Relevant bibliographies by topics / England – Social conditions – 18th century

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Academic literature on the topic 'England – Social conditions – 18th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "England – Social conditions – 18th century"

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Hawk, Barry E. "English Competition Law Before 1900." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 3 (2018): 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18781397.

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English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were s
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De Juan, Alexander, and Tim Wegenast. "Temperatures, food riots, and adaptation: A long-term historical analysis of England." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 2 (2019): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319863474.

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A large body of research indicates that environmental conditions can influence the risk of social unrest. However, we know little about how these effects may change in the long run. Are they likely to remain constant or do they change over time – for example as a consequence of human adaptation? To investigate this question, we rely on a disaggregated analysis of England over a period of more than 300 years. Combining data on geo-referenced food riots with reconstructed climate data, we first assess the impact of annual temperatures on social unrest over the period 1500–1817. We then use our l
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Panova, Olga Yu. "“Beholding the Lamb of God”: Jupiter Hammon, the First America’s Black Christian Poet." Literature of the Americas, no. 12 (2022): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2022-12-198-212.

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The role of Christianity as a factor that exerted a decisive influence over African American social and cultural history, is being debated time and again in the course of African American studies. The ambivalent attitude of the 18th –19th century Christian preachers and missionaries to slavery, egalitarian tendencies that combined with the idea of humility and resignation, led to contradictions and controversy in the evaluation of the role Christianity played in Afroamerica. The case of Jupiter Hammon (1711 –1806?), a preacher and the first Black Christian poet in America, illustrates the emer
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Korporowicz, Łukasz Jan. "Wykładowcy prawa rzymskiego w Oksfordzie i w Cambridge w XVIII wieku." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 15, no. 2 (2017): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1273.

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The article contains characteristics of the fourteen professors who gained their appointment to the Regius Chair of Civil Law in Oxford and Cambridge in the 18th century. Their academic careers as well as their many out-of-academia duties are described in the article. The analyses of the collected materials allowed the author to assert that the condition of teaching Roman law in the 18th-century England resembled the general crises of the university education in England in the aforementioned epoch. For most of the lecturers the academic posts were more or less sinecures that provided a social
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Nugroho, Dwi Adi. "The Social Classes and Reflection of 18th Century Life in Novel Pamela." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 1, no. 3 (2018): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v1i3.5027.

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In social life there are always rules, norms and values that organize the behavior or patterns of society. Yet some members of society cannot fulfill the rights and responsibilities in accordance with the norms and rules. Unequal rights and obligations in social life is the reason why there are social classes in society. It means that the people who have wealth and someone who can carry out many rights and obligations will be in the upper classes and those one with little or even no rights and responsibilities will be grouped in the lower classes. This research therefore aims to explain the ph
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DAVISON, KATE. "OCCASIONAL POLITENESS AND GENTLEMEN'S LAUGHTER IN 18th C ENGLAND." Historical Journal 57, no. 4 (2014): 921–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000302.

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ABSTRACTThis article considers the intersection between polite manners and company in eighteenth-century England. Through the laughter of gentlemen, it makes a case for a concept of occasional politeness, which is intended to emphasize that polite comportment was only necessary on certain occasions. In particular, it was the level of familiarity shared by a company that determined what was considered appropriate. There was unease with laughter in polite sociability, yet contemporaries understood that polite prudence could be waived when men met together in friendly homosocial encounters. In th
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Molnar, Aleksandar. "The light of freedom in the age of enlightenment (2): England and France." Filozofija i drustvo 22, no. 2 (2011): 129–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1102129m.

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Although the philosophy (as well as the whole movement) of Enlightenment was born in the Netherlands and England in the late 17th and early 18th century, there were considerable problems in defying the freedom. By the mid 18th century, under the influence of ?national mercantilism? (Max Weber), the freedom was perceived in more and more collective terms, giving bith to the political option of national liberalism. That is why in the second half of 18th century this two countries have been progresively loosing importance for the movement of Enlightenment and two new countries emerged at its lead
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Dodsworth, Francis Martin. "Habit, the Criminal Body and the Body Politic in England, c. 1700–1800." Body & Society 19, no. 2-3 (2013): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x12474476.

