningar och möjligheter är det av viktigt att ge likvärdiga grundläggande förutsättningar i hela landet. Idag finns Stadsmiljöavtalet som främjar hållbar utveckling av stadsmiljöer, men det saknas liknande insatser mot utveckling av landsbygden. Landsbygden besitter både utmaningar och möjligheter för utveckling, därför är det viktigt att hitta lösningar som bidrar till en hållbar utveckling av landsbygden och framtidens Sverige. För att lyckas behöver det politiska styret ta steget från teori till praktik för att hela Sverige ska ges samma möjligheter att leva. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka de behov, förutsättningar och möjligheter som finns för ett möjligt landsbygdsavtal. Ett landsbygdavtal skulle skapa möjligheter för tillväxt, kompetensförsörjning och omställning till fossilfritt transportsystem samt bidra till en hållbar utveckling av landsbygden. Inblick i arbetet på kommunal, regional och statlig nivå har legat till grund för att se vad de anser behövas för att lyckas med landsbygdsutveckling samt tankar kring ett framtida landsbygdsavtal. Tillvägagångsättet i studien har inneburit två metoder, intervjuer och fallstudier. Fem intervjurespondenter gav inblick i kommunala, regionala och statliga verksamheter. Fallstudierna grundar sig i ett urval av fyra ansökningar till Trafikverkets stadsmiljöavtal. Slutligen granskades intervjuerna och fallstudierna för att sedan sammanställas och analyseras för att få fram ett resultat. Resultatet visar att det brister i satsningar på landsbygden trots stort intresse, men det finns en svårighet i att göra insatser på landsbygden eftersom dessa nyttjas av färre och det missgynnar landsbygdens utveckling. Tillgängligheten med god infrastruktur och digitalisering är en grundförutsättning för en levande landsbygd och för att bibehålla service. Studiens resultat visar att mindre kommuner inte besitter samma ekonomiska medel eller resurser som krävs för utveckling av deras landsbygd. Responsen om ett möjligt landsbygdsavtal har mottagits mycket positivt. För ett möjligt avtal bör definitionen av begreppet landsbygd tydliggöras för att skapa likvärdiga bedömningar. Framtidens landsbygd behöver nödvändigtvis inte se ut som idag, den behöver utvecklas i takt med resterande delar av landet men anpassat efter sina förutsättningar. Ett landsbygdsavtal kan vara en lösning för att lyckas med landsbygdsutveckling, men det förutsätter att det finns en sammanhållen politik som visar viljan till insatser på Sveriges landsbygder.<br>For a prosperous country it is required that all regions are prioritized, both urban and rural areas. It is important that everyone is given the same basic conditions for sustainable development. The Swedish Traffic Authority has the Urban Environment Agreement (Stadsmiljöavtalet) which promotes sustainable traffic solutions in urban areas, the is a lack of the same type of contribution for rural areas. There are both challenges and opportunities in the rural areas. It is therefore important to find solutions that contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas and the future of Sweden. To succeed the politics needs to take the step from theory to practice for the whole of Sweden to be given the same opportunities to prosper. This study aims to investigate the needs, conditions and opportunities that for a possible Rural Environment Agreement. A rural agreement would create opportunities for growth, supply of skills and conversion to fossil-free transport systems and contribute to sustainable development of rural areas. An insight of the work at municipal, regional and state level has been the base to see what they think is needed to succeed with rural development and thoughts about a future Rural Environment Agreement. The approach taken in this study has been two methods, interviews and case studies. Five interviewees provided insight into municipal, regional and state work. The case studies are based on a selection of four applications to the Swedish Transport Administration's Urban Environment Agreement. Finally, the interviewees and the case studies were analyzed to produce a result. The result has indicated that there are shortcomings in investments in rural areas even though there is an interest. There is a difficulty in making efforts in rural areas, as it is lived in by fewer people. Accessibility, such as infrastructure and digitizing, is necessary for a living rural area and for maintaining service. It has emerged that smaller municipalities do not have the same financial means or resources as are required for the development of rural areas. A Rural Environment Agreement is seen to have major positive effects where the municipality and the region cannot provide support. For a possible agreement, the definition of the concept of rural areas must be made clear in order to create equivalent assessments. The rural areas of the future do not necessarily have to look like they do today, it needs to be developed in step with the country, while adapted to its conditions. A Rural Environment Agreement can be a solution for rural development.
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Parnell, Paul P. "Information technology law : "micro-agreements" in systems integration and outsourcing projects : recognising and managing the legal implications of day to day interactions between parties to large and complex information technology projects /." View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030814.145614/index.html.
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Katsivelis, Rebecca, and Jonathan Kaya. "Problematiken i praktiken kring förhandsavtal." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254707.
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Debatten kring förhandsavtal vid nyproduktion av bostadsrätter har de senaste 2–3 åren variten het diskussion i media och i samhället. Denna debatt och problematik kring förhandsavtaluppstod i samband med att priserna på bostadsmarknaden började sjunka våren 2017.Vår uppsats kommer undersöka vilka faktorer som bidragit till att priserna på bostäderplötsligt sjönk i Sverige. Vidare kommer vi att studera hur prisnedgången på bostäder har medförhandsavtal vid nyproduktion av bostadsrätter att göra, och varför dessa avtal orsakarproblem i praktiken för bostadsköpare.En spännande undersökning av rättsläget, intervjuer och aktuella domar görs med intressantaresultat. Vi intervjuar 30 fastighetsmäklare, 2 jurister och 1 konsument som är insatta i ämnet,eller drabbade på grund av förhandsavtal.Resultatet visar att problematiken kring förhandsavtal faktiskt har ett samband medprisutvecklingen på bostadsmarknaden att göra.Det största problemet gällande dessa förhandsavtal är dock inte avtalen i sig. Utan det handlarom att lagrummen tolkas väldigt olika, och i många fall utnyttjas av byggherrarna vidutformning av sina avtal vid nyproduktion.<br>In the past 2-3 years, the debate on pre purchase agreements for new production ofcondominiums has been a hot discussion in the media and in the general society. This debateand the issues concerning these contracts arose when prices in the housing market began tofall in the spring of 2017.Our essay will investigate which factors that contributed to the prices of housing suddenlydropping in Sweden. Furthermore, we will study what the connection is between the pricedecline on housing and the pre purchase agreements and why these agreements causeproblems in reality for home buyers.An interesting investigation of the legal situation, interviews and current rulings are madewith interesting results. We have interviewed over 30 people who are familiar with thesubject, or have suffered as a result of these contracts.Our results show that the problem of pre purchase agreements actually has a connection withthe recent price increase in the housing market.However, the biggest problem with these contracts is not the agreements themselves. It isactually about the fact that the law principles are interpreted very differently, and in manycases are utilized by the building companies when designing their contracts for newproduction condominiums.
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Mattsson, Albin Nils, Oskar Wilgotson, and Gustav Thomas Åsberg. "The European customs arena : Today and tomorrow." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23439.
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Customs services are increasing and becoming more important as global and cross-border trade increases. New trade agreements are developing which changes the prerequisites for actors concerned by the customs market. The customs industry is in many cases old-fashioned where customs service providers are making declarations by hand. The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding about development of customs services based on the parameters: technology, trade blocs, climate issues and customer requirements. This study is based on a deductive approach where a qualitative method has been used for data collection. The data collection has been done by interviewing people from various companies and organizations with significant knowledge within the customs area. With support of the interviews and theoretical learnings a presumptive future of the customs industry has been developed. The results were constructed by assembling learnings from the interviews and are visualized based on the four parameters. Quality and price are important factors that reflect all the respondents’ answers regarding the customer requirements of the industry. Reputation and the opportunity to cover a larger geographical area are also parameters that the respondents mentioned. In the upcoming years there are demands regarding more data integration and digitalization between customs service providers and companies within the industry. This digitalization might help companies to evaluate and use trade agreements. Environment is a topic that is constantly being noticed in all industries, the customs industry as well. Common to the respondents was that climate issues will generate a future of more national and local nature. We see an increased degree of protectionism according to respondent seven. Block chain is a technology that has received increased attention lately, which leading to the question of whether this is something that customs companies should consider. In the future, blockchain may be worth investing in, but at the moment there are several limitations with the technology.
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Hallbäck, Hanna. "Vem betalar den kommunalainfrastrukturen? : Tillämpning av exploateringsavtal." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254729.
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I takt med att samhällen utvecklas och exploateras behöver även infrastruktur byggas ut. Samhället harett gemensamt behov av allmänna platser såsom vägar, gator, grönområden samt platser för rekreation,lek och motion. Som utgångspunkt är det kommunen som är ansvarig för dessa allmänna platser.Kommunernas resurser är dock begränsade och infrastruktur är kostsam. Till följd av offentliga investeringarökar värden på marken hos de fastigheter som har möjlighet att använda de allmänna platserna.Dessa värden kan anses som oförtjänta då de uppstår på grund av offentliga investeringar. Utefterdetta har system för fördelning av kostnader motiverats.År 2015 infördes ett nytt system för exploateringsavtal som delvis har till syfte till att kunna finansierade offentliga investeringar som behövs vid genomförandet av en detaljplan. Lagregleringenhar som ändamål att skapa ett system för förutsägbarhet och lagstöd och samtidigt en möjlighet tillanpassning i varje unik situation. System för fördelning av värden har generellt som mål att vara rättvisaoch effektiva. Vid lagstiftning behöver det ske en avvägning mellan rättvisa och effektivitet föratt skapa ett ändamålsenligt system.Genom exploateringsavtalen har kommunen möjlighet att ålägga exploatörer att vidta och finansieraåtgärder för anläggandet av allmänna platser. Det finns restriktioner genom huvudsakligen tvårekvisit; åtgärden måste vara nödvändig för genomförandet av planen och åtagandet måste vara rimligti förhållande till exploatörens nytta av planen.Syftet med denna studie har varit att utreda vem det är som betalar för vilka allmänna platser.Den situation som studerats är när kommunen är huvudman och använder sig av exploateringsavtal.Med en rättsdogmatisk metod har rättsläget för exploateringsavtal utretts. Förfarandet ska visa vemsom ska betala för vilka allmänna platser enligt lag. Utöver detta har studien använt ett samhällsvetenskapligtperspektiv i syfte att se hur tillämpandet av exploateringsavtal sker i praktiken i förhållandetill gällande rätt. För att kunna analysera resultatet på ett systematiskt sätt har fördelningssystemetjämförts med vedertagna rättviseteorier och principer.Resultatet av sammanställningen tyder på att det finns avtal som inte stämmer överens med gällandelagstiftning. En del avtal tycks gå utöver det som är stadgat i lag. Det finns avtal som åläggerexploatörer åtgärder som inte kan anses vara nödvändiga. Dessutom är det många gånger ifrågasättbartom fördelningen mellan de olika parterna är i enighet med lagen. Tvivel finns angående vilken omfattningexploatören ska vara med och finansiera för att det fortfarande ska gå att anses som nödvän diga åtgärder. Rekvisitet angående att åtagandet ska vara rimligt i förhållande till nyttan borde varauppfyllt i de undersökta avtalen. Bestämmelsen kan även ha använts för att skapa en fördelning avkostnaderna mellan olika exploatörer. I dessa fall är det svårare att bedöma om villkoret använts enligtlag.Vem som faktiskt betalar för kostnaderna i slutändan verkar bero på i vilken marknadssituationprojektet befinner sig. Ett alternativ innebär att det är bostadskonsumenterna som påverkas av deökade kostnaderna. Ett annat tänkbart alternativ innebär att när ett exploateringsprojekt påförs merkostnader påverkar detta vilket pris exploatören kan tänkas köpa marken för. Därmed blir det den ursprungligamarkägaren som huvudsakligen påverkas av de ökade kostnaderna.Om systemet är rättvist beror på vilka värderingar som anses ligga till grund för rättvisan ochdessa är subjektiva. Dock bör tillämpningen vara i enlighet med lagen för att systemet ska vara effektivt.När tillämpningen inte följer lagen finns risk för fler konfliktpunkter samt minskat förtroende ochnegativ inställning till projektet hos exploatörerna.<br>When urban areas are developed, it is often necessary to develop the infrastructure. The society has aneed for public places such as roads, squares, parks and playgrounds. The outset is that the municipalityis responsible for the public places. However, the resources are limited and infrastructure is costly.When the values on the land increases as a result of the public investments there is a possibility toimpose the landowners to pay for these.New rules about land development agreements were introduced in 2015 with the purpose of distributingthe costs for public places through the agreements. A general goal for the legislation of distributionsystems is to be effective and fair. There has to be a consideration of both justice and effectivenessin order to make the distribution system fulfill its purpose. Through the development agreementsthe municipality can impose the developers to pay for the public places that is necessary to carryout the plan and reasonable in comparison to the landowner’s benefit of the plan.The aim with this study is to investigate who pays for which public places. This study have examinedthe situation where the municipality has the responsibility for public places and uses land developmentagreements. An investigation of existing law has been done in order to show who is possibleto impose to pay for what. In addition has this study investigated how the usage of the land developmentagreements are used in practice. A comparison between the legislation and practice has beencarried out in order to see if the agreements are in accordance with the legislation. Furthermore, thesystem has been compared to some theories and concepts of justice.The result shows that there are agreements that does not seem to be in accordance with the legislation.Some of the public places does not seem to be necessary and it is questionable how much of themeasure can be imposed to the developer. The agreements are neither specified enough in order to bein accordance with law.Who actually pays for the public places in the end seems to depend on the market situation inwhich they are carried out. If the system is fair depends on the subjective values that lays ground forjustice. The legislation and implementation also shows faults in the system in order for it to be effective.When the municipality goes further than the law allows there is a risk for increase in conflicts andalso reduced trust and a bad attitude towards the project.
