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1
Hidalgo, Margarita. "Language contact, language loyalty, and language prejudice on the Mexican border." Language in Society 15, no. 2 (June 1986): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004740450000018x.
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ABSTRACTThis paper documents attitudes toward English, Spanish, and Spanish-English Code-switching in Juarez, Mexico, the oldest and largest city along the Mexican–U.S. border. It refutes the finding of related work which has shown two distinct orientations – integrative and instrumental – toward English as a foreign and as a second language, but supports various assumptions regarding the relationship between attitudes and use and the impact of the local milieu on language attitudes. It also explores attitudes toward correctness and sentiments of language loyalty, and highlights the influence of language loyalty on perceptions of Spanish-English Code-switching. Eighty-five Juarez residents were interviewed. (Language attitudes, so-ciolinguistics, Hispanic linguistics, border studies, ethnic studies, Latin American studies)
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Thomas, Erik R., and Phillip M. Carter. "Prosodic rhythm and African American English." English World-Wide 27, no. 3 (October 12, 2006): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.27.3.06tho.
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Prosodic rhythm was measured for a sample of 20 African American and 20 European American speakers from North Carolina using the metric devised by Low, Grabe and Nolan (2000), which involves comparisons of the durations of vowels in adjacent syllables. In order to gain historical perspective, the same technique was applied to the ex-slave recordings described in Bailey, Maynor and Cukor-Avila (1991) and to recordings of five Southern European Americans born before the Civil War. In addition, Jamaicans, Hispanics of Mexican origin who spoke English as their L2, and Hispanics speaking Spanish served as control groups. Results showed that the North Carolina African Americans and European Americans were both quite stress-timed overall, with no significant difference between them. Spanish emerged as solidly syllable-timed, while Jamaican English and Hispanic English were intermediate. The ex-slaves were significantly less stress-timed than either younger African Americans or European Americans born before the Civil War. This finding suggests that African American English was once similar to Jamaican English in prosodic rhythm.
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Douglas, Michael. "Spoken Language Assessment Considerations for Children With Hearing Impairment When the Home Language Is Not English." Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood 21, no. 1 (May 2011): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/hhdc21.1.4.
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Although the most prominent language in the United States is English, the U.S. is not a monolingual country. According to the U.S. Census in 2000, there were over 40 languages other than English spoken by 55 million people, with 34 million speaking Spanish or Spanish Creole. Given projections based on population studies and the prevalence of hearing loss in the Hispanic-American population, the number of persons who speak English as a second language will grow substantially over the next several decades. Hence, hearing health care professionals must be equipped to provide services for children who have hearing loss and speak English as a second language. The following article describes special considerations speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and educators should take into account when providing intervention designed to develop spoken language for children who have hearing loss and for whom the home language is not English.
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Gutiérrez, Maria Elena, and Mark Amengual. "Perceptions of Standard and Nonstandard Language Varieties: The Influence of Ethnicity and Heritage Language Experience." Heritage Language Journal 13, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 55–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.13.1.3.
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The present study examines perceptions of standard and nonstandard varieties of English and the roles of perceived speaker ethnicity and heritage language experience. In this study, 24 English monolinguals and 24 English-Spanish heritage language bilinguals were asked to evaluate three speech samples representing native Standard American English, Chicano English, and non-native Spanish-accented English, each paired with one of three photographs of an individual reflecting idealized “Hispanic” or “non-Hispanic” ethnic identities. Both the language variety heard and the ethnic identity visually associated with a given speaker were found to influence listeners’ perceptions of the individual. While this study supports previous findings that visual cues lead to discrimination in language perception, it also indicates that language experience may mitigate this effect.
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Baik, Sharon H., Rina S. Fox, Sarah D. Mills, Scott C. Roesch, Georgia Robins Sadler, Elizabeth A. Klonoff, and Vanessa L. Malcarne. "Reliability and validity of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference." Journal of Health Psychology 24, no. 5 (January 5, 2017): 628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316684938.