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This article explores the role that ‘habit’ played in discourses on crime in the 18th century, a subject which forms an important part of the history of ‘the social’. It seeks to bridge the division between ‘liberal’ positions which see crime as a product of social circumstance, and the conservative position which stresses the role of will and individual responsibility, by drawing attention to the role habit played in uniting these conceptions in the 18th century. It argues that the Lockean idea that the mind was a tabula rasa, and that the character was thereby formed through impression and h
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Dekker, Rudolf. "Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (1990): 377–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000010051.

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SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to t
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Wang, Yilin. "The Revelation of Social Reality in the Poetry of William Blake." BCP Education & Psychology 7 (November 7, 2022): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v7i.2693.

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As one of the most outstanding representatives of the Pre-Romanticism poet in the 18th century English literature, William Blake lived through and witnessed an era of great political and social upheaval and transitional period: the American War of Independence, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution which brought significant and essential impact on social and historical progress in England. Coming from the social injustices and the coverage of the dark side of industrial England, Blake caught the pulse of his times through his sharp and deep insight, condemned the oppression and
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "England – Social conditions – 18th century"

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Nitcholas, Mark C. "The Evolution of Gentility in Eighteenth-Century England and Colonial Virginia." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2000. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2617/.

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This study analyzes the impact of eighteenth-century commercialization on the evolution of the English and southern American landed classes with regard to three genteel leadership qualities--education, vocation, and personal characteristics. A simultaneous comparison provides a clearer view of how each adapted, or failed to adapt, to the social and economic change of the period. The analysis demonstrates that the English gentry did not lose a class struggle with the commercial ranks as much as they were overwhelmed by economic changes they could not understand. The southern landed class establ
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Allen, Katherine June. "Manuscript recipe collections and elite domestic medicine in eighteenth century England." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7c96c4db-2d18-4cff-bedc-f80558d57322.

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Collecting recipes was an established tradition that continued in elite English households throughout the eighteenth century. This thesis is on medical recipes and advice, and it addresses the evolution of recipe collecting from the seventeenth century and throughout the eighteenth century. It investigates elite domestic medicine within a cultural history of medicine framework and uses social and material history approaches to reveal why elites continued to collect medical recipes, given the commercialisation of medicine. This thesis contends that the meaning of domestic medicine must be under
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Baigent, Elizabeth. "Bristol society in the later eighteenth century with special reference to the handling by computer of fragmentary historical sources." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1c29c607-abe8-486b-9694-e11682413a3a.

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There has been little interest in eighteenth century urban history in England and particularly in the significance of patterns of urban social structure during the transition from a traditional to a modern society. One reason for this is the intractable and fragmentary nature of the sources for this precensus period. In this study three types of source, a town directory, a Parliamentary Poll Book and the city rate and national tax returns for Bristol in 1774/5, were collated using nominal record linkage techniques to give a body of information which covered 80% of the city's heads of househol
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Underwood, Scott V. "A revolutionary atmosphere : England in the aftermath of the French revolution." Virtual Press, 1990. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/722223.

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This study is a cross-examination of the theory of revolution and the historical view of English society and politics in the late eighteenth century. Historical research focused upon the most respected (if not the most recent) works containing theory and information about the effects of the French Revolution on English society and politics. Research into the theory of revolution was basically a selection process whereby a few of the most extensive and reasonable theories were chosen for use.The cross-study of the two fields revealed that, although historians view it as politically conservative
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Northrop, Chloe Aubra. "Fashioning Society in Eighteenth-century British Jamaica." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822729/.

