Academic literature on the topic 'England – Intellectual life – 17th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "England – Intellectual life – 17th century"
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Bose, Mishtooni. "Intellectual Life in Fifteenth-Century England." New Medieval Literatures 12 (January 2010): 333–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.nml.1.102190.
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Suprinyak, Carlos Eduardo. "Merchants and councilors: intellectual divergences in early 17th century British economic thought." Nova Economia 21, no. 3 (2011): 459–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-63512011000300006.
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During the early 1620's, England went through a period of intense economic disorders which sparked the interest of many in economic reasoning. The decade witnessed the emergence of the most relevant pieces of economic literature of the early Stuart era, but the debate was not restricted to the abstract confrontation of economic writers. The fundamental issue at stake in the controversies between Malynes, Misselden, and Mun - the integration of money and international trade in a coherent explanation of economic phenomena - was also the subject of much care in the public sphere at large. The parliamentary session of 1621, in particular, put in evidence not only the fundamental relevance of the matter for understanding England's economic maladies, but also the great difficulties involved in its investigation. By bringing all these elements together, this paper seeks to articulate a more dense and meaningful portrait of the prevailing state of economic ideas in early 17th century England.
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Raube, Sławomir. "Rozum, wiara, tajemnica: Ralph Cudworth z angielskiej szkoły z Cambridge." Studia Podlaskie, no. 29 (2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2021.29.06.
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The text introduces the figure of Ralph Cudworth, the leading representative of the Cambridge Platonist school. The presentation of the views of the English philosopher and theologian aims to draw attention to the original and almost completely forgotten intellectual tradition of 17th-century England – typically perceived as dominated wholly by the currents of empiricist and materialistic orientation.
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Malcolm, N. "The publications of John Pell FRS (1611-1685): some new light and some old confusions." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54, no. 3 (2000): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0113.
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The mathematician John Pell is a significant figure in the intellectual history of 17th century England—significant, however, more because of his activities, contacts and correspondence than because of his published work. His few publications are, nevertheless, valuable sources of information about his intellectual biography. Previous listings of them have been both incomplete and subject to error. This article gives a complete listing of the items published during the 17th century. It identifies a hitherto unknown work by Pell, a book published in 1635; it attempts to correct a common misunderstanding about the dating of his best–known work, An Idea of Mathematics ; and it presents evidence confirming Pell's responsibility for the introduction of the division sign. In addition, it discusses nine non-existent publications by Pell—items whose titles derive from materials among Pell's manuscripts, but which have been mistakenly listed as publications in modern reference works.
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Marton, Gellért Ernő. "A Life in Service of his Homeland – the Diplomatic Role and Activity of János Rimay." Rocznik Przemyski. Historia 1 (26) (2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497347rph.21.001.14724.
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The goal of this paper is to summarise the diplomatic and political role of poet and intellectual, János Rimay of Alsósztregova and Rima. Rimay is well-known as the pupil and friend of the great Hungarian poet, Bálint Balassi, and also as a great poet and a representative of stoicism, as well as as a diplomat and statesman who became important in the regional diplomacy in the last decades of the 16th century and the first decades of the 17th century.
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Kiyasov, Sergej. "At the Origins of the Masonic Phenomenon: Freemasons in the English State of 15th — 17th Centuries." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018878-4.
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The author considers the crisis events of medieval craft structures in England. The focus of his attention is the modernization of guilds and liveried companies of masons-builders. The analysis was carried out using special sources and scientific literature. This allowed us to draw a number of important conclusions. It is noted that the crisis processes observed in the economy of England of the 15—17th Centuries had a decisive influence on the evolution of the guild institution. These structures, in particular, construction guilds received the status of liveried companies. Subsequently, the craft Masonry of England was transformed into an enlightenment community. The study showed that his ideology provided for the allegorical use of building craft symbols. In particular, members of the Royal Society in London are named the project’s inspirers. Its main goal is the “construction” of a new society, religion and the formation of a new man. The author also emphasizes that the phenomenon of new Masonry should not be associated with the activities of a secret organization. In his opinion, the initial stage in the history of the Masonry in England should be associated with the influence of the Freemasonry of Scotland. However, at the beginning of the 18th Century, the intellectual elite of England managed to seize the initiative. The intellectual elite was the first to establish the work of the transnational structures of the new Masonic movement.
