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Clarke, Timothy Alan. "Application of optical techniques to surveying." Thesis, City, University of London, 1991. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17365/.
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This thesis addresses the problem of acquiring spatial data concerning points on the surface of structures such as underground tunnels and sewers. These data can usefully provide knowledge of deformation, shape, area, volume, and position of structures. Such data can be further analysed to give insight into clearances, deterioration, flow rates and in-fill volumes or can be used to give knowledge of the present state of structures and their position. Few systems address the problem of reliably acquiring this data in a manner that is fast and accurate while remaining flexible, adaptable and robust. This thesis considers a solution to the problem of fast and accurate spatial data acquisition concerning commonly found structures using the technique of optical triangulation with a linear array camera and diode laser light source. Optical triangulation is a technique that has not fully matured for medium range measurement with few systems having been developed and little research material produced. However, the research carried out for this thesis shows that providing all the factors that contribute errors of measurement are understood, then a fast, robust and high accuracy system can be developed. The development of the optical triangulation technique for use in surveying was addressed through a programme of prototype development, testing, and refinement. Three prototypes were built that demonstrated the reliability, accuracy, speed and robustness of this technique. The errors associated with the a triangulation measuring system when applied to surveying application is considered from the intrinsic errors which are the same for any triangulation system and the extrinsic errors which are particular to the use of this system in surveying situations. A calibration bench was constructed for consideration of the triangulation system which was automatic and used an interferometer to provide high accuracy measurement of the performance of the triangulation system. Calibration and interpolation trials were conducted and the results analysed. An analysis of the subpixel accuracy achieved with the discrete pixel CCD imagers has been performed and an analysis made. One of the main disadvantages of optical triangulation when applied to the range 0-5 metres is that of non-linearity. A method of correction has been developed and analysed which is believed to be novel and makes a significant improvement to the measuring system. The conclusion of this research is that an improved system of measurement has been produced which has a number of novel features. Trials show that the measuring system could be developed commercially to provide a solution to measurements of structures within the range of the device and with greater accuracy than comparable equipment designed for the same purpose.
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Lotter, Norman Owen. "Statistical benchmark surveying of production concentrators." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100646.
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The sampling and analysis of sulphide mineral processing plants is addressed in this study. A review of the published literature has shown that the foundations of this topic were laid in the 1970's, but typically a single sampling test was performed, and its representativity accepted provided its metallurgical balance closed without excessive adjustments. There was no mention made of quality control or equivalent tests of representativity of the feed material during sampling tests. No recognition of the effect(s) of ore grade on metallurgical performance was given.In this study, a quantitative model, called a statistical benchmark survey, is presented. Multiple surveys are completed over a limited time; the corresponding stream samples of the surveys deemed acceptable are combined to obtain high confidence composite samples. The head grade of each survey is compared to two distributions to test its acceptability, typically at a 95% confidence level. These distributions are called the Internal Reference Distribution and the External Reference Distribution.
The first test---on the Internal Reference Distribution---uses the Sichel t-estimator, a lognormal model designed for use on small data sets, on the set of six survey unit head grades. The associated confidence limits of this mean grade are equivalent to two standard errors of the distribution, but are skewed about the sample mean. The second test, this time by the External Reference Distribution, also uses a lognormal platform, designed by Krige, but uses larger data sets from 1-3 months of shift sample head grades. The associated confidence limits of this second model are also skewed, but are wider than for the Sichel model, and are equivalent to two standard deviations of the sample mean. This outlier rejection model produces ore grade estimates that are in good agreement with the more robust External Reference Distribution means.
The Raglan Mine case study is used to illustrate that ore grades in situ are highly lognormal; this lognormality is also present in the time domain in head samples (taken at the cyclone overflow), but is less pronounced (i.e. residual).
Two survey models are presented. The benchmark model describes typical operations. The campaign model specifically chooses ore types that are mined and milled in a specific week of operations for predictive or diagnostic purposes.
The multiple mineral hosting of nickel across three orders of magnitude extends this problem into that of a compound distribution. The construction and use of an External Reference Distribution to estimate the mean and associated skew confidence limits of this compound distribution is shown for both drill core and ore milled (the latter in a case of residual lognormality). A trial decomposition of the spatial External Reference Distribution is discussed. The heterogeneous nickel mineral hosting in ore, after processing, becomes an artificially controlled final concentrate, containing most of the economic nickel sulphides in a normal distribution, and most of the uneconomic nickel minerals in a final tailing with a residually bimodal lognormal distribution.
The presence of bimodal lognormality in final tailing data may have historical or predictive uses: at Raglan, flowsheet improvements and more seasoned operations contributed to the decrease in the mean of both the low-grade and high-grade modes, and increase the contribution of the low-grade mode.
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Head-Mears, James Bradley. "Accurate wide-area tracking for architectural, engineering and surveying applications." Thesis, University of Canterbury. HIT Lab NZ, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/11052.
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Augmented Reality (AR) is a powerful tool for the visualisation of, and interaction with, digital information, and has been successfully deployed in a number of consumer applications. Despite this, AR has had limited success in industrial applications as the combined precision, accuracy, scalability and robustness of the systems are not up to industry standards. With these characteristics in mind, we present a concept Industrial AR (IAR) framework for use in outdoor environments.
Within this concept IAR framework, we focus on the improving the precision and accuracy of consumer level devices by focusing on the issue of localisation, utilising LiDAR based point clouds generated as part of normal surveying and engineering workflow.
We evaluate key design points to optimise the localisation solution, including the impact of increased field of view on feature matching performance, the filtering of feature matches between real imagery and an observed point cloud, and how pose can be estimated from 2D to 3D point correspondences.
The overall accuracy of this localisation algorithm with respect to ground-truth observations is determined, with unfiltered results indicating an on par horizontal accuracy and significantly improved vertical accuracy with best-case consumer GNSS solutions. When additional filtering is applied, results of localisation show a higher accuracy than best-case consumer GNSS.
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Kennie, T. J. M. "Developments in surveying technology and their application to engineering geology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46861.
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Mills, Jonathan Philip. "The implementation of a digital photogrammetric system and its application in civil engineering." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481736.
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Troxel, Gregory D. (Gregory Donald). "Time surveying : clock synchronization over packet networks." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34060.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-166).
by Gregory D. Troxel.
Ph.D.
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Mok, Esmond Chi Ming. "A new ambiguity function algorithm for short baseline GPS engineering surveying applications." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318165.
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Nail, Haidar. "wireless site survey : site surveying in home,office and laboratory environment." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8435.
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Today, Communication has increasing influence on our Daily life. Wireless data Communication services allow people to access the data Network without a physical Connection. This work Studying Wireless Local Area Network WLAN features and describing all technologies and standard necessary to operate this network. This work aims also at comprehensive investigation of wireless network including wireless Local Area Networks implementation and performance analysis. Testing WLAN performance through some practical measurement such as site surveying in different locations, finally measuring the strength of the signals different locations in the coverage area, test results can be used in order to enhance the network performance.
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Taylor, S. "Sourcing of public sector building surveying and engineering professional services : a framework for progression." Thesis, University of Salford, 2015. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/37026/.
