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Journal articles on the topic 'English language – Adverb'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Koronkiewicz, Bryan. "Adverbs in Spanish–English code-switching: Comparing verb raising and non-raising." International Journal of Bilingualism 26, no. 2 (2022): 227–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13670069211057955.

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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: Using generative syntactic theory regarding verb raising, predictions are made about adverb position in intra-sentential Spanish–English code-switching. Since both languages allow for non-raising, pre-verbal adverbs should be acceptably switched. However, since verb raising is only available in Spanish, post-verbal adverbs should only be allowed with a Spanish finite verb. Design/methodology/approach: Spanish–English early bilinguals ( n = 24) completed a written acceptability judgment task with a 7-point Likert-type scale. The Spanish–English co
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2

Tagliamonte, Sali A. "Near done; awful stable; really changing." Diachronica 35, no. 1 (2018): 107–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.16027.tag.

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Abstract This paper examines adverb formation with -ly, e.g., slow/slowly, and uses a large archive of synchronic dialects to uncover the current state and historical trajectory of this process. The results reveal that English adverbs are a variegated system. The intensifying adverb really is a frequent form while sentential adverbs appear to be a newer layer in the system. In contrast, manner adverbs are constrained by the semantic interpretation of the adverb as abstract or concrete. These results expose the complexity of the English adverb system and demonstrate that adverb formation is an
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3

Eryon, Eryon, Carla Maretha, Gali Alrajafi, and Rani Puspita. "THE TRANSLATION SHIFT OF TRANSLATING ADVERB MANNER WTH SUFFIX –LY FROM ENGLISH AS THE SOURCE LANGUAGE INTO INDONESIAN AS THE TARGET LANGUAGE (CASE STUDY OF TRANSLATING NOVEL” PIT PENDULUM” BY EDGAR ALAN POE INTO “JURANG DAN PENDULUM” BY MAGGIE TIOJAKIN)." SIGEH ELT : Journal of Literature and Linguistics 3, no. 2 (2023): 98–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.36269/sigeh.v3i2.2068.

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Translating is a process of transferring meaning from the SL forms of words, phrases, clauses and sentences to the TL forms. In translating source language text (English) into target language text (Indonesian) will find some problems because of the different grammatical rules between them. One of the problems occur when translating English adverb of manner with suffix –ly into Indonesian is how to change the form of English adverb of manner with suffix -ly into Indonesian adverb of manner since both languages have different grammar system of adverb of manner. This research focused on what kind
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Mehdi, Mohamed Farhat, and Mazen Jaradat. "Adverbs of Time in Arabic and English: Comparative Study." International Journal of Linguistics 13, no. 1 (2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v13i1.18254.

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Adverbs are words that are used to change, modify or qualify several types of other words including adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. There are five basic types of adverbs in the English language, namely that of Manner, Time, Place, Frequency, and Degree. In the Arabic language, there are just two adverbs namely that of Time and Place. This research aimed to prove that the adverb of time exists in both Arabic and English languages and to compare and state the similarities and differences between the two languages. Most importantly, to show which were more the similarities or the differences
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White, Lydia. "Adverb placement in second language acquisition: some effects of positive and negative evidence in the classroom." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 7, no. 2 (1991): 133–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839100700205.

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This paper focuses on a parametric difference between French and English, namely the issue of whether or not the language allows verb movement. The lack of verb-raising in English causes a potential learnability problem for francophones, as far as English adverb placement is concerned. In particular, an adverb in English is not allowed to interrupt a verb and its direct object, in contrast to French. It is argued in this paper that form-focused classroom instruction, including negative evidence, is more effective in helping L2 learners to arrive at the appropriate properties of English than po
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Zhang, Jing Yan, and Long Hong. "Quantification Research on the Fuzzy Semantics of English Adverbs Based on MMTD." Advanced Materials Research 846-847 (November 2013): 1308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.846-847.1308.

