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Journal articles on the topic 'English language, dictionaries, urdu'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Quyyum, Afshan, and Tooba Ahmed. "THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF REDUPLICATION IN ENGLISH AND URDU LANGUAGES: A CROSS LINGUIST STUDY." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 01 (2022): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i1.670.

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The main concentration of this work is to look at the forms and functions of morphological doubling in syntax and it aims at to look at the functions and roles of double questions morphemes of Urdu and to make comparative analysis of Urdu and English languages. There are different types of doublings in English language e.g. adverbs doublings, semantic doubling but question doubling does not exist in English language because it is the unique feature of Urdu language only. Qualitative analysis with purposive sampling approach, with the framework of Lexical Functional grammar (LFG).through the co

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Ullah, Zafar, Muhammad Farooq Alam, and Wishma Ihsan. "Juxtaposing Urdu to English Captions of Facebook/ Metaverse: A Neural Machine Translation Study." Global Language Review VII, no. II (2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(vii-ii).05.

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Facebook/ Metaverse is a world-leading social networking platform that is equally popular in the world that is equally popular globally Due to the diversity of its users, Facebook is dedicated to improving its Machine Translation (MT) to refine the communication process and remove linguistic hurdles for efficient communication. Recently, Metaverse has started Neural Machine Translation (NMT) for the improvement of translation. NMT uses artificial neural networks to predict a more appropriate word choice and sequence. This research investigates the efficiency of Neural Machine Translation (NMT)

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Gul, Sarah, Musarrat Azher, and Sana Nawaz. "Development of Saraiki WordNet by Mapping of Word Senses: A Corpus-based Approach." Linguistics and Literature Review 7, no. 2 (2021): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.72/04.

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This paper aimed to develop the Saraiki WordNet. Saraiki is one of the regional languages spoken in Pakistan and has a unique history of its own. Saraiki language is remarkably similar to two languages, namely Punjabi and Sindhi. Saraiki has different dialects and each dialect is representative of the region where it is spoken. This paper used the Urdu WordNet (Zafar, Mahmood, Shams & Hussain, 2014) as the basis for the formation of Saraiki WordNet. Urdu WordNet (Zafar et al., 2014) was created by UET Lahore and is based on Princeton WordNet (Miller, 1990). Dictionaries or lughats and lite

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Muhammad Waseem. "Classifying Urdu Verbs Using Rule Based Approach." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 5, no. 1 (2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2021.0501178.

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To make dictionaries complete and to keep their size restricted, there is an approach in the linguistic world to equip these dictionaries with morphological information. This module of morphological information is usually known as a morphological analyzer or morphological classifier, which normally contains the complete possible linguistic information about each word for that particular language and it also describes the rules of derivations from the root of a word and its various inflections, respectively. In this work, a classifier for Urdu verbs (CUV) is proposed which is still a challengin

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Masood, Muhammad Hamzah, Shahzeb Shafi, Muhammad Yousaf Rahim, and Maqsood Ali Darwesh. "Interference of L1 (Urdu) in L2 (English) in Pakistan: Teaching English as a Second Language." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 9, no. 5 (2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.9n.5p.110.

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Under the shadow of the inescapable fact that learning L2 (Second or Foreign Language) especially English in this global village is mandatory for academia in developing countries, thereupon, Pakistan faces akin conditions where learners are exposed to Urdu as National Language and English as Academic and Official Language besides L1 (First Language, Mother Tongue, Primary Language or Native Language). Within this confused sequential multilingualism, few achieve native-like accuracy or fluency or both, while others fall a prey to influence of L1 in L2. The current study extends to explore the d

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Mustafa, Kashmala ,., Shoaib Waqas, Rida Khawar Dar, Qurat Ul Ain Sherazi, Muhammad Tariq, and Hafiz M. Asim. "Translation and Validation of Barthel Index in Urdu Language for Stroke Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3 (2022): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22163163.

