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Journal articles on the topic 'English adverb'
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Swan, Toril. "From Manner to Subject Modification: Adverbialization in English." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 20, no. 2 (December 1997): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500004108.
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The paper discusses the process of adverbialization in English, focusing on one type of adverb, subject-modifier adverbs such as sadly, thoughtfully and pinkly. It is also shown that the -ly suffix in English (unlike its cognates in the other Germanic languages) has become an extremely versatile adverb suffix. Finally, it is argued that in English, the manner adverb category is prototypical, whereas other adverb types, notably subject-modifier adverbs, are less central adverbs.
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Tagliamonte, Sali A. "Near done; awful stable; really changing." Diachronica 35, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 107–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.16027.tag.
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Abstract This paper examines adverb formation with -ly, e.g., slow/slowly, and uses a large archive of synchronic dialects to uncover the current state and historical trajectory of this process. The results reveal that English adverbs are a variegated system. The intensifying adverb really is a frequent form while sentential adverbs appear to be a newer layer in the system. In contrast, manner adverbs are constrained by the semantic interpretation of the adverb as abstract or concrete. These results expose the complexity of the English adverb system and demonstrate that adverb formation is an ideal site for uncovering historical processes in synchronic data.
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Donner, Morton. "Adverb form in Middle English." English Studies 72, no. 1 (February 1991): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138389108598729.
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Azizah, Indah Nur, Wahya Wahya, and Susi Machdalena. "Exploring the Use of Adverb ‘Literally’ in Corpus of Contemporary American English." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.10.2.2020.250-262.
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ABSTRACTThis research aims to describe the use of adverb literally by a native speaker. It is qualitative descriptive research. The main source of this research is the data from one of the online corpora, namely Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). There are three steps used in this research, namely the data collection, the data analysis, and the display of the analysis of the results. Based on the data from COCA, this research tries to describe the frequency of the use of adverb literally in COCA and how the adverb is used in the sentence by knowing the particle that follows it. Theories used in this research are the theory of adverb by Pichler (2016) which is supported by the theory by Murphy (1993) and the types of an adverb by Frank (1972). The result shows that the frequency of use of the word literally in COCA amounted to 39.109 contained in the range of 1990 to 2019. The adverb is mostly used in the context of spoken language which is 8.339. The collocation and the concordance lines in COCA are used to find out the particle that follows the adverb literally. The collocation in this research is divided into three classes of words, namely verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Based on the concordance lines of adverbs in COCA, we can know that the adverb does not have the same position in the sentence. The position of adverb literally can change based on the context of the sentence.
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Zhang, Jing Yan, and Long Hong. "Quantification Research on the Fuzzy Semantics of English Adverbs Based on MMTD." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1308.
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Natural language processing is an important subject in the field of artificial intelligence; one of the key issues is the quantification research on the fuzzy semantics, and the fuzziness of natural language is mostly reflected on the adverbs. This paper presented one new method to quantify the English adverbs. After briefly introducing the Medium Logic (ML) and Measure of Medium Truth Degree (MMTD), commendatory and derogatory were qualitatively described with logical predicates C and C respectively; the truth degree related to C or C of an adverb could be quantitatively calculated by the model proposed based on the existed research achievement of linguistics in this paper. The given computing of frequency adverb and degree adverb shows that above methods to process fuzzy semantics of adverbs is effective.
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GONZÁLEZ-DÍAZ, VICTORINA. "Recent developments in English intensifiers: the case ofvery much." English Language and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (July 2008): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674308002608.
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The nature and behaviour of complex and compound adverbs (e.g.very much,heretofore,anyway) has not received much scholarly attention in recent years. In the case ofvery much, for instance, recent literature (e.g. Dixon 2005) considers it a clause-internal adverb which typically modifies phrasal constituents (e.g.I liked the present very much;very much alive). The latter claim, however, appears to clash with previous observations (cf. Bolinger 1972) on the growing scope of the adverb in Present-day English. Through a corpus-based diachronic study (1500–present day), the present article unearths a number of environments wherevery muchdoes not seem to fit neatly within the functional classifications that it has been assigned to in recent literature and standard grammars of English. It suggests that, from the Late Modern English period onwards (1800–),very muchseems to have been developing sentence modifier functions, hence moving along Traugott's (1995)Internal Adverb > Sentence Adverb > Discourse Particlecline.
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Waters, Cathleen. "Transatlantic variation in English adverb placement." Language Variation and Change 25, no. 2 (July 2013): 179–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394513000082.
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AbstractThis study examines the placement of an adverb with respect to a modal or perfect auxiliary in English (e.g., It might potentially escape / It potentially might escape). The data are drawn from two large, socially stratified corpora of vernacular English (Toronto, Canada, and York, England) and thus allow a cross-dialect perspective on linguistic and social correlates. Using quantitative sociolinguistic methods, I demonstrate similarity in the varieties, with the postauxiliary position generally strongly favored. Of particular importance is the structure of the auxiliary phrase; when a modal is followed by the perfect auxiliary (e.g., It might have escaped), the rates of preauxiliary adverb placement are considerably higher. As the variation is chiefly correlated with linguistic, rather than social factors, I apply recent proposals from Generative syntax to further understand the grammar of the phenomenon. However, the evidence suggests that the variability seen here is a result of postsyntactic, rather than syntactic, processes.
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Pounder, Amanda V. "Adverb-marking in German and English." Diachronica 18, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 301–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18.2.05pou.