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Besson, Sofia, and Liv Braathen. "Byggnadstekniska särkrav : Hur kommuner förhåller sig till stoppregeln i 8 kap. 4a § PBL och de nya bestämmelserna vid kommunal markanvisning." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211041.
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I syfte att effektivisera byggandet i Sverige trädde den 1 januari 2015 två nya bestämmelser ikraft;; en bestämmelse avseende förbud mot kommunala byggnadstekniska särkrav samt en lag avseende nya riktlinjer för kommunala markanvisningar. Förbudet mot kommunala byggnadstekniska särkrav regleras genom 8 kap. 4a § i plan- och bygglagen (2010:900), PBL, och innebär att kommuner inte längre får ställa egna byggnadstekniska egenskapskrav som byggherrar måste anpassa sig efter. Bestämmelsen avser framförallt genomförande av detaljplaner i samband med markanvisningsavtal eller exploateringsavtal. Med byggnadstekniska särkrav menas krav som går längre än de föreskrifter som tillhör de byggnadstekniska kraven i 8 kap. 4 § PBL och som finns i PBF, BBR och EKS. Vid tillämpning av stoppregeln har de situationer där kommunen agerar i rollen som fastighetsägare undantagits. Det innebär att förbudet inte omfattar kommunens möjlighet att ställa egna byggnadstekniska krav i samband med markanvisningar som avser upplåtelse av mark, utan enbart att de markanvisningar som avser marköverlåtelser omfattas av förbudet. I enlighet med lag (2014:899) om riktlinjer för kommunala markanvisningar ska kommuner upprätta markanvisningspolicys innehållande de riktlinjer som gäller för markanvisningar inom kommunen. På så sätt har intentionen varit att gynna konkurrensen mellan olika byggherrar genom mer tydliga villkor och ökad transparens vid kommunala avtalsförhandlingar. Trots införandet av stoppregeln har det framkommit att vissa kommuner fortfarande ställer byggnadstekniska särkrav. Av en pågående och aktuell debatt i ämnet framgår att det även finns olika uppfattningar om huruvida bestämmelsen ens utgör ett förbud. Detta examensarbete har utförts i syfte att redogöra för vad stoppregeln i 8 kap. 4a § PBL egentligen innebär i samband med kommunala markanvisningar, hur kommuner förhåller sig till stoppregeln samt hur de i praktiken agerar kring bestämmelsen. För att erhålla relevant material till vår studie har vårt arbete baserats på dels en granskning av 34 olika markanvisningsavtal och markanvisningspolicys från 10 kommuner och dels intervjuer via e-post med 13 kommuner. Vår studie visar att det fortfarande ställs särkrav vid kommunala markanvisningar. I 13 av de 34 markanvisningsavtal som granskats påträffades särkrav och då vanligen inom området för energihushållning. Studien visar också att kommuner överlag är medvetna om att stoppregeln är menad som ett förbud och att många också förhåller sig till det. Däremot har det också bekräftats att det finns ett klart missnöje med stoppregeln, då det framförallt hindrar kommunernas arbete att främja ett hållbart byggande. Studien visar också att stoppregeln kan upplevas otydlig när det gäller tillämpningen vid kommunal markanvisning. Detta med hänsyn till att det av stoppregelns ordalydelse framgår att lagen inte är tillämplig för situationer där kommunen handlar som fastighetsägare, vilket är den roll som många kommuner ser sig verka i under markanvisningsprocessen.<br>In order to streamline construction in Sweden two new regulations took effect in January 1, 2015. One concerning the prohibition of municipal construction engineering demands and one regarding guidelines for municipal land development agreements. The prohibition of municipal construction engineering demands is regulated in 8 chap. 4a § PBL (2010:900), which means that municipalities no longer can set their own construction engineering requirements that developers must adapt to. This provision relates primarily to the implementation of “detailed plans” for land development agreements or exploitation agreements. The term construction engineering demands mean requirements that go beyond the regulation of the building construction requirements in 8 chap. 4 § PBL, which is contained in the PBF, BBR and EKS. When applying the “stop rule”, there are situations where the municipalities acts in the role of property owners and therefore have been exempted from the “stop rule”. This means that the prohibition does not include the municipality's ability to set their own building construction requirements in conjunction to land developments related to land lease. Only land developments that are related to land sale are covered by the prohibition. According to the new law referring to guidelines for municipal land development agreements, municipalities must establish a policy containing the guidelines for land developments within the municipality. Thus, the intention has been to support competition between different constructors through more clear conditions and increased transparency in municipal contract negotiations. Despite the introduction of the “stop rule”, it has been found that some municipalities still impose specific construction engineering demands. An ongoing and current debate on the subject shows that there are also different perceptions as to whether the provision even constitutes a ban or not. This bachelor thesis has been carried out with a view of explaining what the regulations in 8 chap. 4a § PBL really means in conjunction to land development agreements and how the municipalities relate to the “stop rule” and act in the practice regarding to the provision. In order to obtain relevant material for the essay, our work has been based on inventory of 34 different contracts of land development agreements and the policies of ten municipalities and interviews by e-mail with 13 municipalities. Our study shows that the municipalities still are using construction engineering demands in land development agreements. In 13 of the 34 contracts examined, construction engineering demands were found, usually in the area of energy effectivity. At the same time, the study also discovers that municipalities are aware that the “stop rule” is considered a ban and that many of the municipalities abides to the new regulations. On the other hand, it has also been confirmed that there is a clear dissatisfaction with the “stop rule”, as it prevents in particular the municipalities efforts to promote sustainable construction. Through our study it has also been found that the “stop rule” can be perceived as unclear as regards to the process of land developments. This, in view of the fact, that the wording of the “stop rule” shows that the law does not apply to situations where the municipality acts as property owners, which is the role many municipalities consider themselves in when they establish contracts referring to the process of land developments.
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Käck, Hanna, and Amanda Grafström. "Hyreskontrakt för butiker : Vad betyder e-handel, konjunkturförändringar och hållbarhet?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231812.
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För att belysa de förändringar som sker på fastighetsmarknaden har denna uppsats undersökt hyreskontrakt för fysiska butiker i Uppsala kommun. Syftet med rapporten var att klargöra om och hur hyreskontraktsutformningen förändrats över tid, se vilka parametrar som har påverkat utformningen samt studera hyresutvecklingen. De parametrar som undersökts avseende påverkan på kontraktsutformningen var e-handeln, konjunkturförändringar och hållbarhet. Ungefär 500 hyreskontrakt studerades, intervjuer genomfördes med fastighetsägare och hyresgäster samt flera databaser innehållande information om fastighetsmarknaden undersöktes.Undersökningen visade att den omsättningsbaserade hyran är den mest använda hyresformen under tidsperioden. De omsättningsbaserade hyrorna består i de allra flesta fall av en minimihyra som sällan överskrids. Undersökningen visade även att användandet av hyresrabatter ökat samt att e-handeln ännu inte har påverkat hyreskontrakten men stöd finns för en framtida påverkan. Indikatorer finns för att hyresnivåutvecklingen påverkas av konjunkturförändringar. Gällande hållbarhetsaspekten har den förändrat hyresgästers och fastighetsägares beteende och det förekommer allt fler gröna avtal idag.<br>In order to highlight the changes in the real estate market this thesis has examined rental agreements for physical stores in Uppsala municipality. The purpose of this report was to clarify if and how the design of the rental agreements has amended over time, examine which parameters that have influenced the design and study the rental development. The parameters that have been examined regarding the impact on agreement design were e-commerce, business cycles and sustainability. About 500 rental agreements were analysed, interviews were conducted with real estate owners and tenants as well as databases containing information about the real estate market were investigated.The analysis showed that the turnover based rent is the most frequent used rental form during the time period. The turnover based rent consists in numerous cases of a minimum rent which rarely is transcended. The conclusion also indicated that the use of rent free periods has increased and that e-commerce has yet not affected the rental agreements, evidence exists of a future impact. Indicators have been found that the rental development is affected by business cycle changes. The sustainability aspect has changed the behavior of tenants and real estate owners and today it appears an increasingly amount of green agreements.
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Björling, Nordström Sebastian, and Trueman Eric Pruul. "Incitament för centraliserad hantering av externa serviceavtal." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252792.
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At the moment there are no guidelines to how external service agreements should be managed and administered at Södersjukhuset. The goal with this report has been to provide Södersjukhuset with supporting arguments to decide if they should centralize the management of service agreements or not. In order to achieve this goal it was essential to: study and get a better understanding of the term centralization, examine the serviceagreements’ to get a greater awareness of their extent and analyze Södersjukhuset to gain a better insight of the organisation as a whole. Service agreements were accumulated throughmeetings with the hospital’s employees and through the software Medusa. Calculations were conducted from the agreements to display Södersjukhuset’s current situation. Themanagement of the hospital’s service agreements was considered decentralized and wasdeemed to convey negative economical factors. A proposed solution for the problem was a centralized structure for managing external service agreements which would help the hospital organize and benefit it economically.<br>Det finns idag ingen struktur för hur externa serviceavtal ska hanteras och förvaltas på Södersjukhuset. Målet med denna rapport har varit att bistå Södersjukhuset med underlag för att avgöra om de ekonomiskt sett bör centralisera sina serviceavtal eller ej. För att uppnå detta studerades: begreppet centralisering, serviceavtalens omfattning samt Södersjukhuset i form av organisation och dess resurser. Insamling av avtal verkställdes genom möten med personal på Södersjukhuset och via mjukvaran Medusa. Från avtalen upprättades kalkyler för att beskriva hur situationen med avtalen såg ut. SÖS bedömdes vara decentraliserat vid hanteringen av externa serviceavtal vilket ansågs vara en ekonomisk nackdel. Rekommendation för att åtgärda dessa problem var att upprätta en centraliserad struktur som stödjer en organiserad hantering av externa serviceavtal och bidrar till en ekonomisk nytta för Södersjukhuset.
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Abdel-Hafez, Ahmed. "Secure and efficient group key agreement protocols." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29040.
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Due to the increased popularity of group-oriented applications and protocols, securing group communication has become a critical networking issue and has received much attention in recent years. A secure and efficient group key management protocol presents one of the most fundamental challenges in group communication security. While key transport protocols may be appropriate for key establishment in one-to-many applications, many collaborative applications require distributed key agreement protocols. Proposals for key agreement protocols that have been published so far do not scale for large size groups. Moreover, the security of most of these protocols has been flawed. This thesis considers the problem of group key agreement protocols from two points of view: efficiency and security. Regarding the efficiency, a novel framework based on the extension of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol is proposed. The efficiency of this framework comes from the distribution of the group members into size-bounded clusters. Using clustering improves the protocol efficiency (in both communication and computation costs), provides fault-tolerance and supports heterogenous systems. A modification to these protocols has been presented to address the problem of key agreement within ad hoc wireless networks. Regarding protocol security, a new approach for key agreement protocols analysis is proposed. To demonstrate the approach, a formal analysis of one of the existing key agreement protocols has been presented where some practical attacks have been identified. It has been shown that the possibility of most of these attacks is due to the use of improper techniques to supply key authentication. Different solutions to address these attacks have been proposed. These solutions provide authenticity and are implemented within the steps required by the key agreement protocol. These authenticated protocols are based on an entanglement of both the ephemeral key and the long-term key to provide authenticated key agreement protocols.