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Aim: To translate and validate of Barthel index in Urdu language for stroke patients Methodology: From June 2020 to January 2021, a descriptive linguistic validation research was done using convenient sampling at Ghurki Trust and Teaching Hospital in Lahore. Twenty neurological rehab professionals and 200 stroke survivors who could understand Urdu were used to validate the content. Two translators, one with a medical background and the other with a technical background in Urdu language, forward translated the BI English version into Urdu. The backward translation of the translated versions BI-

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Ayesha Saddiqa. "The Role of Pashto (as L1) and Urdu (as L2) in English Language Learning." Linguistics and Literature Review 4, no. 1 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.v4i1.273.

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Pashto is one of the dominant languages in the north of Pakistan. Its speakers prefer to communicate in L1with their peers in non-pashto speaking regions like Lahore, which is the capital city of Punjab, Pakistan. Along with Pashto, they communicate in Urdu (the national language) and English (the most prestigious academic language) for higher education, employment and business. With this background in mind, the current study investigates: (a) what are the common syntactic properties (sentence structure, aspect, preposition, article and mood) in Pashto, Urdu and English languages?, (b) What ar

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Afzal, Nimra, Shoaib Waqas, Muhammad Tariq, Asifa Javaid, and Hafiz Muhammad Asim. "Translation and Validation Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia in Urdu Language for Cerebral Palsy Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 9 (2022): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2216958.

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Aim: To translate the Scale for assessment and rating of Ataxia from English to Urdu language Methods: The study employed a linguistic validation study design with a non-random sample approach and was done at different clinical setups of Lahore. Parents of children with ataxic cerebral palsy with children aged 2 to 15 years old who speak Urdu should contact us. Sara's English version was translated into Urdu by two translators, one with a medical background and the other with a technical background in Urdu, both proficient in Urdu and English. Two individuals with medical and technology backgr

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Malik Adnan, Muhammad Bilal Nawaz, Shehla Jabeen, and Muhammad Shahzad. "Lexical Borrowing in Print Media: Bilingualism in English Newspapers of Pakistan." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 6, no. 2 (2020): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v6i2.1189.

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English has been considered as one of the most useful spoken language and is referred as Lingua Franca all around the globe. English is the major source for communicating all over the world. In different cultures mostly people speak their native language but use English as an alternate. This paper explains the lexical borrowing that means the explanation about some words from Urdu that has turned out to be part of the English language in newspapers of Pakistan. In this regard, the most circulated and popular English Newspapers of Pakistan, The Nation and The News were selected to analyze the w

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Nakao, Keisuke. "English-Japanese Learners' Dictionaries." International Journal of Lexicography 2, no. 4 (1989): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/2.4.295.

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Amanat, Asma, and Ashiq Hussain. "THE URDU AND ENGLISH MEDIUM DIVIDE IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 04 (2021): 616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i4.321.

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English and Urdu languages are used in Pakistan as official languages for spoken and written communication. In the education system of Pakistan, a linguistic divide exists, and it divided the Pakistani education system into two streams known as English medium and Urdu medium. In Pakistan, Government schools, colleges, and universities are Urdu medium and offer very low-price education to the poorer and middle-class communities whereas English medium schools, colleges, and Universities are owned by private organizations and offer education to economically well-off societies. The said disparity

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Nesi, Hilary. "Dictionary use by English language learners." Language Teaching 47, no. 1 (2013): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444813000402.

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Research into dictionary use does not have a long history. Although publishers recognised in the 1960s that ‘dictionaries should be designed with a special set of users in mind’ (Householder 1967: 279) there were extremely few empirical user studies before the 1980s – Welker's most recent survey (2010) lists only six. The subsequent surge of interest in this field was fuelled by big changes to dictionary content and design in the 1980s and 1990s, changes that were particularly evident in dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language, conventionally known as ‘learners’ dictionaries

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Lubensky, Sophia, O. P. Benyuch, and G. V. Chernov. "Russian-English English-Russian: Hippocrene Practical Dictionaries." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 1 (1988): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327607.

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Bradley, Philip. "English-language dictionaries, past and present." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 15, Issue 2 15, no. 2 (1986): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.1986.15.2.12.

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Rahman, Tariq. "The Urdu —English Controversy in Pakistan." Modern Asian Studies 31, no. 1 (1997): 177–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00016978.