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Summary Beginning with the observations that strategies for adverb-marking are very different in English and German, and that the respective histories of adverb-marking in these two languages ran parallel for considerable time, this paper endeavours to establish the chronological and systemic points of their divergence. An additional focus of the paper is the role of language standardization in the development of the system in both languages. It is concluded that perhaps the most crucial systemic factor in the decline of lich-suffixation as an adverb-marker in German is the very broad functional domain of lich-suffixation; this situation contrasts strongly with that of ly-suffixation in English. The standardization of the adjective-inflection system leading to a substitute strategy for adverb-marking is not a direct consequence of the decline of lich-affixation in adverb derivation, but does interact with it. In English, patterns of adverb-marking in different syntactic contexts show considerable diachronic differentiation; where large-scale variation is still observable by the time that prescriptive language control makes itself felt, increasing pressure is put upon the selection of conversion in adverb-formation. Résumé Partant de l’observation que les stratégies d’indication morphologique de la fonction adverbiale sont très différentes en anglais et en allemand, alors que l’histoire de la formation adverbiale dans ces deux langues s’est pourtant déroulée longtemps en parallèle, cet article tente d’établir les points de départ chronologique et systémique des divergences de ces stratégies. Nous nous penchons aussi sur le rôle qu’a joué la standardisation dans le développement du système de formation adverbiale dans les deux langues. Nous concluons que le facteur le plus important dans le déclin de la suffixation de lich en tant que signal de la fonction adverbiale en allemand réside dans le domaine fonctionnel très large de la suffixation de lich; cette situation présente un contraste significatif avec celle de l’anglais, où le domaine productif de ly se révèle plutôt restreint. La standardisation du système flexionnel de l’adjectif en allemand, qui sert à appuyer la conversion en tant que moyen morphologique pour signaler la fonction adverbiale, n’est pas directement suivie du déclin de l’affixation de lich dans le domaine adverbial, mais y joue un rôle. En anglais, on observe que le choix entre la conversion et la suffixation dépend en partie de l’environnement syntaxique; là où se manifeste encore de la variation à l’époque de la grammaire prescriptive, on peut constater l’intensification de la pression sur la conversion en tant que procédé morphologique. Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich sind die Strategien der Adverbmarkierung im Englischen und im Deutschen sehr verschieden; interessanterweise aber liefen die jeweiligen Entwicklungen der Adverbbildung lange Zeit parallel. Der vorliegende Aufsatz stellt einen Versuch dar, die zeitlichen und systemischen Ansatzpunkte des Auseinandergehens dieser Strategien festzulegen. Darüber hinaus untersuchen wir die Rolle der Standardisierung in der Geschichte der Adverbbildung. Wir schlagen vor, daß das wichtigste Moment beim Untergang der lich-Suffigierung als Signal der Adverbialfunktion im Deutschen im sehr breiten Funktionalbereich dieses Prozesses liegt; hierdurch unterscheidet sich die Situation im Deutschen stark von der im Englischen herrschenden. Die Standardisierung des Adjektivflektionssystems, die die Konversion als Strategie der Adverbmarkierung unterstützt, folgt nicht direkt aus der Abnahme der lich-Affigierung in der Adverbbildung, ist wohl aber damit verbunden. Im Englischen ist die Wahl zwischen lich-Suffigierung und Konversion zum Teil von der syntaktischen Umgebung abhängig; dort, wo es zur Zeit der präskriptiv arbeitenden Grammatiker noch auffallend Variation gibt, wird auf die Wahl der Konversion als Adverbbildungsmittel zunehmend Druck ausgeübt.
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White, Lydia. "Adverb placement in second language acquisition: some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 7, no. 2 (June 1991): 133–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839100700205.
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This paper focuses on a parametric difference between French and English, namely the issue of whether or not the language allows verb movement. The lack of verb-raising in English causes a potential learnability problem for francophones, as far as English adverb placement is concerned. In particular, an adverb in English is not allowed to interrupt a verb and its direct object, in contrast to French. It is argued in this paper that form-focused classroom instruction, including negative evidence, is more effective in helping L2 learners to arrive at the appropriate properties of English than positive input alone. An experimental study on the effectiveness of teaching adverb placement was conducted with I 1 and 12 year-old francophone learners of English. One group (n = 82) was explicitly instructed on adverb placement, and another on ques tion formation (n = 56). Subjects were tested on a variety of tasks relating to adverb placement; they were pretested, and post-tested twice, immediately after the instructional period, and again five weeks later. Some of the subjects were followed up a year after the original testing. Results show significant differences between the two groups: only the group that received positive and negative evidence that was specifically oriented towards adverb placement came to know that adverbs may not interrupt the verb and object. The results from the follow up, however, suggest that this knowledge is not retained in the long-term.
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Kemp, Lois. "English Evidential –ly Adverbs in Main Clauses: A Functional Approach." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0036.
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Abstract The present paper examines the distribution of English evidential -ly adverb in the scopal hierarchical framework that was presented by Hengeveld and Dall’Aglio Hattnher (2015) in their results of work on Brazilian grammatical evidentials. The analysis will constitute the categorization of eleven English evidential -ly adverb. The results will determine whether the analysis supports Hengeveld and Dall’Aglio Hattnher’s (2015) conclusion that evidential items with multiple meanings occur in adjacent positions within an FDG Level, and that they can occur on two Levels in the FDG framework. The data which was retrieved from recent UK newspaper articles in the BYU NOW corpus (News on the Web), comprise main clauses modified by an evidential -ly adverb. Categorization of the evidential adverbs in the FDG framework was determined by paraphrasing, and by applying diagnostic scope criteria. For the eleven evidential -ly adverbs studied, it is shown that non-reportative evidential adverbs with multiple meanings occur at adjacent FDG layers at the Representational Level, and that two adverbs occur at both the Interpersonal and the Representational Level.