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Osman, Mohamud Maria, and Ubilla Fernanda Sanchez. "Ultraljudsutbildningar för medicintekniska ingenjörer : Behovsinventering, inköpsprocedurer och effekter." Thesis, KTH, Medicinteknik och hälsosystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298194.
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Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur ultraljudsutbildningar för ingenjörer köps in, vad de innehåller, hur de genomförs, utvärderas och vilka resultatutbildningarna leder till. Totalt intervjuades sex sjukhus runt om i Sverige där elva medicintekniska ingenjörer och fyra verksamhetschefer deltog. En kvalitativ metod användes i studien i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer som grund för att analysera frågeställningarna. Resultatet visade att utbildningar köps in i upphandling av nya ultraljudsmaskiner och genomförs under garantiåren. Utbildningarna hålls av leverantörerna och de brukar vara i två dagar. Effekterna av utbildningarna varierar och beror på vilket serviceavtal som sjukhusen har. Det saknas en formell modell för utvärdering och uppföljning, trots det faktum att det i årliga möten diskuteras hur utbildningarna har gått och vilka kompetenser som behövs. Resultatet från studien kan främst användas i syfte att skapa bättre utbildningar, underlätta kommunikationen mellan sjukhus och leverantör om vad kursen innebär, samt vad ingenjörerna föredrar för innehåll i kurser för att kunna utvecklas inom ultraljud.<br>This study aims to investigate how ultrasound training for engineers is purchased, including how it is carried out and evaluated, what the different courses contain and what result the courses lead to. Six hospitals around Sweden were interviewed, where eleven medical engineers and four business managers participated. A qualitative method was used in the study with semi-structured interviews as a basis for analysing the issues. The results showed that the training courses are purchased in the procurement of new ultrasound machines and are carried out during the warranty years. The suppliers hold the training courses, which are usually held for two days. The effects of training vary and depend on the service agreement that the hospitals have. There is no formal model for evaluation and follow-up, even though annual meetings discuss how the training has gone and what skills are needed. The results can mainly be used to create better training and improve communication between hospital and supplier about what the course entails and what the engineers prefer for the content of courses to develop in the area.
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Dwekat, Zyad. "Construction and Evaluation of a Service Level Agreement Test-Bed." NCSU, 2001. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20011203-155700.
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<p>Differentiated Services (DiffServ) enable quality-of-service provisioning by coupling traffic aggregates with a specific forwarding path treatment. Per-Hop forwarding Behavior (or PHB) describes the forwarding path behavior required in network nodes, while the Per-Domain Behavior (or PDB) describes the behavior experienced by a particular set of packets as they cross a DiffServ domain. PHB and PDB implementations with traffic conditioners, provisioning strategies and billing models are building blocks used in Services Level Agreements (SLA).The goal of the project was to construct an SLA test-bed using soft DiffServ routing nodes. This test-bed, and the associated tools, is intended for in-depth studies of SLA translation and mapping algorithms. The specific objectives of the work reported in this thesis were to construct the test-bed, and then verify, validate and evaluate different elements of the SLA test-bed. Specifically, proof-of-concept experiments were conducted to show that one can implement a general Services Level Agreement (SLA) based on DiffServ, to show how to translate SLA requirements into real test-bed parameters, and then run experiments, collect data and make performance measurements.. The study is empirical and involves implementation of some of the quality of service (QoS) related IETF drafts and RFCs in a five-node soft DiffServ-based SLA testbed. This includes implementation and empirical evaluation of Expedite Forwarding (EF) PHB, Assured Forwarding (AF) PHB, Virtual Wire (VW) PDB, and of Assured Forwarding PDB.Virtual Wire PDB was implemented using both the Priority Scheduler and a Weighted Fair Queuing Scheduler. The effect of Best Effort packet size and rate on the protected EF traffic was investigated empirically. This provided proof of concept data on how successful can a VW implementation be in protecting Voice over IP (VoIP) streams. We used both emulated VoIP streams, and real VoIP phones in highly congested traffic environments.Assured Rate PDB was implemented using appropriate traffic conditioning, buffer management and scheduling techniques. The issue of what to do with non-conforming AF traffic was investigated empirically - whether to drop the non-conforming packets or to downgrade them to Best Effort. It was noticed that strict dropping of the non-conforming packets will sometimes underutilize the channel, while downgrading them to Best Effort will create a reordering problem.<P>
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Schultz, Kevin M. "Distributed Agreement: Swarm Guidance to Cooperative Lighting." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1260968137.
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Goldberg, Mark S. "Inter-rater agreement in assessing occupational exposure in a case-control study." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63206.
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Pottier, Aubin. "Logistics strategy optimization for offshore windfarms with power purchase agreement." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300101.
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Offshore wind is on the road to become commercially viable and competitive means for large-scale electricity production. This new industry is expected to occupy a major role in the energy transition. Operational costs and especially logistics cost for offshore maintenance are major factors and already today represent important levers to reduce the electricity production costs. In this study, a methodology to design and optimize an offshore windfarm’s logistics strategy is developed. This methodology is based on a software able to simulate a large number of logistics strategies and their interactions with weather conditions. The main outputs of the simulation are the monthly availability of the turbines and the logistics costs. The case study illustrates that the critical windfarm’s size for which a logistics strategy based on a vessel remaining at sea for weeks (offshore-based) becomes more beneficial than a strategy based on vessels going back to the port every day (onshore-based strategy), is close to 170 turbines for conditions typical to geographical areas similar to the North Sea. The simulation results, combined with scientific literature review, identify the distance to shore, number of turbines and transfer capacity of vessels as key parameter of logistics strategy design.<br>Vindkraft ute till havs är på väg att bli kommersiellt gångbart och konkurrenskraftigt medel för storskalig elproduktion. Denna nya industri förväntas inta en viktig roll i energiomställningen. Driftskostnader och särskilt logistikkostnader för reparationer och underhåll till havs är tunga faktorer och utgör redan idag viktiga spakar för att minska elproduktionskostnaderna. Denna studie utvecklar en metod för att designa och optimera logistikstrategi för underhåll av havsbaserad vindkraft. Metoden bygger på en programvara som kan simulera ett stort antal strategier och deras interaktion med väderförhållandena. De viktigaste resultaten av simuleringen är vindturbinernas månatliga tillgänglighet och logistikkostnader. Studien vilar på en fallstudie som illustrerar att den kritiska vindkraftsparkens storlek är närmare 170 turbiner då en logistikstrategi baserad på ett fartyg som stannar kvar i havet i flera veckor (offshore-baserat) blir mer fördelaktig än en strategi baserad på fartyg som går tillbaka till hamn varje dag (landbaserad strategi), för förhållanden som är typiska för geografiska områden som liknar Nordsjön. Simuleringsresultaten, kombinerat med vetenskaplig litteraturöversikt, identifierar avståndet till land, antalet turbiner och fartygens överföringskapacitet som nyckelparameter för logistikstrategidesign.
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Luna, Alberto M. B. A. Sloan School of Management. "Characterizing and improving the service level agreement at Amazon." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99011.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2015. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2015. In conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (page 72).<br>Amazon's Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a promise to its customers that they will receive their orders on time. At the Fulfillment Center (FC) level, the SLA is based on the capability to fulfill open orders scheduled to ship at each departure time. Each center's capability depends on a complex interaction between fluctuating product demand and time-dependent processes. By lowering SLA, Amazon could provide an enhanced the customer experience, especially for same day delivery (SDD). However, providing additional time to the customer also means that the FCs have less time available to fulfill open orders, placing the customer experience of those orders at an increased risk of a missed delivery. This thesis explores cycle time reductions and throughput adjustments required to reduce the SLA at one of Amazon's Fulfillment Centers. First, a method to analyze time-dependent cycle time is used to evaluate the individual truck departure times, revealing that the current process conditions have difficulty meeting current demand. Then, using lean principles, process changes are tested to assess their ability to improve the current processes and allow for an SLA reduction. Although a 1% increase in capacity is possible by improving the processes, system constraints make the changes impractical for full implementation. Consequently, a capacity analysis method reveals that an additional capacity of up to 9.38% is needed to improve the current process conditions and meet current demand. The capacity analysis also reveals that reducing the SLA from its current state requires up to 13.79% more capacity to achieve a 50% reduction in SLA. Through capacity adjustments, the added cost of late orders is mitigated, resulting in a reduced incidence of orders late to schedule and a reduced risk of missed deliveries. The methods utilized in this thesis are applicable to other Amazon FC's, providing a common capability and capacity analysis to aid in fulfillment operations.<br>by Alberto Luna.<br>M.B.A.<br>S.M.
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Wu, Qiang. "Localization-based Secret Key Agreement for Wireless Network." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1429702519.
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Rudoltz, Hannah R. "Commercialization of a masonry tool designed in a senior-capstone class through a licensing agreement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122879.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Many seemingly viable products are designed and built in MIT Mechanical Engineering's senior capstone design class, 2.009, but a small fraction make it to real markets. The 2017 2.009 Orange Team is commercializing their product through the company Rhino Tools and Equipment (RTE). The product, a rotary hammer attachment that guides the chisel bit as it moves within a mortar joint, was designed with the aim of improving the repointing work done by masons on brick exteriors. Given the real constraints on a team of soon-to-be graduating students and analysis of the market and the product, a licensing business model was chosen. The licensing business model is heavily reliant on intellectual property. Thus, an extensive prior art search was carried out to determine the product's novelty. By this analysis the product is patentable. Cash flows were projected to determine a fair allocation of economic benefit in a licensing agreement; RTE should expect to receive about 4.5% royalty on revenue. Moving forward, RTE should pursue funding to complete the patent process as well as a pilot program with masons, and continue to develop its connections within the tool industry.<br>by Hannah R. Rudoltz.<br>S.B.<br>S.B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering
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Estréus, Felix. "En flexibel lokalanvändning : Undersökning av ett framtida affärskoncept förkombinerade lokaler och boende." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-276764.