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Pakistan is an ideologically inspired state and Urdu was a part of this ideology. During the development of Muslim separatism in British India it had become a symbol of Muslim identity and was the chief rival of Hindi, the symbol of Hindu identity (Brass, 1974: 119–81. Thus, after partition it was not surprising that the Muslim polemical and methodologically unreliable books. Some of them are, indeed, part of the pro-Urdu campaign by such official institutions as the National Language Authority, because of which they articulate only the official language policy (Kamran, 1992). Other books, esp

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Akhter, Saleem, Behzad Anwar, and Abrar Qureshi. "A Pedagogical View of English/Urdu Collocations." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 2 (2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p133.

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To build a sound vocabulary and to give the basic knowledge of language to ESL students is one of the key issues for English language teachers in Pakistan. They emphasize single word vocabulary build-up along with grammatical construction of a sentence at the same time by making its Urdu translation without taking any considerable notice of the use of collocation (the naturally co-occurring words) not by chance but chosen by the native speakers consistently as a psycholinguistic consideration. This phenomenon results in the development of erroneous writing and speaking skills on the part of ES

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Dr. Muhammad Gulfraz Abbasi, Dr. Zafar Iqbal Khattak, and Dr. Yasir Arafat. "Pahari Distinctiveness without Pahari Language: A Study of Language Attitudes of the Pahari Community." sjesr 4, no. 2 (2021): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol4-iss2-2021(325-332).

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Pahari language spoken in Murree and its suburbs is in contact with Urdu, the national language of Pakistan. It is also in contact with Punjabi and English. The present study explores the views and attitudes of the Pahari speaking community regarding the Pahari identity and culture vis-à-vis languages like Pahari, Punjabi, Urdu, and English. The study is ethnographic and is based on detailed observation and in-depth interviews of a sample of 91 people belonging to three generations. The study concludes that Pahari speaking community especially the Abbasi tribe, on the whole, claims to protect

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Syed, Hafiz M. Yasir. "Correlation of Urduization in Pakistani English (PAKE): A Cultural Integrant." Journal of English Language, Literature and Education 1, no. 01 (2019): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/jelle.2019.010139.

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Pakistani English is a non-native variety of English language as it shows different shifts from Standard British English. Every non-native language has a great impact of culture because language is culture and culture is language. It is obvious that many words of local languages become part of the variety of English that is spoken in a specific region. Cultural integration in Pakistani English is very dominant as it is syndicated with Urdu language because Urdu language is a national language of Pakistan declared by constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973. Thus Pakistani English show

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Sarfraz, Maha. "Lexical Variations in Pakistani English: A Case Study of the Novel Twilight in Delhi." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 4, no. 6 (2021): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.6.30.

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The present study investigates the English language variations due to code-switching between L1 (Urdu) and L2 (English). It shows how language varies from culture to culture, religion to religion, and how these variations make language an independent variety. This research also investigates the role of Urdu language in the formation of Pakistani English. It is a corpus-based study. Methodology in the study is both qualitative and quantitative. A mixed approach has been employed. As a sample, a famous postcolonial novel “Twilight in Delhi” by Ahmed Ali has been selected. Analysis shows that the

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Ahmed, Shereen, Behzad Anwar, and Tabassum Iqbal. "Language Contact: A Study of Syllabic Change of English Borrowed Words in Urdu." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 2 (2017): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n2p140.

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This paper aims to describe the syllabic changes in those words which Urdu has borrowed from the English language. The changes are observed by exploring the sequence of sounds present in the syllables of English words. The results are presented on the basis of collection of English words taken from Urdu lexicon. The syllable templates that undergo change during the process of Urdu syllabification are: CCV, CVC, CVCC, CCVC, CCVCC, CVVC, CVVVC, CCCV, CCCVC, and CCCVCC. The current study has formulated some specific generalizations and constraints on the basis of which these changes occur. The st

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Hassan, Amna, Nazia Iqbal, and Bushra Hassan. "Adaptation, Translation and Psychometric Properties of Gaslight Questionnaire in Urdu Language." Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology 3, no. 4 (2022): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v3i4.146.