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Natural language processing is an important subject in the field of artificial intelligence; one of the key issues is the quantification research on the fuzzy semantics, and the fuzziness of natural language is mostly reflected on the adverbs. This paper presented one new method to quantify the English adverbs. After briefly introducing the Medium Logic (ML) and Measure of Medium Truth Degree (MMTD), commendatory and derogatory were qualitatively described with logical predicates C and C respectively; the truth degree related to C or C of an adverb could be quantitatively calculated by the mod
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7

Maria Osmunda Eawea Monny. "Adverbs of Manner and Its Translation Found in The Novel “Edensor”." Austronesian: Journal of Language Science & Literature 1, no. 3 (2022): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.59011/austronesian.1.3.2022.119-130.

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This study aims to analyze the translation of adverbs of manner and its’ translation techniques of adverb of manner from Indonesian as the source language to English as the target language. Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, and in English, they mostly come in the form of -ly. The theory used in this study is the theory of Brown and Miller (1992). It is a descriptive qualitative study that takes data from the novel Edensor. The data is collected and analyzed based on its form, for example, from verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. The results of this study show that
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Pounder, Amanda V. "Adverb-marking in German and English." Diachronica 18, no. 2 (2001): 301–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18.2.05pou.

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Summary Beginning with the observations that strategies for adverb-marking are very different in English and German, and that the respective histories of adverb-marking in these two languages ran parallel for considerable time, this paper endeavours to establish the chronological and systemic points of their divergence. An additional focus of the paper is the role of language standardization in the development of the system in both languages. It is concluded that perhaps the most crucial systemic factor in the decline of lich-suffixation as an adverb-marker in German is the very broad function
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GONZÁLEZ-DÍAZ, VICTORINA. "Recent developments in English intensifiers: the case ofvery much." English Language and Linguistics 12, no. 2 (2008): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674308002608.

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The nature and behaviour of complex and compound adverbs (e.g.very much,heretofore,anyway) has not received much scholarly attention in recent years. In the case ofvery much, for instance, recent literature (e.g. Dixon 2005) considers it a clause-internal adverb which typically modifies phrasal constituents (e.g.I liked the present very much;very much alive). The latter claim, however, appears to clash with previous observations (cf. Bolinger 1972) on the growing scope of the adverb in Present-day English. Through a corpus-based diachronic study (1500–present day), the present article unearths
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Li, Paul Jen-kuei. "Adverbs in the Austronesian languages of Taiwan." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (2021): 80–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20041.li.

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Abstract This is a study of adverbs in nine typologically divergent Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Atayal, Bunun, Favorlang, Kavalan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Thao, and Tsou. There are only a few adverbs in each of these languages. The form of an adverb is usually invariant and its position in a sentence is relatively free. On the contrary, the form of a verb usually varies and its position in the sentence is usually fixed. Since the function of an adverb is to modify a verb, it may not occur without a verb in a sentence, whereas a true verb may occur without any other verb. Many adverbial
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Aijmer, Karin, and Bengt Altenberg. "Swedish gärna and German gern(e) and their English correspondences." Languages in Contrast 13, no. 2 (2013): 238–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.13.2.06aij.

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The Swedish adverb gärna, related to German gern(e), has no obvious equivalent in English. To explore this cross-linguistic phenomenon the English correspondences of gärna are examined on the basis of the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus, a bidirectional translation corpus. The study shows that gärna has a wide range of English correspondences (translations as well as sources), representing a variety of grammatical categories (verb, adjective, adverb, noun, etc). In addition, the English texts contain a large number of omissions and unidentifiable sources (zero). The most common function of gär
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12

Trahey, Martha. "Positive evidence in second language acquisition: some long-term effects." Second Language Research 12, no. 2 (1996): 111–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839601200201.