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This research provides a significant and original contribution to knowledge, theory, the English local government, and other sectors. A robust examination of four outsourcing projects provides an important contribution to knowledge. The use of personal construct theory during the case study phase provides an original contribution to theory. The research and resulting framework provides beneficence to clients, suppliers, users, and researchers with a sourcing interest at both academic and practical levels. The literature suggested that cost, quality, and speed are the key drivers of sourcing. However, all three were rarely attained together. The literature also identified the importance of understanding the nature of the client / vendor relationship at operational and strategic levels, and the contingent preparation of a turnback / exit strategy. The research incorporated a mixed methods approach. The initial phase of the research employed a survey to contextualise the nature of sourcing within the local government sector. The survey was undertaken from an objectivist position. The results from the first phase indicated that facilities management was amongst the most popular services outsourced. The main driving factors were cost saving, improvements to operational capacity, and access to skills and technology. The popular contract values were up to £5m, and greater than £20m with contract durations 3 – 5 years and 10 plus years. The second phase of the research used a case study strategy that incorporated interview tactics from an interpretivist position. To observe the ‘truth of their reality’ personal construct theory incorporating repertory grids was used to elicit constructs from the participants, and ultimately inform the framework. The main issues arising from the case studies included: lack of client / supplier trust, contractual restrictions, performance monitoring, over promising and under delivering. The framework was synthesised from the key issues identified within the research modes of enquiry.
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Ngo, Peter. "Surveying trends in analogy-inspired product innovation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51891.
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Analogies play a well-noted role in innovative design. Analogical reasoning is central to the practices of design-by-analogy and bio-inspired design. In both, analogies are used to derive abstracted principles from prior examples to generate new design solutions. While numerous laboratory and classroom studies of analogy usage have been published, relatively few studies have systematically examined real-world design-by-analogy to describe its characteristics and impacts. To better teach design-by-analogy and develop support tools for engineers, specific insights are needed regarding, for example, what types of product advantages are gained through design-by-analogy and how different design process characteristics influence its outcomes. This research comprises two empirical product studies which investigate analogical inspiration in real-world design to inform the development of new analogy methods and tools. The first, an exploratory pilot study of 57 analogy-inspired products, introduces the product study method and applies several categorical variables to classify product examples. These variables measure aspects such as the composition of the design team, the driving approach to analogical reasoning, and the achieved benefits of using the analogy-inspired concept. The full scale study of 70 analogy-inspired products uses formal collection and screening methods and a refined set of classification variables to analyze examples. It adopts a cross-sectional approach, using statistical tests of association to detect relationships among variables. Combined, these surveys of real-world analogy-inspired innovation inform the development of analogy tools and provide a general account of distant analogy usage across engineering disciplines. The cross-sectional product study method demonstrated in this work introduces a valuable tool for investigating factors and impacts of real-world analogy usage in design.
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Ketteman, Mark Robert. "The application of automated mine survey systems to mine surveying practice." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12087/.
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Mine surveying is at present undergoing a revolution with the possibility of fully automating survey tasks. This has become possible because of the introduction of automated systems of data measurement, acquisition, processing and plotting. The field instrumentation required for automation is explained, together with an analysis of the results from numerous evaluation tests. A guide is given to the computer facilities necessary, both hardware and software, to achieve automation within the mine survey office. Emphasis is given to the experiences and results obtained from the field applications investigated, including underground surveys and surface volumetric surveys. The efforts to automate subsidence monitoring are also covered. The investigations have highlighted the overall increase in efficiency offered by such systems, and the possible future potential offered to the discipline is discussed.
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Van, der Merwe Helena. "Development of a numerical tool for the optimisation of vascular prosthesis towards physiological compliance." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3479.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-147).It has been proposed that if a vascular prosthesis is to more closely approximate the mechanical behaviour of a native vessel, it should similarly feature a multi-component structure. One of the components could be a metal support structure, similar to an endovascular stent. The objective of the project was to develop a numerical tool, using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to aid in the development and optimization of such a metallic support structure. This tool was used to simulate the behaviour of different designs under the simulated in vivo conditions. The numerical results of the predicted mechanical behaviour are then analysed.
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Raubenheimer, Jacobus Hendrik. "Geographic information system as a map and survey database for a selected area." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9260.
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Bibliography: leaves 137-156.The purpose of this research was to identify how the distribution and availability of spatial data could be improved. This should then minimize the duplication of data and ensure a better utilization of available data sources. All decisions that are made should be based on information, and especially decisions about our natural resources should be based on geographical information - this is spatial information of our environment. Many users, however, are not aware of the spatial data available or where to find it. In Chapter 2 the literature review reports on the spatial data sources in other countries, and different methods that are used to make this data available to the users. Most of the research was done on the distribution of digital data, and not much on traditional non-digital material. The establishment of national land information systems and data sharing via the networking of databases is receiving wide attention. An investigation was done to establish the spatial data suppliers and the data users, the types of data supplied, and the requirements. Three possible methods were investigated to improve the distribution of spatial data and•to reduce the duplication of data: a comprehensive GIS with a full database; a national spatial data infrastructure (NSDI); a metadata base.
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Matthews, Mark Walter. "A machine vision based non-contact measuring tool for mensuration in industry and manufacturing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17012.
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Bibliography: leaf 53.This thesis report discusses the design, implementation and testing of a non-contact measuring tool based on the principle of stereo photogrammetry. The system uses a pair of CCD video cameras and a frame-grabber in a PC to capture the pair of images this requires. The software on the PC then measures the image co-ordinates of points selected by the user and transforms them into space co-ordinates for the points. The transformation requires knowledge of the relative positions and orientations of the cameras. This is found in a calibration stage from images of a calibration frame. The cameras are mounted on a bar, which guarantees that the relative positions and orientations of the cameras remain invariant within certain limits. This makes the system portable.
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De, Wet Francois Johan. "Data capture of geometric data for local authorities' geographic information systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14953.
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Bibliography: leaves 64-65.This thesis describes research and development work which led to algorithms, procedures and computer programs which facilitate the cost effective and accurate capture of geometric data. The geometric data for a Geographical Information System (GIS) at a local authority or municipality consist of a number of different data sets. These include inter alia: the cadastral information, zoning information, servitudes, building lines, the outlines of improvements and the reticulation networks and the house connection points of the engineering services. The initial capture of the geometric data appears to be deceptively simple and is often not given the required consideration. The initial data capture phase of GIS projects is usually a difficult and time consuming process. This is even more so in the case of GIS for local authorities. The reason for this difficulty is the large volume of data coupled with the high accuracies required for the cadastral base map and the engineering services. Input facilities of most commercial GIS software packages generally do not provide the most efficient means of data capture. This problem warrants the development of techniques and procedures specific to local authority GIS applications which ensure that data capture can be done effectively and efficiently. The major benefit of these procedures is that they can be implemented on personal computers with low random access memory capacity. This eliminates the need for investment in costly equipment at the initial stage of data capture in the development of a GIS. It allows the capture of data on low cost technology and the postponement of the purchase of an expensive system or workstation until the data capture phase has been completed. The lowest personnel skills required are copy typing in contrast to the traditional methods of using CAD operators who command higher salaries and require more expensive training. The system developed by the author is more productive, both in quality and volume of work produced, than the CAD approach. It also permits the delay of purchase and training on expensive GIS software and hardware, which may be obsolete by the time the graphic database is established.
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Nel, Lance. "A mathematical model for least squares point determination from cadastral data." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16085.