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Translation and adaptation of an instrument measuring a certain construct in a specific culture has a scope in the field of psychological testing. To measure a psychological construct, a standardized test is used. Native language inventories produce effective and valid results as compared to foreign inventories. Gaslighting Questionnaire for measuring emotional abuse among married individuals was translated into Urdu language for use with the Pakistani population. The study was comprised of two phases, one is cross language validation and second is establishing psychometric properties of trans

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Kaye, Alan S., Marcel Lemmens, and Herman Wekker. "Grammar in English Learners' Dictionaries." Language 64, no. 2 (1988): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415467.

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Lew, Robert. "Dictionaries for learners of English." Language Teaching 49, no. 2 (2016): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026144481500049x.

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The Department of Lexicography and Lexicology at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań has done extensive research on dictionary use in the context of language teaching and learning. The department forms part of the Faculty of English, which is the largest institution in continental Europe educating teachers of English at the B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. levels. Therefore, it is only natural that the language-teaching potential of dictionaries is the main focus of the studies undertaken in the Department.

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Yordanova, Milena. "Dictionaries for English Language Teaching in the Bulgarian Revival." Chuzhdoezikovo Obuchenie-Foreign Language Teaching 49, no. 5 (2022): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/for22.555rech.

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The article presents an analytical review of the available bilingual dictionaries (Bulgarian-English and English-Bulgarian) that were used during the Bulgarian Revival for English language teaching. A quantitative analysis of the dictionaries is made, with special attention paid to the selection of the vocabulary included in them. The specific features of the appendices placed at the end of the dictionaries are discussed. The characteristics of the dictionaries are examined from a linguistic and philological perspective.

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Dr. Ammara Farukh, Dr. Syed Shujaat Ali, and Dr. Nadia Gilani. "Impact of L2 Orthography on Reading Accuracy of L1: An Evidence from the Children of Grade 3." sjesr 3, no. 3 (2020): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(148-153).

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The present research focused on investigating the impact of increased exposure to second language orthography (English), through adopting it as a medium of instruction, on reading accuracy in L1. This was expected that increased exposure to L2 might support L1 reading accuracy. The sample of the study was 8-9 years old grade, 3 children. The children were selected from Private sector Urdu, and English medium schools located in an underdeveloped district of Punjab, Pakistan. Although the students were highly exposed to Urdu orthography, yet it could not have the advantage to get better reading

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Ali, Asad, Qaisar Jabbar, Nazir Ahmad Malik, Humayun Baber Kiani, Zumra Noreen, and Ly Ngoc Toan. "Clausal-Internal Switching in Urdu-English: An Evaluation of the Matrix Language Frame Model." REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 3, no. 3 (2021): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/reila.v3i3.6774.

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The core of this paper is to employ the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model on Urdu-English clausal-internal switching to identify whether the Matrix Language Frame model potentially accounts for the bilingual linguistic competence efficiently. For this, a qualitative methodology has been adopted for this study. For empirical evidence, data has been taken from eighty Urdu- English bilinguals within a naturalistic setting after categorizing them into four groups, and each group has 20 participants. After conducting audio-recording through non-participant interviews in an informal setting, the col

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Fatima, Ghazeefa, Rao Muhammad Adeel Nawab, Muhammad Salman Khan, and Ali Saeed. "Developing a Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity Corpus for English–Urdu Language Pair." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, no. 2 (2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3472618.

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Semantic word similarity is a quantitative measure of how much two words are contextually similar. Evaluation of semantic word similarity models requires a benchmark corpus. However, despite the millions of speakers and the large digital text of the Urdu language on the Internet, there is a lack of benchmark corpus for the Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity task for the Urdu language. This article reports our efforts in developing such a corpus. The newly developed corpus is based on the SemEval-2017 task 2 English dataset, and it contains 1,945 cross-lingual English–Urdu word pairs. For e

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Bogaards, P. "Dictionaries for Learners of English." International Journal of Lexicography 9, no. 4 (1996): 277–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/9.4.277.

