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Journal articles on the topic 'Engineering unit conversion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Chizeck, Howard, Erik Butterworth, and James Bassingthwaighte. "Error detection and unit conversion." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 28, no. 3 (May 2009): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memb.2009.932477.

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2

Celicourt, Paul, and Michael Piasecki. "HydroUnits: supporting dimensional analysis in hydrologic computing systems using sensor-based standards." Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, no. 2 (December 4, 2015): 168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2015.075.

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Unit representation in the Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) specified in the IEEE 1451 standards is a binary sequence of 10 octets that encode the physical units as a product of the seven Système International base units, plus radian and steradian, each raised to a rational power in addition to an unsigned integer indicating the structure of the unit. While this representation seems trivial, manual compilation is prone to be erroneous and impractical, especially for complex units used in the hydroclimatology field. Hence, the development of a software application to automatically generate this vector represents a critical step to both reduce work load and automate unit conversion. Existing conversion packages for manipulating units fall short in many ways and also suffer from not integrating with a units controlled vocabulary. We developed HydroUnits (Python-based) to compute the vectorial representation for the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc's Observations Data Model units for use in an IEEE 1451.0-based TEDS generator. In addition, the package has been extended to support dimensional analysis, unit reduction and unit conversion and contains provision to convert time series data between different unit systems.

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3

Erro, Daniel, Eva Navas, Inma Hernáez, and Ibon Saratxaga. "Emotion Conversion Based on Prosodic Unit Selection." IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 18, no. 5 (July 2010): 974–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasl.2009.2038658.

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4

Uchino, E., K. Yano, and T. Azetsu. "Twin unit self-organising map for voice conversion." Electronics Letters 39, no. 24 (2003): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20031089.

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5

Burgos Vázquez, E., C. De La Paz Zavala, E. Rodríguez Rodríguez, I. Nuñez Barron, and L. Coronado Montor. "Conversion of a Naphtha Reformer Unit to Butane Isomerization." Petroleum Science and Technology 23, no. 5-6 (May 2005): 641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/lft-200032988.

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6

Gartner, Jacqueline B., Olivia M. Reynolds, Manuel Garcia-Perez, David B. Thiessen, and Bernard J. Van Wie. "Miniature Biomass Conversion Unit for Learning the Fundamentals of Heterogeneous Reactions through Analysis of Heat Transfer and Thermochemical Conversion." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 4 (2020): 1019–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13565.

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HighlightsA miniaturized thermochemical conversion system has been designed, manufactured, and optimized.Five laboratories can be performed with the system, incorporating heat transfer and reaction engineering phenomena.Educational materials to deploy the system in the classroom, including worksheets and solutions, are provided.Pyrolysis, combustion, and gasification exercises are shown with reaction visualization and product validation.Abstract. We describe a simple new miniaturized thermochemical module (MTM). Special considerations are needed to make the MTM useful not only for studying biomass conversion but also for providing safe classroom learning opportunities for heat and mass transfer and heterogeneous reaction engineering students and for training new researchers. The MTM consists of a quartz reactor wrapped with a Kanthal resistance wire and a silvered concentric annular glass shield for retaining thermal energy, placed in a protective Plexiglas viewing case. Safety is considered for use by new research trainees and within the classroom. We demonstrate MTM usage through five laboratory exercises beginning with an experimental design to determine operating modes to establish thermochemical conversion temperatures. Heat transfer skills are developed with the aid of a first-order differential heat transfer model and fractional factorial design. Thermochemical conversion is demonstrated and products are validated for pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion. The combustion laboratory also offers significant insight into reaction versus mass transfer-controlled regimes and for modeling heat transfer. Discussion is provided on the utility of the system for demonstrating heat transfer, kinetic, and mass transfer concepts, with applications across the engineering curriculum. Keywords: Combustion, Education, Gasification, Heat transfer modeling, Miniature thermochemical module, Pyrolysis.

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7

Chen, Charng Ning, and Chu Yang Tang. "Conversion of Unit Hydrographs by Complementary Hydrograph Method." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 7, no. 6 (November 2002): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2002)7:6(420).

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8

Panowski, Marcin, Robert Zarzycki, and Rafał Kobyłecki. "Conversion of steam power plant into cogeneration unit - Case study." Energy 231 (September 2021): 120872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120872.

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9

Olansky, Leann, Sharon Sam, Cheryl Lober, Jean-Pierre Yared, and Byron Hoogwerf. "Cleveland Clinic Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit Insulin Conversion Protocol." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (May 2009): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300311.