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Bibliography: pages 132-135.Transnet possesses approximately 60000 land parcels covering the whole of the South African rail network. These parcels, or polygons, will form the base map in a corporate Geographic Information System (GIS) which will be used for property administration and general railroad operations management. Accuracy requirements are high and unique coordinate values have to be determined for each polygon apex before data are input into the GIS. Railroad property portfolios are characteristically configured in long thin strips. The solution therefore has to cope with poor geometry. The method used to determine apex coordinates must be time and cost efficient, and produce acceptable levels of precision. This study examines the feasibility of using a particular mathematical model with the least squares method in the partial automation of the determination of unique points from sets of differing and, at times, conflicting cadastral data for the creation of a digital cadastral database. The approach is not a mathematically rigorous conventional survey network solution, but a pragmatic application of least squares and network principles, to suit the nature and limitations of the data.
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Cammidge, Mark. "The design of a digital photogrammetric metrology system for the semi-automated surveying and recording of pipe dimensions in industrial plants." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17477.
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Bibliography: pages 51-53.This thesis reports on the design, development and testing of a semi-automated system to aid in the mapping of the interior of industrial plants. The system makes use of digital photogrammetry to assist an operator in locating and identifying components of the plants. All of the important photogrammetric theory is discussed in the text, and explained in detail in the appendices. Specifically, this system implements various algorithms used for camera calibration, object point intersection, and a method combining the two techniques. Considerable use is made of the iterative least squares method, which is the basis of many of the algorithms employed in this work. Image processing algorithms are implemented to enhance the digital images, and to ease the identification of objects in the images, and these are fully explained in the text. Adaptive least squares image matching is a method of matching corresponding points in different images and is used to ensure correspondence between points identified by the system operator. A weighted centre of gravity method is used to find the centre of target areas, and an algorithm is implemented to determine the radius, centre and direction of a pipe passing through a number of points. Various aspects of the system design are discussed and explained. In particular the requirements in terms of hardware and software are presented. In addition, the choices of the operating system and of the compiler are justified. Potential problems with the system, and possible enhancements of it are also described. Tests were performed to verify the correct operation of all of the algorithms used in the calibration of the cameras. Together with the point intersection routines, these tests calculated the position of various control points, the correct coordinates of which were previously known. The calculated point positions are compared to the known coordinates of the points to determine the accuracy of the various algorithms. Further tests were conducted to demonstrate and verify the ability of the system to measure distance in three dimensions. These tests illustrate that the accuracy achievable is approximately 0.053 of the total distance measured for an object occupying 803 of the width of the image. The system improves considerably on the method presently used in South Africa and in many industries worldwide which rely on analytical photogrammetry for the determination of object point locations. While the system suffers from reduced accuracy as a result of the use of digital cameras, this problem will become less important as technology and digital camera resolution improve. Possible enhancements include the use of more numerically efficient algorithms, and the introduction of techniques that would partially automate the identification of control points and pipes.
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Combrinck, Willem Ludwig. "Antenna axis offset and intersection determination using GPS." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17478.
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Bibliography: p. 101-108.Modern geodesy utilises advanced space techniques such as VLBI to further the study of crustal motion as well as tidal and rotational deformations of the Earth. One of the parameters in the model used to determine the baseline length between VLBI stations, is the antenna axis offset. This offset is the distance between the secondary axis and the normal projection of the secondary axis onto the primary axis. For a non-intersecting axes antenna mounting, this offset is usually several metres in length. The accuracy of the offset value directly influences the total accuracy of the VLBI results. This work describes how GPS is used to determine the offset and VLBI reference point. Several algorithms for calculating these parameters are investigated and evaluated. Methods are developed to minimise the size and influence of errors. An evaluation and comparison of the results to previous independent determinations of the offset, which use different techniques and instrumentation, clearly show the feasibility of using GPS. This method has the added advantage of allowing the VLBI, SLR and GPS reference frames to be co-located.
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Vandiver, Amy 1976. "Analysis of a sub-bottom sonar profiler for surveying underwater archaeological sites." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87431.
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Craigie, Dirk Hamish. "The development of a non-contact co-ordinate measurement machine." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17479.
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Bibliography: pages 113-117.The Department of Surveying and Geodetic Engineering at the University of Cape Town, in conjunction with the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Cape Town have developed a non-contact co-ordinate measurement machine in a project called MILIMAP. The project had the following objectives : 1. To determine unique surface co-ordinates for continuous, complex objects with submillimetre accuracy. 2. The representation of the co-ordinates was to be in a format that could be utilised by a computer numerically controlled (CNC) milling machine in a computer aided design/ computer aided manufacture (CADCAM) environment. 3. The device had to use a non-contact method for data capture. The MILIMAP project was undertaken because there is a demand for co-ordinate measurement machines in industry for the inspection of objects for quality control purposes. Conventional Co-ordinate Measurement Machines (CMMs) are expensive and use a contact probe to measure the object. The contact probe measurement technique is unsuitable for the measurement of non-rigid objects such as shoes and automobile seat padding. The MILIMAP system provides a noncontact measurement technique that can be applied to non-rigid as well as rigid objects. Additional applications in the archaeological field exist for the non-contact measurement of sensitive, historical artefacts. A digital photogrammetric system was developed to measure the position of a laser dot projected onto the surface of the measurement object. This measurement system satisfied the criteria of a non-contact measurement method required for the project. The system utilised three digital CCD cameras to capture images of the laser dot projected onto the object. Image processing software, developed from existing software within the Department of Surveying and Geodetic Engineering, was used to photogrammetrically determine the co-ordinates of the laser dot to sub-millimetre accuracy on the surface of the object. A mechanical device was designed and constructed by the Department of Mechanical Engineering in order to move the laser over the surface of the object, and to rotate the object. The entire surface of the object could be measured by the system using these operations.
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Gunár, Peter. "Geodetické činnosti při rekonstrukci povrchu dálnice D1." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400153.
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The main goal of the diploma thesis is the description of geodetic and construction activities and work processes dealing with reconstruction of the D1 highway surface in the section Rosice – Brno. The thesis is focused within the sphere of engineering geodesy and address the issue of creation of point field, stake-out, control measurement and the measurement of real building execution documents. Used survey procedures are analyzed in the context of the standard deviation listed in the project documentation or ČSN. The geotetic documentation is compiled for the chosen measured data.
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Henriksson, Anton, and Elias Ekman. "Development of GNSS Guidelines for Cadastral Surveying in Botswana : Challenges and Potentials." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25143.