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This study examined the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 among 436 community-dwelling Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis examined the factorial invariance of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 across language groups. Results supported a two-factor model (negative, positive) with equivalent response patterns and item intercepts but different factor covariances across languages. Internal consistency reliability of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 total and subscale scores was good in both language groups. Convergent validity was supported by expected relationships of Perceived Stress Scale-10 scores to measures of anxiety and depression. These results support the use of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 among Hispanic Americans.
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Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel. "Actitudes lingüísticas de los hispanohablantes hacia su propia lengua: nuevos alcances." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 158–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0004.
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Abstract Most research works on language attitudes, which have been done within the Hispanic world, deal with issues where Spanish is usually confronted with other languages (American Indian languages, Catalan, Valencian, Galician, Equatorial Guinean languages, English, etc.), or about attitudes in some Spanish-speaking countries with respect to other varieties of Spanish, both in the Americas and Spain. However, a global, comprehensive study, which would include all Spanish speaking countries, and which would assess their attitudes, beliefs and prejudices equally, was missing, so that it would have been possible to count for a thorough and at the same time comparative study about how Spanish speakers evaluate not only their own speech, but the speech of others around them. The present study describes in broad strokes the most recent research and their new contributions in the Spanish-speaking world.
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Baigorri, Miriam, Luca Campanelli, and Erika S. Levy. "Perception of American–English Vowels by Early and Late Spanish–English Bilinguals." Language and Speech 62, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 681–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830918806933.
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Increasing numbers of Hispanic immigrants are entering the US and learning American–English (AE) as a second language (L2). Previous studies investigating the relationship between AE and Spanish vowels have revealed an advantage for early L2 learners for their accuracy of L2 vowel perception. Replicating and extending such previous research, this study examined the patterns with which early and late Spanish–English bilingual adults assimilated naturally-produced AE vowels to their native vowel inventory and the accuracy with which they discriminated the vowels. Twelve early Spanish–English bilingual, 12 late Spanish–English bilingual, and 10 monolingual listeners performed perceptual-assimilation and categorical-discrimination tasks involving AE /i,ɪ,ɛ,ʌ,æ,ɑ,o/. Early bilinguals demonstrated similar assimilation patterns to late bilinguals. Late bilinguals’ discrimination was less accurate than early bilinguals’ and AE monolinguals’. Certain contrasts, such as /æ-ɑ/, /ʌ-ɑ/, and /ʌ-æ/, were particularly difficult to discriminate for both bilingual groups. Consistent with previous research, findings suggest that early L2 learning heightens Spanish–English bilinguals’ ability to perceive cross-language phonetic differences. However, even early bilinguals’ native-vowel system continues to influence their L2 perception.
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Gasca Jiménez, Laura, Maira E. Álvarez, and Sylvia Fernández. "Language and translation practices of Spanish-language newspapers published in the U.S. borderlands between 1808 and 1930." Translation and/in Periodical Publications 14, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 218–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tis.00039.gas.
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Abstract This article examines the impact of the anglicizing language policies implemented after the annexation of the U.S. borderlands to the United States on language use by describing the language and translation practices of Spanish-language newspapers published in the U.S. borderlands across different sociohistorical periods from 1808 to 1930. Sixty Hispanic-American newspapers (374 issues) from 1808 to 1980 were selected for analysis. Despite aggressive anglicizing legislation that caused a societal shift of language use from Spanish into English in most borderland states after the annexation, the current study suggests that the newspapers resisted assimilation by adhering to the Spanish language in the creation of original content and in translation.
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Sanz-Sánchez, Israel. "Como dicen los americanos." Spanish in Context 11, no. 2 (September 5, 2014): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.11.2.04san.