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Background: The importance of near-normal blood glucose in the immediate postoperative period is generally accepted and is best achieved in the perioperative period with a constant intravenous (IV) infusion of insulin. This requires intensive nursing only achievable in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Glucose management after transfer to a regular nursing floor (RNF) has not been studied systematically. In August 2006, the Cleveland Clinic began using long-acting insulin glargine as the insulin infusion was terminated in the ICU. Methods: This prospective analysis examined all patients receiving IV insulin infusion after cardiothoracic surgery in a 1 month period. The analyses evaluated the safety and efficacy of a protocol using a transition to subcutaneous insulin glargine of 50% of the calculated 24 h requirement at the end of the ICU insulin infusion protocol in preparation for transfer to the RNF. Results: Only 1 patient in 99 developed hypoglycemia, and no patient suffered severe hypoglycemia (glucose < 40 mg/dl), while the majority (70%) had euglycemia (glucose between 70 and 150 mg/dl). Conclusions: This approach was both safe—as there was very little hypoglycemia (1 patient in 99)—and effective, as blood sugar was well controlled in most subjects. Efficacy for achieving euglycemia was 70%. Efficacy was likely reduced because of the upper limit of insulin glargine dosage imposed by some providers as a safety consideration. Although there was a physician option to override, the maximum protocol dose of 30 U was rarely exceeded, leading to inadequate dosing in some subjects who required high insulin infusion rates in the ICU.

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10

Brovko, V. N., N. R. Bursian, D. S. Orlov, M. A. Smirnova, V. V. Shipikin, and V. Yu Georgievskii. "Conversion of L-35-11/600 unit to isoselectoforming process." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 21, no. 3 (March 1985): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00724974.

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11

Wei, Li Li, Yu Feng Zhang, and Yong Chao Mu. "Failure Analysis of a Low-Temperature Energy Conversion System Using Organic Rankine Cycles." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2127.

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It is widely believed that Rankine cycle power plant using organic fluids as the working medium has advantages over conventional Rankine cycle with water steam as the working medium in low-to-medium temperature heat conversion. It is also testified in the market. However, besides the integration of the cycle and the characteristic of the working fluid, the design and debugging of the energy conversion unit are also important part in acquiring good performance. In this research some phenomenon of failure is investigated. Accordingly, the theoretical and practical reasons and solutions are obtained. It provides good guideline on the design and optimization of the energy conversion unit.

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12

Wang, Hua-Chun, Minrun Ren, Jian Cao, Hong-Bo Yin, Guichuan Zhang, Jingyang Xiao, Xiancheng Ren, Hin-Lap Yip, and Yun-Xiang Xu. "A distorted lactam unit with intramolecular hydrogen bonds as the electron donor of polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 39 (2019): 12290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc04014e.

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13

Kennedy, Angel, Jason Dowling, Peter B. Greer, and Martin A. Ebert. "Estimation of Hounsfield unit conversion parameters for pelvic CT images." Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine 41, no. 3 (June 7, 2018): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13246-018-0651-x.

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14

Kostin, V. I., N. G. Kodochigov, S. E. Belov, A. V. Vasyaev, V. F. Golovko, and A. Shenoy. "Development of a design for the GT-MHR energy conversion unit." Atomic Energy 102, no. 1 (January 2007): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10512-007-0010-6.

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15

Dou, Keke, Xunchang Wang, Zurong Du, Huanxiang Jiang, Feng Li, Mingliang Sun, and Renqiang Yang. "Synergistic effect of side-chain and backbone engineering in thieno[2,3-f]benzofuran-based conjugated polymers for high performance non-fullerene organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 3 (2019): 958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta07544a.

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A series of copolymers containing thieno[2,3-f]benzofuran unit with different alkyl side chains are synthesized. The best photovoltaic performance with power conversion efficiency over 11% have been realized.

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16

Baakeem, Saleh S., Saleh A. Bawazeer, and Abdulmajeed A. Mohamad. "A Novel Approach of Unit Conversion in the Lattice Boltzmann Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 10, 2021): 6386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146386.

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The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is an alternative method to the conventional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) methods. It gained popularity due to its simplicity in coding and dealing with a complex fluid flow such as the multiphase flow. The method is based on the kinetic theory, which is mesoscopic scale. Hence, applying the LBM method for macroscopic problems requires a proper conversion from the physical scale (conventional units) to the mesoscopic scale (lattice units) and vice versa. The Buckingham π theorem and the principle of corresponding states are the popular methods used for data reductions and unit conversion processes in the LBM. Nevertheless, those methods have some issues, such as difficulty in converting specific quantities, such as thermo-physical properties. The current work uses a novel dimensional analysis method systematically for mapping properties’ units between scales. Moreover, the approach has the flexibility in selecting parameters to ensure the stability of the method of solution. Several benchmark examples are used to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed approach. In conclusion, the proposed approach showed the flexibility of the mapping between meso-scale to macro-scales and vice versa on solid bases rather than ad-hoc methods.

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17

Dybkær, René. "Unit "katal" for catalytic activity (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 927–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173060927.