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It has been proposed (Krashen, 1981; 1982; 1985; Schwartz and Gubala- Ryzak, 1992; Schwartz, 1986; 1988; 1993) that L2 acquisition proceeds in essentially the same manner as L1 acquisition (the L1 = L2 position). That is, learners acquire underlying unconscious knowledge of a language (called lin guistic competence) simply by being exposed to the linguistic input (called primary linguistic data) in the environment. Instruction and error correction play no role in the development of competence in the L2. This article reports the long-term results of a study investigating the role of primary lin
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Rakhmasari, Dwi Lia. "Reduced Adverbial Clause In English." English Education and Literature Journal (E-Jou) 2, no. 01 (2022): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53863/ejou.v2i01.373.

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Human cannot communicate with one another without language. Good language will affect the effectiveness of the information delivery. Using a good adverb clause is one of effective sentence example. However, the continuous use of adverb clauses will also create redundancies in the delivery of information. Therefore, it is necessary to have a variety of uses of adverb clauses, one of which is the use of reducing adverb clauses. This research provides a description of what elements that can be reduced in the Reduced Adverbial Clause and what changes that occurs in Reduced Adverbial Clause after t
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THORNTON, ROSALIND, and GRACIELA TESAN. "Sentential negation in early child English." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 2 (2012): 367–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000382.

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Starting with the seminal work of Klima & Bellugi (1966) and Bellugi (1967), young English-speaking children have been observed to pass through a stage at which their negative utterances differ from those of adults. Children initially use not or no, whereas adults use negative auxiliary verbs (don't, can't, etc.). To explain the observed mismatches between child and adult language, the present study adopts Zeijlstra's (2004, 2007, 2008a, b) Negative Concord Parameter, which divides languages according to whether they interpret negation directly in the semantics with an adverb, or license i
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Donner, Morton. "Adverb form in Middle English." English Studies 72, no. 1 (1991): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138389108598729.

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HEBBLETHWAITE, BENJAMIN. "Adverb code-switching among Miami's Haitian Creole–English second generation." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13, no. 4 (2010): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990563.

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The findings for adverbs and adverbial phrases in a naturalistic corpus of Miami Haitian Creole–English code-switching show that one language, Haitian Creole, asymmetrically supplies the grammatical frame while the other language, English, asymmetrically supplies mixed lexical categories like adverbs. Traces of code-switching with an English frame and Haitian Creole lexical categories suggest that code-switching is abstractly BIDIRECTIONAL. A quantitative methodology that codes the language-indexation of the token in addition to the surrounding lexical items was used for all mixed (e.g. xYx/yX
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Uswar, Yenita. "VERB PHRASE IN ENGLISH AND MINANG LANGUAGE." Journal MELT (Medium for English Language Teaching) 3, no. 1 (2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22303/melt.3.1.2018.64-79.

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This study details about verb phrase in English and Minang Language. The objective of this research is to find the similarities and differences of verb phrase in English and Minang Language by using tree diagrams structures in Syntax. The research analyze about the formation and function of verb phrase in both languages. The data to support this study were collected by reading references books and the Minang’s poem. The findings showed the similarities of verb phrase in English and Minang language based on forms and functions. The similarities of both languages could be formed by adding Verb +
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Azizah, Indah Nur, Wahya Wahya, and Susi Machdalena. "Exploring the Use of Adverb ‘Literally’ in Corpus of Contemporary American English." Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, dan Budaya 10, no. 2 (2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/lensa.10.2.2020.250-262.

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ABSTRACTThis research aims to describe the use of adverb literally by a native speaker. It is qualitative descriptive research. The main source of this research is the data from one of the online corpora, namely Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). There are three steps used in this research, namely the data collection, the data analysis, and the display of the analysis of the results. Based on the data from COCA, this research tries to describe the frequency of the use of adverb literally in COCA and how the adverb is used in the sentence by knowing the particle that follows it. Th
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Gu, Yulan. "From Differentiation of the Expressive Effects to Conscious Use of Rhetorical Language." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 9, no. 3 (2018): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0903.22.