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This study analyzes the patterns of incorporation of English elements in New Mexican Spanish in the decades following the annexation of New Mexico by the United States as reflected in a corpus of private letters written between 1848 and 1936. The quantitative analysis shows that most types of contact features are infrequent during much of this period, but there is an increase in the presence of English elements in the last decades covered by the corpus. It also shows that semantic and lexical borrowing is much more frequent than structural interference or code-switching. These findings are then correlated with the general sociolinguistic environment of post-annexation Hispanic New Mexico, where bilingualism and language shift to English were much more infrequent than elsewhere in the US Southwest. Attention is also paid to features that pertain exclusively to the written language, and their distribution is explained as a function of the degree of exposure of Hispanic New Mexicans to literacy in English and Spanish.
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Morin, Regina. "Evidence in the Spanish language press of linguistic borrowings of computer and Internet-related terms." Spanish in Context 3, no. 2 (August 30, 2006): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.3.2.01mor.
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With the rise of the Internet, English has become a source of borrowing of computer terms in many languages, including Spanish. Many of these borrowings are rapidly making their way into the Spanish language press. A survey of newspapers from eight Latin American countries yielded a total of 231 lexical borrowings of different types, all related to broad fields, such as software, hardware, data, and Internet-related terms. These borrowings can be classified as loanwords, calques of various kinds, including loan translations and semantic extensions, and loanblends. Many have already appeared in monolingual Spanish dictionaries, such as the Diccionario de la Real Academia, and in a number of dictionaries of Hispanic Anglicisms.
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Moyna, María Irene. "Portrayals of Spanish in 19th-century American prose: María Amparo Ruiz de Burton's The Squatter and the Don." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 17, no. 3 (August 2008): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947008092503.
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This article analyzes the portrayals of Spanish in The Squatter and the Don (1885), a novel written in English by María Amparo Ruiz de Burton, a Baja Californian who immigrated to Alta California at the time of its annexation to the USA in 1848 and became the first Hispanic American woman writer. Her novel had an ideological purpose, namely, to denounce the land dispossession of the Californios — i.e. Hispanic settlers in California during the Spanish-Mexican period — and to propose an alliance between the Anglo and Hispanic elites. It also had a financial purpose, since writing was for Ruiz de Burton one of many ways in which she attempted to achieve financial prosperity. The representation of language was thus dictated not just by linguistic or aesthetic considerations, but also by the author's interpretation of the conditions prevalent in late 19th-century California, where Spanish had become subordinate to English. Ruiz de Burton's positive attitude towards bilingualism is revealed in her portrayal of protagonists as proficient in both languages. Yet, her awareness of the biases and limitations of her intended Anglo readership is also evident in the fact that Spanish use in the novel is sporadic and restricted. Comparison of her literary and non-literary code mixing highlights some consistent differences between both text types providing additional evidence of Ruiz de Burton's purposeful manipulation of linguistic codes in her artistic production.
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T. D'Alonzo, Karen. "Evaluation and revision of questionnaires for use among low-literacy immigrant Latinos." Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 19, no. 5 (October 2011): 1255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-11692011000500025.
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As more Spanish speaking immigrants participate in and become the focus of research studies, questions arise about the appropriateness of existing research tools. Questionnaires have often been adapted from English language instruments and tested among college-educated Hispanic-Americans. Little has been written regarding the testing and evaluation of research tools among less educated Latino immigrants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and revise a battery of Spanish-language questionnaires for an intervention among immigrant Hispanic women. A three-step process was used to evaluate, adapt and test Spanish versions of the Self-Efficacy and Exercise Habits Survey, an abbreviated version of the Hispanic Stress Inventory-Immigrant version and the Latina Values Scale. The revised tools demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. The adaptations improved the readability of the tools, resulting in a higher response rate, less missing data and fewer extreme responses. Psychometric limitations to the adaptation of Likert scales are discussed.
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Martino, Steven, Megan Mathews, Cheryl Damberg, Judy Ng, Denis Agniel, Loida Tamayo, Shondelle Wilson-Frederick, and Marc N. Elliott. "RATES OF DISENROLLMENT FROM MEDICARE MANAGED CARE PLANS ARE HIGHER AMONG RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND LINGUISTIC MINORITIES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1604.