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Det finns en efterfrågan bland expanderande och utvecklingsorienterade företag att etablera sig i innovationstäta städer såsom Stockholm för att exempelvis ta nästa steg i att utveckla sin produkt eller tjänst, eller för att prova nya marknader. Men i många av dessa städer är utbudet av kontor, lokaler och boende begränsat. Delvis på grund av prisnivåerna, men också sett till det totala utbudet på marknaden. Detta torde skapa en efterfrågan på både lokaler och boende vilket är anledningen till att affärsidén att kombinera dessa har uppstått. Konceptet vill samla utvecklingsorienterade företag från liknande branscher under ett och samma tak. Anledning till detta är att bilda community inom byggnaden, men även torde detta skapa synergieffekter som kan leda till produkt- och serviceutveckling eftersom man kan lära från, och dra nytta av varandra. För att kunna etablera denna affärsidé om uthyrning av en kombination av lokal och boende finns det olika lagar att ta hänsyn till. Det måste även finnas en faktisk efterfrågan på marknaden för det tänkta konceptet. Syftet med uppsatsen är därför att presentera viktiga delar att inkludera i ett potentiellt hyresavtal för affärsidén och analysera om det finns ett marknadsintresse för konceptet baserat på intervjuer med potentiella kunder och branschorganisationer inom fastighetssektorn. Men även försöka reda ut vilka svårigheter man skulle kunna tänkas möta, huruvida detta koncept kan vara ett steg i rätt riktning för förbättring av fastighetssektorn ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv samt hur man ska hantera och förbättra den kommunala processen för detaljplaner i ärenden för fastighetsutveckling. Marknadsundersökningen bland potentiella hyresgäster vittnar om att det finns efterfrågan för denna affärsidé, vilket är i linje med vad de intervjuade branschorganisationerna ansåg. För expanderande företag är möjligheten att i en flexibel lösning kombinera boende med lokaler attraktiv. För att genomföra konceptet är de intervjuade överens om att branscher man vill ha som kundbas måste väljas med noggrannhet för att uppnå fördelarna med klusterbaserade lokaler och boenden. När det gäller miljöförbättringarna var samtliga intervjuade överens om att konceptet är ett steg i rätt riktning bland annat för man vill använda redan befintliga byggnader som till återblandad användning av bostäder och lokaler. I intervjuer med branschorganisationerna fanns det en gemensam åsikt om att den kommunala processen bör förenklas för att bli effektivare,snabbare och mer lyhörd för nya lösningar likt denna inom fastighetssektorn. Resultaten från studier av lagen visar att hyresavtalet tydligt måste redovisa hyresnivån och längden på avtalet, om det är tidsbegränsat och det ska även fördela det praktiska ansvaret mellan hyresgäst och hyresvärd tillsammans med andra formella bestämmelser. En bra lösning för det formella hyresavtalet är att kombinera ett standardavtal från organisationen Fastighetsägarna för de praktiska delarna och anpassa de övriga delarna med inspiration från redan befintliga hyresavtal för boende och lokaler av liknande koncept. Slutsatsen är att det finns ett marknadsintresse för affärsidén baserat på de genomförda intervjuerna och att detta koncept ligger mycket i linje med de förbättringar inom fastighetssektorn som måste ske med hänsyn till miljön. Hyresavtal har vissa obligatoriskadelar men utöver dessa finns frihet för egna bestämmelser. Man bör även lägga stor vikt vidatt hitta lämpliga branscher och företag som kundbas för att skapa community och synergieffekter. Enligt några av de intervjuade bör arbetet med detaljplaner bli smidigare och mer flexibelt.<br>Today there is a demand among expanding companies to establish themselves in larger cities as Stockholm, for example, to take the next step in developing their product or service or try new markets. But in many of these cities, the offering of offices, premises and accommodation is very limited. Partially in the view of pricing, but also in the perspective of total supply to the market. As this should create an unmet demand for accommodation and premises, the business idea to create a combination of coworking and coliving arose. The concept aims to bring together development-oriented companies from similar industries under one roof. The reason behind this is to create a community among the tenants but also synergyin the form of product and service development since they can learn and develop with eachother in the same branch. To establish this business idea there are regulations regarding rental of apartments, office sand premises to be considered before launching the concept. Law regulations exist but it also has to exist an actual demand in the market for this precise concept. The purpose of this essay is to present important parts to include in a potential rental agreement and to analyze if there is a market demand for this concept based on interviews with potential customers and branchorganizations. But also, what difficulties the concept might face, how this concept could improve the impact the real estate sector has on the environment and how to handle and improve the municipal process in these regards. The market hearing that was performed for this paper indicates that there is a demand for this type of concept, which is in line with the perception of the interviewed branch organizations.For expanding companies, the opportunity to combine accommodation with non-residential premises in a flexible solution is attractive and convenient. In order to implement the concept,the interviewees agree that the sectors you want as a customer base must be carefully selected to achieve the benefits of cluster-based premises and housing. Regarding environmental improvements, all interviewees agree that the concept is a step inthe right direction since the business idea is targeting already existing buildings with permission for mixed-use between accommodation and non-residential premises. Ininterviews with branch organizations, there was a common view that the municipal process should be simplified in order to become more effective, rapid and more responsive to new solutions like this one within the real estate sector. The results from studies of the law show that, among other things, the lease must clearly state the level of rent and the length of the contract if it is limited in time. It should also divide the practical responsibilities between the tenant and the landlord among other formal provisions. A good solution for the rental agreement is to combine a standard contract from the organization Fastighetsägarna regarding the practical matters and set up the other parts of the agreement with inspiration from agreements already existing on the market for residentials and non-residential premises. As a conclusion there is market interest for the business idea according to the interviews, and the business idea is very much in line with the improvements that must be made within the real estate sector with regard to the environment. Furthermore, the lease has certain mandatory parts, but in addition, there is freedom for own regulations. Also, when choosing the customer base, it is important for the concept to pay attention to finding suitable industries and companies to create community and synergy effects. According to some of the interviewees, the municipal work with detailed development plans should be improved to become more smooth and flexible.
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Benítez, Malvido Pedro Luis. "An evaluation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and its effects on the Mexican construction industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45742.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1993.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-127).<br>by Pedro Luis Benítez Malvido.<br>M.S.
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Maeser, Robert K. III. "A Model-Based Framework for Analyzing Cloud Service Provider Trustworthiness and Predicting Cloud Service Level Agreement Performance." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10785821.
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<p> Analytics firm Cyence estimated Amazon’s four-hour cloud computing outage on February 28, 2017 “cost S&P 500 companies at least $150 million” (Condliffe 2017) and traffic monitoring firm Apica claimed “54 of the top 100 online retailers saw site performance slump by at least 20 percent” (Condliffe 2017). 2015 data center outages cost Fortune 1000 companies between $1.25 and $2.5 billion (Ponemon 2017). Despite potential risks, the cloud computing industry continues to grow. For example, Internet of Things, which is projected to grow 266% between 2013 and 2020 (MacGillivray et al. 2017), will drive increased demand and dependency on cloud computing as data across multiple industries is collected and sent back to cloud data centers for processing. Enterprises continue to increase demand and dependency with 85% having multi-cloud strategies, up from 2016 (RightScale 2017a). This growth and dependency will influence risk exposure and potential for impact (e.g. availability, reliability, performance, security, financial). The research in this Praxis and proposed solution focuses on calculating cloud service provider (CSP) trustworthiness based on cloud service level agreement (SLA) criteria and predicting cloud SLA availability performance for cloud computing services. Evolving industry standards for cloud SLAs (EC 2014, Hunnebeck et al. 2011, ISO/IEC 2016, NIST 2015, Hogben, Giles and Dekker 2012) and existing work regarding CSP trustworthiness (Ghosh, Ghosh and Das 2015, Taha et al. 2014) will be leveraged as the predictive model (using Linear Regression Analysis) is constructed to analyze CSP cloud computing service, SLA performance and CSP trustworthiness.</p><p>
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Hagdahl, Josefine. "Agreement for increased energy efficiencybetween property owners and tenants : For an increased share of sustainable grocery stores." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263946.
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Every day, climate change with increasing greenhouse gases becomes a bigger and bigger problem due to a growing population, urbanization and higher living standards, where the energy sector is the biggest cause of the emission problems. Housing and service correspond to onethird of Sweden's carbon dioxide emissions and one-third of Sweden's total final energy use, and a reduced climate impact and reduced energy use are required, not least from buildings that represent such a large part of the problem. For properties containing a grocery store, an installation of heat recovery from the cooling system can be a way to utilize energy that is already available to thereby reduce the building's energy use and climate impact. This project aims to investigate both the advantages and problems of heat recovery when a property owner takes advantage of a food store's condenser heat. The work focuses on analyzing administrative issues such as distribution of responsibilities, costs and clarifications in the rental agreements. The report presents a literature study containing information on Sweden's and EU's environmental requirements, existing requirements for the rental agreement and a description of the technology behind heat recovery. In addition, interviews were conducted with both property owners and grocery retails in order to get their opinion on the advantages and problems of heat recovery. The property owners contacted during the study were Castellum, Humlegården Fastigheter, AMF Fastigheter, Vasakronan, Skandia Fastigheter and Atrium Ljungberg. Furthermore, the retail companies ICA, Coop Butiker och Stormarknader and Hemköp were contacted. The results of the interviews indicate that the rental agreements often doesn’t contain enough information about the division of responsibilities, cost distribution and operating conditions. This leads to communication deficiencies that are often due to lack of knowledge and further, to operational problems where neither the cooling system nor the heat recovery is utilized to the maximum. In addition, there is no financial incentive for property owners to invest in energyefficient installations such as heat recovery, as the majority of tenants pay for electricity, water and heating costs themselves. There are also different opinions on administrative issues such as contract length, compensation, cost distributions and which information that should be included in the rental agreement between the various companies that have been contacted. Despite the problems that have been located, the majority of the property owners and the grocery retails still have a positive contribution to installing heat recovery, especially for environmental reasons. The study shows that a clarifying rental agreement would make it easier for both parts, since the division of responsibility becomes clearer and the risk of poorly managed systems decreases. Since all companies thinks different to different types of issues, a standard contract cannot be developed, but the most common problems have been located. With the help of this information, this study was able to present the information that the two parts need to discuss and involve in the rental agreement if heat recovery is installed.<br>Varje dag blir klimatförändringarna med ökande växthusgaser ett större och större problem på grund av en växande population, urbanisering och högre levnadsstandarder, där energisektorn är den största orsaken till utsläppsproblemen. Bostäder och service motsvarar en tredjedel av Sveriges koldioxidutsläpp och en tredjedel av Sveriges totala slutgiltiga energianvändning och det krävs en minskad klimatpåverkan och en minskad energianvändning, inte minst från byggnader som utgör en så stor del av problematiken. För fastigheter innehållandes en livsmedelsbutik kan en installation av värmeåtervinning från kylsystemet vara ett sätt att utnyttja energi som redan finns tillgänglig för att på så vis minska byggnadens energianvändning och klimatpåverkan. Det här projektet syftar till att undersöka både fördelar och problematik kring värmeåtervinning då en fastighetsägare drar nytta av en livsmedelsbutiks kondensorvärme. Arbetet fokuserar kring att analysera administrativa frågor så som ansvarsfördelningar, kostnadsfördelningar och förtydliganden i hyresavtalet. I rapporten redovisas en litteraturstudie innehållandes information om Sveriges och EU:s miljökrav, befintliga krav på hyresavtal samt en beskrivning av tekniken bakom värmeåtervinning. Vidare genomfördes intervjuer med både fastighetsägare och detaljhandelsföretag för att få deras åsikt om fördelar och problematik med värmeåtervinning. De fastighetsägare som kontaktades var Castellum, Humlegården Fastigheter, AMF Fastigheter, Vasakronan, Skandia Fastigheter och Atrium Ljungberg. Vidare kontaktades detaljhandelsföretagen ICA, Coop Butiker och Stormarknader samt Hemköp. Resultatet från intervjuerna visar att hyresavtalen ofta inte innehåller tillräckligt med information kring ansvarsfördelning, kostnadsfördelning och driftförhållanden. Det leder till kommunikationsbrister som ofta beror på okunskap och i sin tur till driftproblem som innebär att varken kylsystemet eller värmeåtervinningen utnyttjas maximalt. Dessutom saknas ekonomiskt incitament för fastighetsägare att investera i energieffektiviserande installationer så som värmeåtervinning, då majoriteten av hyresgästerna har kallhyra. Det råder också skilda meningar kring administrativa frågor som avtalslängd, kompensation, kostnadsfördelningar samt vad som ska inkluderas i hyresavtalet och inte mellan de olika företagen som kontaktats. Trots problematiken som lokaliserats ställer majoriteten av fastighetsägarna och detaljhandelsföretagen ändå sig positivt till att installera värmeåtervinning, framförallt av miljömässiga skäl. Studien visar att ett förtydligande hyresavtal skulle underlätta för båda parter, då ansvarsfördelningen blir tydligare och risken för dåligt driftade system minskar. Då alla företagen ställer sig olika till olika typer av frågor kan inte ett standardavtal tas fram, däremot har de vanligaste problemen lokaliserats. Med hjälp av den informationen kunde denna studie presentera den information som parterna behöver diskutera samt involvera i hyresavtalet vid en installation av värmeåtervinning.
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DUTRA, VERUSKA C. "Monitoramento de indicadores-chave do turismo sustentável em unidades de conservação: um estudo de caso no Parque Estadual do Jalapão - Tocantins." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26820.
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Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-11-11T13:30:20Z
No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-11T13:30:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Desde que foi reconhecida a importância de se planejar um turismo sustentável, tem-se buscado ferramentas adequadas para monitorá-lo nas destinações turísticas, tornando esse um dos principais desafios da academia científica de estudos do turismo na atualidade. Diante desse contexto, o desafio apresenta-se ainda maior, quando tratamos de turismo em unidades de conservação, tendo em vista que envolve um ambiente altamente sensível e comunidades em seu entorno que podem ter, no desenvolvimento dessa atividade, sua principal renda econômica. Assim, o que se propõe neste estudo é analisar a aplicabilidade e a eficiência metodológica do monitoramento que visa ao auxílio na construção da sustentabilidade do turismo, em unidades de conservação, através de um estudo de caso no Parque Estadual do Jalapão, localizado no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. Prioriza-se a investigação de indicadores locais abordados a partir da definição estipulada pela Organização Mundial do Turismo. Os resultados alcançados demonstraram que os indicadores estudados são instrumentos a serem considerados no processo de avaliação e quantificação do turismo em um destino com semelhantes configurações ambientais, o que viabiliza a compreensão e o fortalecimento da noção de sustentabilidade. Este estudo caracteriza-se pela sua vertente interdisciplinar e teve como norteador o método dedutivo.<br>Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)<br>IPEN/T<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Pethrosson, Alfred, and Nadin Muhieddine. "Rent-setting system and January agreement; An analysis of the rental housing market." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254281.