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White women who inhabited the West Indies in the eighteenth century fascinated the metropole. In popular prints, novels, and serial publications, these women appeared to stray from “proper” British societal norms. Inhabiting a space dominated by a tropical climate and the presence of a large enslaved African population opened white women to censure. Almost from the moment of colonial encounter, they were perceived not as proper British women but as an imperial “other,” inhabiting a middle space between the ideal woman and the supposed indigenous “savage.” Furthermore, white women seemed to be
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Dwyer, John. "Virtuous discourse : sensibility and community in late eighteenth-century Scotland." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25786.

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This study explores the moral characteristics of late eighteenth-century Scottish culture in order to ascertain both its specific nature and its contribution to modern consciousness. It argues that, while the language of moral discourse in that socio-economic environment remained in large part traditional, containing aspects from both neo-Stoicism and classical humanism, it also incorporated and helped to develop an explicitly modern conceptual network. The language of sensibility as discussed by Adam Smith and adapted by practical Scottish moralists, played a key role in the Scottish assessme
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Lindsay, Christy. "Reading associations in England and Scotland, c.1760-1830." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cfeb9aa2-6917-4356-8d11-b26237c795a5.

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This thesis examines provincial literary culture in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, through the printed and manuscript records of reading associations, the diaries of their members, and a range of other print materials. These book clubs and subscription libraries have often been considered to be polite and sociable institutions, part of the cultural repertoire of a new urban, consumer society. However, this thesis reconsiders reading associations' values and effects through a study of the reading materials they provided, and the reading habits they encouraged; the intellectua
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Bethune, Kate. "British politeness and elite culture in revolutionary and early national Philadelphia, c.1775-1800." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609079.

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Tsakiropoulou, Ioanna Zoe. "The piety and charity of London's female elite, c.1580-1630 : the wives and widows of the aldermen of the City of London." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1b933cc5-905a-4be0-b10b-a20aec49997a.

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Why was an ideal of elite women's virtue promoted in London c. 1580-1630, and why was it based on their reformed piety and charity? To what extent can elite women's piety and charity reveal their religious identity, among an elite characterised as 'puritan' by contemporaries and historians? How did women practise piety and charity in a worldly City, and did they share a civic ethos? This thesis engages with historiographies of urban history, the history of charity and hospitality, and gender history. It concerns over 400 wives and widows of the 331 aldermen elected 1540-1630, and uses 78 widow
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Davie, Neil A. J. "Custom and conflict in a Wealden village : Pluckley 1550-1700." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a39fbf1a-88ce-4ba3-a53a-d649587c4a6d.

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This thesis aims to determine the relationship between demographic/socio-economic and cultural change in an early modern English village. The village of Pluckley in the Weald of Kent was chosen for the richness of surviving documentation both at a regional and a parochial level. This has enabled Pluckley's experience over the 150-year period after 1550 to be located in the context of regional developments, thus permitting a fuller appreciation of the significance of such micro-history to the national life of the period. Pluckley's geographical location on the boundary between scarpland and wea
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Books on the topic "England – Social conditions – 18th century"

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Daily life in 18th-century England. Greenwood Press, 1999.

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Porter, Roy. English society in the eighteenth century. Penguin, 2001.

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Roy, Porter. English society in the eighteenth century. Penguin, 1991.

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English society in the eighteenth century. Penguin Books, 1990.

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Riotous assemblies: Popular protest in Hanoverian England. Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Women in England 1760-1914: A social history. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

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The labouring classes in early industrial England, 1750-1850. Longman, 1986.

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A great and monstrous thing: London in the eighteenth century. Harvard University Press, 2013.

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W, Purdue A., ed. The civilisation of the crowd: Popular culture in England, 1750-1900. Schocken Books, 1985.