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Hassan Kumhar, Sajadul, Syed Immamul Ansarullah, Akber Abid Gardezi, Shafiq Ahmad, Abdelaty Edrees Sayed, and Muhammad Shafiq. "Translation of English Language into Urdu Language Using LSTM Model." Computers, Materials & Continua 74, no. 2 (2023): 3899–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.032290.

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Zhang, Xuhua, and Anna Jia Gander. "treatment of phraseology in Chinese–English dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries for learners." Lexicography 8, no. 2 (2021): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lexi.20889.

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There is little doubt that phraseology is at the heart of all language use. This paper examines the treatment of phraseology in two influential Chinese–English dictionaries and four Chinese dictionaries for learners. Two high-frequency characters, namely eat and hit, were selected due to their highly polysemous and phraseological nature, and their phraseological behaviors examined in the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese. The entries in the Chinese–English dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries for learners for eat and hit were examined and their dictionary records compared with the results

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JAFAR, MUHAMMAD RAHIM, and MUHAMMAD RAHIM JAFAR. "Challenges toward the Implications of Official Urdu." Pacific International Journal 5, no. 4 (2022): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v5i4.234.

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Urdu is associated with the Muslims of the subcontinent region before the partition of Pakistan and India. It is the national language and one of the official languages of Pakistan. English and Urdu are spoken, written, and understood throughout the country, although the Urdu languages are spoken throughout many regions of Pakistan, including the local and regional languages. For the same reason, Urdu was declared Pakistan's national language after the country gained independence.Afterwards, certain bodies were established for its proper implementation as the official language of the country.

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Walker, C. "The Treatment of Collocation by Learners' Dictionaries, Collocational Dictionaries and Dictionaries of Business English." International Journal of Lexicography 22, no. 3 (2009): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecp016.

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Jawad, Saqib, Barkat Ali, Muhammad Assad, and Muhammad Sohail. "Urdu as Official Language: A Constitutional Mandate Compliance; Challenges; Prospective." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (2021): 261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v4i1.120.

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Though Urdu language has no religious background, it is inspired by Arabic a mother-tongue of Islam. However, after its development, Urdu was exclusively attributed to be the language of Muslims of the Sub-continent. They faced many challenges for the survival of Urdu during the Movement of Independence. For the same reason, after independence, Urdu was declared to be the National Language of Pakistan. Afterward, certain bodies were established for its proper implementation as official language of the country. This aspect is recognized as constitutional obligation in term of Article 251 of Con

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Hung, Tony T. N. "‘New English’ words in international English dictionaries." English Today 18, no. 4 (2002): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078402004042.

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How such words are–and might be–handledThe author argues that, with the development of English as a world language and the burgeoning of new varieties of English (‘New Englishes’, or NE's), and with the inclusion of more and more NE words in international English dictionaries, there is a need for systematic and principled solutions to the proper phonetic representation of these words, instead of arbitrarily imposing the same transcription conventions on them as for ‘Old’ varieties of English (‘Old Englishes’, or OE's).

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Ahmad, Ayaz, Liaqat Iqbal, and Irfan Ullah. "Challenges and Opportunities of English and Urdu contest: Language Planning and the Implementation of Article 251 in Pakistan." Global Legal Studies Review V, no. III (2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glsr.2020(v-iii).10.

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Immediately after independence in 1947, Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. The constitution of 1973 promised the realization of this goal in Article 251. This paper analyses the causes of its lack of implementation with the help of textual analysis of archival sources. A historical overview of the introduction and domination of the English language in South Asia through colonial machinery explains the reasons for ambivalence about English and Urdu language to be entrenched in the colonial legacy and anticolonial nationalism. The lack of capacity and will combines with the forces fo

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Farooq, Mahwish, and Asim Mahmood. "The Acoustic Effect of Urdu Phonological Rules on English Speech." Linguistics and Literature Review 7, no. 1 (2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/llr.71.07.