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Aijmer, Karin, and Bengt Altenberg. "Swedish gärna and German gern(e) and their English correspondences." Languages in Contrast 13, no. 2 (September 16, 2013): 238–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.13.2.06aij.
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The Swedish adverb gärna, related to German gern(e), has no obvious equivalent in English. To explore this cross-linguistic phenomenon the English correspondences of gärna are examined on the basis of the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus, a bidirectional translation corpus. The study shows that gärna has a wide range of English correspondences (translations as well as sources), representing a variety of grammatical categories (verb, adjective, adverb, noun, etc). In addition, the English texts contain a large number of omissions and unidentifiable sources (zero). The most common function of gärna is to express willingness or readiness on the part of the subject, but in the absence of a volitional controller it can also indicate a habitual tendency and even convey implications such as reluctance. It is also used in speech acts expressing offers, promises and requests and in responses to such speech acts. To compare the Swedish adverb with its German cognate gern(e) a similar contrastive study of the English correspondences of this adverb was made on the basis of the Oslo Multilingual Corpus. The studies clearly demonstrate the rich multifunctionality of the two adverbs and the advantages of using bidirectional parallel corpora in contrastive research.
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Jacobson, Sven. "CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES ON ADVERB PLACEMENT IN ENGLISH." Studia Linguistica 34, no. 2 (November 7, 2008): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.1980.tb00312.x.
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Shevchenko, Olga. "On the Periphery of the English Adverb." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 6, no. 5 (September 25, 2019): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23942703/ijhss-v6i5p104.
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Yusuf, Yusri Muhammad, and Bj Pratiwi. "The Ability of Students in Using English Adverbs at State Politechnic of Pangkajene Kepulauan." ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/els-jish.v2i3.6202.
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This research is about the ability of the first year students of the Agribusiness Department in using English adverb. Based on it, it is present two problems namely: 1) How is the ability of the first year Students of the Agribusiness department in using English adverb? 2) What are the factors influencing the students’ ability in using adverbs?. To answer the question above, the writer collects data by using test and questionnaire. The data collected through the instruments were analyzed by using descriptive analysis. The result of the research shows that some of the students in Agricultural State Polytechnic of Pangkep were less interested in English, especially in using adverbs. The first year Students of the Agribusiness department can only be classified into poor. This achievement was influenced by the low of the students’ interest and the lack of the English books.
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GIEGERICH, HEINZ J. "The morphology of -ly and the categorial status of ‘adverbs’ in English." English Language and Linguistics 16, no. 3 (October 22, 2012): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674312000147.
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I argue in this article that adverb-forming -ly, unlike its adjective-forming counterpart, is an inflectional suffix, that therefore adverbs containing -ly are inflected adjectives and that, consequently, adverbs not containing -ly are uninflected adjectives. I demonstrate that in English, the traditional category Adverb is morphologically non-distinct from the category Adjective in that it has no morphology of its own but instead shares all relevant aspects of the morphology of adjectives. I demonstrate moreover that such an analysis explains various aspects of morphological and phonological behaviour on the part of adverbial -ly which differ from the behaviour of adjectival -ly and/or from the behaviour of derivational suffixes. And I argue that contrary to a recent claim, the syntactic behaviour of adverbs presents no obstacle to the single-category analysis of adjectives and adverbs warranted by the morphology.
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Calle-Martin, Javier. "The Split Infinitive in Middle English." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 68, no. 2 (July 21, 2015): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.68.2.05cal.
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A split infinitive construction denotes a type of syntactic tmesis in which a word or a phrase, especially an adverb, occurs between the infinitive marker to and the verb. The early instances of the split infinitive in English date back to the 13th century, when a personal pronoun, an adverb or two or more words could appear in such environments (Visser 1963-1973 II: 1038-1045). This paper investigates the split infinitive in Middle English with the following objectives: a) to trace the origin and development of the construction; b) to analyse the nature of the splitting adverb in terms of its etymology and lexico-grammatical features; and c) to examine the prosodic patterns contributing to the acceptance of particular splitting combinations. The source of evidence comes from the following corpora: Helsinki Corpus of English Texts, Innsbruck Corpus of Middle English Prose, Penn-Parsed Corpora of Historical English, Middle English Medical Texts, Middle English Grammar Corpus, and the Malaga Corpus of Late Middle English Scientific Prose.
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HEBBLETHWAITE, BENJAMIN. "Adverb code-switching among Miami's Haitian Creole–English second generation." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 4 (March 19, 2010): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990563.
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The findings for adverbs and adverbial phrases in a naturalistic corpus of Miami Haitian Creole–English code-switching show that one language, Haitian Creole, asymmetrically supplies the grammatical frame while the other language, English, asymmetrically supplies mixed lexical categories like adverbs. Traces of code-switching with an English frame and Haitian Creole lexical categories suggest that code-switching is abstractly BIDIRECTIONAL. A quantitative methodology that codes the language-indexation of the token in addition to the surrounding lexical items was used for all mixed (e.g. xYx/yXy, xYy/yXx, yYx/xXy) and unmixed (xXx/yYy) adverbs. Discourse position, especially the left-periphery, is found to be a significant factor in adverb code-switching. Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic analyses which acknowledge the ‘low’ status of one language and the ‘high’ status of the other explain better the frequency of mixed English adverbs in a Haitian Creole frame and the rarity of mixed Haitian Creole adverbs in an English frame than a minimalist approach, such as MacSwan's (1999 and subsequent work), which uses phi-feature valuation and entails asymmetry without bidirectionality. While I provide confirmation for Myers-Scotton's (1993) Matrix Language Frame approach, I emphasize that trace bidirectional data need to be accounted for by a theory that is grounded in the sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic realities.