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Shapiro, Barbara. "Early Modern Intellectual Life: Humanism, Religion and Science in Seventeenth Century England." History of Science 29, no. 1 (1991): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/007327539102900102.
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Nickerson, Rebecca. "The Formidable Widow: Comparing the Representations and Life Accounts of Widows in 17th Century England." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 3 (December 18, 2018): 191–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/gbuujh.v3i0.1695.
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The status and degree of agency of widows have changed along with societal perceptions of them throughout the centuries. Widows in 17th century England were afforded greater legal rights than the average contemporary woman, and yet their status as widows made them subject to a wide degree of stereotypes within popular forms of media at the time. Studies on the lives of these women have been limited to mainly legal rights, sexuality, literature studies and case studies of their day to day experiences. This paper examines specific perceptions of widows within contemporary forms of media and compares them to case studies of the lived experiences of widows. This examination takes place in order to determine if a dichotomy between the ideas of how a widow would live and act within her status of legal power matched up with the actual lived experiences of these women.
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Seregina, Anna. "The “Life of Lady Falkland”: a biography or a conversion story?" Adam & Eve. Gender History Review, no. 29 (2021): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/2307-8383-2021-29-265-281.
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The article presents an introduction to a first Russian translation of the “Life of Lady Falkland” written in the mid-17th century by the nuns of the English Benedictine Abbey at Cambrai (the Cary sisters), which told the life of their mother, Elizabeth Cary, Viscountess of Falkland – a translator, poet and polemicist, and also a Catholic convert. It has been argued that the “Life” combines the traits of biography and conversion story, and that the conversions described there – of Lady Falkland and her children fell into the category of the so-called “intellectual conversions” brought about by reading books and debating the fine points of religious doctrines. “Intellectual conversions’ were seen to be reserved to men. However, the Cary sisters used this model to establish their position within the Cambrai religious community, which consisted of many nuns with wide intellectual interests. The authors of the “Life” also demonstrated that intellectual efforts of their mother led to conversions of others to Catholicism, thus making her a Catholic missionary in all but a name.
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Karimi, Sirvan. "From Progressive Radicalism to Democratic Degeneration: The Trajectory of John Locke's Political Theory." International Journal of Law and Public Policy 3, no. 1 (2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijlapp-0301.173.
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As an organic intellectual of the emerging propertied class in 17th century England, John Locke has made an enduring contribution to the prevailing ideas shaping the socio-political order in Western societies and beyond. Through invoking the law of nature and natural rights which were nothing more than what he had abstracted from the socio-economic conditions of the seventeenth century and had projected back into the state of nature, Locke assiduously embarked on justifying the separation of civil society from the state, naturalizing class inequalities identifying the preservation of property as the fundamental function of the state, and rationalizing the subordination of propertyless classes to the emerging liberal democratic political order geared to preserve the interests of economically hegemonic classes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "England – Intellectual life – 17th century"
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Condon, Liam. "John Dunton : print and identity, 1659-1732." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669920.
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Carrington, Charlotte Victoria. "Dissent and identity in seventeenth-century New England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609724.
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Botelho, Lynn Ann. "English housewives in theory and practice, 1500-1640." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4293.
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Women in early modem England were expected to marry, and then to become housewives. Despite the fact that nearly fifty percent of the population was in this position, little is known of the expectations and realities of these English housewives. This thesis examines both the expectations and actual lives of middling sort and gentry women in England between 1500 and 1640.
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Steczowicz, Agnieszka. "'The defence of contraries' : paradox in the late Renaissance disciplnes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f2f93089-60f6-4408-aae9-2b3e595efcdc.