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The double predicate structures in English are examples of rhetorical use of language. The differentiation between the distinctive double predicate structure “verb + adjective” and the normal predicate structure “verb + adverb” and the subsequent choice in specific contexts is thus not only a matter of grammar rules on the surface, but, more substantively, a matter of conscious use of rhetorical language. The survey conducted among college English teachers in China into their differentiation between “verb + adjective” and “verb + adverb” showed that most respondents didn’t distinguish very wel
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Juszczak, Bartosz. "Przysłówki i wyrażenia adwerbialne pochodzenia rosyjskiego w języku polskim I." Slavica Wratislaviensia 166 (June 22, 2018): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0137-1150.166.11.

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Adverbs and adverb phrases of Russian origin in Polish language IThis article focuses on the issue of Russian adverbs and adverb phrases that were adopted into Polish language. Basing on different Polish language dictionaries author creates a list of Russian adverbs in the number of 53 that were introduced into Polish. Working on this article required formal and quantity analysis of language material. In the following part of the article there is researched an issue of modifications strong and weak that undergo the Russian loanwords in Polish language. The article closes an attempt of comparis
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Andrushenko, Olena. "Corpus-based studies of Middle English adverb largely: syntax and information-structure." XLinguae 14, no. 2 (2021): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.02.05.

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The study aims at exploring the adverb largely in late Middle English based on the Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, in terms of its functioning as a sentence Focus marker. The article considers syntactic changes in English from the language with V2 tendencies to the one with verb-medial order. Such differences make sentence information structure disrupted, and new elements arise in the language as ‘therapy.’ The assumption made in this paper is as follows: the word largely emerging in English in ca. 1200 starts functioning as a focusing adverb in 1400 as a result of the shift in the m
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Trahey, Martha, and Lydia White. "Positive Evidence and Preemption in the Second Language Classroom." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, no. 2 (1993): 181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100011955.

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In this paper we show that supplying positive evidence in the second language (L2) classroom does not necessarily trigger the appropriate L2 value of a parameter of Universal Grammar. The parameter we investigate is the verb movement parameter of Pollock (1989), which accounts for the fact that English and French adverbs differ as to where they occur in relation to the verb: In French the verb raises past the adverb, allowing the order SVAO but not SAV, whereas in English the verb does not raise, allowing SAV but not SVAO. Fifty-four francophone children (aged 11) in intensive English-as-a-sec
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Nam, Jeesun. "A novel dichotomy of the Korean adverb nemwu in opinion classification." Studies in Language 38, no. 1 (2014): 171–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.1.05nam.

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While the adverb nemwu, roughly equivalent to the intensifier too in English, has been considered an adverb that intensifies gradable predicates in excess, thereby provoking a negative interpretation, it can also be used to emphasize a positive evaluation in online subjective texts. Moreover, even in the sentences conveying a negative evaluation, only some of the occurrences of nemwu are used as a polarity reversing valence shifter. This paper proposes a novel dichotomy for the usages of nemwu, consisting of ‘Intensifying Adverbs’ (IAs) and ‘Opinion Introducers’ (OIs), and examines the necessa
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Valera, Salvador. "On subject-orientation in English -ly adverbs." English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 2 (1998): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000885.

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This paper challenges the view that subject-orientation in English de-adjectival -ly adverbs is a syntactic attribute, and favours the hypothesis that orientation is, rather, a lexico-semantic feature. An important part of the evidence supporting this hypothesis derives from the examination of constructions in which an -ly adverb modifies an adjectival head (as in his genially informal manner) and displays a (potential) orientation to a co-occurring noun. The discussion is based on examples from the LOB Corpus.
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Andrushenko, Olena. "Information-structural transformations of additive adverb EVEN (a case study of the English language written records and corpora of the XII-XVII с.)". MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 24, № 1 (2021): 16–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.1.2021.236109.

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The paper presents the study of the adverb even in Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse and Early English Books Online, which texts and digital solutions help investigate the impact of sentence information structure on adverbial development. Corpus and semantic analysis of the XII-XVII c. written records have been the basis for singling out even as a focusing adverb outlining its distinctive features as an additive. The author proposes a new methodology to annotate information structure of the sentences with the adverb retrieved from the corpora taking into account the word-order change ov
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Jacobson, Sven. "CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES ON ADVERB PLACEMENT IN ENGLISH." Studia Linguistica 34, no. 2 (2008): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9582.1980.tb00312.x.