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Expressing the amount of a catalyst is often most conveniently done by assessing its catalytic effect. Under zero-order kinetics the catalyzed rate of conversion for a specified reaction is constant and proportionate to the amount-of-substance concentration of catalyst present. Defining the kind-of-quantity "catalytic activity" as a property of the catalyst measured by the catalyzed rate of conversion, the coherent SI unit is mole per second. Following thorough discussions in the IUPAC, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB), and the World Health Organization (WHO), a petition was presented by the IFCC to the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) on a special name "katal", symbol kat, for "mole per second" when used in measuring catalytic activity. This request was granted by the General Conference for Weights and Measures (CGPM) by Resolution 12 (1999). Hereafter, the coherent SI unit katal = 1 mol s1 should replace the off-system IUB unit "(enzyme) unit" = 1 mmol min1 16.67 nkat. Thus, by suitable definition of reaction conditions, results for catalytic activity and derivative kinds-of-quantity are metrologically traceable to the SI.

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18

Li, Chu Fu. "Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization for the Coal-Based Clean Liquid Fuel Synthesis Process." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1269.

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This work makes thermodynamic analysis and optimization for the coal-based Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. The thermodynamic analysis results show that under standard conditions the maximum effective carbon conversion is 50% from raw coal (CH0.8O0.1) to hydrocarbon products, and at least 50% carbon is converted into CO2 emission in the coal-based FT process. Subsequently, a new coal-based FT synthesis process is proposed to get minimum water consumption, minimum wastewater emission and maximum energy efficiency. The process contains a pulverized coal gasification unit, water-gas-shift unit and iron-based FT synthesis unit with 50% CO2 selectivity. The H2/CO molar ratio of fresh syngas to the FT synthesis unit is 0.5. The carbon and water footprints analysis results indicate that the effective carbon conversion from raw coal to hydrocarbon products is about 46.0%, and it only consumes 0.102 molar water and generates 0.032 molar wastewater when converts 1 molar coal to hydrocarbon products in the process.

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19

Vezirov, R. R., S. A. Obukhova, N. R. Vezirova, and E. G. Telyashev. "Conversion of a delayed coking unit to mild thermal cracking (visbreaking) conditions." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 46, no. 3 (July 30, 2010): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-010-0207-6.

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20

Dyachenko, Petr P., Anatoly V. Zrodnikov, Oleg F. Kukharchuk, and Alexey A. Suvorov. "Problem of nuclear-laser power engineering and methods of their solution." Nuclear Energy and Technology 5, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.5.46381.

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The concept of a high power reactor-laser system based on a nuclear pumped optical quantum amplifier (OKUYaN) was formulated at IPPE in the mid-1980-ies. The idea amounted to the use of wide-aperture OKUYaN as an amplifier within the already well-known “master laser – two-pass amplifier with phase conjugation” scheme. The structure of such an amplifier includes a system of two neutron-coupled units – an ignition reactor (RB) and a nuclear pumped laser amplifier (LB). The ignition unit is a compact multi-core pulsed fast neutron reactor. The laser amplifier unit operates on thermal neutrons and, with regard to the neutronics, it is a subcritical booster zone of the ignition reactor unit. Unique reactor-laser complex incorporating demonstration sample of a pulsed reactor-laser system based on OKUYaN (test facility “Stand B”) having no analogues anywhere in the world, was developed and put into operation at IPPE in 1999 for the purpose of substantiation of basic principles of the OKUYaN concept and demonstration of the possibility of its practical implementation, as well as verification of calculation codes and development of relevant equipment elements. Problems overcome in the development and construction of “Stand B” test facility, the choice and justification of the neutronics and laser characteristics of the OKUYaN demonstration sample are discussed in the present paper. Provided are the results of a detailed computational-experimental study of the demonstration sample characteristics, the data from systems studies of direct conversion of nuclear fission energy into laser radiation energy in complex reactor-laser devices and the results of examination of prospects for the development of nuclear-laser power engineering.

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21

Baxi, C. B., A. Shenoy, V. I. Kostin, N. G. Kodochigov, A. V. Vasyaev, S. E. Belov, and V. F. Golovko. "Evaluation of alternate power conversion unit designs for the GT-MHR." Nuclear Engineering and Design 238, no. 11 (November 2008): 2995–3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.12.021.

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22

Lin, Jun-Shan, and Yoshinari Miyamoto. "One-step sintering of SiGe thermoelectric conversion unit and its electrodes." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 3 (March 2000): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0096.

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Dense p-type and n-type SiGe thermoelectric conversion units were fabricated with a double-layer electrode of W/TiB2 or W/MoSi2 by using glass encapsulation hot-isostatic-pressing process. The TiB2 and MoSi2 layers were used to prevent the chemical reaction between the tungsten and SiGe materials. Si3N4 ceramic particles were added into the electrode materials to reduce the mismatch of the thermal expansion between the electrode and the SiGe. Finite element analysis showed that the addition of 40 vol% Si3N4 into the TiB2 layer and 55 vol% Si3N4 into the MoSi2 layer reduced the thermal residual stress to a much lower value than the strength of individual layer. Sintered units had electrical resistivities of (1.5–2.0) × 10−3 Ω cm in the SiGe zone and 10−4 Ω cm in the electrodes. The comparison of the thermoelectric properties of the SiGe sintered with and without electrodes confirmed that the electrodes did not deteriorate the Seebeck coefficient of the SiGe alloys.