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The aim of this thesis is to examine the meanings and functions of paradox in the late Renaissance. My understanding of Renaissance paradox, in contrast to that of most critics and historians, rests entirely on contemporary definitions of the term, rather than on its present-day meaning. Paradoxes as they are envisaged in this study begin to appear in the wake of the humanist rediscovery and dissemination of Cicero's <i>Paradoxa Stoicorum</i>. In this work, paradoxes are characterized as 'admirabilia contraque opinionem omnium', a definition that draws attention to two important traits of paradox, repeatedly invoked in the Renaissance: its association with wonder, and its opposition to common opinion. This thesis examines the history of classical paradox as it was revived, expanded beyond the narrow confines of Stoic ethics, and adapted to new purposes so successfully that it became a recognisable genre of polemical writing, with hundreds of works in Latin and the vernacular being described as paradoxes. Previous studies of Renaissance paradox have centred almost exclusively on its literary and vernacular manifestations, and on the paradoxical encomium in particular. My own work charts the rise to prominence and the ensuing transformations of paradox in a range of disciplines: rhetoric and ethics, theology, law, medicine, and natural philosophy. I compare the different associations that paradoxes acquire in all these areas, and the argumentative strategies that they deploy. My analysis of specific examples of paradox is informed by the methods of both literary analysis and intellectual history. Paradoxes, I argue, offered their authors the possibility of departing from established norms and of voicing novel views in a period of intellectual unrest. In their challenge to received and common opinion, they paved the way for more radical ideas in the following century, and they have much to tell us about dissident ways of thinking in the late Renaissance.
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Lubbe, Fredericka van der. "Martin Aedler and his High Dutch Minerva (1680)." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1999. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27586.
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This study seeks to disprove the reasons offered by previous scholars for the
emergence of the first German grammar for the English, the High Dutch Minerva (1680),
by considering biographical material on the author of this grammar, Martin Aedler (1643
- 1724), and placing the author and his work in their German and English social context.
It operates on the hypothesis that Aedler, a native of Saxony, published his grammar in
England for the use of the English intellectual lite, but did so essentially to satisfy the
patriotic imperatives of the German intelligentsia; namely, members of the language
societies of pre—national Germany. Previous scholars have hypothesised about the
emergence of the grammar based on English requirement for such a work, but have not
drawn biographical material into their argument, and thus unwittingly ignored evidence
suggesting influence by the language societies, and the desire to legitimate the German
language for a new audience.
This line of argument is conducted by means of the provision of a chapter
considering the general attitudes to language learning and requirement for skills in
German in England, then the interest of German intellectuals in England during the same
period. This leads into a biography of Aedler in his milieu both in England and
Germany. He is shown to have patriotic concerns, a high level of skill in languages and,
above all, is invested in matters which he believes are for the "public good". Aedler's
motive for writing the grammar are next considered: it is established here that while
there is a great deal of evidence supporting an intended English readership, there is also
evidence to suggest that Aedler wrote his work to be able to propagate German abroad,
and to demonstrate it to be an economical and rational language, acceptable to the
English. The following chapter demonstrates how Aedler conducted his defence of the
language in terms of his selection of grammatical theory. The final chapter considers the
reception of the High Dutch Minerva in England and Germany.
This hypothesis is supported by previously unpublished manuscript
correspondence and other documents, archival records, and the High Dutch Minerva
itself.
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Lindsay, Christy. "Reading associations in England and Scotland, c.1760-1830." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfeb9aa2-6917-4356-8d11-b26237c795a5.
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This thesis examines provincial literary culture in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, through the printed and manuscript records of reading associations, the diaries of their members, and a range of other print materials. These book clubs and subscription libraries have often been considered to be polite and sociable institutions, part of the cultural repertoire of a new urban, consumer society. However, this thesis reconsiders reading associations' values and effects through a study of the reading materials they provided, and the reading habits they encouraged; the intellectual and social values which they embodied; and their role in the performance of gender, local and national identities. It questions what politeness meant to associational members, arguing for the importance of morality and order in associational conceptions of propriety, and downplaying their pursuit of structured sociability. This thesis examines how provincial individuals conceived of their relationship to the reading public, arguing that associations provided a tangible link to this abstract national community, whilst also having implications for the 'public' life of localities and families. The thesis also considers how these institutions interacted with enlightenment thought, suggesting that both the associations' reading matter and their philosophies of corporate improvement enabled 'ordinary' men and women to participate in the Enlightenment. It assesses English and Scottish associations, which are usually subjected to separate treatment, arguing that they constituted a shared mechanism of British literary culture in this period. More than simply a 'polite' performance, reading, through associations, was fundamentally linked to status, to citizenship, and to cultural participation.