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Cichosz, Anna. "Inversion after Clause-Initial Adverbs in Old English: The Special Status of þa, þonne, nu, and swa." Journal of English Linguistics 45, no. 4 (2017): 308–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424217733026.

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This study is a corpus-based analysis of clause-initial adverbs and their ability to invert pronominal and nominal subjects in Old English (OE) prose. There is a limited set of adverbs, referred to as “operators” in generative studies of OE syntax, which may cause inversion of personal pronoun subjects; these are þa, þonne, nu, and swa. In this study, numerous differences between the syntactic behavior of these adverbs are revealed, showing that they should not be treated as a syntactically coherent group. The analysis is focused on various factors that have an impact on inversion rates of the
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Hasselgård, Hilde. "Adverb-adjective combinations in young writers’ English (EL1 and EL2)." Nordic Journal of Language Teaching and Learning 10, no. 2 (2023): 383–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.46364/njltl.v10i2.1077.

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The topic of the present study is adverb-adjective combinations in narrative writing by lower secondary school pupils in Norway and the UK. The investigation is based on subsets of the TRAWL (Tracking Written Learner Language) and GiG (Growth in Grammar) corpora and thus compares English as a second language with first-language usage (EL2 and EL1). A number of differences were identified between the two writer groups. While adverb-adjective constructions, such as so happy, much better and really bad, were more frequent and widespread in EL2, they showed more variability in EL1 regarding syntax
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Kemp, Lois, and Kees Hengeveld. "English evidential -ly adverbs in the noun phrase from a functional perspective." Open Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2022): 573–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2022-0208.

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Abstract This article addresses the question of how the distribution and role of English evidential -ly adverbs in the noun phrase can be accounted for using the framework of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). Both adverbs and adjectives occurring in noun phrases are categorized in various ways. The results of the categorization offer insights into the distribution of these adverbs and adjectives. Four generalizations are arrived at concerning the combination of evidential adverbs and adjectives in noun phrases. First, the lower in the FDG hierarchy the category of an adverb, the less frequen
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Hasselgård, Hilde. "Lexicogrammatical features of adverbs in advanced learner English." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 166, no. 1 (2015): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.166.1.05has.

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This paper explores the use of -ly adverbs by Norwegian advanced learners of English compared to that of native speakers. The investigation is based on two corpora of novice academic English: VESPA and BAWE. It considers features of lexis (frequencies, style, meanings, collocational patterns) as well as of syntax, i.e. whether the adverbs function as adjuncts, disjuncts, conjuncts or modifiers in adjective or adverb phrases. The learners make few clear mistakes with adverbs, but there are important frequency differences between the corpora concerning lexical choice and semantic and syntactic f
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Imran, Muhammad. "The Syntactic Variations in Adverb Phrase ‘As well’ in Initial Position in Pakistani English (PakE): A Corpus Based Study." World Journal of English Language 13, no. 6 (2023): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v13n6p196.

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This study aims to pinpoint the variations in Adverb Phrase ‘As well’ in the initial position in PakE, and investigate the influence of the substrate linguistic effect of the Urdu language on PakE. For this study, a corpus GlowbE-PK was utilized. In total, 192 Adverb phrases in the initial position of the sentence were found. This study utilized the mixed method research and also kept in view the Sociolinguistic Variation and World Englishes conventions of research.The number and frequency of tokens per million words were calculated. Overall, PakE reveals a frequency of 3.84% per 1 million wor
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Jackson, Carrie N., and Helena T. Ruf. "THE IMPORTANCE OF PRIME REPETITION AMONG INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 40, no. 3 (2017): 677–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263117000365.