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23

Wu, Zheng, Yang Lee, and Chong Lee. "Introduction of Computer Aided Test Analysis Program for Civil Engineering." Journal of Building Technology 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jbt.v2i1.106.

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The Computer Aided Test Analysis for Civil Engineering (CATACE) is made based on International standards, regulations and specifications. It includes test analysis for aggregates, bitumen, soil, asphalt concrete and its mixtures. It includes the technical requirements for nuclear gauge, selection parameter for surface dressing, blending for prime coat and tack coat. It provides the unit conversion between American to international system. It provided over 40 kinds of test analysis, and it will be increase working efficiency for the Material Testing Engineer who is working oversea project and follows International Standards. The paper introduces the functions and application of the program.

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24

Sobczyk, Tadeusz, Witold Mazgaj, Zbigniew Szular, and Tomasz Węgiel. "Energy conversion in small water plants with variable speed PM generator." Archives of Electrical Engineering 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10171-011-0015-6.

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Energy conversion in small water plants with variable speed PM generatorThe Small Hydro Power Plants allow to increase the energy amount from renewable sources, especially from small rivers in mountainous areas. This paper presents a new concept of a energy conversion system for application in a Small Hydropower Plant (SHP) which is based on a permanent magnet generator (PM generator) with a propeller turbine integrated with the generator rotor. The PM generator can work at a variable speed and therefore energy produced by the PM generator has to be converted by means of a power electronic unit to fit to the three-phase power grid parameters. For this concept, dimensions and parameters of the PM generator were specially designed on account of integration with water turbine. The paper precisely describes elements of energy conversion system and also presents the results of numerical tests for chosen working conditions. An original algorithm of control strategy for power electronic unit was used to adjust generated energy to the required parameters of the three-phase grid.

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25

Erdinc, O., O. Elma, M. Uzunoglu, and U. S. Selamogullari. "Real-time performance analysis of an optimally sized hybrid renewable energy conversion unit." Energy and Buildings 75 (June 2014): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.01.052.

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26

Thrasher, Glenn P. "The Interpretation of Seismic Reflection Data from the Western Platform Region of Taranaki Basin." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 6, no. 2 (April 1988): 136–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600207.

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The western-most region of Taranaki Basin, the Western Platform, has a stratigraphy which permits subdivision into major seismic units. The reflectors separating these units are easily identifiable. Each of the units and reflectors has typical reflection characteristics which are often correlatable with the lithology of the unit. Lateral velocity variations, caused by lateral deposition and compaction variations in prograding sequences, area major problem in developing depth conversion models for this region. Analysis of travel time data from wells shows that velocity variations in both the Oligocene-Miocene and Pliocene-Pleistocene sequences are predictable from the thickness variations of the units (and hence from interval travel times). The imerval velocity variations of the Paleocene-Eocene transgressive sequence are dependent on the overburden history and lithology of the unit.

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27

Rana, Biswarup, In-Gon Lee, and Ic-Pyo Hong. "Experimental Characterization of 2 × 2 Electronically Reconfigurable Polarization Converter Unit Cells at X-Band." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (June 28, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536864.

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In this paper, an electronically reconfigurable polarization converter unit cell operating at X-band is proposed. The polarization converter unit cell consists of a passive patch, a phase shifter, and an active patch. There are two PIN diodes on the active patch. By switching the bias conditions of those PIN diodes, an electronically reconfigurable polarization converter is conceived. Both the passive and active patches are circular, and there are circular types of slots on both patches to enhance the operating bandwidth. To compensate for the capacitance introduced by PIN diodes, an equivalent capacitance structure is introduced on the active patch. 2 × 2 unit cells are designed to check the performance of the unit cell for polarization conversion applications. In addition, a novel type of experimental characterization technique is proposed to check the performance of polarization conversion using 2 × 2 unit cells. Two WR-90 waveguide sections, two rectangular to square sections, and a power supply are taken for the measurements. The rectangular to square waveguide transition section is designed in such a way so that 2 × 2 unit cells can be perfectly adjusted on the transition section and the performance of the 2 × 2 unit cells can be measured. The simulation results of the 8 × 8 array are also added to a miniaturized X-band horn antenna to check the performance of the overall array.

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28

Sun, Qun, Shaomin Teng, Yongqi Du, Ze Kang, Chengqiang Yin, and Linlin Chen. "Research on Calibration Method for Tractor Automatic Navigation Control System." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001610010129.