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Hollewand, Karen Eline. "The banishment of Beverland : sex, Scripture, and scholarship in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3e5a54dc-0664-46eb-8625-de3c480d118c.
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Hadriaan Beverland (1650-1716) was banished from Holland in 1679. Why did this humanist scholar get into so much trouble in the most tolerant part of Europe in the seventeenth century? In an attempt to answer this question, this thesis places Beverland's writings on sex, sin, Scripture, and scholarship in their historical context for the first time. Beverland argued that lust was the original sin and highlighted the importance of sex in human nature, ancient history, and his own society. His works were characterized by his erudite Latin, satirical style, and disregard for traditional genres and hierarchies in early modern scholarship. Dutch theologians disliked his theology and exegesis, and hated his use of erudition to mock their learning, morality, and authority. Beverland's humanist colleagues did not support his studies either, because they believed that drawing attention to the sexual side of the classics threatened the basis of the humanist enterprise. When theologians asked for his arrest and humanist professors left him to his fate, Dutch magistrates were happy to convict Beverland because he had insolently accused the political and economic, as well as the religious and intellectual elite of the Dutch Republic, of hypocrisy. By restricting sex to marriage, in compliance with Reformed doctrine, secular authorities upheld a sexual morality that was unattainable, Beverland argued. He proposed honest discussion of the problem of sex and suggested that greater sexual liberty for the male elite might be the solution. Beverland's crime was to expose the gap between principle and practice in sexual relations in Dutch society, highlighting the hypocrisy of a deeply conflicted elite at a precarious time. His intervention came at the moment when the uneasy balance struck between Reformed orthodoxy, humanist scholarship, economic prosperity, and patrician politics, which had characterized the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, was disintegrating, with unsettling consequences for all concerned. Placing Beverland's fate in this context of change provides a fresh perspective on the intellectual environment of the Republic in the last decades of the seventeenth century.
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Blakemore, Richard Jeffery. "The London & Thames maritime community during the British civil wars, 1640-1649." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607857.
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Johnson, Melissa Ann. "Subordinate saints : women and the founding of Third Church, Boston, 1669-1674." PDXScholar, 2009. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3662.
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Although seventeenth-century New England has been one of the most heavily studied subjects in American history, women's lived experience of Puritan church membership has been incompletely understood. Histories of New England's Puritan churches have often assumed membership to have had universal implications, and studies of New England women either have focused on dissenting women or have neglected women's religious lives altogether despite the centrality of religion to the structure of New England society and culture.
This thesis uses pamphlets, sermons, and church records to demonstrate that women's church membership in Massachusetts's Puritan churches differed from men's because women were prohibited from speaking in church or from voting in church government. Despite the Puritan emphasis on spiritual equality, women experienced a modified form of membership stemming from their subordinate place in the social hierarchy.
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Mitchell, Sarah. "The Kunstkammer object in seventeenth-century Salzburg : a case study, early modern collections, transformation and materiality." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83130.
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The phenomenon of princely and scientific collections that proliferated in Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has become an important focus for modern historical analysis. These collections provide a microcosm of contemporary political, economic and philosophical ideas, often characterized by geographical and cultural differences. The mid-seventeenth century Kunst- and Wunderkammer studied here, instituted by the archbishops of Salzburg, brings forward themes sometimes neglected in the literature. The archbishops' collection was part of broader efforts to reinvent the city of Salzburg as a representation of both sacred and secular authority. Strategies for significant display were derived from religious and imperial ritual, drawing on the potential of objects as signifiers. In this context, I also examine some of the debates within the literature on princely and scientific collections, where the study of wonder and science begins to merge in cross-disciplinary scholarship. Finally, I highlight the role of transformation and materiality in these collections to argue that the act of collecting objects and the act of making were imbricated in the process of self-definition. Within themes of technology and process, I investigate the pursuit of creating Kunstkammer objects, as well as the business of their display and use in diplomacy.