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Juliarta, I. Made. "Adverb of manner and its translations found in the novel “The Good Earth”." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 6, no. 3 (April 16, 2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v6n3.889.
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The novel the Good Earth is one of the popular novels that tell the story about Chinese culture. Some sentences contain an adverb of manner and its translation from English into Indonesian. The text is analyzed and viewed to find the translation of the adverb of manner. The purpose of this study is to analyze the source translation and get the meaning and its sentence. As we know that an adverb is a word that changes the meaning of a verb, adjective, and a sentence. Adverbs are words like hurriedly, quickly, slowly, and instantly. It modifies a verb or verb phrase. An adverb gives information about the manner, time, place, frequency, or certainty. Adverbials are words groups in which an adverbial phrase tells us something about the verb. They could be taken in the forms of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Some classifications of adverbial are found in the novel. It is called adverbial of manner. The research aims to find out the translation of manner adverb. The theory used is Brown and Miller (1992) describing that adverb of manner indicating how the event described by the verb.
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Killie, Kristin. "On the development and use of appearance/attribute adverbs in English." Diachronica 24, no. 2 (December 21, 2007): 327–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.24.2.05kil.
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It is commonly claimed that in English adjectives denoting colour and other physical properties, referred to here as ‘appearance/attribute’ adjectives, do not give rise to adverbs. This alleged constraint has been related to the fact that the adjectives in question are stative. In this paper I present data which show that appearance/attribute adjectives do give rise to adverbs. To be sure, such ‘appearance/attribute adverbs’ are infrequent and ‘literary’, but they began to be used to some extent in the 19th century, and their frequency has increased considerably during the last two centuries. In fact, in contexts where both adjectives and adverbs are allowed, i.e. in collocation with verbs that do not subcategorize for an adjective or adverb, adverbs have become more frequent than adjectives. This paper discusses what brought about this change, arguing that the crucial mechanism is analogy, and that conditioning factors are the argument structure of the relevant adverbs, the dynamicity of the collocating verb, positional distribution, creativity, and the existence of the same adverb forms with metaphorical meanings. I also argue that the development of appearance/attribute adverbs must be seen in relation to the so called ‘adverbialization process’ which has been sweeping the English language for at least a millennium.
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Nam, Jeesun. "A novel dichotomy of the Korean adverb nemwu in opinion classification." Studies in Language 38, no. 1 (April 25, 2014): 171–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.1.05nam.
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While the adverb nemwu, roughly equivalent to the intensifier too in English, has been considered an adverb that intensifies gradable predicates in excess, thereby provoking a negative interpretation, it can also be used to emphasize a positive evaluation in online subjective texts. Moreover, even in the sentences conveying a negative evaluation, only some of the occurrences of nemwu are used as a polarity reversing valence shifter. This paper proposes a novel dichotomy for the usages of nemwu, consisting of ‘Intensifying Adverbs’ (IAs) and ‘Opinion Introducers’ (OIs), and examines the necessary contexts for determining the function of the adverb.
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Lim, Shinyoung, and Eunjoo Kim. "Acoustic Study on the Adverb Placement in English Phrasal Verbs: Focusing on Adverbs." NEW STUDIES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE & LITERATURE 79 (August 31, 2021): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21087/nsell.2021.08.79.125.
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Valera, Salvador. "On subject-orientation in English -ly adverbs." English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 2 (November 1998): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000885.
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This paper challenges the view that subject-orientation in English de-adjectival -ly adverbs is a syntactic attribute, and favours the hypothesis that orientation is, rather, a lexico-semantic feature. An important part of the evidence supporting this hypothesis derives from the examination of constructions in which an -ly adverb modifies an adjectival head (as in his genially informal manner) and displays a (potential) orientation to a co-occurring noun. The discussion is based on examples from the LOB Corpus.
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Dimković-Telebaković, Gordana. "Phrase Structure Patterning and Licensing for English and Serbian Speaker-Oriented Adverb Subclasses." Romanian Journal of English Studies 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rjes-2016-0013.
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AbstractThis paper attempts to set phrase structure rules for English and Serbian speaker-oriented adverb subclasses. Adverbs are looked at here as specifiers licensed by the semantic feature [ILLOCUTIONARY FORCE]. The results suggest that illocutionary, evaluative and evidential adverbs normally merge within the complementizer layer and the inflectional layer, and that English epistemic adverbs are in most cases preferably integrated into the inflectional layer, whereas Serbian epistemic adverbs tend to occur in the sentence-initial position.
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Trahey, Martha. "Positive evidence in second language acquisition: some long-term effects." Second Language Research 12, no. 2 (April 1996): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200201.
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It has been proposed (Krashen, 1981; 1982; 1985; Schwartz and Gubala- Ryzak, 1992; Schwartz, 1986; 1988; 1993) that L2 acquisition proceeds in essentially the same manner as L1 acquisition (the L1 = L2 position). That is, learners acquire underlying unconscious knowledge of a language (called lin guistic competence) simply by being exposed to the linguistic input (called primary linguistic data) in the environment. Instruction and error correction play no role in the development of competence in the L2. This article reports the long-term results of a study investigating the role of primary linguistic data in the acquisition of linguistic competence - in par ticular, the rules of adverb placement in English. This study examines the knowledge of adverb placement of 52 grade-6 francophone students (aver age age: 12 years, 2 months) learning English as a second language (ESL) in Québec schools. A year earlier, these subjects had been exposed over a two- week period to a flood of primary linguistic data on adverb placement in English. Immediately after the input flood, it was found that while the sub jects had learnt which adverb positions were grammatical in English, they still used positions which were ungrammatical in English but grammatical in the L1. The results of the follow-up test reported in this article reveal that one year after the input flood, the subjects' knowledge of adverb placement has not changed. They still use both the grammatical and the ungrammatical adverb positions, indicating that exposure to an abundance of primary lin guistic data on adverb placement did not lead to mastery of this structure. Possible explanations for these results and their implications for the L1 = L2 position are discussed.