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A lower computer control system of tractor automatic navigation based on double-antennas Beidou satellite is developed, including the controller unit, bipolar output unit, RS232 bus communication unit, a switch reset unit and the power conversion unit. To obtain a continuous voltage output, the calibration method of lower control system using least square method to fit calibration curve has been studied. The lower computer control system receives navigation angel and navigation angel offset instruction provided by the host computer through RS232 bus communication unit. Continuous voltage from -10V to +10V is output through the bipolar output unit to adjust hydraulic valves to control the tractor steering after these are processed by the lower computer.

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29

Cherednichenko, Oleksandr, Serhiy Serbin, and Marek Dzida. "Investigation of the Combustion Processes in the Gas Turbine Module of an FPSO Operating on Associated Gas Conversion Products." Polish Maritime Research 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2019-0077.

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Abstract In this paper, we consider the issue of thermo-chemical heat recovery of waste heat from gas turbine engines for the steam conversion of associated gas for offshore vessels. Current trends in the development of offshore infrastructure are identified, and the composition of power plants for mobile offshore drilling units and FPSO vessels is analyzed. We present the results of a comparison of power-to-volume ratio, power-to-weight ratio and efficiency for diesel and gas turbine power modules of various capacities. Mathematical modeling methods are used to analyze the parameters of an alternative gas turbine unit based on steam conversion of the associated gas, and the estimated efficiency of the energy module is shown to be 50%. In the modeling of the burning processes, the UGT 25000 serial low emission combustor is considered, and a detailed analysis of the processes in the combustor is presented, based on the application of a 35-reaction chemical mechanism. We confirm the possibility of efficient combustion of associated gas steam conversion products with different compositions, and establish that stable operation of the gas turbine combustor is possible when using fuels with low calorific values in the range 7–8 MJ/kg. It is found that the emissions of NOx and CO during operation of a gas turbine engine on the associated gas conversion products are within acceptable limits.

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30

Wang, Tao, He Wang, and Zhixiong Zhou. "Unbalanced Magnetic Torque in Electrohydraulic Energy Conversion Unit Considering Rotor Axis Deflection." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 6 (June 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2016.2528894.

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31

Waintraub, S., C. N. Fonseca, G. M. G. Soares, and E. A. Campagnolo. "Conversion of a deasphalting unit for use in the process of supercritical solvent recovery." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 17, no. 3 (September 2000): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322000000300012.

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32

Sebastián, Miguel Ángel, Álvaro Rodríguez Prieto, and Ana María Camacho. "Evaluation method for pressure vessel manufacturing codes: the influence of ASME unit conversion." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 54, no. 4 (2017): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2017.10003615.

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33

Sun, Yong Sheng, Xiao Qiang Yang, Li Pei, and Sun Yan. "Fault Diagnosis of Mechanized Bridge’s Electrical System Based on I²C-bus and Virtual Instrument Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 597 (July 2014): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.597.444.

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The electrical system fault testing and diagnosis system based on I2C-bus and embedded equipment is proposed. This system is accomplished with the integration of PXI-based computer, field fault testing platform, dedicated interface adapter unit and accessories with software program of virtual instrument and database management and fault guidance system. It can obtain various state parameters of the heavy mechanized bridge by interface adapter unit and corresponding sensors. The dedicated interface adapter unit, that is the core of the hardware platform is composed of chassis, embedded microcomputer controller, I2C-bus data acquisition modules, VPC connection package and military aviation sockets. Because of its flexibility and modular design, it can support different data conversion, for example, analog, digital, and serial, while functioning as an intelligent conversion bridge between field fault testing platform or PXI computer and electrical system of heavy mechanized bridge electrical system. The fault diagnosis software is of hierarchical modular structure with integration of system management control, fault detection and circuit hardware driver modules together with fault repair and diagnosis database. Therefore it provides functions of human-machine interaction, equipment fault detection, fault diagnosis and analysis, as well as repair and maintenance guidance The fault testing and diagnosis system in this work is also featured with handy structure, lightweight, low consumption, large storage capacity, excellent expandability and intelligent inference capability. The system can be used in the online fault testing and diagnosis of similar engineering equipments. So it has important engineering and military application value to the rapid fault testing and fault diagnosis of engineering equipments.

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34

CASSIA, RICARDO F., VLADIMIR C. ALVES, FEDERICO G. D. BESNARD, and FELIPE M. G. FRANÇA. "SYNCHRONOUS-TO-ASYNCHRONOUS CONVERSION OF CRYPTOGRAPHIC CIRCUITS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 18, no. 02 (April 2009): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126609005058.

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This paper introduces a novel method for the conversion of synchronous cryptographic circuits into equivalent asynchronous ones. The new method is based on ASERT (Asynchronous Scheduling by Edge Reversal Timing), a fully decentralized timing signaling and synchronization algorithm. From a synthesizable HDL code, an asynchronous timing network, made from standard cells libraries, is generated in order to replace the clock tree of the target circuit. ASERT works with matched delays, local clocks or any equivalent way of determining, statically or dynamically, the operating time of each functional unit. Synchronous to asynchronous conversion of three different cryptographic circuits, including the fully synthesized netlists of AES, Reed-Solomon decoder, and RSA cipher cores, are presented.