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In recent years a Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)-network of more than 50 reference stations (with more on the way) have been set up extending over the whole southern African country of Botswana. This has opened up for new and improved possibilities of implementing the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technique in surveying practice. Cadastral surveying, the demarcation and registration of plots in a land registry, in Botswana is characterised by non-uniform methods with the lack of standardised documents. Authorities in Botswana already include the GNSS technique in the cadastre process but guidelines remain to be formulated. This research aims to establish a suggestion to new guidelines for GNSS measurements in cadastral surveying in Botswana by adapting international guidelines to Botswana use. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with personnel at different surveying institutions in Botswana together with a literature study of three existing international guidelines and scientific articles concerning GNSS and cadastral surveying. The international guidelines of choice were from Sweden, Australia and the United Kingdom (UK). During the process a thorough review of challenges and potentials of introducing new guidelines were. The results show that the surveying community in Botswana is facing several challenges at the moment. The challenges was categorised within three groups. The first group named ‘challenges related to the lack of standards’ contains challenges such as the lack of unity throughout the sector and the fact that it is difficult to refer to what is right and wrong. The second group, ‘technological challenges’, contains challenges such as infrastructural faults and the shortage of modern instruments. The last group of challenges ‘institutional challenges’ describes problems associated to inadequate cooperation and resistance towards change. There are also several potentials to talk about that Botswana would be able take part of if guidelines were introduced. Among them were improved educational systems and consistency within the sector.Under de senaste åren har ett stödsystem för satellitpositionering satts upp i ett nätverk av mer än 50 referensstationer (med fler på väg) runt om i Botswana i södra Afrika. Detta har öppnat upp för nya och förbättrade möjligheter att implementera satellitnavigation i lantmäteriutövning. Fastighetsregistrering, det vill säga utmarkering och registrering av tomter i ett register, i Botswana kännetecknas av icke-konsekventa metoder reglerade av bristfälliga riktlinjer. Myndigheter i Botswana använder redan satellitnavigation inom fastighetsregistrering men riktlinjer inom ämnet återstår att formuleras. Målet med den här uppsatsen är att etablera ett förslag till riktlinjer för tillämpningen av satellitnavigering inom fastighetsregistrering i Botswana genom att anpassa internationella riktlinjer till en Botswansk version. Data till den här undersökningen samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som hölls med personal från olika aktörer inom lantmäterisektorn i Botswana ihop med en litteraturstudie av tre redan existerande internationella riktlinjer och vetenskapliga artiklar inom satellitnavigering och fastighetsregistrering. De valda riktlinjerna kom från Sverige, Australien och Storbritannien. Under arbetets gång gjordes en utförlig redogörelse av utmaningar och potentialer som är relaterade till introduktionen av nya riktlinjer. Resultaten visade att lantmäterisektorn i Botswana står inför flera utmatningar. Dessa grupperades efter tre sorters utmaningar. Första gruppen döptes till ”utmaningar relaterade till bristen av riktlinjer” och innehöll utmaning som dålig enhetlighet inom sektorn och att det är omöjligt att referera till vad som är rätt och fel inom mätning. Andra gruppen, ”teknologiska utmaningar”, innehöll utmaningar som undermålig infrastruktur och avsaknaden av tillräckligt många moderna instrument. Sista gruppen av utmaningar ”institutionella utmaningar” beskriver problem som är associerade till bristfälligt samarbete och motstånd mot förändring. Det finns även flera potentialer att prata om som Botswana skulle kunna ta del av om riktlinjer skulle bli introducerade. Bland dessa var ett förbättrat utbildningsystem och enhetlighet inom sektorn.
Minor Field Study, SIDA
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Freedman, Adam Joshua Ehrich. "Surveying and harnessing the genetic, (meta)genomic, and metabolic potential of the deep carbonated biosphere." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104482.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 165-190).
The interaction between microbes and supercritical (sc) carbon dioxide represents an increasingly compelling area of research due to use of scCO₂ in geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) and as a sustainable chemical solvent. To investigate the long-term effects of GCS on the in situ deep subsurface biosphere, I conducted a taxonomic, geochemical and metagenomic survey of the McElmo Dome sCCO₂ reservoir, which serves as a natural analog for GCS environments. Through 16S rRNA amplicon and metagenome sequencing, I identified Sulfurospirillum, Rhizobium, Desulfovibrio and members of the Clostridiales family associated with reservoir fluids. Annotations of complete genomes extracted from metagenomes predict diverse mechanisms for growth and nutrient cycling in deep subsurface sCCO₂ microbial ecosystems at McElmo Dome. Supercritical CO₂ is frequently used as a solvent for compound extraction and in vitro biocatalysis. However, due to its lethal effects, scCO₂ has previously been considered inaccessible for in vivo microbial bioproduct stripping. Utilizing a bioprospecting approach, I isolated strain Bacillus megaterium SR7 through enrichment culture and serial passaging of McElmo Dome scCO₂ reservoir fluids. I then initiated process improvements including media and culturing optimization under 1 atm CO₂ that increased SR7 growth frequency under scCO₂ . After developing a genetic system enabling inducible heterologous enzyme expression, scCO₂ incubations of SR7 transformed with a two-gene isobutanol biosynthesis pathway generated up to 93.5 mg/1 isobutanol. 5.2% of the total isobutanol was directly extracted by the scCO₂ headspace. This finding demonstrates for the first time the feasibility of active bioproduct synthesis and extraction in a single scCO₂-exposed bioreactor.
by Adam Joshua Ehrich Freedman.
Ph. D. in Environmental Engineering
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Sayer, Suzanne. "Applications of Roll-Along Electrical Resistivity Surveying in Conjunction with Other Geophysical Methods for Engineering and Environmental Site Characterization." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01252008-161612/.
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Shrestha, Joseph, and H. David Jeong. "HCCI Tool Research Project." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2718.
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Shrestha, Joseph. "Let's Talk About Roads." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5476.
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Dr. Joseph Shrestha, Assistant Professor, ETSU Department of Engineering Technology shares that U.S. roads received a D-grade in the latest report card from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). His presentation will discuss various aspects of U.S. roads; including funding sources, cost estimation, cost overruns, speed limits, and crash statistics.
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Bingley, R. M. "Electronic theodolite intersection systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14248/.
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The development of electronic surveying instruments, such as electronic theodolites, and concurrent advances in computer technology, has revolutionised engineering surveying; one of the more recent examples being the introduction of Electronic Theodolite Intersection Systems (ETISs). An ETIS consists of two or more electronic theodolites and a computer, with peripheral hardware and suitable software. The theoretical principles on which they are based have been known for a long time, but intersection has seldom been used as a method of measurement. The main reasons for its re-evaluation were the introduction of one-second electronic theodolites and the ability to interface these on-line to a computer. The last decade has seen the development of several commercially available systems and probably even more in-house developed systems. Such systems are capable of performing real-time, non-contact, three-dimensional coordinate determination to a high accuracy, enabling their use in a wide variety of applications. This thesis details all aspects of ETISs. Initially, the theoretical principles on which the systems are based are developed. The components of a system are then detailed and a review of current commercially available systems and their applications is given. The thesis then concentrates on the development of an ETIS by the author and details its' application in both industrial measurement and deformation monitoring. Finally, the thesis concludes with a discussion on the factors affecting the accuracies attainable with ETISs.
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Srnoyachki, Matthew R. "Automated Drilling Application for Autonomous Airfield Runway Surveying Vehicles: System Design and Validation." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1544537004159348.
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Claridge, Jonathan William Roy. "Patterns of Crustal Deformation Resulting from the 2010 Earthquake Sequence in Christchurch, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7910.
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The Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake generated a ~30 km long surface rupture on the Greendale Fault and significant surface deformation related to related blind faults on a previously unrecognized fault system beneath the Canterbury Plains. This earthquake provided the opportunity for research into the patterns and mechanisms of co-seismic and post-seismic crustal deformation. In this thesis I use multiple across-fault EDM surveys, logic trees, surface investigations and deformation feature mapping, seismic reflection surveying, and survey mark (cadastral) re-occupation using GPS to quantify surface displacements at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. My field mapping investigations identified shaking and crustal displacement-induced surface deformation features south and southwest of Christchurch and in the vicinity of the projected surface traces of the Hororata Blind and Charing Cross Faults. The data are consistent with the high peak ground accelerations and broad surface warping due to underlying reverse faulting on the Hororata Blind Fault and Charing Cross Fault. I measured varying amounts of post-seismic displacement at four of five locations that crossed the Greendale Fault. None of the data showed evidence for localized dextral creep on the Greendale Fault surface trace, consistent with other studies showing only minimal regional post-seismic deformation. Instead, the post-seismic deformation field suggests an apparent westward translation of northern parts of the across-fault surveys relative to the southern parts of the surveys that I attribute to post-mainshock creep on blind thrusts and/or other unidentified structures. The seismic surveys identified a deformation zone in the gravels that we attribute to the Hororata Blind Fault but the Charing Cross fault was not able to be identified on the survey. Cadastral re-surveys indicate a deformation field consistent with previously published geodetic data. We use this deformation with regional strain rates to estimate earthquake recurrence intervals of ~7000 to > 14,000 yrs on the Hororata Blind and Charing Cross Faults.