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I uppsatsen redogörs för hur olika hyressättningssystem har varierat i Sverige under det senaste seklet. De hyressättningssystem som behandlas är hyresreglering, bruksvärdessystemet samt marknadshyra. En historisk bakgrund inför respektive systems tillblivelse skildras genom sammanställning och bearbetning av rättskällor. På hyresbostadsmarknaden tillämpas idag i huvudsak bruksvärdessystemet som för med sig ett starkt besittningsskydd för dagens hyresgäster. Vidare tolkas och redogörs för ett reformförslag om ett närmande till fri hyressättning. Under januari år 2019 förhandlade de politiska partierna Centerpartiet, Liberalerna, Miljöpartiet och Socialdemokraterna, i en överenskommelse, fram en lista med 73 punkter (Januariavtalet). I denna lista beskrivs under punkt 44, att den aktuella hyresmodellen ska komma att reformeras genom bland annat införande av fri hyressättning vid nybyggnation. Detta reformförslag kommer troligtvis att implementeras på hyresbostadsmarknaden år 2021, en bostadsmarknad som genomgår ständiga förändringar. I Stockholm sker idag omvandling av hyresrätter till bostadsrätter, likaväl har priserna stigit i förorterna som i stadens centrala delar. Utvecklingen har lett till en stor andel höginkomsttagare i de mest attraktiva och centrala områdena och segregationen är tydligare än någonsin. Idag är efterfrågan och behovet av hyresbostäder högre än beståndet och många är drabbade, inte minst unga och utrikesfödda som är begränsade och saknar ekonomisk kraft för att kunna få tag på en hyresrätt. Ytterligare en begränsning är den genomsnittliga kötiden för att få en hyresrätt i innerstan. Under år 2018 låg den genomsnittliga kötiden på 17 år, enligt bostadsförmedlingen i Stockholm. I uppsatsen dras bland annat slutsatsen om att ett verkställande av reformförslaget enligt den aktuella formuleringen med fri hyressättning vid nyproduktion, kommer att leda till två parallellt verkande marknader; en reglerad marknad samt en oreglerad marknad. På sikt kommer dock båda att innebära en viss reglering, men som ändå kommer att ligga på två jämförbara prisklasser. Ena för nyproducerade och attraktiva bostäder riktad till den del av befolkningen med högre inkomst och en annan för ett redan befintligt bestånd med en relativ hög efterfrågan. Likaväl kommer det troligtvis att leda till att respektive system får olika besittningsskydd på marknaden.<br>A description of how different renting systems have varied in Sweden during the last century, will be presented in the project. The renting systems that are described are rental control, the utility value system and market rent. A historical background for respective system's appearance is presented. Today, the utility value system is used in the Swedish rental housing market. The system provides a strong protected tenancy for today's tenants. Furthermore, a reform proposal on free rental market is presented. In January 2019, a negotiation between the political parties Centerpartiet, Liberalerna, Miljöpartiet and Socialdemokraterna, led to an agreement, a list of 73 points (the January agreement). In this list, under point 44, the current rental system is described to be reformed by imposing free rent on newly built rental apartments. This reform proposal will probably be implemented in the rental housing market in 2021, a housing market that is going through constant changes. Today many rental apartments in Stockholm are converted into cooperative apartments, yet prices have risen in both suburbs and the city's central parts. The development has led to a large proportion of highincome people in the most attractive and central areas of the city and the segregation is clearer than ever. The need and the demand of rental apartment is higher today than the supply can cover and many are affected, not least the younger generation and the foreign-born who are limited and have lack of financial power to be able to obtain a rental apartment. According to the housing agency in Stockholm, the average queue time was 17 years in 2018 for obtaining a rental apartment in the inner city. The conclusion that can be drawn is, among others, that the implementation of the reform proposal according to the current formulation in the January agreement about imposing free rent for newly built rental apartments, will lead to two parallel operating markets; one regulated market and one unregulated market. In the long term, however, both markets will entail some regulation, but they will still be on two comparable price ranges. One for newly produced and attractive apartments aimed for that part of the population with higher income and the second one for an already existing supply with a relatively high demand. The two parallel markets will furthermore probably lead to different strength of protected tenancy.
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Smith, Taylor Robert. "Evaluating the Effects of Non-Anonymity on Student Team-Member Evaluations." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3623.
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This thesis investigates the effect that non-anonymity has upon student team-member evaluations; more specifically, it looked at how to create conditions of openness and honesty in which students will readily give and receive constructive criticism. The central hypothesis of this research is that if students are taught and prepared to properly give and receive constructive criticism, and have multiple opportunities to do so, non-anonymous feedback is the most effective and desirable. In order to gauge the effects of non-anonymity, eight specific hypotheses relating to different aspects of the feedback process were tested. Predictions were made as to the effects upon the self-awareness and defensiveness of those who received feedback, the honesty and candor of those who provided it, as well as the effect upon teams' levels of trust and unity, and levels of performance. The statistical analysis showed that non-anonymity had no significant effect upon self-awareness, trust and unity, and performance. Significant differences were observed for honesty and candor, as well as defensiveness. Although some of these differences were in favor, others were contrary to the assumptions that were made. One of the results showed that at the beginning of the procedure, non-anonymous ratings were more lenient, but at the end of the process there was no difference. This was as expected. In regards to the overall process, non-anonymous students perceived ratings to be less honest and candid. A second conclusion was that non-anonymous students were actually more defensive towards negative feedback. In the end, there was no strong evidence for or against non-anonymity, and thus it appears that there was no major treatment effect. There are two justifications as to why this may be the case. These are based upon insights gained from the free-response section of a follow-up survey which the participants took. First, if non-anonymous feedback does indeed produce positive outcomes it may take a longer period of time for these differences to be noticed. This process took place over only about a three-month period, and feedback was received only 3-4 weeks apart. Secondly, when teams are small (i.e., only 3-5 members), it is difficult to maintain anonymity, which essentially removes the treatment. From these observations, the final recommendation of this report is that for students working in small teams, non-anonymous feedback is preferable. This is because, as just noted, anonymity is difficult to maintain even if it is a required condition. It seems that pretending that anonymity exists, when in fact it does not, actually hinders transparency and trust. Also, it seems that giving feedback non-anonymously will more effectively prepare students for working on teams in their careers, as this is more reflective of the way that feedback will be provided in the workforce.
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Shah, Hina. "An ethnographically-informed analysis of the influence of culture on global software-testing practice." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53983.
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There have been fewer studies performed to understand real-world software-testing practice than for other areas of software engineering, such as software requirements, design and development. In particular, surprisingly little is known about global software-testing practices---the practice of outsourcing testing activities to a company offshore---which is currently a large industry and is continuing to grow rapidly. Hence, it is important to study this practice. Moreover, research and anecdotal records provide evidence suggesting that cultural factors greatly impact aspects of the global software-engineering practice (e.g., quality and productivity). The evidence indicates that culture appears to have a greater influence on global software-engineering practice than originally envisioned. Thus, it is important to understand culture's influence particularly on the global-software testing practice.
Most of the global software practice studies have used the cultural-dimensions (e.g., Hofstede's dimensions) approach to understand culture’s influence on this practice. However, such dimensional perspectives of culture significantly limit the meaning of culture. Hence, it is important to study culture's influence on global software-testing practice by adopting a non-dimensional perspective of culture so that hidden cultural facets can be identified and uncovered.
In this dissertation research, I conducted three ethnographically-informed studies at different Indian vendor organizations, who provided software-testing services to their respective clients in a global setting, to better understand what and how cultural factors influence the global software-testing practice. I used the “culture as models” perspective, adapted from the cultural anthropologist Bradd Shore, to analyze the data from these studies. The dissertation provides a detailed description of the study design, the data analysis, and the insights that emerged from the study. The study provided insights into four embedded cultural models that have emerged from this practice---Agreement, Trust, Flexibility, and Global Software Delivery Cultural Models -- which are described and discussed in detail.
This dissertation makes the following contributions. First, it describes a framework that facilitates conducting culture-based studies in the global software- engineering domain. Second, it exposes significant cultural models that are embodied in the specific global software-testing practices investigated to better understand the affordances and clashes of cultural facets of such practices more widely. Third, it presents a ``thick description'' of the role and interplay of these cultural facets in the global software-testing practices investigated. Finally, based on the study insights, the dissertation provides implications for practice and future research.
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Copeland, Christopher Michael S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Monitoring under the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement : the prospects of antineutrino detection as an IAEA verification metric for the disposition of weapons-grade plutonium in the United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77070.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering; and, (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-111).<br>After the end of World War II, the world entered an even more turbulent period as it faced the beginnings of the Cold War, during which the prospect of mutually assured destruction between the world's largest nuclear weapon states was ever-present, and often provoked tense confrontations. Although fears of a nuclear holocaust significantly subsided after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world faced a potentially more dangerous prospect: the proliferation risks associated with the insecurity and unauthorized acquisition of Soviet-era nuclear warheads. Although all Soviet-era weapons were eventually acquired by Russia, concerns about the excessively large weapons stockpiles of the United States and Russia, combined with the goal of nuclear disarmament, led to the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA). During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union respectively produced approximately 100 and 150 metric tons of weapons-grade plutonium (WGPu). Under the terms of the PMDA, both nations formally each agreed to irradiate 34 MT of excess military plutonium in the form of mixed oxide fuel (MOX) in nuclear power reactors. One of the major issues of concern associated with this agreement relates to the verification measures that will be implemented to ensure actual WGPu disposition. Additionally, despite a commitment (Article VII.3 of the PMDA) to engage and consult with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to establish arrangements to monitor its plutonium disposition process, a formalized IAEA role within a potential multilateral verification regime has yet to be determined. In this work, the ability of the US to achieve the goals of its plutonium disposition campaign by 2018 is assessed. The suitability of the IAEA as an objective party to a multilateral verification regime under the auspices of the PMDA is also analyzed. In an attempt to aid the IAEA with such expected verification procedures, the applicability of antineutrino detection as a potential monitoring technology which could significantly enhance current monitoring procedures is considered. Although there has not yet been a formal demonstration of this technology under the auspices of the PMDA, the technology has been successfully fielded and nonintrusively operated at US and Russian reactors for years at a time, with the explicit aim of demonstrating potential relevance to a range of safeguards and verification tasks. The sensitivity of an antineutrino detector to antineutrino count rate measurements was analyzed through a hypothesis testing procedure which sought to identify statistically significant differences between the count rate evolutions of a designated baseline and potential diversion scenarios. With a specified set of parameters, the test demonstrated that the detector was capable of identifying the replacement of 7 WGPu MOX fuel assemblies with conventional LEU fuel assemblies within 360 days of the fuel cycle operation at a >95% true positive rate and a 5% false positive rate limit. These results were essentially still maintained even with a nonreactor- based antineutrino event background signal as high as 25%. Although pitfalls with regard to systematic uncertainty and operator malfeasance were revealed, potential solutions to such issues are also presented and discussed. All in all, the results obtained in this work confirm the potential efficacy and viability of antineutrino rate based measurements for a range of reactor safeguards and verification tasks.<br>by Christopher Michael Copeland.<br>S.M.in Technology and Policy<br>S.M.
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Bjöörn, Axel, and Adam Croce. "The use-value system and deregulation : A study about the January agreement and the reform proposition effect on the rental market." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254295.