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35

OKUBO, T., R. MOCHIZUKI, and T. KOBAYASHI. "Hybrid Voice Conversion of Unit Selection and Generation Using Prosody Dependent HMM." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E89-D, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietisy/e89-d.11.2775.

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Zhuang, Jun Ping, Lu Lin, Chun Sheng Pang, and Ying Liu. "Selective Catalytic Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Zr(H₂PO₄)₂ Solid Acid Catalysts." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.134.

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5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a kind of new green platform chemical with wide application. Glucose, which is the unit compound of cellulose, is one of the most important starting chemicals from biomass. With its low cost and wide supply, the conversion of glucose to HMF has attracted the interests of researchers. In this work, a systematic study has been conducted to evaluate the catalytic performance in the conversion of glucose to 5-HMF using Zr(H2PO4)2 solid acid catalyst in isobutanol-water (1.6:1/V:V) two-phase system. An optimized 5-hydroxymethylfurfural yield of 42.32% was obtained within 1.5 h at 180 °C over Zr(H2PO4)2 with ratio of 1:1 and the glucose conversion was 94.83%. The catalyst stabilities was studied and results showed that Zr(H2PO4)2 had higher stabilities.

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Kim, Dong Wook, Jin Joo Choi, Man Ku Kang, Yongku Kang, and Changjin Lee. "Organic Sensitizers Containing Julolidine Moiety for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2008): 4761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.ic09.

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We prepared organic sensitizers (S1 and S2) containing julolidine moiety as a donor, phenyl or phenylene thiophene units as a conjugation bridge, and cyano acetic acid as an acceptor for dye sensitized solar cells. S1 exhibited two absorption maxima at 441 nm (ε = 26 200) and 317 nm (ε = 15 500) due to the π–π* transition of the dye molecule. S2 dyes with an additional thiophene unit showed the absorption maximum extended by 18 nm. DSSCs based on S1 dye achieved 2.66% of power conversion efficiency with 8.3 mA cm−2 of short circuit current, 576 mV of open circuit voltage, and 0.56 of fill factor. DSSCs using S2 dye with a longer conjugation attained only 1.48% of power conversion efficiency. The 0.21 V lower driving force for regeneration of the S2 dye compared to the S1 dye is one of the reasons for low conversion efficiency of the S2 dye.

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Su, Lin, Hui Li, Xue Xin, Yan Duan, Xiao Qing Hua, and Ye Jin. "Muscle Fiber Types, Characteristics and Meat Quality." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 1263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.1263.

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Muscle fiber is the basic unit of muscle tissue, this paper summarized the types of muscle fiber of animals, the influence factors of muscle fiber type distribution and the muscle fiber type conversion in the process of growth constantly. Discuss the important effect of muscle fiber type on meat quality.

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Lee, Kang Hyun, Ye Won Jang, Jeongho Lee, Seunghee Kim, Chulhwan Park, and Hah Young Yoo. "Statistical Optimization of Alkali Pretreatment to Improve Sugars Recovery from Spent Coffee Grounds and Utilization in Lactic Acid Fermentation." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030494.

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Biorefinery, which utilizes carbon-neutral biomass as a resource, is attracting attention as a significant alternative in a modern society confronted with climate change. In this study, spent coffee grounds (SCGs) were used as the feedstock for lactic acid fermentation. In order to improve sugar conversion, alkali pretreatment was optimized by a statistical method, namely response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions for the alkali pretreatment of SCGs were determined as follows: 75 °C, 3% potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a time of 2.8 h. The optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated SCGs were determined as follows: enzyme complex loading of 30-unit cellulase, 15-unit cellobiase and 50-unit mannanase per g biomass and a reaction time of 96 h. SCG hydrolysates were used as the carbon source for Lactobacillus cultivation, and the conversions of lactic acid by L. brevis ATCC 8287 and L. parabuchneri ATCC 49374 were 40.1% and 55.8%, respectively. Finally, the maximum lactic acid production by L. parabuchneri ATCC 49374 was estimated to be 101.2 g based on 1000 g of SCGs through the optimization of alkali pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis.

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Zou, Huibin, Tongtong Zhang, Lei Li, Jingling Huang, Nan Zhang, Mengxun Shi, He Hao, and Mo Xian. "Systematic Engineering for Improved Carbon Economy in the Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates and Isoprenoids." Materials 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081271.