Books on the topic "England – Intellectual life – 17th century"
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Royal Historical Society (Great Britain), ed. Benjamin Worsley (1618-1677): Trade, interest and the spirit in revolutionary England. Boydell Press, 2008.
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1949-, Lund Roger D., ed. The margins of orthodoxy: Heterodox writing and cultural response, 1660-1750. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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The reformation of the landscape: Religion, identity, and memory in early modern Britain and Ireland. Oxford University Press, 2011.
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Exploiting Erasmus: The Erasmian legacy and religious change in early modern England. University of Toronto Press, 2009.
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Managing readers: Printed marginalia in English Renaissance books. University of Michigan Press, 2001.
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L, Subbiondo Joseph, ed. John Wilkins and 17th-century British linguistics. J. Benjamins, 1992.
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Reason, grace, and sentiment: A study of the language of religion and ethics in England, 1660-1780. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
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Guibbory, Achsah. Ceremony and community from Herbert to Milton: Literature, religion, and cultural conflict in seventeenth-century England. Cambridge University Press, 1998.
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Andea, Susana. Din relațiile Transilvaniei cu Moldova și Țara Românească în sec.al XVII-lea. Editura Risoprint, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "England – Intellectual life – 17th century"
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Metcalf, Allan. "Gunpowder Days in England." In The Life of Guy. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190669201.003.0006.
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In addition to the celebrations of Gunpowder Day every November 5, Guy Fawkes appears in 17th-century literature as an arch-villain. Thomas Decker wrote a play in 1611 that encounters Guy in Hell. In 1614 in his play “Bartholomew Faire”; Ben Jonson’s character Lanthorn boasts of his success as a puppeteer with the topic of the Gunpowder Plot. In 1622 young John Milton wrote a 226-line poem in Latin referring to Gunpowder Treason. By 1641, Francis Herring could make Fawkes a son of the devil. The poem “Remember, Remember” reflects the later development of November 5. As the centuries went on, anti-Catholic sentiment in England finally diminished, making Fawkes even more the focus of what often now was called Guy Fawkes Day.
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Thomas, Hugh M. "English Secular Clerics and the Growth of European Intellectual Life in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance." In The Secular Clergy in England, 1066–1216. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702566.003.0010.
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Hillar, Marian. "The Philosophical Legacy of the 16th and 17th Century Socinians." In The Paideia Archive: Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy. Philosophy Documentation Center, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/wcp20-paideia199836622.
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The doctrines of the Socinians represent a rational reaction to a medieval theology based on submission to the Church’s authority. Though they retained Scripture as something supra rationem, the Socinians analyzed it rationally and believed that nothing should be accepted contra rationem. Their social and political thought underwent a significant evolutionary process from a very utopian pacifistic trend condemning participation in war and holding public and judicial office to a moderate and realistic stance based on mutual love, support of the secular power of the state, active participation in social and political life, and the defense of social equality. They spoke out against the enserfment of peasants, and were the first Christians to postulate the separation of Church and state. The spirit of absolute religious freedom expressed in their practice and writings, ‘determined, more or less immediately, all the subsequent revolutions in favor of religious liberty.’(1) The precursor ideas of the Socinians on religious freedom later were expanded, perfected, and popularized by Locke and Pierre Bayle. Locke’s ideas were transplanted to America by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson who implemented them in American legislation. The rationality of the Socinians set the trend for the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment and determined the future development of many modern intellectual endeavors.
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Williams, Thomas. "Anselm’s life, work, and contexts." In Anselm: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192897817.003.0001.