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Linebaugh, Peter. The London Hanged: Crime and civil society in the eighteenth century. A. Lane the Penguin Press, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "England – Social conditions – 18th century"

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Ulukütük, Mehmet. "Scientific Paradigm Shifts and Curriculum: Experiences in the Transition to Social Constructivist Education in Turkey and Singapore." In Educational Theory in the 21st Century. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9640-4_2.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between changes in the scientific paradigm and curriculum after 2000 in Turkey and Singapore as case countries that experienced the transition to social constructivist education. This chapter explores the following questions: Can the traces of paradigm shifts be seen in the curricula? What was the education curriculum like in Turkey and Singapore before 2000? Have any changes occurred in the curricula in Turkey and Singapore after 2000? If any apparent changes have occurred in the curricula, how can they be explained through the relationship with the science-knowledge paradigm shift? After 2000, Singapore and Turkey were observed to have adopted the contextual and subjectivist paradigm, which changes based on idiosyncratic conditions, rather than the objectivist science-knowledge paradigm based on the positivist paradigm. Since 2000, Turkey has started to apply the constructivist paradigm in its education system after trying out various education approaches. Likewise, Singapore started to search for a new paradigm following its independence from England in 1959 and separation from Malesia in 1965. Even though the change in Turkey’s curriculum after the 2000s indicates positivism to be questioned, the realist ontology and objectivist approach to knowledge have apparently not been put behind. In the case of Singapore, the constructivism that had evolved over time emerged in the curriculum, not the relativist and anti-realist constructivism. Singapore’s success compared to Turkey’s is debatable; nevertheless, Singapore’s performance on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is noteworthy.
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Cropf, Robert A. "The Virtual Public Sphere." In Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch206.

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The public sphere does not exist and operate in the same way everywhere. Every country is different with regard to its own economic, social, political, and cultural characteristics and relations; therefore, each country’s public sphere has its own roots which grow and develop within a unique set of conditions and circumstances. As a result, the impact of information technology (IT) on a public sphere will also vary considerably from one country to another. According to the German social theorist, Jürgen Habermas (1989,1996), the public sphere serves as a social “space,” which is separate from the private sphere of family relations, the commercial sphere of business and commerce, and the governmental sphere, which is dominated by the activities of the state. Its importance is that it contributes to the strengthening of democracy by, in effect, serving as a forum for reasoned discussion about politics and civic affairs. Furthermore, Habermas regards the public sphere as embodying such core liberal beliefs as individual rights, that is, the freedoms of speech, press, assembly and communication, and “privacy rights” (Cohen & Arato 1992, p. 211), which he thought were needed to ensure society’s autonomy from the state. Thus, for the purposes of this article, public sphere is defined as a “territory” of social relations that exist outside of the roles, duties, and constraints established by government, the marketplace, and kinship ties. Habermas’ conception of the public sphere is both a historical description and an ideal type. Historically, what Habermas refers to as the bourgeois public sphere emerged from the 18th century Enlightenment in Europe, for example, England and France, as well as early America, and which went into decline in the 19th century as a result of the increasing domination of the mass media, which transformed a reading public that debated matters of culture into disengaged consumers (Keane, 1998, p. 160). Along the way, active deliberation and participation were replaced by passive consumption of mass culture. As an ideal type, however, the public sphere represents an arena, absent of class and other social distinctions, in which private citizens can engage in critical deliberation and reasoned dialogue about important matters regarding politics and culture. The emergence of IT, particularly in the form of computer networks, as a progressive social force coincides with the apex of mass media’s domination of the public sphere in liberal democracies. Since the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the early 1990s, various observers have touted IT’s potential to strengthen democratic institutions (e.g., Barber 2003; Becker & Slaton, 2000; Benkler, 2006; Cleveland, 1985; Cropf & Casaregola, 1998; Davis, Elin, & Reeher, 2002). The WWW, it is thought, provides citizens with numerous opportunities to engage in the political process as well as to take a more active role in the governance process. Benkler (2006), for example, asserts the WWW encourages a more open, participatory, and activist approach because it enables users to communicate directly with potentially many other users in a way that is outside the control of the media owners and is less corruptible by money than are the mass media (p. 11). Fulfilling the promise of the virtual public sphere, however, depends on political will; governments must commit the resources needed to facilitate public access to the technology and remove legal and economic barriers to the free flow of information inside and outside national boundaries.
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Köroğlu, Muhammet Ali, and Cemile Zehra Köroğlu. "Information Technologies and Social Change." In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch409.