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Bostadspolitiken har länge varit en het fråga i samhället. Att det är svårt att få ett boende i form av ett förstahandskontrakt i Sveriges storstadsregioner har nog ingen missat. Efter det senaste regeringsvalet skrev Socialdemokraterna, Miljöpartiet, Liberalerna och Centerpartier under ett 73-punktsprogram där man bland annat tagit fram reformförslag för hyresmarknaden. Det finns många studier om hur hyressystemet i Sverige har bidragit till den bostadssituation vi har idag. Däremot är förslagen i januariöverenskommelsen nya och därför är syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur och om förslagen som presenteras i punkt 44 i januariöverenskommelsen kommer påverka hyresmarknaden. Arbetet har grundats på följande frågeställningar: Hur ställer sig aktörer på bostadsmarknaden till reformförslagen i januariöverenskommelsen? Kan en friare hyressättning öka byggvolymen av nyproducerade hyresrätter? Behövs det en hyresreform? Uppsatsen tydliggör att det rådande bruksvärdessystemet är illa anpassat för dagens bostadsmarknad och ger upphov till inlåsningseffekter. Av intervjuerna framgår det att alla respondenter är ense om att det råder en bostadsbrist i landet men hur den ska lösas finns det skilda meningar om. Representanter från den privata hyressektorn välkomnar förslagen i januariavtalet, i stort, eftersom man ser det som en möjlighet att förädla produkten (hyresrätten). Samtidigt finns det en tveksamhet till avtalets genomslagskraft bland samtliga aktörer. Det råder en osäkerhet bland hyresgästorganisationer och representanter för det allmännyttiga hyresbeståndet. De menar att förslagen kan göra hyresförhandlingarna snårigare och att hyresgästens roll försämras gentemot hyresvärden. I studien konstaterar vi att en fri hyressättning i nyproduktion med största sannolikhet inte kommer leda till en ökad byggvolym av hyresrätter. Det blir också tydligt i slutsatsen att det är svårt att förutspå vilka effekter förslagen i punkt 44 kommer få. Under tiden den här uppsatsen skrivs är reformförslagen innebörd inte tydligt definierade och under utredning. 5 Fortsatt forskning inom området uppmuntras. Däribland behöver man studera konsekvenserna av förslagen när utredningarna är klara och det inte finns någon osäkerhet i vad punkterna innebär. Det bör också forskas om konsekvenserna av en fri hyressättning i nyproduktions inverkan på det bruksvärdessatta beståndet.<br>Housing politics has been a hot topic for a long time in the general discourse. No one will have missed that it is currently hard to get a first-hand contract to a rental apartment in the major cities of Sweden. After the last election, an agreement was made between the Socialdemokraterna, Miljöpartiet, Liberalerna and Centerpartiet consisting of 73 points. The agreement involved propositions to reform the rental market. A lot has been written about the rental setting system in Sweden and how it has contributed to the current living situation. However, the propositions in the January agreement are new and therefore the purpose of this paper is to research how, and if, the 44 th point in the agreement will affect the rental market. The main focus of the project has been to answer the following questions; What are the actors, on the rental market, views of the propositions in the January agreement? Will a deregulation of rents in newly constructed buildings increase building rates? Is there a need for a reformation of the rental system? The paper sheds light on the current "use-value-system" (bruksvärdessystemet) and that it is, in its present adaption, ill-fitted to the housing market and generates lock-in effects. The results held from the interviews show that all actors are in agreement. There is a housing shortage. However, their opinions on how it is best solved differ. The actors representing the private sector welcomes the suggestions. Mainly because it gives opportunity to refine the product or rental property. Meanwhile, there is uncertainty in the impact of the propositions among the actors. Furthermore, there is an uncertainty among the actors representing the tenants and public housing stock. They think the propositions will make the rental negotiations more complicated and the already weak position of the tenants will worsen. Our results show that a deregulation of the new constructions will most likely not increase building volumes. It is also made clear that it is hard to predict what the January agreement will entail since the propositions are not clearly stated. 3 We encourage further research within the subject. Mainly focusing on the consequences of the January agreement, once the ongoing investigation is done and the actual measures suggested, are made clear. Research should also be made on what effect a deregulation of the new construction stock will have on the use-value-stock.
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Karlsson, Pierre. "Molntjänsts-kontraktering - Aspekter att överväga vid kontraktering med molnleverantör." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20937.
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Denna rapport belyser aspekter som kunder borde vara medveten om vid kontraktering med en molnleverantör. Molntekniken är effektiv, skalbar och relativt enkel att implementera, men det finns också ett antal nackdelar med tekniken som kunder borde vara uppmärksam på. I denna rapport är fokuseringen på hur villkoren och avtalen vid kontaktering med molnleverantörer ser ut, men fokus ligger också på att öka medvetenheten med riskerna vid kontraktering under en lång tidsperiod. Det finns fortfarande många frågetecken som behöver övervägas och analyseras när det gäller molntekniken. Inriktningen på denna rapport är därför kontrakten och designen av dessa ser ut och som leverantörerna oftast skriver ihop till sin egen fördel. Dessa leverantörsfördelar kommer att uppmärksammas i rapporten, dock är fördelarna med molntekniken lätta att upptäcka vid presentationer om tekniken, men kontrakten kan också innebära problem om beroendet på servicen är stor. För det är kontrakten leverantörerna hänvisar till om det skulle uppkomma fel på servicen. Exempelvis säger kontrakten att vid störningar på servicen kan maximalt 50 % av månadsbeloppen en kund betalar varje månad, återbetalas till kunden. Detta kan vid långvarit störning innebära finansiella problem för kunden. Kontrakt-aspekterna integritet, prestanda och kontrakts ändringar är oftast till fördel för leverantören, men det finns även ytterligare aspekter att försöka förhandla sig till bättre villkor på. Dock finns det åtgärder kunder kan göra för att förbättra sitt kontrakt. Exempelvis kan företag arbeta tillsammans för att stärka inflytandet mot leverantören för att på det sättet kunna förhandla sig till bättre kontraktsdetaljer.<br>This report highlights the aspects for customers to be aware of before contracting with a cloud provider. Cloud technology is efficient, effective, scalable and easy to implement, but there is also drawbacks that customers or potentials customers should know before contracting. The focus area in this report are the terms and agreements aspects when working with a cloud provider, but the report also highlights the risks with contracting with cloud providers in the long term. The focus is also on the design of the contracts that the providers want to design for their own winning. The report wants to make the reader aware of these pitfalls. There are several benefits with Cloud Computing and information about the technology is easy to find, but the information about the contracts are kept in the shadows and written in small letters by high paid lawyers. With maximum 50% payback of the monthly paid by the customer to the provider, if there is service disruption, the contracts can be an economical nightmare for the customers. With aspects such as privacy, performance and contract changes details that are in favor for the provider, are many aspects to consider when reading and negotiating about a contract. But there are things the costumers can do to improve their contract. An example is that by working together with other companies when the procurement is underway, the leverage is strengthened against the providers to negotiate for better contract details.
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KAYA, KORAY MUSTAFA. "The Feasability of a Permissioned Blockchain-based SLA-management system : A novel approach to SLA management." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301262.
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Blockchain seems to be the hot new innovation that brings disruption to many different industries in the form of decentralization. Groups of peers can finally organize and work together without a central actor having an authority over the transactions that occur. Other than decentralization, due to the distributed and cryptographic nature of the data, the system also enjoys resilience, immutability and safety. In this thesis, we are leveraging permissioned blockchain technology to take steps towards a trustless service level agreement (SLA) management system where both service providers and customers lack the power to tamper with the contracts and their outcomes. The thesis yields a systematic literature review on the state-of-the-art within SLA management and relevant blockchain technology, a proof-of-concept working with Ericssons decentralized edge service marketplace, Nubo, and finally asimulation which evaluates how the proof-of-concept performs in terms of throughput and latency under different network loads. The simulation shows that the network works as expected, until 70 transactions per second (TPS) are reached, at which point the network is limited by throughput.<br>Blockchain ser ut att vara den nya teknologin som leder till stora förändringar i olika industrier i form av decentralisering. En grupp av noder kan till slut organisera sig och arbeta tillsammmans utan en central figur som styr och har kontroll över arbetet. Utöver decentralisering ger blockchain också fördelen av uthållighet, oföränderlighet och säkerhet till systemet tack vare sin kryptografiska grund. I den här studien utnyttjar vi privat blockchainteknologi för att ta steg mot en decentraliserad service level agreement (SLA) platform, där både tjänsteleverantörer och konsumenter saknar makten att manipulera kontrakt och dess resultat. Studien ger en systematisk literaturstudie på state-of-the-art inom SLA och relevant blockchain teknologi, ett bevis på koncept som fungerar tillsammans med Ericssons decentraliserade Nubo Service Marknad, och till slut en simulation som undersöker hur systemet reagerar i form av genomströmmning och responstid under olika nätverksbelastningar. Undersökningen visar att nätverket fungerar som förväntat upp till 70 transaktioner per sekund, då nätverket begränsas av genomströmning och köer bildas.
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Moolhuijsen, Tim. "Modelling the future hydrogen demand of the Netherlands : Assessing the feasibility of meeting the demand through offshore wind hydrogen production." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284146.
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To enable the use of renewable energy throughout the system, the Dutch government aims to rely strongly on hydrogen gas as a green energy carrier. This thesis is dedicated to assessing the feasibility of meeting the future Dutch hydrogen demand with locally produced green hydrogen through offshore wind. The aim was realized by modelling the Dutch hydrogen demand in 2050 based on government plans and comparing this with the amount of green hydrogen the Netherlands can produce through offshore wind. Methods used include extensive literature reviews, energy system modelling, scenario analysis, and calculations. The results show that between 1,28 and 2,04 EJ of wind energy is necessary to meet the regular electricity demand and the electricity demand for hydrogen production through electrolysis. This needs to be compared to an offshore wind energy potential in the Dutch North Sea that ranges between 0,67 and 1,79 EJ. An analysis of the results shows that the offshore wind demand could be met, but it is more likely that the offshore wind energy potential is insufficient to meet the demand. The government envisions five applications for hydrogen, namely to be used as feedstock for the process industry, to generate high temperature heat, as energy storage for renewables (balancing the grid), as a transport fuel, and in the built environment. The results indicate that the demand of these five applications is unlikely to be met completely with offshore wind green hydrogen. However, the large majority of the hydrogen demand is dedicated to be used as a feedstock for the process industry. If this feedstock were to be from another source, meeting the demand of the remaining hydrogen applications with offshore wind is more realistic. Consequently, a main take-away is that the creation of a wind and solar based electricity grid with green hydrogen as a balancing agent is feasible. The results of this research gave rise to several recommendations. Firstly, renewable energy generation should be maximized using the full scope of different available techniques (not only focusing on offshore wind). Second, different decarbonization pathways other than offshore wind green hydrogen should be explored to account for process industry feedstocks. Third, the government should work closely together with other North Sea-bordering countries in order to make the best use of the available space. Fourth and final, efforts should be steered towards maximizing the wind energy potential of the Dutch North Sea, which is ideally suited for wind energy generation and should therefore be used in the best way possible.
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Gazula, Sriharsha, and Anil Kumar Vadali. "Comparison of Public Tender Process between Sweden and India." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2477.
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Context. Public procurement is an important factor in procurement of products and services by government organizations. It also helps in protection of corruption by applying the principles of non-discrimination and transparency for procurement of Software products and services along with their distribution and maintenance. As India has its own procurement laws and policies, international bidders who wish to participate in procurement cannot take part in the procurement. Also there is a need to verify how the pragmatic requirements can be used in India to maintain non-discrimination. Due to this it has become a challenge to maintain fairness and transparency in its rules and policies. Objectives. This study mainly investigates the differences between procurement process in India and Sweden. The study also identifies the changes that India should adopt in order to be a member of WTO. Methods. In order to conduct this study, a literature review is used to find the public procurement processes in India and Sweden. This is followed by a case study by conducting interviews with industrial practitioners and to validate the above said process with artifact analysis. Results. The contributions are the differences in procurement process of India when compared to Sweden, which is a member of WTO GPA. Recommendations are made to make India to comply with WTO GPA. Conclusions. The study helped in understanding the procurement process in India and Sweden. From the study it is clear that some rules and regulations in India that are used for procurement process lack transparency and non-discrimination. To avoid this India should make a fair procurement policy which is in compliance with WTO GPA. This makes the global suppliers to participate in the software procurements of India. As a result companies can procure new technologies for their software needs.
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Nettelbladt, Susanna, and Elin Säterdahl. "Exploatörens syn på framtagandet av exploateringsavtal : Har ändringen av PBL fått effekt?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-24588.