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Pendit, Ni Putu Meri Dewi. "TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH ADVERBS OF MANNER(-LY)INTO INDONESIAN." Jurnal Santiaji Pendidikan (JSP) 9, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36733/jsp.v9i1.177.
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Both English and Indonesian have adverb of manner. This part of sentence is used to describe how how an action occurred or to state how an action was taken. English adverbs of manner can be easly seen from the suffix –ly at the end of the word. In the other hand, Indonesian adverbs of mannerare not only in the form of wordbut also prepositional phrase or clause. Data taken from an Indonesian version of English novel indicated that the English adverbs of manner are translated in various ways into Indonesian. Since there are lots of ways in translating the English adverbs of manner, this study was conducted to see the procedure used to translate the English adverbs of manner into Indonesian in the novel Breaking Dawn and its translation Awal yang Baru.
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Andrushenko, Olena. "Corpus-based studies of Middle English adverb largely: syntax and information-structure." XLinguae 14, no. 2 (April 2021): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.02.05.
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The study aims at exploring the adverb largely in late Middle English based on the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, in terms of its functioning as a sentence Focus marker. The article considers syntactic changes in English from the language with V2 tendencies to the one with verb-medial order. Such differences make sentence information structure disrupted, and new elements arise in the language as ‘therapy.’ The assumption made in this paper is as follows: the word largely emerging in English in ca. 1200 starts functioning as a focusing adverb in 1400 as a result of the shift in the main word order patterns. Moreover, investigating late Middle English syntactic structure and taking into account different types of foci based on information structure tagging throughout the Corpus, the study found that positional variations of adverb largely are used as a mechanism of marking a peculiar type of Focus and are governed by its position in relation to the word it modifies.
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Hasselgård, Hilde. "Lexicogrammatical features of adverbs in advanced learner English." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 166, no. 1 (June 8, 2015): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.166.1.05has.
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This paper explores the use of -ly adverbs by Norwegian advanced learners of English compared to that of native speakers. The investigation is based on two corpora of novice academic English: VESPA and BAWE. It considers features of lexis (frequencies, style, meanings, collocational patterns) as well as of syntax, i.e. whether the adverbs function as adjuncts, disjuncts, conjuncts or modifiers in adjective or adverb phrases. The learners make few clear mistakes with adverbs, but there are important frequency differences between the corpora concerning lexical choice and semantic and syntactic functions. Learners overuse adverbs with modal meaning but underuse phrase-modifying adverbs. Most adjunct types are also underused. At several points, the native speakers prove to have a greater lexical repertoire.
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Antika, Rindilla. "THE ABILITY OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT STUDENTS’ IN USING ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME." TELL-US Journal 6, no. 2 (November 2020): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22202/tus.2020.v6i2.3597.
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Cichosz, Anna. "Inversion after Clause-Initial Adverbs in Old English: The Special Status of þa, þonne, nu, and swa." Journal of English Linguistics 45, no. 4 (October 6, 2017): 308–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424217733026.
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This study is a corpus-based analysis of clause-initial adverbs and their ability to invert pronominal and nominal subjects in Old English (OE) prose. There is a limited set of adverbs, referred to as “operators” in generative studies of OE syntax, which may cause inversion of personal pronoun subjects; these are þa, þonne, nu, and swa. In this study, numerous differences between the syntactic behavior of these adverbs are revealed, showing that they should not be treated as a syntactically coherent group. The analysis is focused on various factors that have an impact on inversion rates of the adverbs: the presence of the interjection hwæt before the adverb the frequency of correlation, Latin influence on translated texts, information status of the subject, semantic differences and the extra-clausal status of the adverb, as well as diachronic changes within the OE period.
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THORNTON, ROSALIND, and GRACIELA TESAN. "Sentential negation in early child English." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 2 (December 17, 2012): 367–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000382.
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Starting with the seminal work of Klima & Bellugi (1966) and Bellugi (1967), young English-speaking children have been observed to pass through a stage at which their negative utterances differ from those of adults. Children initially use not or no, whereas adults use negative auxiliary verbs (don't, can't, etc.). To explain the observed mismatches between child and adult language, the present study adopts Zeijlstra's (2004, 2007, 2008a, b) Negative Concord Parameter, which divides languages according to whether they interpret negation directly in the semantics with an adverb, or license it in the syntactic component, in which case the negative marker is a head and the language is a negative concord language. Our proposal is that children first hypothesize that negation is expressed with an adverb, in keeping with the more economical parameter value. Because English is exceptional in having both an adverb and a head form of negation, children must also add a negative head (i.e. n't) to their grammar. This takes considerable time as the positive input that triggers syntactic negation and negative concord is absent in the input for standard English, and children must find alternative evidence. The Negative Concord Parameter accounts for an intricate longitudinal pattern of development in child English, as non-adult structures are eliminated and a new range of structures are licensed by the grammar.
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Mehdi, Mohamed Farhat, and Mazen Jaradat. "Adverbs of Time in Arabic and English: Comparative Study." International Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v13i1.18254.