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Guider, Morgan M. "Remote Sensing of Agricultural Ditch Characteristics for Two-Stage Ditch Candidacy." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471541661.
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Moss, Gregory Richard. "A laser based straightness monitor for a prototype automated linear collider tunnel surveying system." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:322567b6-0bf4-4f2c-818f-ce93f800a101.
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For precise measurement of new TeV-scale physics and precision studies of the Higgs Boson, a new lepton collider is required. To enable meaningful analysis, a centre of mass energy of 500GeV and luminosity of 1034cm-2s-1 is needed. The planned 31km long International Linear Collider is capable of meeting these targets, requiring a final emittance of 10 micro-radians horizontally and 35nmrad vertically. To achieve these demanding emittance values, the accelerator components in the main linacs must be aligned against an accurately mapped network of reference markers along the entire tunnel. An automated system could map this tunnel network quickly, accurately, safely and repeatedly; the Linear Collider Alignment and Survey (LiCAS) Rapid Tunnel Reference Surveyor (RTRS) is a working prototype of such a system. The LiCAS RTRS is a train of measurement units that accurately locate regularly spaced retro-reflector markers using Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI). The unit locations with respect to each other are precisely reconstructed using a Laser Straightness Monitor (LSM) and tilt sensor system, along with a system of internal FSI lines. The design, commissioning, practical usage, calibration, and reconstruction performance of the LSM is addressed in this work. The commissioned RTRS is described and the properties of the LSM components are investigated in detail. A method of finding the position of laser beam spots on the LSM cameras is developed, along with a process of combining individual spot positions into a more robust measurement compatible with the data from other sub-systems. Laser beam propagation along the LSM is modelled and a robust method of reconstructing CCD beam spot position measurements into positions and orientations of the LSM units is described. A method of calibrating LSM units using an external witness system is presented, along with a way of using the overdetermined nature of the LSM to improve calibration constant errors by including data taken from unwitnessed runs. The reconstruction uncertainty, inclusive of both statistical and systematic effects, of the LSM system is found to be of 5.8 microns × 5.3 microns in lateral translations and 27.6 microradians × 34.1 microradians in rotations perpendicular to the beam, with an uncertainty of 51.1 microradians in rotations around the beam coming from a tilt-sensor arrangement.
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Kringberg, Fredrika. "A Path Planning Approach for Context Aware Autonomous UAVs used for Surveying Areas in Developing Regions." Thesis, KTH, Mekatronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235926.
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Developing regions are often characterized by large areas that are poorly reachable or explored. The mapping and census of roaming populations in these areas are often difficult and sporadic. A recent spark in the development of small aerial vehicles has made them the perfect tool to efficiently and accurately monitor these areas. This paper presents an approach to aid area surveying through the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The two main components of this approach are an efficient on-device deep learning object identification component to capture and infer images with acceptable performance (latency andaccuracy), and a dynamic path planning approach, informed by the object identification component. In particular, this thesis illustrates the development of the path planning component, which exploits potential field methods to dynamically adapt the path based on inputs from the vision system. It also describes the integration work that was performed to implement the approach on a prototype platform, with the aim to achieve autonomous flight with onboard computation. The path planning component was developed with the purpose of gaining information about the populations detected by the object identification component, while considering the limited resources of energy and computational power onboard a UAV. The developed algorithm was compared to navigation using a predefined path, where the UAV does not react to the environment. Results from the comparison show that the algorithm provide more information about the objects of interest, with a very small change in flight time. The integration of the object identification and the path planning components on the prototype platform was evaluated in terms of end-to-end latency, power consumption and resource utilization. Results show that the proposed approach is feasible for area surveying in developing regions. Parts of this work has been published in the workshop of DroNet, collocated with MobiSys, with the title Surveying Areas in Developing Regions Through Context Aware Drone Mobility. Thework was carried out in collaboration with Alessandro Montanari, Alice Valentini, Cecilia Mascoloand Amanda Prorok.Utvecklingsländer är ofta karaktäriserade av vidsträcka områden som är svåråtkomliga och outforskade. Kartläggning och folkräkning av populationen i dessa områden är svåra uppgifter som sker sporadiskt. Nya framsteg i utvecklingen av små, luftburna fordon har gjort dem till perfekta verktyg för att effektivt och noggrant bevaka dessa områden. Den här rapporten presenterar en strategi för att underlätta utforskning av dessa områden med hjälp av drönare. De två huvudkomponenterna i denna strategi är en effektiv maskininlärningskomponent för objektidentifiering med acceptabel prestanda i avseende av latens och noggrannhet, samt en dynamisk navigeringskomponent som informeras av objektidentifieringskomponenten. I synnerhet illustrerar denna avhandling utvecklingen av navigeringskomponenten, som utnyttjar potentialfält för att dynamiskt anpassa vägen baserat på information från objektidentifieringssystemet. Dessutom beskrivs det integrationsarbete som utförts för att implementera strategin på en prototypplattform, med målet att uppnå autonom flygning med all beräkning utförd ombord. Navigeringskomponenten utvecklades i syfte att maximera informationen om de populationer som upptäckts av objektidentifieringskomponenten, med hänsyn till de begränsade resurserna av energi och beräkningskraft ombord på en drönare. Den utvecklade algoritmen jämfördes med navigering med en fördefinierad väg, där drönaren inte reagerar på omgivningen. Resultat från jämförelsen visar att algoritmen ger mer information om objekten av intresse, med en mycket liten förändring i flygtiden. Integreringen av objektidentifieringskomponenten och navigeringskomponenten på prototypplattformen utvärderades med avseende på latens, strömförbrukning och resursutnyttjande. Resultaten visar att den föreslagna strategin är genomförbar för kartläggning och utforskning av utvecklingsregioner. Delar av detta arbete har publicerats i DroNets workshop, samlokaliserad med MobiSys, med titeln Surveying Areas in Developing Regions Through Context Aware Drone Mobility. Arbetet utfördes i samarbete med Alessandro Montanari, Alice Valentini, Cecilia Mascolo och Amanda Prorok.
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Shrestha, Joseph, and Dustin Lee Osborne. "An Exploratory Look at Thefts from Construction Sites." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5471.
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Theft of construction equipment, materials, and tools from construction sites results in approximately one billion dollars in direct annual losses to the U.S. construction industry per year. A better understanding of theft characteristics is vital to reducing this figure. This study analyzes over 15,000 incidents from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to understand characteristics such as theft prevalence, average monetary losses, and recovery rates. The study finds that contractors lost an average of about $6,000 per incident. Trucks are the most expensive theft targets, with an average loss of about $42,000 per incident, and also the most likely item to be recovered (55% of the time). However, recovery rate across all targets was less than 7%. The results of this study provide the most accurate and extensive statistics to date on construction theft characteristics. The study also identifies best practices to reduce thefts such as the use of survellience systems. Further, the use of advanced marking and tracking systems to safeguard expensive equipment and vehicles and aid their recoveries are discussed. The findings are expected to aid contractors and law enforcement agencies in formulating methods for reducing thefts of construction items and improving the likelihood of their recoveries.