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Abstract Anselm’s work was shaped by a number of contexts: monastic, intellectual, public, and ecclesiastical. Anselm’s fundamental commitment was to the monastic life, formed by prayer, committed to obedience, and expressed in a communal life marked by deep friendship and mutual encouragement. Many of his works were written in response to requests by his fellow monks; his letters of friendship and spiritual counsel are noteworthy for their deep feeling and for their rigorous expectations. For Anselm, the acceptance of ecclesiastical authority affords a monk the freedom to focus wholeheartedly on God; similarly, the acceptance of theological authority sets one free to think about ‘the deep things of God’ with confidence that one’s thinking will not go astray. He therefore made freer and more creative use than his contemporaries of the tools of dialectic—techniques of linguistic analysis and argumentation—that had been revived in the eleventh century. Anselm was happiest when he could be both fully a monk and fully a dialectician, but other responsibilities intruded. He became prior and then abbot of Bec and was ultimately named archbishop of Canterbury by William II. Anselm foresaw that he would have endless conflict with the venal and hot-headed king, but as a matter of obedience to what he saw as a divine call for the welfare of the church in England, he accepted. The demands of obedience proved more difficult still when Anselm was drawn into the English phase of the investiture controversy, a struggle to free the Church from lay control.
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Duke-Evans, Jonathan. "Fair play in pre-industrial Britain." In An English Tradition? Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192859990.003.0006.
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Abstract To recognise obligations of fair play to someone one must accept them as in some sense being of equal status. In England from the later Middle Ages virtually all were entitled to call themselves free; distinctions between nobles and commoners were less important than elsewhere; cooperative institutions flourished in town and countryside. Such habits and institutions allowed the idea of fair play to take root. By the early modern period virtually all English people were entitled to the protection of the common law, and six principles which enshrine procedural fair play had emerged: jury trial, open justice, the presumption of innocence, the right to silence, habeas corpus, and the principle that an Englishman’s home is his castle. It was in the 18th century that a kind of fair play began to permeate the political system. The intellectual roots of fair play in politics go back to the ancient ideas of government by consent and of the mixed constitution, which asserted themselves more effectively when religious conflict subsided in the late 17th century. The Church of England only emerged as a force for (comparative) moderation, and hence fairness, with the rise of the Latitudinarians after 1660. Neither the social system, nor the common law, nor the political system, nor the Church can fully explain the existence of the fair play tradition in England; all were heavily influenced by it, however, and the social structure and common law in particular helped to shape the way in which the tradition was to develop.
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Thornton, Elise. "Learning Greek: The Woman Artist as Autodidact in May Sinclair’s Mary Olivier: A Life." In May Sinclair. Edinburgh University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474415750.003.0003.
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May Sinclair’s reimagining of the late-Victorian poet in Mary Olivier: A Life examines the obstacles facing the artist-heroine in her quest for intellectual freedom, self-definition and artistic autonomy at the turn of the century. Very much constrained by her life at home by her mother, who defends the ideals of the cult of domesticity, Sinclair’s artist-heroine spends the majority of the novel trying to escape the oppressive forces of Victorian society, and Mary specifically challenges many of the period’s patriarchal standards concerning women’s right to an education as well as masculinist definitions of appropriate forms of female creativity. One of the main influences guiding Mary towards her artistic fulfilment is her desire for knowledge, and Sinclair questions the boundaries of acceptable female education in Victorian England by focusing specifically on Mary’s interest in Greek studies—a traditionally masculine subject. Crucially, this essay examines Sinclair’s presentation of Mary’s autodidactism and explores how education influences not only the development of the woman artist, but how it impacts her own understanding of her creative potential as Mary’s theories about language and the translation process shape her burgeoning Imagist style at the turn of the twentieth century.
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Rostow, W. W. "Population and the Stages of Growth." In The Great Population Spike and After. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195116915.003.0006.