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AbstractThis study investigates whether repeating a prime sentence aloud strengthens short-term and longer-term priming of adverb-first word order among adult intermediate L1 English-German L2 learners (N = 30). Compared to an earlier study (Jackson & Ruf, 2017), in which similarly proficient L1 English-German L2 learners heard, but did not repeat, prime sentences, participants in the present study exhibited greater short-term priming for adverb-first word order during the priming phase and significant longer-term priming in a posttest phase immediately following the priming phase. However
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Grieve,, Jack. "A statistical analysis of regional variation in adverb position in a corpus of written Standard American English." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 8, no. 1 (2012): 39–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2012-0003.

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AbstractThis paper investigates whether the position of adverb phrases in sentences is regionally patterned in written Standard American English, based on an analysis of a 25 million word corpus of letters to the editor representing the language of 200 cities from across the United States. Seven measures of adverb position were tested for regional patterns using the global spatial autocorrelation statistic Moran's I and the local spatial autocorrelation statistic Getis-Ord Gi*. Three of these seven measures were indentified as exhibiting significant levels of spatial autocorrelation, contrasti
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Killie, Kristin. "On the development and use of appearance/attribute adverbs in English." Diachronica 24, no. 2 (2007): 327–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.24.2.05kil.

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It is commonly claimed that in English adjectives denoting colour and other physical properties, referred to here as ‘appearance/attribute’ adjectives, do not give rise to adverbs. This alleged constraint has been related to the fact that the adjectives in question are stative. In this paper I present data which show that appearance/attribute adjectives do give rise to adverbs. To be sure, such ‘appearance/attribute adverbs’ are infrequent and ‘literary’, but they began to be used to some extent in the 19th century, and their frequency has increased considerably during the last two centuries.
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JACKSON, CARRIE N., and HELENA T. RUF. "The priming of word order in second language German." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 2 (2016): 315–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000205.

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ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the priming and subsequent production of word order variation (adverb–verb–subject vs. subject–verb–adverb order) with temporal phrases (Experiment 1) and locative phrases (Experiment 2) among intermediate English–German second language learners. Participants exhibited comparable short-term priming for adverb-first word order in both experiments. In the initial baseline phase, participants produced adverb-first sentences with temporal phrases but not locative phrases, and only temporal phrases led to significant long-term priming, as measured in a postpri
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KLEMOLA, JUHANI. "Traces of historical infinitive in English dialects and their Celtic connections." English Language and Linguistics 13, no. 2 (2009): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309003037.

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A number of nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century dialect descriptions refer to an unusual adverb + infinitive construction in southwestern and west Midlands dialects of English. The construction is most often reported in the form of a formulaic phrase away to go, meaning ‘away he went’, though it is also found with a range of other adverbs. In addition, the same dialects also make use of a possibly related imperative construction, consisting of a preposition or adverb and a to-infinitive, as in out to come! ‘Come out!’ and a negative imperative construction consisting of the negator
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Gómez Alzate, Edier, Alejandro Cuza, José Camacho, and Dafne Zanelli. "The Distribution of Manner and Frequency Adverbs in Child Heritage Speakers of Spanish." Languages 9, no. 1 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9010001.

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We investigate the acquisition of adverb placement in Spanish among school-age child heritage speakers of Spanish born and raised in the US by Mexican parents. We examine frequency and manner adverbs with negative and positive polarity and the potential role of cross-linguistic influence, dominance, and experience in the path and rate of development. Fourteen child heritage speakers of Spanish born and raised in the US and twenty-five Spanish monolingual children from Mexico completed an elicited production task. Results showed that the heritage children produced significantly fewer verb-raisi
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SIMONYAN, SONA. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VERB-PARTICLE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE COMPONENT UP, ABOVE-ՎԵՐ/ՎԵՐև, AGAINST-ԴԵՄ/ԸՆԴԴԵՄ IN MODERN ENGLISH AND ARMENIAN". JOURNAL FOR ARMENIAN STUDIES 3, № 62 (2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/journalforarmenianstudies.v3i62.57.