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Shrestha, Joseph, and H. David Jeong. "Automated Unit Price Visualization Using ArcPy Site Package in ArcGIS." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5474.
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State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) in the U.S. have an increasing amount of digital data from various sources. One such set of data is structured unit price data collected from bid lettings. Such data contain unit prices of thousands of bid items from hundreds of projects every year. While state DOTs have such data from over a decade-long period, utilizing such data has been challenging because of the lack of automated analytical and visualization methodologies and tools to generate meaningful and actionable insights. This study develops an automated methodology to quickly and accurately generate color-coded visualization maps representing unit price variation across a geographical region. It uses Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) technique that is based on the Toblers First Law of Geography. The law states that points closer together in space are more likely to have a similar value than points that are farther away. The methodology is automated using ArcPy site package in ArcGIS. It imports unit price data from preformatted spreadsheets and boundary maps from existing ArcGIS shape files to generate unit price maps. The tool and the visualizations are expected to aid state DOTs in generating and communicating meaningful insights for making data-driven decisions. It can be used to investigate areas with higher unit prices for various items which can aid state DOTs in identifying potential causes of higher unit prices such as lack of competition and lack of sources of materials (e.g. quarry) in nearby locations.
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Kisi, K. P., N. Mani, N. Lee, Joseph Shrestha, K. Shrestha, and R. Kayastha. "Opportunities and Challenges for Module Construction in Developing Nations: A Case Study in the Nepalese Construction Industry." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5475.
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Shrestha, Joseph, H. David Jeong, and Douglas D. Gransberg. "Critical Analysis of Current Practices of Highway Construction Cost Index (HCCI) Calculation and Utilization." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5473.
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A proper understanding of the local construction market is essential for making appropriate project budgeting and planning decisions. State highway agencies typically use highway construction cost indexes (HCCIs) to understand the current market conditions. In the U.S. highway construction industry, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) pioneered the concept of a HCCI as an indicator of the national construction market. State Departments of Transportation (DOT) also started developing their state level HCCIs to better represent their state level construction markets. But, some state DOTs noted the lack of guidance to develop and update their HCCIs. This paper summarizes literature review and nationwide questionnaire survey results to identify the current practices of calculating and using HCCIs. There are two methods to generate basket of construction items for HCCI calculation: a) categorized market basket and b) item level market basket. The Fisher index is the most popular indexing formula among the state DOTs and is also recommended by the FHWA and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Despite many potential users of HCCIs, the current use of HCCIs is very limited in state DOTs.
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Balasubramaniam, Aswin. "Applications of Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) and Photogrammetry to Monitor and Inspect Structural Health and Construction Sites." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592133796045396.
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Abdelaty, Ahmed, and Joseph Shrestha. "Current Practices of Experiential Learning in the United States Construction and Technology Programs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5470.
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Construction education is dynamic and practice oriented. As such, effective construction programs require significant collaboration with the construction industry. This collaboration, in the form of internship or cooperative programs, increase the student readiness for the job market by providing valuable field experience. Construction programs in the United States (US) established several internship requirements that range from being optional to multiple required internships. This study focuses on scanning the current internship requirements set by construction and engineering technology programs in the US by gathering information including; 1) Number and length of required internships, 2) Internship prerequisites, 3) Internship deliverables, 4) assessment method. The outcome of this study is expected to help construction programs improve their internship or cooperative requirements by considering the prevailing practices developed by other schools. Additionally, the study provides recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of internship for positive experiential learning.
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Shrestha, Joseph, and H. David Jeong. "Automated Spatial Visualization of Bid Data Using Geographic Information System." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5477.
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Carlsson, Daniel, and Johan Johansson. "Utvärdering av Galileo GNSS med statisk mätning." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78691.
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Galileo är ett Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) som används för positionering. Förutom Galileo finns även Global Positioning System (GPS) och Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) vilka är de idag enda fullt operativa systemen. Galileo som är under utveckling har i april år 2020 26 satelliter i bruk och förväntas vara fullt operativt under 2020 med en konstellation av 30 satelliter. Vid statisk mätning används GNSS-teknik där minst två mottagare samlar observationer samtidigt under långa sessioner där positionen erhålls med efterberäkning. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida Galileo genom statisk mätning kan tillföra lägre mätosäkerhet i olika GNSS-konstellationer tillsammans med GPS och GLONASS. Tvångscentrering utfördes över två kända positioner med mätning över två dagar på totalt 12 timmar. I efterberäkningen delades sessionerna in i 45 minuters observationer över fyra sessioner. Fem olika konstellationer av GNSS jämfördes: GPS, GPS och Galileo, GPS och GLONASS, Galileo och till sist där alla tre system användes ihop. Resultatet visade på en god precision med en lägesosäkerhet något större än förväntat. Session 1 fick högst värde på 4,7 cm från stompunkten. Lägst värde fick session 4 på 1,1 cm. Standardosäkerheten var däremot låg för alla konstellationer i sessionerna. Slutsatsen är att Galileo och GPS fick som enskilda konstellationer ett likvärdigt resultat för standardosäkerheten med statisk mätning. I gemensamma GNSS-konstellationer förbättras mätosäkerheter och indikerar även att användning av Galileo ger en förbättring i kombination med GPS och GLONASS.Galileo is a new Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) which is still under development and is expected to be fully operational in 2020. Besides Galileo there are also the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) which are the only fully operational systems as of April 2020. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether Galileo can provide better measurement accuracy in different GNSS constellations together with GPS and GLONASS through static surveying. Many scientific studies of Galileo GNSS have been done recently, and since additional satellites have become available the accuracy of the system has been increasing. This study uses static surveying method in order to evaluate Galileo’s positioning accuracy. Measurements over two known positions was done with post calculations to remove sources of error. The study shows that Galileo and GPS obtained as individual constellations an equivalent result, and in joint GNSS constellations Galileo shows improvements in combination with GPS and GLONASS.
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Shrestha, Joseph, and H. David Jeong. "Computational Algorithm to Automate As-Built Schedule Development Using Digital Daily Work Reports." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2717.
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As-built schedules prepared during and after construction are valuable tools for State Highway Agencies (SHAs) to monitor construction progress, evaluate contractor's schedule performance, and defend against any potential disputes. However, previous studies indicate that current as-built schedule development methods are manual and rely on information scattered in various field diaries and meeting minutes. SHAs have started to collect field activity data in digital databases that can be used to automatically generate as-built schedules if proper computational algorithms are developed. This study develops computational algorithms and a prototype system to automatically generate and visualize project level and activity level as-built schedules during and after construction. The algorithm is validated using a real highway project data. The study is expected to significantly aid SHAs in making better use of field data, facilitate as-built schedule development, monitor construction progress with higher granularity, and utilize as-built schedule for productivity analysis.
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Mitra, John Paul, Joseph Shrestha, Jeremy Ross, and Jinseok Hong. "Analysis of Construction Cost Variation of Construction Manager General Contractor (CM/GC) Project." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5472.