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Hamish McRae's The World in 2020 begins its discussion of population with this blunt sentence: "Of all the forces that will change the world over the next generation, demography is probably the most important." 1 agree. After all, men, women, and children determine the demand for things; men and women determine the size of the workforce; and if the supply of goods and services they produce and export is not adequate, people go hungry, lack medical services, and all too often perish too young. The rhythm of human life is such that those who are born now will, by and large, live through the middle of the next century. We owe them some things. However, as this chapter argues, the future is complicated by more than simply the rate of increase of the population. There are those who do not trace the beginning of modern economics to David Hume, Adam Smith, and their colleagues in the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century. They prefer the "Political Arithmeticians"— the statisticians—of the late 17th century, the greatest of whom was William Petty. Petty ranged widely over the field of economics including some wise and subtle reflections on the role of minorities in international trade. In 1695, Gregory King estimated the national accounts of England and Wales as of 1688. He used, essentially, a modern balance-sheet method, demonstrating the relationships between output and expenditure for five sectors of the economy. But it was John Gaunt as early as 1662 who cast the longest shadow on the future with his estimates of death rates in London based on the bills of mortality. His work is the beginning of modem demography. What stirred these late-17th-century inquiries? It was not a precocious academic interest in measuring population and national income; it was a sense that the nations of Europe were emerging from the feudal past and its internal struggles for power into an international arena of hostility and combat. In the following century, Britain and France, for example, were at war for more than 43 years.
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Holland, A. J. "Classification, diagnosis, psychiatric assessment, and needs assessment." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0241.
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The general principles developed during the latter part of the twentieth century and continued into the twenty-first century guiding support for people with intellectual disabilities remain those of social inclusion and the provision of services to enable people to make, as far is possible, their own choices and to participate as full citizens in society. These are articulated in national policy documents, such as the White Paper for England, ‘Valuing people and also at an international level in the UN Declaration on the rights of people with disability. However, given that people with intellectual disabilities represent a highly complex and heterogenous group with very varied needs, in order for such objectives to be achieved, a range of community based support and interagency and inter-disciplinary collaboration is required. It is acknowledged that people with intellectual disabilities experience considerable health inequalities with the presence of additional disabilities due to the presence of physical and sensory impairments and co-morbid physical and mental ill-health, much of which goes unrecognized, and also the occurrence of behaviours that impact on their lives and the lives of those supporting them. In the twenty-first century, few would now challenge the objectives of social inclusion and community support. The tasks for Government and society are to provide special educational support in childhood and also support to the families of children with intellectual disabilities, and the necessary range of services to meet the social and health needs of this diverse group of people in their adult life. This includes enabling adults with intellectual disabilities to gain meaningful support or full employment and to exercise their rights as citizens and to participate fully in society. To achieve such objectives there is a need to be able to characterize the nature and level of need, to establish the presence and significance of co-morbid illnesses and/or challenging behaviours, and to organize and provide support and services to meet such identified needs. This complexity of need has meant that no single ‘label’, such as ‘intellectual disability’, can adequately describe this group of people. What individuals have in common is a difficulty in the acquisition of basic living, educational, and social skills that is apparent early in life, together with evidence of a significant intellectual impairment. However, for some this may be of such severity that, for example, meaningful language is never acquired and there are very substantial care needs. For others, there is the presence of subtle signs of early developmental delay, and evidence of learning difficulties that only becomes clearly apparent at school when there is an expectation that more sophisticated skills will be acquired. The nature and extent of disability and of any functional impairments in general, distinguishing those people with intellectual disabilities from those with specific learning difficulties, such as dyslexia. In infancy and early childhood, the reason for any apparent developmental delay needs to be established. This is primarily the responsibility of paediatric and clinical genetic services. Such information helps parents understand the reasons for their child's difficulties and may guide, in a limited way, an understanding of future needs and potential risks. Later in childhood, the nature and extent of a child's learning difficulties and a statement of special educational needs is the main task and later still, the main focus may be the assessment of longer-term social care needs. Throughout life, there may also be questions about a child's or adult's behaviour or mental state or the nature and extent of physical or sensory impairments and disabilities. The role of assessment is essentially to determine need and to inform the types of intervention and treatments, whether educational, medical, psychological, or social, which are likely to be effective and of benefit to the person concerned. Systems of classification provide useful frameworks for such assessments.