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The paper is about the acoustic effect of Urdu phonological rules on Pakistani Urdu speakers' English speech. The objective of the study is to discuss the phenomenon of multiple pronunciations of an English word that has the same spellings, meaning, and part of speech but different pronunciations in the English speech of Urdu speakers. Sometimes these alternative pronunciations are considered mispronunciation rather than multiple pronunciations. The primary purpose of this study is to make a boundary-line between mispronunciations and multiple pronunciations of English vocabulary. Thus, an aco

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Maksetova, N., and Z. Uteshova. "Linguistic characteristics of english dictionaries and their new ways of compiling." Ренессанс в парадигме новаций образования и технологий в XXI веке, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/innovations-in-edu-vol-iss1-pp77-79.

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The main trends in the development of English lexicography are described, British, American and Russian dictionaries are singled out, which are the most important in the history of English lexicography. Much attention is paid to the classification of dictionaries and the characteristics of the main types of dictionaries in the English language. The structure of dictionaries and dictionary entries is analyzed on the material of English dictionaries.

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Rafique, Ayesha, Kamran Malik, Zubair Nawaz, Faisal Bukhari, and Akhtar Hussain Jalbani. "Sentiment Analysis for Roman Urdu." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 38, no. 2 (2019): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1902.20.

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The majority of online comments/opinions are written in text-free format. Sentiment Analysis can be used as a measure to express the polarity (positive/negative) of comments/opinions. These comments/ opinions can be in different languages i.e. English, Urdu, Roman Urdu, Hindi, Arabic etc. Mostly, people have worked on the sentiment analysis of the English language. Very limited research work has been done in Urdu or Roman Urdu languages. Whereas, Hindi/Urdu is the third largest language in the world. In this paper, we focus on the sentiment analysis of comments/opinions in Roman Urdu. There is

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Marryum, Taliya, Irfan Ahmad, and Xing Xuanyu. "Bilingualism in Pakistani Fiction: The Analysis of Twilight in Delhi by Ahmed Ali." University of Wah Journal of Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (2022): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56220/uwjss2022/0501/14.

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This research aims to find code-switching occurrences in Twilight in Delhi written by Pakistani English postcolonial writer Ahmed Ali. He uses many Urdu terms and expressions in his narrative to keep alive Eastern culture and traditions that would otherwise lose their essence if translated into English. In this way, he reconstitutes English language in his work. The frequency of Urdu words is recorded, and the data obtained is analyzed on semantic, phonological and syntactic grounds. The writer also tries to experiment with the form and brings creativity, and in doing so, he applies English st

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Pervaiz, Azhar, Abdul Ghaffar Ikram, Naima Batool, and Sadia Saeed. "ACQUISITION OF WH-QUESTIONS BY SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH IN PAKISTAN." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (2021): 1078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93107.

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Purpose of the study: The purpose of the current study is to investigate the acquisition of Wh-questions of English by Urdu L1 speakers in Pakistan. Acquisition of different syntactic structures has been an attractive area of interest for the scholars working in the area of second language acquisition. The study draws on approaches of Universal Grammar (UG) and Second Language Acquisition (SLA). The researchers aim at finding out whether the second language is acquired in the same way as the first language or not. Both Urdu and English allow Wh-questions formation but the placement of the Wh-w

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DATLA, KAVITA. "A Worldly Vernacular: Urdu at Osmania University." Modern Asian Studies 43, no. 5 (2009): 1117–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x08003715.

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AbstractTwinned as Urdu has become with the fate of India's largest religious minority, Muslims, and with the emergence of the independent state of Pakistan, for which Urdu is the official national language, the story of Urdu holds a peculiar place and a special significance in histories of the subcontinent. Stories of the Urdu language are dramatic, bound up as they are in questions of politics, the fate of Hindus and Muslims and the vicissitudes of both the Urdu and the Hindi languages. Though Hindi–Urdu language politics are an important part of these languages' colonial history, this artic

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Ali, Zeshan Ali. "Research Chinese-Urdu Machine Translation Based on Deep Learning." Journal of Autonomous Intelligence 3, no. 2 (2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jai.v3i2.279.