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Adverbs are words that are used to change, modify or qualify several types of other words including adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. There are five basic types of adverbs in the English language, namely that of Manner, Time, Place, Frequency, and Degree. In the Arabic language, there are just two adverbs namely that of Time and Place. This research aimed to prove that the adverb of time exists in both Arabic and English languages and to compare and state the similarities and differences between the two languages. Most importantly, to show which were more the similarities or the differences? The results showed that the similarities were more than the differences despite the fact that the two languages are not from the same family.
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Juszczak, Bartosz. "Przysłówki i wyrażenia adwerbialne pochodzenia rosyjskiego w języku polskim I." Slavica Wratislaviensia 166 (June 22, 2018): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.166.11.
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Adverbs and adverb phrases of Russian origin in Polish language IThis article focuses on the issue of Russian adverbs and adverb phrases that were adopted into Polish language. Basing on different Polish language dictionaries author creates a list of Russian adverbs in the number of 53 that were introduced into Polish. Working on this article required formal and quantity analysis of language material. In the following part of the article there is researched an issue of modifications strong and weak that undergo the Russian loanwords in Polish language. The article closes an attempt of comparison the Russian adverb forms with the German and English adverb units that were adopted by Polish.Наречия и адвербиальные выражения русского происхождения в польском языке IНастоящая статья посвящена проблематике русских наречий и наречных выражений, заимствованных польским языком. На основе разных словарей польского языка автор составляет список русских наречных заимствований, вошедших в польский язык, который насчитывает 53 единицы. В ходе работы и обработки языкового материала был проведен формальный и количественный анализ. В дальнейшей части работы рассматриваются вопросы модификаций сильной и слабой, которой подвергаются русские наречные заимствования в польском языке. Статью заключает попытка сравнения русских наречных форм с заимствованными польским языком немецкими и английскими наречными единицами.
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Swan, Toril. "A Feast of Senses: Rhetorical Devices in the Prose of Salman Rushdie. With Special Reference to Metaphors and Adverbs." Nordlit 3, no. 2 (October 1, 1999): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/13.2134.
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The paper analyzes Rushdie's rhetorical use of adverbials and metaphors, in particular his rhetorical use of adverbials. The adverbs in question function rhetorically in three, partly overlapping ways. They are frequently metaphorical, and even if strictly literal (i.e. concrete), convey images and sense forms. Secondly, the linking and focusing function of the adverbs is an effective rhetorical device, as prototypical adverb use - focus on or specification of verbal actions and activities - is transformed into a focus on or specification of the subject, while the adverb form (the -ly suffix) ensures a simultaneous link to the verbal action. Finally, Rushdie's adverbs function rhetorically as abbreviated propositions. This use of adverbs is in particular a property of English, and Rushdie exploits it elegantly.
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KLEMOLA, JUHANI. "Traces of historical infinitive in English dialects and their Celtic connections." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 2 (July 2009): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309003037.
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A number of nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century dialect descriptions refer to an unusual adverb + infinitive construction in southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English. The construction is most often reported in the form of a formulaic phrase away to go, meaning ‘away he went’, though it is also found with a range of other adverbs. In addition, the same dialects also make use of a possibly related imperative construction, consisting of a preposition or adverb and a to-infinitive, as in out to come! ‘Come out!’ and a negative imperative construction consisting of the negator not and the base form of the verb, as in Not put no sugar in!. These construction types appear to be marginal at best in earlier varieties of English, whereas comparable constructions with the verbal noun are a well-established feature of especially British Celtic languages (i.e. Welsh, Breton, and Cornish). In this article I argue that transfer from the British Celtic languages offers a possible explanation for the use of these constructions in the traditional southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English.
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Hwang, Hyunmi, and Kiseong Park. "A Study on the Usage Patterns of the Adverb Marking the Temporal Continuity in English: Focused on the ‘Adverb+Adjective’ and ‘Adverb+Verb’ Collocations." Journal of Linguistics Science 95 (December 31, 2020): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21296/jls.2020.12.95.381.
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Gu, Yulan. "From Differentiation of the Expressive Effects to Conscious Use of Rhetorical Language." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0903.22.
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The double predicate structures in English are examples of rhetorical use of language. The differentiation between the distinctive double predicate structure “verb + adjective” and the normal predicate structure “verb + adverb” and the subsequent choice in specific contexts is thus not only a matter of grammar rules on the surface, but, more substantively, a matter of conscious use of rhetorical language. The survey conducted among college English teachers in China into their differentiation between “verb + adjective” and “verb + adverb” showed that most respondents didn’t distinguish very well the differing expressive effects caused by the choice of the adjectives or the adjectives’ derivative adverbs in these two types of structures, and that the majority of the respondents had difficulty in making proper choices between them for specific contexts. Since the identification of a language structure is the prerequisite for its appropriate use, due attention in English teaching and learning should be paid to the delicate differences among similar language items and to their differing expressive effects to cultivate awareness and competence of conscious use of rhetorical language, enhancing overall language performance.
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Fretheim, Thorstein. "English then and Norwegian da/så compared: a Relevance-theoretic account." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 1 (May 8, 2006): 45–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586506001491.
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An analysis of the English adverb then is suggested, which treats it as ambiguous, encoding two distinct meanings, one of which is anaphoric and corresponds to the meaning of the Norwegian temporal adverb da, and the other is non-anaphoric and corresponds to the meaning of the Norwegian temporal adverb så. The paper challenges the commonly made assumption that cases of supposed ambiguity which exist cross-linguistically might be better reanalyzed in terms of a univocal semantics and a range of pragmatic inferences, either as implicated meanings along Gricean lines or as the outcome of context-dependent inference at the explicit level of content, in keeping with the practice of adherents of Relevance Theory. Data from some other European languages and four African languages are examined and compared to the polar situations represented by English on the one hand and Norwegian on the other.