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English and Armenian exhibit richness in infinitive+preposition/postposition or adverb constructions. These constructions are referred to as verb-particle constructions in Armenian and phrasal verbs in English. These constructions reflect the richness and flexibility of expressing thoughts and actions in English and Armenian languages. The non-verbal component of these constructions is preposition, postposition or adverb with a sense of place and direction. Examples include take up «prefer», blow up «explode», վեր հանել (literally «to take up», meaning «to open the secret, to find out smth», a
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Barus, Windi Sahputra, Mhd Pujiono, and Hesti Fibriasari. "CODE MIXING USED BY STUDENTS OF FRENCH STUDY PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN." Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 3, no. 1 (2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i1.980.

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The communication process involving a code mixing is an alternative to avoid misunderstandings in a bilingual community, a community having the phenomenon of speaking and understanding two or more languages, referring either to individuals or the entire society. This study aims to analyze the forms of code mixing using qualitative method. The data were obtained from recording of conversational discourse. The data collection strategy used the referral method, supported by basic techniques, namely tapping and advanced techniques, the skillful in-flight listening technique (SBLC). The results sho
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Fretheim, Thorstein. "English then and Norwegian da/så compared: a Relevance-theoretic account." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 29, no. 1 (2006): 45–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586506001491.

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An analysis of the English adverb then is suggested, which treats it as ambiguous, encoding two distinct meanings, one of which is anaphoric and corresponds to the meaning of the Norwegian temporal adverb da, and the other is non-anaphoric and corresponds to the meaning of the Norwegian temporal adverb så. The paper challenges the commonly made assumption that cases of supposed ambiguity which exist cross-linguistically might be better reanalyzed in terms of a univocal semantics and a range of pragmatic inferences, either as implicated meanings along Gricean lines or as the outcome of context-
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Sianipar, Herbert Mouren. "A Contrastive Analysis between English and Batak Toba Language in Prefixes." Explora 8, no. 2 (2022): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51622/explora.v8i2.644.

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Indonesia is one of the big countries in the world consists of many islands which are separated by oceans and islands that has many tribes as well as their languages. One of the tribes in Indonesia is Bataknese. Batak are an ethnic group from North Sumatra. Most of Bataknese are living in North Sumatra. In this contrastive analysis, the writer chooses two languages, first, English as the source language and Batak Toba language as the target language. The writer contrast the form, distribution, function and meaning of those two language and focused on the prfixes. There is correspondence betwee
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Ziegeler, Debra. "Changes in the functions of already in Singapore English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 35, no. 2 (2020): 293–331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00062.zie.

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Abstract The use of the adverb already in Colloquial Singapore English has long been known as one of the most readily recognizable features defining the contact dialect, marking aspectual nuances such as anterior, completive, inchoative and inceptive functions, as noted by Bao (2005, 2015). Recent observations note that the uses of already as an inchoative marker (distinguishing the adverb as an iamitive) are more frequently found than completive uses across a small, synchronic sample of speakers (Teo 2019). It is perhaps less often recognized, though, that the aspectual use of already co-exis
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Sulastri, Sulastri, and Rizkariani Sulaiman. "A Contrastive Analysis Study Between English and Macassarese in Request Sentence." ELT Worldwide: Journal of English Language Teaching 7, no. 2 (2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/eltww.v7i2.15337.

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This study examines the English and Makassar language request phrases. The imperative phrase of both languages from its form, purpose, and category in a sentence was studied in this analysis. The research used descriptive approach and contrastive analysis in terms of methods, the entire data were gathered by observing and interviewing the native speakers of Lakiung dialects who still speak in their everyday communication. In the analysis, the writer outlined and compared the differences and similarities in request sentences, classified and explained request sentences into subject, predicate, o
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Lines, Bethan. "A comparison of L2 and L1 speakers’ production of adverb positions in the Cardiff variety of Welsh." Forum for Linguistic Studies 4, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/fls.v4i1.1451.