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I början av 2015 skedde en lagändring av plan- och bygglagen. De s.k. exploatörsbestämmelserna togs bort och regler om exploateringsavtal infördes. I statens offentliga utredningar framkom att exploateringsprocessen ofta blev oförutsägbar både tids- och kostnadsmässigt och att exploatörerna var i en stark beroendeställning till kommunerna. Denna studie har fokuserat på att identifiera om exploatörer upplevt att lagändringen lett till att problematiken minskat och om det idag finns ett starkare samarbete i framtagandet av genomförandeavtal. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra till att samarbetet mellan kommun och exploatör ska bli bättre och leda till mindre obalans i förhandlingarna om genomförandefrågor i detaljplaneprocessen. Frågeställningarna i denna studie besvarades genom två enkätundersökningar samt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer, både kommuner och exploatörer fick delta i dessa. Samtliga kommuner i Sverige har tillfrågats att delta i en webbenkät, och 99 exploatörer har tillfrågats att besvara en annan webbenkät. 5 kommuner och tre exploatörer har intervjuats. Intervjuerna tillsammans med enkäterna gav en helhetsbild över hur lagändringen av PBL påverkat exploateringsprocessen och exploatörers inställning till kommunen. Studien visar att exploatörerna inte uppfattar exploateringsprocessen som mer tidseffektiv eller mer förutsägbar. Viss ökad tydlighet och transparens har uppnåtts genom införandet av krav på riktlinjer. Det största problemet i förhandlingarna är kommuntjänstemännens avsaknad av erfarenhet och kompetens, vilket kan härledas till en god marknad där det är ruljangs på personal mellan kommunal och privat sektor. Det kvarstår fortfarande att ta fram juridiskt korrekta lösningar på problematiken i hur s.k. social infrastruktur ska kunna tillhandahållas av kommun på privatägd mark. Slutsatsen av denna studie blev att lagändringen idag endast fått liten effekt, och att problematik kvarstår. Genomförandeavtalen innefattar inte längre s.k. social infrastruktur i de flesta fall, men åtgärder som t.ex. uppföra skola eller vårdhem åläggs fortfarande exploatörer vid sidan om avtalen. Beroendeställningen till kommunen kvarstår vilket lett till att rättslig prövning av avtalen inte skett, och kommunen tar sig fortfarande friheter med avtalens innehåll.<br>At the beginning of 2015 there was an amendment of the Planning and Building Act. The so-called developer provisions were removed and rules on development agreements were introduced. The Swedish Government Official Reports revealed that the development process was often unpredictable both cost- and time wise and that the developers were in a strong dependency to the municipalities. This study has focused on identifying if the developers have perceived that the amendment has led to a reduction of the problems and if there is a stronger cooperation today in the producing of implementation agreements. The purpose of this study is to contribute to improved cooperation between municipalities and developers and lead to less inequity in the negotiations on implementation issues in the detailed planning process. The questions in this study were answered through two surveys and semi- structured interviews, both municipalities and developers were asked to participate. All municipalities in Sweden have taken part in one web survey, and 99 developers have been asked to answer another web survey. Five municipalities and three developers have been interviewed. The interviews along with the surveys gave a comprehensive picture of how the changes of the PBA influenced the development process and developers' attitude towards the municipalities. The study shows that developers do not perceive the developing process as more time-efficient or more predictable than before. Some increased clarity and transparency have been achieved through the introduction of requirements for guidelines. The biggest problem in the negotiations is the lack of experience and qualification in the municipality staff. This can be derived from a good market, where many municipal employees take employment in the private sector instead. It remains to provide legal solutions to the problem of how social infrastructure can be provided by municipalities on private land. The conclusions of this study were that the amendment has had little effect, and that problems remain. Implementation agreements no longer include so-called social infrastructure in most cases, but actions such as to build a school or shelter are still imposed on developers alongside the agreement. The dependence on the municipality remains unchanged, which means that judicial review of the agreements has not taken place. The municipalities still take great liberties with the content of the agreements.
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Stålbrand, Fredrik. "Supplier Relationship Management in Intelbras Improving quality through buyer-supplier cooperation Fredrik." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17501.
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Competitive forces in today‟s business world are putting firms under pressure to improve quality, delivery performance, and responsiveness while simultaneously reducing cost, which for many companies have resulted in increased outsourcing of activities. Consequently a greater dependency on suppliers‟ performance in terms of quality and delivery service has evolved.Companies are therefore exploring ways to leverage their supply chains, by developing their supply chain structure and continually evaluating the role of suppliers in their activities. As supply chains have evolved, a number of different supply chain structures have emerged, based upon the networks and the level of collaboration between the buyer and supplier. The optimization of a supply chain process has proven to lead inevitably to a growing interdependence among supply chain partners. Treating all suppliers the same is no longer feasible, and a failure to recognize that some suppliers have different needs than others.The research conducted in this thesis was aimed at finding strategies, and approaches of effectively working with supplier relationship management.The empirical study was conducted at Intelbras, a Brazilian electronics manufacturer, which has a large percent of its production outsourced. Intelbras has recently segmented their supply-base into two segments; suppliers of commodity type items and suppliers of critical items. For suppliers of critical items, quality agreements were developed to attend the special needs of selected items.The findings of the research was compared and analyzed with the empirical data, which resulted in a few suggestions of possible future developments for Intelbras.Keywords: Supplier Relationship Management, Strategic Segmentation, Total Cost of Ownership, Buyer-Supplier Cooperation, Quality Agreement<br>Program: Industriell ekonomi - affärsingenjör
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Brunius, Charlotte, and Alexander Lorenius. "Osäkerheter kring förhandsavtal för nyproducerade bostadsrätter i Stockholm : Vilka finansiella orsaker ligger till grund för de problem som har uppstått?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254739.
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Bostadsinvesteringarna har tagit fart de senaste åren i Sverige. Den gynnsammaprisutvecklingen har resulterat i fler nybyggnadsinvesteringar och antaletproducerade lägenheter har varit stort. I detta marknadsläge blev det allt merattraktivt att teckna förhandsavtal på nyproducerade bostäder. När prisfallet sedankom under hösten 2017 för att därefter stagnera, har det uppstått en ökad osäkerhetpå den svenska bostadsmarknaden. I den stagnerade marknaden harbostadsutvecklarnas finansieringsmodell avseende förhandsavtalen fått störremedial uppmärksamhet. Oftast handlar det om den kritik och de brister vad gäller deförhandsavtal som tecknats och som har uppenbarat sig allt mer när marknadensvängde. Detta har gett upphov till ett ökat antal tvister mellan bostadsutvecklare ochköpare såsom konsumenter, i ett försök att häva dessa avtal. Mot denna bakgrundhar idag allt fler hushåll avvaktat med att teckna förhandsavtal, framför allt påbostadsrätter där tillträdesdatum ligger långt fram i tiden.I uppsatsen har intervjuer hållits med bostadsutvecklare i Stockholm, finansiärer ochjuridiska ombud för konsumenter för att sammanställa synen på marknaden idag vadgäller förhandsavtal för nyproducerade bostadsrätter hos olika aktörer. Vidare har enfallstudie genomförts genom en djupdykning i två olika bostadsutvecklaresaffärsmodeller och styrprocesser, för att kunna granska underliggande orsaker till atttvister med köpare har uppstått. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att identifiera definansiella orsaker som ligger till grund för de problem som idag uppstått påmarknaden, samt ge förslag på lösningar som vidare skulle kunna undersökas iämnet.<br>Residential investments have increased over the past years in Sweden. Thefavorable price trend has resulted in more investments in new-construction, and thenumber of new-built apartments has been large. During this market situation, itbecame increasingly attractive to sign pre-sale agreements on newly producedcondominiums. Since the prices subsequently fell in Autumn 2017 and thereafterstagnated, there has been an increased uncertainty in the Swedish housing market.In this stagnated market, the residential housing developers’ financing models for thepre-sale agreements has received greater medial attention. Most of this attention hasbeen about criticism and shortcomings regarding the pre-sale agreements that havebeen signed and which have become increasingly appeared when the marketswung. This has led to enhanced numbers of disputes between residentialdevelopers and buyers, as an attempt to lift these agreements. Today an increasingnumber of households have been waiting to sign pre-sale agreements, especially oncondominiums where access dates are well ahead.In the paper, interviews were carried out with housing developers in Stockholm,financiers and legal representatives for consumers in order to compile the view of themarket today regarding pre-sale agreements for newly produced condominiums,from various players. In addition, a case study has been conducted to get a deepdive into two different housing developers' business models and control processes,in order to be able to examine the underlying reasons why any disputes with buyershave arisen. The purpose of the thesis has been to identify the financial causes thatunderlie the problems that have arisen in the market today, and to give suggestionsfor solutions that could further be investigated on the subject.
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Johansson, Patrick. "Tomträttens vara eller icke vara i Huddinge kommun." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254727.
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Sedan år 1907 har det i Sverige varit möjligt att upplåta en fastighet med tomträtt. Tomträtten är en nyttjanderätt som innebär att tomträttshavaren har rätt att nyttja en fastighet mot av årlig avgäld. Endast det allmänna får upplåta tomträtt vilket oftast är kommun men även stat får upplåta tomträtt. Villkoren är liknande äganderätten och avsikten med införandet var för att ge privatpersoner möjligheten att få tillgång till mark för bostadsändamål utan att staten eller kommunen förlorade äganderätten till marken.Frågan som ställts i detta arbetet är om tomträtten har en framtid och då speciellt i Huddinge kommun. Huddinge kommun är en kommun med ett fåtal tomträtter i dagsläget och frågan är om de ska antingen behålla, sälja av eller utveckla sitt arbete med fler tomträtter.Eftersom det är en äldre lagstiftning har det framkommit i arbetet att flera av de kommuner som arbetar med tomträtt anser det vara gammalmodig och stel lagstiftning. Det stora problemet med tomträtten är att avgälden inte kan omförhandlas innan avgäldsperioden är över och att den inte får följa en indexuppräkning. Det har lett till stora höjningar för den nya avgäldsperioden, vilket media varit snabba med att kritisera. Höjningen kommer ifrån att markvärdet ofta har stigit kraftigt. Dock har kritiken främst berört tomträtt för bostadsändamål.I arbetet har det framkommit att tomträtter för bostadsändamål har troligtvis inte en framtid i Huddinge kommun eller i andra liknande kommuner om inte fullt marknadsvärde tas ut. Problemen som kan uppstå vid omförhandlingar av tomträttsavgälden gör att de intäkter som tomträtter ger inte täcker de kostnader som kan uppstå. Avgälden för ändamålet rabatterats av de flesta kommuner och likaså friköpspriset. Bland annat därför gör att tomträtten för bostadsändamål bör Huddinge kommun vara försiktiga med att upplåta tomträtter för bostadsändamål. Tomträtter för annat ändamål än bostad har en framtid i Huddinge kommun men även i andra kommuner. Fördelarna är många med tomträtt där bland annat markägandet behålls. Är avgälden marknadsanpassad tillkommer stabil inkomst över avgäldsperioden. Speciellt i kommuner med en markvärdesutveckling som Huddinge kommun har haft är det med stor fördel att markägandet behålls. Tomträtten innebär för kommunen en ökad administrativt arbete vid omförhandlingar av avgälden och vid upplåtelse jämfört med arrende och markförsäljning. Däremot ger markförsäljning ingen återkommande inkomst och förlorad äganderätt till marken.<br>Since 1907, it has been possible in Sweden to lease a property with leasehold rights. The site leasehold right is a right of use that means that the site leaseholder has the right to use a property against of annual ground rent. Only the public may grant leasehold rights, which is usually the municipality but also state may grant a site leasehold. The conditions are similar to the right of ownership and the intention of the introduction was to give private individuals the opportunity to gain access to land for housing purposes without the state or the municipality losing ownership of the land.The question posed in this work is whether the site leasehold has a future and especially in Huddinge municipality. Huddinge municipality is a municipality with a few site leaseholds at present and the question is whether they should either keep, sell off or develop and work furthermore with site leaseholds.Since it is an older legislation, it has emerged in the work that several of the municipalities that work with site leasehold consider it old-fashioned and rigid legislation. The major problem with the site leasehold is that the termination cannot be renegotiated before the termination period is over and that it must not follow an index count. This has led to major increases of the ground rent, which the media has been quick to criticize. The increase comes from the fact that land value has often risen sharply. However, the criticism has primarily concerned site leasehold for residential purposes.In the work it has emerged that leaseholds for residential purposes probably do not have a future in Huddinge municipality or in other similar municipalities unless the entire market value is charged in the ground rent. The problems that can arise when renegotiating ground rent mean that the revenue that the site leaseholds brings does not cover the costs that can arise. The rent and the purchase price for the purpose was discounted by most municipalities. Among other things, this means that the site leasehold for housing purposes, Huddinge municipality should be cautious about granting leaseholds for residential purposes. Site leasehold for purposes other than housing have a future in Huddinge municipality but also in other municipalities. The advantages are many with leasehold rights where, among other things, land ownership is retained. If the debt is market-adjusted, stable income will be added over the term of the debt. Especially in municipalities with a land value development that Huddinge municipality has had, it is with great advantage that land ownership is retained. The leasehold means for the municipality an increased administrative work in the case of renegotiation of the debt and in connection with leasing compared with lease and land sales. On the other hand, land sales do not provide recurring income and lost ownership of the land.