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With the rapid development of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, a broad range of biochemicals can be biosynthesized, which include polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids. However, some of the bio-approaches in chemical synthesis have just started to be applied outside of laboratory settings, and many require considerable efforts to achieve economies of scale. One of the often-seen barriers is the low yield and productivity, which leads to higher unit cost and unit capital investment for the bioconversion process. In general, higher carbon economy (less carbon wastes during conversion process from biomass to objective bio-based chemicals) will result in higher bioconversion yield, which results in less waste being generated during the process. To achieve this goal, diversified strategies have been applied; matured strategies include pathway engineering to block competitive pathways, enzyme engineering to enhance the activities of enzymes, and process optimization to improve biomass/carbon yield. In this review, we analyze the impact of carbon sources from different types of biomass on the yield of bio-based chemicals (especially for polyhydroxyalkanoates and isoprenoids). Moreover, we summarize the traditional strategies for improving carbon economy during the bioconversion process and introduce the updated techniques in building up non-natural carbon pathways, which demonstrate higher carbon economies than their natural counterparts.

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Rong-Jong Wai, Chung-You Lin, Rou-Yong Duan, and Yung-Ruei Chang. "High-Efficiency Power Conversion System for Kilowatt-Level Stand-Alone Generation Unit With Low Input Voltage." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 55, no. 10 (October 2008): 3702–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2008.921251.

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Cordoba-Perez, Maureen, and Hugo de Lasa. "CO2-Derived Carbon Capture Using Microalgae and Sodium Bicarbonate in a PhotoBioCREC Unit: Kinetic Modeling." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081296.

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By converting bicarbonates via Chlorella vulgaris photosynthesis, one can obtain valuable biofuel products and find a route toward carbon-derived fossil fuel conversion into renewable carbon. In this research, experiments were carried out in the PhotoBioCREC prototype under controlled radiation and high mixing conditions. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was supplied as the inorganic carbon-containing species, at different concentrations, in the 18 to 60 mM range. Both the NaHCO3 concentrations and the organic carbon concentrations were quantified periodically during microalgae culture, with the pH being readjusted every day to the 7.00 level. It was found that sodium bicarbonate was converted with a selectivity up to 33.0% ± 2.0 by Chlorella vulgaris. It was also observed that the reaction rate constant for inorganic carbon conversion was 0.26 ± 0.09 day−1, while the maximum reaction rate constant for organic carbon formation was achieved with a 28 mM NaHCO3 concentration and displayed a 1.18 ± 0.05 mmole L−1day−1 value.

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Nishioka, Kensuke, Kosei Sato, and Yasuyuki Ota. "Impact of Sandblasting on Fresnel Lens for Concentrator Photovoltaic." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.250.

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When installing concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems in desert areas, we must consider the impact of sandstorms on the Fresnel lens in CPV modules. CPV systems are much more sensitive to sandstorms than flat-panel PV systems because they can only use the direct beam component of sunlight. In this study, the transmittance of a PMMA substrate after sandblasting was evaluated and the influence of sandblasting on the output of a CPV system was assessed. The transmittance of PMMA decreased with an increase in the momentum of blown sand. The conversion efficiency of a CPV module was determined by equivalent circuit calculation. The conversion efficiency decreased with increasing momentum. The coefficient of degradation was 0.17 point per unit momentum.

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Kularatna, Nihal, Kasun Subasinghage, Kosala Gunawardane, Dilini Jayananda, and Thilanga Ariyarathna. "Supercapacitor-Assisted Techniques and Supercapacitor-Assisted Loss Management Concept: New Design Approaches to Change the Roadmap of Power Conversion Systems." Electronics 10, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141697.

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All electrical and electronic devices require access to a suitable energy source. In a portable electronic product, such as a cell phone, an energy storage unit drives a complex array of power conversion stages to generate multiple DC voltage rails required. To optimize the overall end-to-end efficiency, these internal power conversions should waste minimal energy and deliver more to the electronic modules. Capacitors are one of the main component families used in electronics, to store and deliver electric charges. Supercapacitors, so called because they provide over a million-fold increase in capacitance relative to a traditional capacitor of the same volume, are enabling a paradigm shift in the design of power electronic converter circuits. Here we show that supercapacitors could function as a lossless voltage-dropping element in the power conversion stages, thereby significantly increasing the power conversion stage efficiency. This approach has numerous secondary benefits: it improves continuity of the supply, suppresses voltage surges, allows the voltage regulation to be electromagnetically silent, and simplifies the design of voltage regulators. The use of supercapacitors allows the development of a novel loss-circumvention theory with applicability to a wide range of supercapacitor-assisted (SCA) techniques. These include low-dropout regulators, transient surge absorbers, LED lighting for DC microgrids, and rapid energy transfer for water heating.

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45

Hiasat, Ahmad. "A Scaler Design for the RNS Three-Moduli Set {2n+1−1,2n,2n−1} Based on Mixed-Radix Conversion." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 03 (June 3, 2019): 2050041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620500413.