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Urdu is Pakistan 's national language. However, Chinese expertise is very negligible in Pakistan and the Asian nations. Yet fewer research has been undertaken in the area of computer translation on Chinese to Urdu. In order to solve the above problems, we designed of an electronic dictionary for Chinese-Urdu, and studied the sentence-level machine translation technology which is based on deep learning. The Design of an electronic dictionary Chinese-Urdu machine translation system we collected and constructed an electronic dictionary containing 24000 entries from Chinese to Urdu. For Sentence w

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Chukwuogor, Mbanefo. "Examples in Igbo-English Dictionaries." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 1 (2020): 180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i1.8.

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A bilingual dictionary example is a verbal or non-verbal phrase or a grammatically complete sentence that includes the lemma and is translated from the source language to the target language or vice versa (Toope 1996). The use of examples in bilingual dictionaries has been an issue of discussion for many lexicographers like Al Kasimi (1977), Zofgen (1991), Jacobsen et al (1991), and Nielsen (2014) among others. This issue includes questions like ‘What is an effective example?’, ‘Should examples be based on authentic material or should they be written (invented) by the lexicographer? This paper

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Zhao, Dan, and Hai Xu. "Improving the Compilation of English–Chinese Children's Dictionaries: A Children's Cognitive Perspective." Lexikos 32 (2022): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1681.

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hildren's dictionaries have existed for more than one thousand years in China, and play an important role in children's learning. However, many of those produced in China are deficient in the selection of the wordlist, in exemplification, and in definition. This paper aims at improving the compilation of English–Chinese children's dictionaries (ECCDs) from a children's cognitive perspective. Children's dictionaries should not only be an abridgement or simplification of dictionaries for adults, because their target user group is immature, uninformed and untrained children. Informed by some inn

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Desnaranti, Laila, Febby Pratama Putra, and Wahyu Utama. "The Analysis of Digital English Dictionary Used by Non-English Major Undergraduate Students." Acitya: Journal of Teaching and Education 4, no. 1 (2022): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v4i1.3217.

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Dictionary has an important role in the language learning process where the dictionary is used as a learning tool. As a learning tool, dictionary can be used independently because there a lot of features in it such as meaning, pronunciation, types of words, word order and structure. At present, dictionaries available in two versions, they are printed and digital versions which can be in the form of websites or applications. The aim of this research is to find out the use of English digital dictionaries by undergraduate students, especially majoring in non-English language program. Based on the

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Xu, H. "Exemplification Policy in English Learners' Dictionaries." International Journal of Lexicography 21, no. 4 (2008): 395–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecn015.

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Nimani, Valbone Zeqiraj. "The Role of Business Dictionaries." European Journal of Economics and Business Studies 4, no. 1 (2016): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejes.v4i1.p218-228.

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English language is an international language or one can freely say that it is an everyday language no matter which country you live in or which country you come from. We can say so, considering the fact that business has become one of the life neccesities and knowing that doing bussines means having to do with different people from all over the world, and the language used in every field is English. Nowadays no studies, no travelling, no business can be run without being able to speak English language. In response to these needs, this article is an attempt to provide a guided approach to ESP

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Waseem, Muhammad Hamza, Jonathon Liu, Vincent Wang-Maścianica, and Bob Coecke. "Language-independence of DisCoCirc's Text Circuits: English and Urdu." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 366 (August 9, 2022): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.366.7.

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Vasilyeva, L. A. "THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN PAKISTAN VIS-A-VIS URDU." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 2 (12) (2020): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-2-347-357.

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Xia, Lixin. "Treatment of Pragmatic Information in the Chinese-English Dictionary." South Asian Research Journal of Arts, Language and Literature 4, no. 5 (2022): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjall.2022.v04i05.002.

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The study aims to investigate the pragmatic information in Chinese-English dictionaries. A general survey was made to examine the status quo of the pragmatic information in the existing Chinese-English dictionaries. It was found that all large- and medium-sized dictionaries under investigation provided some pragmatic information. However, these dictionaries only provided the pragmatic information about the Chinese headword but not the English equivalent. The author argues that since the target users of these dictionaries are Chinese EFL learners, they should state clearly the pragmatic differe

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