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Jackson, Christine. "Philosopher and Theologian." In Courtier, Scholar, and Man of the Sword. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847225.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
The seventeenth century witnessed significant changes in the content and method of philosophical enquiry in the years between the Renaissance and Enlightenment. Chapter 10 examines Herbert’s principal philosophical and theological works, De veritate, De causis errorum, Religio laici, and De religione gentilium. It examines their purpose, key arguments, and characteristics, the extent of their originality, and their historical and intellectual context and reception. It briefly considers the authorship issues surrounding A dialogue between a tutor and his pupil. It presents Herbert as a serious and respected but controversial philosopher who sought to challenge the revival of scepticism by developing a methodology for assessing true knowledge, subjected both Christian and pagan religions to rational intellectual examination, and advocated the reduction of religion to essential tenets in order to combat religious confusion and conflict. It acknowledges his dependence upon earlier authors but also highlights ways in which he anticipated elements of Enlightenment thinking. It explores Herbert’s religious beliefs during the final two decades of his life, building upon his correspondence with Sir Robert Harley in Chapter 6 and drawing a comparison with George Herbert’s distinctly Elizabethan via media in religion. It emphasizes his commitment to the Church of England and examines his interest in Arminianism and Socinianism and the extent of his religious heterodoxy. It presents Herbert as an independent and liberal religious thinker but rejects claims that he was an early deist or atheist.
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Hodžić, Muamer. "O fenomenu kahve i mjestima gdje se pila u Bosni u 16. i 17. stoljeću." In Kulturno-historijski tokovi u Bosni 15-19. stoljeća. Univerzitet u Sarajevu - Orijentalni institut, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.48116/zb.khb22.165.
Full textAbstract:
ON THE PHENOMENON OF COFFEE AND PLACES WHERE IT WAS PREPARED IN BOSNIA IN THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES The paper follows the chronology and the methods of spreading coffee in the Ottoman Empire, which relatively quickly reached from Yemen to the Hijaz, i.e., Egypt, then to Istanbul, and finally to other cities in the Eyalet of Bosnia. Considering the fact that this was a very important phenomenon, which relatively quickly became a very active and influential social factor, the paper also points out the role of different groups of people in the spread of this drink. Among them, the most important role was played by merchants, students, pilgrims, dervishes, and Ottoman dignitaries, who brought coffee to the places where they performed their duties. All this influenced the adoption of this practice by various classes of society at the time. The paper also discusses the cyclical attitude of the Ottoman ulema and Porte towards coffee, which ranged from disapproval and strict prohi-bition to acceptance and approval, which accompanied the massive expansion of the coffeehouses. In the 17th century, this attitude changed again, after the great fire broke out in Istanbul in 1633, which served as an excuse to re-ban coffee and demolish a large number of coffeehouses, but this situation did not last long.Special attention was paid to the first news about coffee and coffeehouses in several cities in Bosnia. Based on the analysis of the text from Pečewī’s History, where the first coffeehouse in Bosnia was mentioned, it was determined that he actually described a coffeehouse for meeting distinguished people of Ayalet that was within the Pasha’s court in Banja Luka, and not in Sarajevo as was previous-ly thought. In addition to the coffeehouses in Banja Luka, there were also similar places where coffee was prepared in cities like Sarajevo, Foča, and Mostar. The paper draws attention to the fact that the gathering places of people, where they hung out over coffee, were different – the courts of Ottoman dignitaries, houses of city dignitaries, bazaar and mahala cafes, the coffeehouses near fortresses, 181O fenomenu kahve i mjestima gdje se pila u Bosni u 16. i 17. stoljećuhammams, and places in the open air where the army drank coffee while resting during a military campaign.Also, a prominent fact came from the source of that time that coffee and coffee-houses were the reason for intellectual meetings, but also a place where stories from history and oral tradition were told, as well as a place for singing heroic songs with fiddle or traditional music instrument called saz similar to the lute. Keywords: Coffee, coffeehouse, social life, Bosnia, court, guesthouse, bazaar