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Cost overrun is prevalent in the construction industry. Usually, an owner sets a budget at the preliminary phase of a project which changes over time. Past studies are focused on analyzing the cost growth of design-bid-build projects during construction. Limited efforts have been made to analyze details of projects delivered with the Construction Manager General Contractor (CM/GC) method. This study tracks and analyzes the construction cost variation of a project from the conceptual phase to the design completion phase. The analysis is presented with a case study of a new stadium construction project. It identifies that the changes in the scope and design of the project due to the change in available budget were a major reason for variation in the cost estimates over time. Further, this study identifies a) trades with the highest variation in subcontractors’ bids, b) trades that were most overestimated, and c) trades that were most underestimated. The findings of this study is expected to aid owners, designers, and contractors of future projects in improving the preparation, planning, and estimating of future projects; reducing cost variation within trades; and optimizing the amount of contingency required to ensure the successful completion of similar projects.
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Guner, Dunya Rauf Levent. "Inertial Navigation Sytem Improvement Using Ground Station Data." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615036/index.pdf.
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Missile navigation systems rely on hybrid INS/GPS systems to employ lower grade inertial sensors for the sake of cost and availability. Current inertial navigation systems on missiles can perform accurately for a limited time without GPS aiding. However, GPS is the most likely system that is going to be jammed in a crisis or war by low cost jammers by any opposing force. Missiles do not have adequate equipment to maintain accuracy when GPS is jammed completely in the battle area.
In this thesis, a new method is proposed to improve performance of INS systems onboard missiles and autonomous aerial vehicles with EO sensors in a GPS denied environment. Previously laid ground based beacons are used by the missile EO/IIR seeker for bearing-only measurements and position updates are performed by the use of modified artillery survey algorithms based on triangulation techniques which involve angle measurements.
For mission planning, two main problems are identified as deployment problem and path planning problem and a tool for the optimal laying of beacons for a given desired trajectory and optimal path planning for a given network of beacons is developed by using evolutionary algorithms and results for test scenarios are discussed.
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Adámať, Martin. "Geodetické činnosti při stavbě podchodu pod železniční tratí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-400133.
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Diploma thesis describes geodetic works in the construction of a subway under the railway track in Trenčín. Foundation for geodetic works in the construction is decree 300/2009 from the body of laws. The thesis describes these works in the order in which they were executed during the construction process. These works are: prepration of project documents, stake-out, control measurement, measurement of real building execution, quantification of executed building works, creation of real building execution documents. Part of the thesis describes the stake-out evaluation of each building phase and the evaluation of the building execution. The subway is a part of the railway modernization Nové Mesto nad Váhom – Púchov in city Trenčín.
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Forward, Troy Andrew. "Quasi-Continuous GPS Steep Slope Monitoring: A Multi-Antenna Array Approach." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Spatial Sciences, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=11914.
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This thesis investigates the design, implementation and validation of a multi-antenna GPS system to monitor the displacement of deforming slopes. The system utilises a switched antenna array design allowing data from multiple antennas to be sampled sequentially by one GPS receiver. The system provides quasi-continuous GPS observations that can produce a precise and reliable coordinate time-series of the movement of the slope under consideration. GPS observations and particularly those concerned with the monitoring of steep slopes, are subject to systematic errors that can significantly degrade the quality of the processed position solutions. As such, this research characterises the data in terms of multipath effects, the spectrum of the coordinate time-series, and the carrier to noise power density ratio of the raw GPS observations. Various GPS processing parameters are then investigated to determine optimal processing parameters to improve the precision of the resulting coordinate time-series. Results from data stacking techniques that rely on the daily correlation of the repeating multipath signature find that the GPS data actually decorrelates somewhat from day to day. This can reduce the effectiveness of stacking techniques for the high precision monitoring of steep slopes. Finally, advanced stochastic models such as elevation angle and carrier-to-noise weighting are investigated to optimise the precision of the coordinate time-series data. A new in-line stochastic model is developed based on weighting GPS observations with respect to the level of systematic error present within the data. By using these advanced types of stochastic models, reductions to the noise level of the coordinate time-series of approximately 20 and 25 percent are possible in the horizontal and height components respectively.Results from an extensive field trial of this system on a deforming high-wall of an open-pit mine indicate that approximately 135mm of displacement occurred over the 16-week field trial. The precision of the coordinate time-series for surface stations approaches ±4.Omm and ±5.4mm in the horizontal and height components respectively. For sub-surface stations next to the mine wall, coordinate precision has been determined as ±4.9mm.component and ±7.6mm in the height component respectively.
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Shrestha, Pramen P., and Joseph Shrestha. "Factors Associated with Crash Severities in Built-up Areas Along Rural Highways of Nevada: A Case Study of 11 Towns." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/714.
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In 2014, 32,675 deaths were recorded in vehicle crashes within the United States. Out of these, 51% of the fatalities occurred in rural highways compared to 49% in urban highways. No specific crash data are available for the built-up areas along rural highways. Due to high fatalities in rural highways, it is important to identify the factors that cause the vehicle crashes. The main objective of this study is to determine the factors associated with severities of crashes that occurred in built-up areas along the rural highways of Nevada. Those factors could aid in making informed decisions while setting up speed zones in these built-up areas. Using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model, 337 crashes that occurred in 11 towns along the rural highways from 2002 to 2010 were analyzed. The results showed that more crashes occurred during favorable driving conditions, e.g., 87% crashes on dry roads and 70% crashes in clear weather. The binary logistic regression model showed that crashes occurred from midnight until 4 a.m. were 58.3% likely to be injury crashes rather than property damage only crashes, when other factors were kept at their mean values. Crashes on weekdays were three times more likely to be injury crashes than that occurred on weekends. When other factors were kept at their mean value, crashes involving motorcycles had an 80.2% probability of being injury crashes. Speeding was found to be 17 times more responsible for injury crashes than mechanical defects of the vehicle. As a result of this study, the Nevada Department of Transportation now can take various steps to improve public safety, including steps to reduce speeding and encourage the use of helmets for motorcycle riders.
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Shrestha, Joseph, H. David Jeong, and Douglas D. Gransberg. "Multidimensional Highway Construction Cost Indexes Using Dynamic Item Basket." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/717.
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A highway construction cost index (HCCI) is an indicator of the purchasing power of a highway agency. Thus, it must reflect the actual construction market conditions. However, current methods used by most state departments of transportation are not robust enough to meet this primary goal due to (1) a significantly insufficient sample size of bid items used in HCCI calculation; and (2) inability to address the need to track highway construction market conditions in specific submarket segments such as, but not limited to, various project types, sizes, and locations. This study proposes an advanced methodology to overcome these apparent limitations using two new concepts: (1) dynamic item basket; and (2) multidimensional HCCIs. The dynamic item basket process identifies and utilizes an optimum amount of bid-item data to calculate HCCIs in order to minimize the potential error due to a small sample size, which leads to a better reflection of the current market conditions. Multidimensional HCCIs dissect the state highway construction market into distinctively smaller sectors of interest and thus, allow state Departments of Transportation to understand the market conditions with much higher granularity. A framework is developed to integrate these two concepts and a standalone prototype system, named the Dyna-Mu-HCCI System, is developed to automate the data-processing part of the framework. The historical bid data of the Montana Department of Transportation are used to evaluate the performance of the Dyna-Mu-HCCI System and measure the effects of the dynamic item basket (DIB) and multidimensional HCCIs. The results show an eightfold increase in terms of the number of bid items used in calculating HCCIs and at least a 20% increase in terms of the total cost of bid items used. In addition, the multidimensional HCCIs reveal different cost-change patterns from different highway sectors. For example, the bridge construction market historically shows a very different trend compared with the overall highway construction market. The new methodology is expected to aid state Departments of Transportation in making more-reliable decisions in preparing business plans and budgets with more accurate and detailed information about the construction market conditions. Further, the prototype Dyna-Mu-HCCI System is expected to significantly facilitate the HCCI calculation process and rapidly implement this new system.