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Gao, Lily, and Emelie Johansson. "Orsaker till livsmedelsförluster och livsmedelsavfall längs med värdekedjor av nötkött och potatis : Ett samverkande angreppssätt för att förebygga dess uppkomst." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298219.
Full textAbstract:
Ungefär en tredjedel av all mat som produceras runt om i världen går förlorad eller slängs, vilket resulterar i negativ påverkan på klimat och miljö, ekonomiska förluster samt bortfall av mat som annars kunnat tillgodose människor med mat. Att förebygga matsvinn har således flera positiva synergieffekter, men det behövs mer kunskap om orsaker till varför det uppstår samt ett fortsatt arbete för att företag, myndigheter och organisationer gemensamt ska kunna arbeta med svinnproblematiken. Ett aktivt samarbete mellan aktörer i livsmedelskedjan har internationellt och nationellt lyfts som viktiga förutsättningar för att kunna minska matsvinnet. I Sverige startades i fjol den frivilliga överenskommelsen Samarbete för minskat matsvinn (SAMS). Detta examensarbete ämnar att kartlägga var matsvinnet uppkommer i värdekedjor för två livsmedel, nötkött och potatis, samt identifiera orsaker till varför det uppstår. Vidare syftar rapporten till att bistå SAMS i sitt fortsatta arbete för att minska matsvinn genom att identifiera möjliga förebyggande åtgärder till de identifierade orsakerna. Tillvägagångssättet bestod av fyra huvuddelar: kartläggning av värdekedjan och dess förluster, hotspot-analys för att identifiera orsaker som SAMS kan påverka och som bidrar till stora mängder svinn, rotorsaksanalys för att identifiera rotorsaker och till sist lösningsplanering för att föreslå förebyggande åtgärder. Arbetet genomfördes via en systematisk litteraturstudie, semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer i livsmedelskedjan samt workshop-tillfällen med SAMS-medlemmar. Resultaten visar att flertalet orsaker uppstår i minst två av leden i värdekedjorna och att orsaker kopplade till nötkött och potatis inom primärproduktionen och industrin skiljer sig från varandra. Samtidigt har orsaker kopplade till de senare leden av värdekedjorna från grossist och framåt mer liknande karaktär, som till exempel utgånget hållbarhetsdatum. Av de kartlagda orsakerna gjordes en bedömning kring orsaker som har stor påverkan samt orsaker som kan påverkas av ett samarbete mellan aktörer, vilket resulterade i hotspot-orsaker. För både nötkött och potatis erhölls 17 hotspot- orsaker som analyserades vidare i en rotorsaksanalys med hjälp av fiskbensdiagram. Utifrån fiskbensdiagrammen och vilka orsaker som var vanligt förekommande under arbetets gång applicerades fem-varför-metoden på orsaker kopplade till utgånget hållbarhetsdatum. Sju rotorsaker identifierades vilka berör avtal, förpackningar, riktlinjer, förvaring, kundpreferenser och beställningar. Lösningsförslagen adresserar förändrade avtal och förpackningar, underlättning av nedfrysningsmöjligheter, medvetandegörande av konsument, samt förändrad förvaring i butik och beställningsrutiner. Det visade sig att många rotorsaker grundar sig i flera hotspot-orsaker vilket indikerar att åtgärderna som föreslås har potential att förebygga fler hotspot-orsaker än utgånget hållbarhetsdatum.<br>Nearly one third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally, which results in negative impact on the environment and climate, economic losses and people who are undernourished. Therefore, preventing food losses and food waste has several positive synergy effects. However more knowledge is needed regarding the causes of losses and waste as well as continued work for companies, authorities and organizations to be able to work effectively with the waste problem. Active cooperation between stakeholders in the food supply chain has proven to be one of four important prerequisites for successful work to reduce food waste. In Sweden, a voluntary agreement called Samarbete för minskat matsvinn, SAMS was initiated last year. This thesis aims to map where food losses and waste arise in the value chain of two products, beef and potatoes, and to identify causes why it occurs. Furthermore, the report aims to contribute to SAMS in their continued work to reduce food losses and waste by identifying opportunities to prevent the identified causes. The aim is answered through an approach that consists of four parts: mapping the value chain and its losses, hotspot analysis to identify causes SAMS can impact and that contribute to the most wastage, root cause analysis to get down to the root causes and lastly solution generation to propose preventive measures. The study was carried out through extensive literature review and interviews, as well as workshops. The results show that most causes occur in at least two of the links in the value chain, whereas the causes for beef and potatoes differ within the primary production and industries. Meanwhile, causes within retailers and forward towards the value chain are of similar characteristics. Of the identified causes, an assessment was made of which have a major impact and can be improved by SAMS, resulting in hotspot causes. For both beef and potatoes, 17 causes were obtained which were further analyzed in root case analysis using fishbone diagrams. Based on the fishbone diagrams and often occured causes during the work process, the five-why method was applied to causes correlated to expiration date. Seven root causes were identified which are related to contracts, packaging, guidelines, storage, customer preferences, and orders. Solution proposals presented to the root causes encompass contract changes, packaging solutions, freezing options, changing consumers’ behaviors, storage opportunities and different ordering routines. It showed that many root causes are based on several hotspot causes, which indicates that the proposed solutions have potential to prevent several causes than only passed expiration date.
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Johansson, Therese, and Sara Borneskär. "Från plan till verklighet : En helhetsbild av genomförandeprocessen för allmän plats, med enskilt huvudmannaskap." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för data-, elektro- och lantmäteriteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-10940.
Full textAbstract:
The study comprises four case studies, in the form of detailed plans from the three municipalities in Västra Götaland. The detailed individual has principal responsibility in a public place, and each case study includes a survey and analysis of the implementation process of a public place. Documents that have been reviewed are flat map, planning and implementation description, contract (development agreements / land use agreements) and ordinances. Finally a visit was performed in each planning area, by a visual inspection. Preliminary work, SOU 's, lagkommentarer, Propositions and previous studies focusing on individual principal on public places, has been read to get a knowledge base for the study. Older laws have been studied, such as the elderly Planning and Building Act 1987, in order to know the legislation of the detailed plans that are subject of the study. The study has its origins from two theses from the year 2012, which covered a similar subject. The difference in this study is that the agreements been added as an additional document, to create an overall picture of the implementation process of a public place with a single principal responsibility. Qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach has been used, where text interpretation has been the central approach, to understand the municipality's underlying intentions for public places. Analyses of the text documents have been conducted to investigate whether they contain the same issues. The aim was to see how the implementation process is complex, and how clearly municipality ensures its intentions for the general location of the plane map into reality. In completed case studies we have seen that municipalities use the agreement to partially regulate the design of public space, and only partial use of the possibility to enter the planning regulations on the design of plan map. We have also seen that the intentions in the general location plan map, doesn´t always agree with the planning and implementation descriptions. Despite this, the site visits revealed that the facilities for the public space is implemented in accordance with the plan map. The experience we had with us is that site visits are an important part in contact with the plans. Site visits gave us a better understanding of the municipality's intentions when text documents interpreted, and assess accessibility in public places. It's something we think should be used more, even when new detailed plans drawn up. The implementation process from plan to reality is a complex process. The process includes several different parts, where communication between officials is important to intentions of zoning should not to change or fall away. The municipality should therefore monitor each document established in the implementation process, to ensure the intentions and reduce the chance that reality will not be that the municipality has planned.
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Rodrigues, de Campos Gabriel. "Stratégies de commande collaborative pour des systèmes multi-robots." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00981962.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse porte sur des stratégies distribuées pour systèmes multi-robot. Tout d'abord, nous nous focalisons sur des algorithmes de consensus pour des systèmes hétérogènes qui représente, par exemple, différents modèles ou générations de robots. Dans la suite, nous proposons deux solutions pour améliorer les propriétés de connectivité du système. Tout d'abord, nous montrons comment améliorer la vitesse de convergence des algorithmes de consensus en modifiant les protocoles classiques. Plus précisément, nous appliquons le principe de retard stabilisant et nous montrons comment de l'information échantillonné convenablement peut être utilisée dans la design du contrôleur. Enfin, nous concevons et analysons un algorithme pour le déploiement d'agents compact. Dans cette approche, qui augmente le nombre de connexions du graphe, la configuration souhaitée de l'ensemble des robots est entièrement spécifiée par les angles inter-agents. La stratégie proposée est un algorithme complètement distribué, uniquement basée sur l'information locale qui permet l'auto-organisation du système.
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Kirmizioglu, Erkut. "Analysis Of Comprehension Of Traffic Signs: A Pilot Study In Ankara, Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612722/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic signs, which are extremely important for traffic safety, aims to regulate traffic by providing information about the characteristics of road and road environment for drivers. The success of traffic signs mainly rely on the easy comprehensibility of its meaning in a short time. Further more, today&rsquo<br>s global economies and transportation systems emphasize the need for more universial traffic signs which was the main motivation of two main treaties on traffic signs<br>Vienna Convetion in 1968 and European Aggreement Treaty in 1971, which are signed and followed by Turkey. For an effort to increase traffic safety, a Subcommittee of the Turkish Highway Traffic Safety (THTS) Council requested the determination of comprehensibility of critical signs with higher probability of impact on traffic safety selected by a group of experts from engineers and law enforcement agencies in a survey study. The survey questionnaire included 30 selected traffic signs (including two prohibition signs omitting oblique bar recently changed as a part of the European Union Participation Process) and 9 control group signs, a total of 39 traffic signs, and driver characteristic questions, such as gender, age, educational background, etc. to reveal insights about a) the level of comprehensibility of different groups of traffic signs and and b) driver characteristics that may affect the comprehensibility of these signs.
A pilot study in the city of Ankara is conducted over a sample of 1,478 surveys. Answers for the meaning of each sign are coded using a scale of five (opposite, wrong, no comment, partially correct and correct responses). The results showed that the control group signs have very high comprehensibility as expected, while some of the critical signs were not known much, or mistaken for others, even mistaken for opposite meanings. The certain loss of comprehensibility of the traffic signs changed recently is seen in the comparative analysis of the signs before and after the change, as well as significant shift towards an opposite meaning. The significance of driver characteristics (gender, education, occupation etc.) affecting the comprehensibility of the traffic signs varies among traffic signs and characteristics. As the result of this study, (THTS) Council decided to support traffic and driver education more and mass promotion of mis- or un-comprehended signs without searching for more local solutions or versions.
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Somasekaram, Premathas. "A Component-based Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Framework." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323989.
Full textAbstract:
IT solutions must be protected so that the business can continue, even in the case of fatal failures associated with disasters. Business continuity in the context of disaster implies that business cannot continue in the current environment but instead must continue at an alternate site or data center. However, the BC/DR concept today is too fragmented, as many different frameworks and methodologies exist. Furthermore,many of the application-specific solutions are provided and promoted by software vendors, while hardware vendors provide solutions for their hardware environments. Nevertheless, there are concerns that BC/DR solutions often do not connect to the technical components that are in the lower layers, which function as the foundationfor any such solutions; hence, it is equally important to connect and map the requirements accordingly. Moreover, a shift in the hardware environment, such as cloud computing, as well as changes in operations management, such as outsourcing,add complexity that must be captured by a BC/DR solution. Furthermore, the integrated nature of IT-based business solutions also presents new challenges, as it isno longer one IT solution that must be protected but also other IT solutions that are integrated to deliver an individual business process. Thus, it will be difficult to employa current BC/DR approach. Hence, the purpose of this thesis project is to design, develop, and present a novel way of addressing the BC/DR gaps, while supporting the requirements of a dynamic IT environment. The solution reuses most elements fromthe existing standards and solutions. However, it also includes new elements to capture and present the technical solution; hence, the complete solution is designatedas a framework. The new framework can support many IT solutions since it will havea modular approach, and it is flexible, scalable, and platform and application independent, while addressing the solution on a component level. The new framework is applied to two application scenarios at the stakeholder site, and theresults are studied and presented in this thesis.