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The grammaticality of adverb positions varies by language. Consequently, L2 and L1 speakers may differ from each other in their acquisition of adverb positions. Given that L2 Welsh speakers outnumber L1 Welsh speakers in Wales, differences in acquisition may change which adverb positions occur in contemporary Welsh. This study compares which adverb positions L2 and L1 speakers produce in the spoken data from Cardiff in the CorCenCC corpus (Knight et al., 2020) in order to identify any differences in acquisition. Comparisons of L2 and L1 English speakers find that L2 speakers consistently acqui
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GUZ, WOJCIECH. "Non-ly adverbs in preverbal position: the case of fast." English Language and Linguistics 18, no. 1 (2014): 133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674313000312.

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English adverbs are often classified according to the range of positions that are available to them. One such group includes items which allegedly can only occupy the VP-final position. These are typically non-ly adverbs such as hard, well and fast. However, although counterexamples to this claim can be found in corpora, few attempts have been made to reconsider the distributional characteristics of these adverbs. This article therefore offers a corpus-based analysis of the adverb fast, whose preverbal occurrence has so far been largely ignored. The analysis seeks to establish the extent – exp
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SEPPÄNEN, AIMO. "The Old English relative þe." English Language and Linguistics 8, no. 1 (2004): 71–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136067430400125x.

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In current accounts the Old English relative þe is analysed in two radically different ways. The traditional view, inherited from the nineteenth-century grammarians, views the word as a relative pronoun, while the generative analysis, derived from some remarks of Jespersen on the ModE relative that, takes it to be a subordinating particle. The generativist view is based on the word's lack of morphological variation, whereas the older approach examines more generally the grammar of the word, noting that the invariable þe shares the typical nominal categories of number and case, functioning both
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Altenberg, Bengt. "Conclusive English then and Swedish då." Languages in Contrast 10, no. 1 (2010): 102–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.10.1.05alt.

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Conclusive English then and Swedish då are compared on the basis of a bi-directional translation corpus. The examples are classified into five different uses according to certain formal and contextual criteria. The two words are shown to have obvious functional similarities: in each of the categories distinguished then and då are the preferred translation equivalents of each other. But there are also striking differences. Swedish då is generally much more common than English then and the latter is often left out in the English translations. In other words, the use of an explicit conclusion mar
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Kovbasko, Yurii. "Functional Transposition of ‘ON’ from a Diachronic Perspective." Studies about Languages 1, no. 40 (2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.40.1.30644.

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The paper represents a distinctive attempt to trace the development of the preposition and the adverb ‘on’ as the initial and transposed categories. The study focuses on their evolution throughout 16 historical time spans – since 850 and up to the present time. The research is based on 7 954 Old English, 2 368 Middle English, 4 251 Early Modern English examples, which have been obtained from the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts and analyzed without applying any corpus software; 174 581 examples of Late Modern English from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, which have been processed by me
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Taufiqi, Muhammad Aulia, Rudi Hartono, and Januarius Mujiyanto. "The The Influence of Class Shift on Achieving Semantic Meaning in the English-Indonesian Translation of Yule’s Pragmatics." English Education Journal 9, no. 2 (2019): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v9i2.29395.

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The important of translation can be seen in our daily life. Translation can be found in many aspects of our life such as books, newspaper, magazines, novel, comics, even movies. One important aspect in translation study is class shift. Class shift deals with the changing of word classes in source language to the target language. Hence one language and others are different, this study aimed to know the influence of class shift on achieving semantic meaning in the English-Indonesian translation of Yule’s pragmatics. Qualitative research is the type of this research and descriptive qualitative
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Fretheim, Thorstein. "A relevance-theoretic account of the way we use and understand the English temporal adverb again and its Norwegian counterpart igjen." Languages in Contrast 3, no. 1 (2001): 41–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.3.1.04fre.

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The English temporal adverb again and the corresponding adverb igjen in Norwegian are words which do not encode a concept but rather an instruction to the audience to let the inferential phase of their comprehension process be guided by a specific contextual assumption. These adverbs have a procedural semantics in the sense of Relevance Theory, which distinguishes them semantically from an expression like once more or the prefix re-, both of which encode a conceptual meaning. English has a single lexical entry again whose encoded meaning is temporal yet not truth-conditional, and there is an e
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