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Adopting the moduli set [Formula: see text] for different DSP applications instead of the traditional moduli set [Formula: see text] has the advantage of excluding modulus [Formula: see text]. A multiply-and-accumulate modulo [Formula: see text] unit is more demanding than a modulo [Formula: see text] unit, which signifies the importance of this adoption. This paper introduces a new design for a scaling unit “Scaler”, that deals with the arithmetic-friendly residue number system (RNS) moduli set [Formula: see text]. The scaling factor is the power-of-two moduli [Formula: see text]. The scaling algorithm is based on the mixed-radix conversion (MRC) technique, which converts RNS-based representation into a weighted representation. The proposed approach is compared with other functionally-identical or functionally-similar scalers that perform scaling for the same moduli set under consideration or for the moduli set [Formula: see text]. The comparison is carried using theoretical unit-gate approach and experimental VLSI layout approach. The proposed scaler is shown to be more area and power-efficient than recently published competitive works.

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46

Chen, Yahong, Changhong Deng, and Yating Zhao. "Coordination Control Between Excitation and Hydraulic System During Mode Conversion of Variable Speed Pumped Storage Unit." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36, no. 9 (September 2021): 10171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2021.3061268.

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Anisimov, A. G., I. S. Mysak, M. V. Klub, K. B. Sargsyan, S. Kh Eritsyan, G. S. Petrosyan, A. V. Avtandilyan, and A. R. Gevorgyan. "Development and Implementation of Automatic Conversion of Steam-Gas Power Unit from Compound Cycle Mode to Steam-Power Mode Without Shutdown of the Unit." Power Technology and Engineering 51, no. 5 (January 2018): 568–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-018-0875-7.

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48

Alkhlel, Abdualkaber, and Hugo de Lasa. "Catalyst/Feedstock Ratio Effect on FCC Using Different Catalysts Samples." Catalysts 9, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9060542.

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The present study is a follow-up to a recent authors contribution which describes the effect of the C/O (catalyst/oil) ratio on catalytic cracking activity and catalyst deactivation. This study, while valuable, was limited to one fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst. The aim of the present study is to consider the C/O effect using three FCC catalysts with different activities and acidities. Catalysts were characterized in terms of crystallinity, total acidity, specific surface Area (SSA), temperature programmed ammonia desorption (NH3-TPD), and pyridine chemisorption. 1,3,5-TIPB (1,3,5-tri-isopropyl benzene) catalytic cracking runs were carried out in a bench-scale mini-fluidized batch unit CREC (chemical reactor engineering centre) riser simulator. All data were taken at 550 °C with a contact time of 7 s. Every experiment involved 0.2 g of 1,3,5-TIPB with the amount of catalyst changing in the 0.12–1 g range. The resulting 0.6–5 g oil/g cat ratios showed a consistent 1,3,5-TIPB conversion increasing first, then stabilizing, and finally decreasing modestly. On the other hand, coke formation and undesirable benzene selectivity always rose. Thus, the reported results show that catalyst density affects both catalyst coking and deactivation, displaying an optimum C/O ratio, achieving maximum hydrocarbon conversions in FCC units.

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Guillen, Donna Post, and Daniel S. Wendt. "Technical feasibility of integrating a modified power conversion unit into a non‐nuclear microreactor testbed." International Journal of Energy Research 45, no. 8 (February 12, 2021): 12325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.6517.

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Kalashnikov, Dmitriy, Yuriy Borisov, and Elizaveta Kalashnikova. "Natural gas intracyclic attachment for energy generating unit based on gas turbine plant." E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 06004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911406004.

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In this article, problems of effectiveness increasing in complex power supply are considered. Disadvantages of centralized power engineering and advantages of power engineering capabilities organization in immediate consumer proximity are presented. Consumer needs satisfaction in electricity, heat supply and cold supply are offered to be realized by conversion of district and quarter boiler houses to trigeneration stations, which are based on gas turbine plants units. In this research, solutions of problem related to lack of fuel gas pressure for gas turbine engine power, which is included in gas turbine plant of trigeneration stations, are suggested. As a result, after considering possible variants of fuel gas pressure increasing, it was decided that there is a perspective of using fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment. Its operating principle involves organization of main steam extraction in heat cycle for booster compressor drive, which compresses fuel gas before its transfer to combustor of gas turbine plant. Results of gas compressor and drive steam turbine design are presented. These parts are included in fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment in specific unit of gas turbine plant. Also, general recommendations about new compressor and turbine stages design for any other units of gas turbine plant are pointed. Further, in the article, two variants of thermal circuit, based on gas turbine plant, are suggested. The first one is a circuit with hot water boiler, where exhaust gas recuperation after turbine is carried out for producing steam, related to fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment demands, and heat system water heating for consumer heat supply system. The second variant involves development of typical gas turbine plant unit in power station with exhaust boiler. There fuel gas intracyclic compression attachment is activated by steam work after exhaust boiler. Then, variants of diagram are compared between each other. Also advantages and disadvantages each of them are considered.

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