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Li, Paul Jen-kuei. "Adverbs in the Austronesian languages of Taiwan." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20041.li.
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Abstract This is a study of adverbs in nine typologically divergent Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Favorlang, Kavalan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Thao, and Tsou. There are only a few adverbs in each of these languages. The form of an adverb is usually invariant and its position in a sentence is relatively free. On the contrary, the form of a verb usually varies and its position in the sentence is usually fixed. Since the function of an adverb is to modify a verb, it may not occur without a verb in a sentence, whereas a true verb may occur without any other verb. Many adverbial concepts in Chinese and English, such as ‘all’, ‘only’, ‘often’, and ‘again’, are expressed using verbs that manifest different foci and take aspect markers. When these words function as the main verb in the sentence, they may attract bound personal pronouns in many Austronesian languages of Taiwan. However, there are a few genuine adverbs in each of these languages. It varies from language to language whether a certain lexical item functions as a verb or adverb.
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KILLIE, KRISTIN. "Subjectivity and the English progressive." English Language and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (April 21, 2004): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674304001236.
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According to Wright (1994a), subjectivity in the English progressive is typically associated with specific linguistic features. In particular, subjective progressives are said normally to occur in main clauses and to involve an adverb(ial) of the type always, a first- or second-person pronominal subject and a private or cognitive verb in the present tense. This study tests Wright's claim against a corpus of Early Modern English prose. The focus is on the kind of subjective progressives that are claimed by Wright to be most subjective of all, namely collocations of the progressive with adverbs such as always. It is shown that the ‘always progressives’ in the corpus are typically found in a subclause, in collocation with an activity verb, and that they commonly occur with different types of subjects and tense/mood combinations. The conclusion is therefore that Wright's predictions concerning typical linguistic contexts for subjective progressives are not borne out.
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Bremmer, Rolf H. "Old English būtan / Old Frisian būta: From Adverb to Conjunction." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77, no. 3-4 (October 19, 2017): 601–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340094.
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Abstract It is well established that Old English is more closely related to Old Frisian than to any other West Germanic language. This fact rests especially on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence. Syntactic arguments are few and far between. In this article, the author argues that the Old Frisian conjunction būta ‘but’ and its Old English parallel būtan ‘but’ do not derive their behavioural similarities to an erstwhile Anglo-Frisian pre-stage, but must be explained as having arisen from a similar, but independent, process of grammaticalization.
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Setiawan, Eko, and M. Fadhly Farhy Abbas. "ANALYSIS OF THE STUDENTS’ ENGLISH TENSES ERRORS." ELT-Lectura 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/elt-lectura.v5i1.762.
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At The First Semester of English Students’ Department at Faculty of Teacher Training andEducation LancangKuning University, the researcher found that the students had a problem inhad grammar error in writing. That was why researcher conducted this research that aimedtoanalyze the English errors faced by the first semester of English Students Department atFaculty of Teachers Training and EducationLancangKuning University.This research wasDescriptive Quantitative Research. The participants of the research were 36 students. Incollecting the data in this research, the researcher used test and interview as the instrument. Theresult of data showed that the students had 176 errors in verb tenses, 8 errors in to be, 5 errors incorrect sentence and 9 in adverb of time with the percentage were 31,38 % in true or falsequestion and 27,5 % in multiple choice test. In conclusion, The students had a lot of errors inapplied verb tense, adverb of time, correct sentence, and to be.
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Untoro, Setyo. "PREFIKS NEGATIF DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS." Pujangga 2, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v2i2.396.
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<p>This research is aimed at describing the form, meaning, and use of negative prefixes in English. The research uses<br />descriptive method. The results show that negative prefixes in English can be attached to adjectives, verbs, adverbs,<br />and nouns. An English base or stem may be attached by one or two negative prefixes with similar or different<br />meaning. The addition of a negative prefixe to its base or stem may change or may not change its word class.<br />Keywords: negative prefix, adjective, verb, adverb, noun.</p>
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Yi Liu and Seok-Chae Rhee. "On English Adverb Placements by Korean and Chinese EFL Learners." Studies in Linguistics ll, no. 45 (October 2017): 357–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17002/sil..45.201710.357.
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Costa, Joāo. "ADVERB POSITIONING AND V-MOVEMENT IN ENGLISH: SOME MORE EVIDENCE." Studia Linguistica 50, no. 1 (November 7, 2008): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.1996.tb00341.x.
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Alm, Maria. "contribution of sentence position: the word 'also' in spoken German." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.35.2004.219.
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The German word also, similar to English so, is traditionally considered to be a sentence adverb with a consecutive meaning, i.e. it indicates that the propositional content of the clause containing it is some kind of consequence of what has previously been said. As a sentence adverb, also has its place within the core of the German sentence, since this is the proper place for an adverb to occur in German. The sentence core offers two proper positions for adverbs: the so-called front field and the middle field. In spoken German, however, also often occurs in sentence-initial position, outside the sentence itself. In this paper, I will use excerpts of German conversations to discuss and illustrate the importance of the sentence positions and the discourse positions for the functions of also on the basis of some German conversations.
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Trahey, Martha, and Lydia White. "Positive Evidence and Preemption in the Second Language Classroom." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, no. 2 (June 1993): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100011955.