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There are turning points in human history changed the destiny of humanity: Representing the transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture, Agricultural Revolution or the Neolithic Revolution. French Revolution that took place in 18th century and the Industrial Revolution providing the transition from the agricultural economy to industrial economy. From 19th century, Information Revolution, the whole world has experienced the effects of it in varying degrees. Information Science and technologies have become areas that their communities give the greatest importance for them and they make maximum investments to them in the globalized world conditions. As Daniel Bell describes, Industrial society left its place to Post-industrial society which is an Information society in a sense.
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Ershov, Bogdan, and Natalia Muhina. "Factors of Political Development of Russia From the 10th to the 18th Centuries." In Political, Economic, and Social Factors Affecting the Development of Russian Statehood. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9985-2.ch001.

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The chapter deals with the formation and development of Russian statehood from the 10th to the 18th centuries. It was at this time that domestic statehood was formed in very peculiar conditions. The following factors greatly influenced the specifics of Russian statehood: peasant, national, geopolitical, modernization. Throughout its history, Russia has gone through five major periods of state development: the Old Russian state, Muscovy, the Russian Empire, the Soviet state, and the Russian Federation. The process of Russian statehood was birthed in the ancient Russian state, which arose in the middle of the 9th century with its center in Kiev and existed until the middle of the 15th century. This period was marked by the approval of the basic principles of statehood in Russia, the merging of its northern and southern centers, and the growth of the military-political and international influence of the state.
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Poór, Judit, and Éva Tóth. "The Viti-viniculture Sector of the Festetics Estate at the Beginning of the 19th Century." In Economic and Social Changes: Historical Facts, Analyses and Interpretations. Working Group of Economic and Social History, Regional Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Pécs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/seshst-01-10.

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At the end of the 18th century, only 3-4 % of the cultivated area was covered with vineyards. However, the importance of viticulture was not proportionate with the extent of its territorial size - due to the poor public health conditions, most of the waters were non-drinkable, so people usually drunk wines with a 4-5 % alcohol content. The wine production was 13-17 million hectoliters in the first third of the 19th century. During this period, several large estates switched from the former taxation approach to income-oriented market production, in which winemaking played a key role, as it had been an important vital market product before. According to Kaposi, lordships’ cellar economy of lordships was engaged in the storage and treatment operations of wine community customs duty, ninth wine, the supply of wine to inns and public houses, and other wine sales.1 In our study, we examined the most important characteristics of the viticulture and wine sector of the Keszthely-based Festetics estate in the period between 1785-1807, both in terms of production and profitability. We concluded that the share of income from wine within the total income decreased at the beginning of the 1800s, besides high production fluctuation characterized the production of lordships as well as production of the estate; however, the production of the lordships could compensate each other to confirm the diversified production in space.
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Brown, Hilary. "Conditions for Translation." In Women and Early Modern Cultures of Translation. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844347.003.0003.