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Håkansson, Linus. "Visualizing cadastral parcels for surveyors using handheld Augmented Reality." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20906.
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The purpose of this study consists of gaining an understanding about Augmented Reality (AR) and if this technology can help land-surveyors to visualize cadastral parcels using an iOS app. In addition, the app is also used to get insights of what it takes for an AR system to replace 2D paper maps completely. In land-surveyors daily work, they usually bring annotated 2D paper maps to locate their assets when they do field work. However, the 2D paper map can be cumbersome to use because the map visualizes assets in 2D while the working environment for land-surveyors is in 3D. Therefore, this study presents an AR app that can visualize cadastral parcels in 3D in collaboration with a company called InfoTrader. This dissertation utilizes a qualitative methodology with a design and creation strategy as well as semi-structured interviews. To get feedback and evaluate the proposed app it was tested with professionals with experience in the land-surveying business. The findings from testing the app indicated that the app could be very useful in different scenarios. Nevertheless, to completely replace the 2D paper map, the AR system should integrate all the layers of information that the 2D map provides.
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Shrestha, Joseph, Jennifer L. Hoffman, Richard Ignace, and Hilding R. Neilson. "Astronomy in Denver: Polarization of Bow Shock Nebulae around Massive Stars." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5507.
Full textAbstract:
Stellar wind bow shocks are structures created when stellar winds with supersonic relative velocities interact with the local interstellar medium (ISM). They can be studied to understand the properties of stars as well as the ISM. Since bow shocks are asymmetric, light becomes polarized by scattering in the regions of enhanced density they create. We use a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code calle SLIP to simulate the polarization signatures produced by both resolved and unresolved bow shocks with analytically derived shapes and density structures. When electron scattering is the polarizing mechanism, we find that optical depth plays an important role in the polarization signatures. While results for low optical depths reproduce theoretical predictions, higher optical depths produce higher polarization and position angle rotations at specific viewing angles. This is due to the geometrical properties of the bow shock along with multiple scattering effects. For dust scattering, we find that the polarization signature is strongly affected by wavelength, dust size, dust composition, and viewing angle. Depending on the viewing angle, the polarization magnitude may increase or decrease as a function of wavelength. We will present results from these simulations and preliminary comparisons with observational data.
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Ghanim, Danny, and Max Holmström. "Utvärdering av reflektorlös vägmätning med totalstation, laserskanner och UAS." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Samhällsbyggnad, GIS, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25122.
Full textAbstract:
Denna studie undersöker reflektorlös mätning av vägmitt med totalstation samt skapande av markmodeller av vägar genom terrester laserskanning (TLS) och unmanned aerial system (UAS). Målet är att utvärdera metoder som undviker traditionell mätning på väg med handhållen prisma eftersom detta innebär att den som mäter måste befinna sig på vägen, vilket medför risker för trafikrelaterade olyckor samt kostnader för skyddsåtgärder. Studieområdet är en asfaltsbelagd parkeringsyta med vita markeringar liknande väglinjer. Genom TLS och fotogrammetrisk bearbetning av UAS-bilder skapades punktmoln och sedan markmodeller över en 60x10 m yta. Toleransen för markmodeller av asfaltsytor beskrivs i SIS-TS 21144:2016, som anger att den maximalt tillåtna medelavvikelsen i höjd är 0,02 m. Markmodellerna från både TLS och UAS-fotogrammetri uppfyllde kraven och erhöll medelavvikelser på -0,001 m respektive 0,005 m. Reflektorlös mätning som utförs från marknivå och ned mot terrängen med totalstation eller TLS resulterar i stora infallsvinklar, vilket i sin tur orsakar en förlängd träffbild. Pga. stråldivergens ökar dessutom träffbildens storlek med avstånd. En ytterligare faktor som påverkar reflektorlös mätning är mätobjektets reflektans. Asfalt har en reflektans på knappt 20 %, medan reflektansen hos de vitmålade markeringarna är tre gånger så hög. När det gäller TLS minskar dessutom punkttätheten, som påverkar vilka detaljer som kan identifieras, i samband med ökande avstånd. Toleranserna för inmätning av kontrollpunkter har i denna studie satts till 0,05 m i plan och 0,02 m i höjd. Resultaten visar att reflektorlös totalstationsmätning mot väglinjer uppnår RMS under toleransgränsen på upp till 55 m från instrumentet. I plan syns en trend som visar att avvikelserna ökar i samband med avstånd/infallsvinkel. I höjd syns inte en lika tydlig trend men vid ett avstånd på 57,5 m ökar avvikelserna drastiskt i både plan och höjd, vilket får betraktas som ett överskridande av den maximala räckvidden. Med dessa mätmetoder behöver hänsyn tas till bl.a. fri sikt, vägens utformning och skick, faktorer i omgivningen, trafikbelastning samt det rådande vädret. För både punktmoln och bilder behöver dessutom georeferering göras och lämplig upplösning bestämmas. Slutsatsen är dock att samtliga metoder kompletterar varandra och kan användas för insamling, kontroll, inpassning och komplettering av markmodeller och undviker samtidigt riskerna som medföljer handhållen prismamätning på väg.This study evaluates the potential of reflectorless total station (TS) measurements when surveying road centerlines and the creation of digital terrain models (DTM) of road surfaces based on terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial system (UAS). The aim is to evaluate methods that avoid traditional surveying using a handheld prism since this means that the surveyor must be on the road, which creates risks of traffic related accidents as well as costs for protective measures. The study area is an asphalt-covered surface with white markings resembling roadlines. Through TLS and photogrammetric processing of UAS-images, pointclouds and subsequently DTM:s were created over a 60x10 m surface. The tolerance for DTM:s of asphalt-covered surfaces is specified in SIS-TS 21144:2016, which states a maximum average vertical deviation of 0,02 m. The DTM:s from the TLS and UAS-photogrammetry both fulfilled the requirements and obtained a quality of -0,001 m and 0,005 m respectively. Reflectorless measurements performed from ground level and down toward the terrain with TS or TLS result in large angles of inclination, which in turn causes an extended footprint of the laser beam. Because of beam divergence the footprint expands further with longer distances. Another factor that affects reflectorless measurements is the reflectance of the surface. Asphalt has a reflectance of barely 20 % while the reflectance of the white painted markings is three times as high. Additionaly when it comes to TLS, the point cloud density, which affects what details can be identified, diminishes with increasing distance. The tolerances for surveying of control points has in this study been set to 0,05 m horizontally and 0,02 m vertically. The results show that the reflectorless measurements of roadlines with TS achieves RMS below the tolerance limit up to 55 m from the instrument. The horizontal coordinates show a trend that the deviations increase with distance/angle of inclination. Vertically such a trend is not quite as clear, but at a distance of 57,5 m both the horizontal and vertical deviations increase drastically, which may be considered as exceeding the maximum range. With these methods adherences to some limitations need to be taken into consideration, such as line of sight, the road’s shape and condition, environmental factors, traffic and the weather. Furthermore, for both point clouds and images georeferencing needs to be done and a suitable resolution determined. The conclusion however, is that all methods complement each other and can be used for collecting, checking, fitting and completing DTM:s while avoiding the risks that traditional surveying methods using handheld prism creates.