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In this paper we show that supplying positive evidence in the second language (L2) classroom does not necessarily trigger the appropriate L2 value of a parameter of Universal Grammar. The parameter we investigate is the verb movement parameter of Pollock (1989), which accounts for the fact that English and French adverbs differ as to where they occur in relation to the verb: In French the verb raises past the adverb, allowing the order SVAO but not SAV, whereas in English the verb does not raise, allowing SAV but not SVAO. Fifty-four francophone children (aged 11) in intensive English-as-a-second-language programs in Quebec, Canada, were exposed to a 2-week input flood of specially prepared materials containing English adverbs used naturalistically. No form-focused instruction or negative evidence on adverb placement was provided. Subjects were pretested immediately prior to the input flood, posttested immediately afterward, and again 3 weeks later, on four different tasks. On all tasks there is a change between pretest and posttest behavior, namely, a dramatic increase in use of the English SAV order but little or no decline in incorrect usage of SVAO. Results are also compared to groups reported in White (1991a, 1991b); the subjects in the present study differ from both groups in the previous studies. The results of the present study suggest that positive evidence does not serve to preempt the first language parameter setting in this case; acquiring the correct English SAV order did not lead to loss of incorrect SVAO. Implications of this result for theories of preemption and parameter setting in L2 acquisition are discussed.
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Altenberg, Bengt. "Conclusive English then and Swedish då." Languages in Contrast 10, no. 1 (April 8, 2010): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.10.1.05alt.
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Conclusive English then and Swedish då are compared on the basis of a bi-directional translation corpus. The examples are classified into five different uses according to certain formal and contextual criteria. The two words are shown to have obvious functional similarities: in each of the categories distinguished then and då are the preferred translation equivalents of each other. But there are also striking differences. Swedish då is generally much more common than English then and the latter is often left out in the English translations. In other words, the use of an explicit conclusion marker is more often felt to be redundant in English than in Swedish. The two words also display positional differences. For example, unlike then, Swedish då cannot occur initially in non-declarative clauses and its use as an unstressed pragmatic particle is confined to clause-final position. Another notable feature is that an unstressed particle in the original text (in both languages) is sometimes rendered by a stressed adverb in the translation, a tendency which suggests that the distinction between stressed anaphoric adverb and unstressed pragmatic particle is blurred and a matter of degree rather than a clear-cut dichotomy.
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Links, Meta, Ans van Kemenade, and Stefan Grondelaers. "Correlatives in earlier English: Change and continuity in the expression of interclausal dependencies." Language Variation and Change 29, no. 3 (October 2017): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394517000187.
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AbstractA construction very widely used in Old English and Old Germanic more broadly are correlatives introduced by an adverbial or conditional subclause, as in When you've done your homework, (then) you can come back (Old English: ‘…, then can you come back’). Correlatives originate from a paratactic clause structure, making use of resumptive adverbs such as then belonging to the Old Germanic series of demonstrative adverbs, whose syntactic niche was the clause-initial position, particularly in Verb Second main clauses. Paratactic structure in correlatives is diagnosed by the presence of a resumptive adverb. We show that the correlative use of resumptive adverbs is sensitive to both clause-internal and clause-external variables: mood, subclause-internal particles, negation, subject type, subclause weight, text type, translation. Correlatives decline from late Old English onward. Although it may seem tempting to attribute this to the loss of Verb Second in English, it resulted primarily from the loss of the original Germanic resumptive adverbs.
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Ziegeler, Debra. "Changes in the functions of already in Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 293–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00062.zie.
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Abstract The use of the adverb already in Colloquial Singapore English has long been known as one of the most readily recognizable features defining the contact dialect, marking aspectual nuances such as anterior, completive, inchoative and inceptive functions, as noted by Bao (2005, 2015). Recent observations note that the uses of already as an inchoative marker (distinguishing the adverb as an iamitive) are more frequently found than completive uses across a small, synchronic sample of speakers (Teo 2019). It is perhaps less often recognized, though, that the aspectual use of already co-exists with the variable marking for past tense in Singlish (Ho & Platt 1993), and that both the aspectual adverb and the past tense may be seen to co-occur in the same construction. The frequency of already in its various functions is examined across two corpora, and the relative frequency of completive vs. non-completive functions is quantified diachronically. It is hypothesized that, rather than grammaticalizing onwards to become a past tense marker, as is predictable for some Portuguese creole iamitives (ya ‘already’) (Clements 2006), already is becoming increasingly restricted in its functional range in today’s Singlish, and that its perfect and completive functions may be at a stage of selective renovation by the use of the past tense in Standard Singapore English.
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Olayemi, Oluwakemi Titilola. "Like as an Approximative Adverb in Formal Quantificational Contexts in Nigerian English Usage." AGOGO: Journal of Humanities 6 (February 15, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46881/ajh.v6i0.232.
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Some of the occurrences of like in Nigerian English usage reveal diverse linguistic dimensions that are different in forms and functions from conventionally known discourse markers. This study investigates the use of like as an approximative adverb in the formal speech situations of selected educated Nigerians with the aim of highlighting the implications that this speech mannerism may hold for English usage in Nigeria. The study adopts Labov's variability theory which explains language variation in relation to social variables. Relevant data on the use of like were drawn from purposively sampled radio and television programmes. Qualitative data were subjected to sociolinguistic analysis while quantitative data were analysed, using frequency count. Findings revealed the occurrence of like as a substitute for the approximative adverb – about. There were structures which showed the occurrence of like alone as a substitute for about; like occurring after for; and like co-occurring with about either side by side or at some point within the sentence or utterance. There were more occurrences of like as a substitute for about in the speech samples of the graduate participants than there were in those of the undergraduate participants. English usage in formal contexts by educated Nigerians reveals that like has an extended meaning in formal contexts as a synonym for the approximative adverb – about – a pattern which is unacceptable in formal English usage.