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Abstract This chapter examines the circumstances which enabled women to produce translations and seeks to ascertain how far these circumstances were different for men and women. It begins by questioning the traditional idea of the translatress as subordinate woman who can access translation more easily than other intellectual pursuits and often translates in the service of a father, brother, or husband. Recent research on England suggests that there was not a fine distinction between women’s literary work and men’s literary work in this period and that women and men often produced translations within the same settings and networks. At first glance, it may seem that women in the German states had fewer opportunities to engage in literary pursuits in this way and were indeed more likely to fit the ‘subordinate woman’ model. However, by the seventeenth century increasing numbers were able and encouraged to engage in intellectual activities alongside men. Exposure to education and involvement in literary societies often appears to have been a matter of social class rather than gender. Finally, it is striking that many of their translations were produced in collaboration with others, affording them agency through a form of authorship which was common and valued at the time. There appears to have been a particularly distinctive culture of collaboration in Germany, but hints in the literature suggest collaborative practices were widespread across Europe and need to be explored further if we are properly to understand the circumstances in which women translators worked.
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Squires, Kirsty E. "Come Rain or Shine? The Social Implications of Seasonality and Weather on the Cremation Rite in Early Anglo-Saxon England." In Cremation and the Archaeology of Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798118.003.0022.

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Limited information is available pertaining to the weather and seasonal conditions of early Anglo-Saxon England. Environmental evidence and documentary sources indicate a downturn in climatic conditions from the fifth though to the early seventh century (Lamb 1981: 57–61; Carver 1989: 142; Dark 2000: 27–8; Hooke 2011: 315–16). This period was dominated by wet and cold conditions, which is in stark contrast to the preceding warmer and drier climate of Roman Britain (Dark 2000: 27). Documentary records from the Continent, dating from the fifth to the ninth century, reference several severe winters which seem to have increased in severity from the fifth through to the seventh century (Brooks 1949: 310–11). A particularly wet and cold year would have decreased agricultural output and made food storage extremely difficult (Koepke and Baten 2005: 147). These factors would have resulted in seasonal scarcities and, in the most severe of cases, famine would have ensued resulting in increased mortality rates. Environmental catastrophes would have also had a similar effect on human populations. The starkest example from this period has been dated to AD 536. It is thought that volcanic eruptions or extraterrestrial impacts from meteorites or comets led to environmental and socio-economic crises, particularly in Scandinavia (Gräslund and Price 2012: 431). Dendrochronology and literary sources provide evidence for lower temperatures, increased rainfall, and famine subsequent to this event, whilst social changes, such as the migration of villages to higher ground due to rising water levels and the adoption of new ideologies and funerary rites, have been associated with this environmental disaster (ibid.: 430, 432, 437–8). Seasonality also has an impact on health and disease. In unfavourable weather conditions and freezing temperatures, people are more inclined to spend longer periods of time indoors during the winter months (Roberts and Cox 2003: 37). In addition to the effects of the cold and wet conditions, increased time indoors can contribute to respiratory infections, such as influenza, the common cold, and sinusitis (ibid.: 37, 173). These conditions would have been made worse in early medieval homes due to indoor pollution from hearths and poor ventilation of these buildings.
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Bennett, Michael. "From front-line defence to back‑foot retreat: the diminishment of local government’s role in social health outcomes." In Local Authorities and the Social Determinants of Health. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447356233.003.0019.

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This chapter investigates the diminishment of local government's role in social health outcomes. The 20th century led to radical improvements in public health across England and the United Kingdom (UK). Modern local government in the UK was born out of a growing concern about the links between social conditions and the state of public health. Yet while 'social determinants of health' has become a global discipline, local government has ceded its role over the last decade as its capacity has withered during the time of austerity. The COVID-19 crisis of 2020 has shown the capacity of local government to mobilise anew around public health issues, but its fundamental fiscal and constitutional weaknesses show that a new settlement is needed more than ever.
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Cała, Alina. "The Question of the Assimilation of Jews in the Polish Kingdom (1864-1897): An Interpretive Essay." In Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 1. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113171.003.0011.

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This chapter explores the question of the assimilation of Jews in the Kingdom of Poland. What had in fact occurred to 19th-century Polish Jewry? Firstly, the idea developed that its social structure was abnormal. The demand to reform this, understood as calling for changes in economic and political status, had been aired already in the 18th century. Such ideas were strengthened in the 19th century, both in the minds of Poles and some Jews, so that in the wake of the January rising this problem was raised together with the necessity for the Polish caste system to be destroyed. By the end of the century, the specific features of Jewish assimilation in the Polish Kingdom took on quite different forms from those the assimilationist programme itself had assumed. In the 19th century, Jewish assimilation occurred on a widespread scale throughout Europe. The movement generated its own ideology and a large body of literature. In the Congress Kingdom, this ideology was promoted primarily by publicists. In post-insurrectionary conditions in Poland, it was forced to adopt too the role of a quasi-political current.
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10

Swyngedouw, Erik. "Hybrid Waters: On Water,Nature, and Society." In Social Power and the Urbanization of Water. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233916.003.0012.

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In recent years, we have become increasingly aware of the importance of water as a critical good, and questions of water supply, access, and management, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, have become key issues (Gleick 1993; Postel 1992; Stauffer 1998). The proliferating commodification and privatization of water management systems; the combination of Global Environmental Change with increased demands from cities, agriculture, and industry for reasonably clean water; the inadequate access of almost a billion people on the planet to clean water (over half of whom live in large urban centres); the proliferating geopolitical struggle over the control of river basins; the popular resistance against the construction of new megadams; the political struggles around water privatization projects; and many other issues; have brought water politics to the foreground of national and international agendas (Shiklomanov 1990; 1997; Herrington 1996; Roy 2001). In the twentieth century, water scarcity was seen as a problem primarily affecting developing societies (Anton 1993). However, at the turn of the new century, water problems are becoming increasingly globalized. In Europe, the area bordering the Mediterranean, notably Spain, southern Italy, and Greece, is arguably the location in which the water crisis has become most acute, both in quantitative and qualitative terms (Batisse and Gernon 1989; Margat 1992; Swyngedouw 1996a). However, northern European countries, such as the UK, Belgium, and France, have also seen increasing problems with water supply, water management, and water control (Haughton 1996), while transitional societies in eastern Europe are faced with mounting water supply problems (Thomas and Howlett 1993). The Yorkshire drought in England, for example, or the Walloon/Flemish dispute over water rights are illuminating examples of the intensifying conflict that surrounds water issues (Bakker 1999). Cities in the global South and the global North alike are suffering from a deterioration in their water supply infrastructure and in their environmental and social conditions in general (Lorrain 1995; Brockerhoff and Brennan 1998). Up to 50% of urban residents in the developing world’s megacities have no easy access to reasonably clean and affordable water. The myriad socioenvironmental problems associated with deficient water supply conditions threaten urban sustainability, social cohesion, and, most disturbingly, the livelihoods of millions of people (Niemczynowicz 1991).
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Conference papers on the topic "England – Social conditions – 18th century"

1

Panova, Elizaveta. "Word-image interaction in the treatise “Voyage en Siberie”." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.14163p.

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“Voyage en Siberie” describes a journey through Russia carried out by Jean Chappe d'Auteroche to observe the passage of Venus across the Sun. Besides the description of this phenomenon the book contains the author’s travel notes and study of the Russian political, historical, geographic and military conditions in the middle of the 18th century. “Voyage en Siberie” was accompanied by the cycle of illustrations performed by Jean-Baptiste Le Prince. As these works were among the first examples of the costume images on the Russian subject, they became crucial in the career of the artist who is con
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2

Panova, Elizaveta. "Word-image interaction in the treatise “Voyage en Siberie”." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.14163p.

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Abstract:
“Voyage en Siberie” describes a journey through Russia carried out by Jean Chappe d'Auteroche to observe the passage of Venus across the Sun. Besides the description of this phenomenon the book contains the author’s travel notes and study of the Russian political, historical, geographic and military conditions in the middle of the 18th century. “Voyage en Siberie” was accompanied by the cycle of illustrations performed by Jean-Baptiste Le Prince. As these works were among the first examples of the costume images on the Russian subject, they became crucial in the career of the artist who is con
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