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Abstract Voluntary disenrollment from Medicare managed care (Medicare Advantage; MA) plans is related to beneficiaries’ negative experiences with their plan, disrupts continuity of care, and conflicts with goals to reduce Medicare costs. Information on associated factors may help illuminate the dynamics that drive decisions to disenroll. We used data from 17,517,852 beneficiaries enrolled in 736 MA plans in 2015 to investigate differences in rates of disenrollment by race, ethnicity, and preferred language. Disenrollment data came from Medicare’s enrollment system. Social Security Administration data on race and ethnicity were augmented with surname, address, and other Medicare administrative data to calculate probabilities of membership in seven race/ethnicity/language-preference groups: White, Black, English-preferring Hispanic, Spanish-preferring Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander (API), American Indian or Alaska Native, and multiracial. We summarized disparities across groups using regression models with and without plan intercepts, controlling for gender, disability, and Medicaid eligibility. Adjusted rates of disenrollment were significantly higher for Spanish-preferring Hispanics (19.1%), Blacks (10.2%), and APIs (9.4%) than for Whites (7.7%), and significantly lower for English-preferring Hispanics (7.4%, p’s<0.001). Within-plan disparities accounted for only a small fraction of overall disparities, indicating that Spanish-preferring Hispanics, Blacks, and APIs tended to be enrolled in plans with higher disenrollment than plans in which Whites were enrolled, whereas English-preferring Hispanics tended to be enrolled in plans with lower disenrollment. These between-plan differences may indicate that high-minority-enrollment plans less effectively inform beneficiaries about the cost and coverage of care or that racial/ethnic/linguistic minorities more often select plans that raise rates or restrict coverage.
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Sokov, Il'ya A. "Justice, Power and Policy towards the Ethnics in the Sunbelt region of the USA. Review of the collective monograph: Chase, R.T., ed. Caging Borders and Carceral States: Incarcerations, Immigration Detentions, and Resistance. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019." Historia provinciae – the journal of regional history 4, no. 4 (2020): 1419–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2020-4-3-11.
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The work is devoted to the analysis of a collection prepared by a group of American researchers on the historical past and present of the situation of Hispanic population in the United States of America, which raises the problem of segregation of Hispanics at the federal level. In the 21st century, ethnic Hispanics are becoming one of the largest population groups in the United States, and Spanish is the second most widely used language after English in this country, which makes the issue raised in the monograph under review very relevant. The authors of the collection focused their research on the features of segregation of Latin Americans in the states of the Sunbelt, thereby clearly limiting the regional scope of their research. By their publications, they prove that the southern states of the United States have turned into carceral states for Latin Americans.
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Reininger, Belinda, MinJae Lee, Rose Jennings, Alexandra Evans, and Michelle Vidoni. "Healthy eating patterns associated with acculturation, sex and BMI among Mexican Americans." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 7 (December 22, 2016): 1267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016003311.
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AbstractObjectiveExamine relationships of healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns with BMI, sex, age and acculturation among Mexican Americans.DesignCross-sectional. Participants completed culturally tailored Healthy and Unhealthy Eating Indices. Multivariable mixed-effect Poisson regression models compared food pattern index scores and dietary intake of specific foods by BMI, sex, age and acculturation defined by language preference and generational status.SettingParticipants recruited from the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort study, Texas–Mexico border region, between 2008 and 2011.SubjectsMexican-American males and females aged 18–97 years (n 1250).ResultsParticipants were primarily female (55·3 %), overweight or obese (85·7 %), preferred Spanish language (68·0 %) and first-generation status (60·3 %). Among first-generation participants, bilingual participants were less likely to have a healthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (rate ratio (RR)=0·79, P=0·0218). This association was also found in males (RR=0·81, P=0·0098). Preferred English-speaking females were less likely to consume healthy foods than preferred Spanish-speaking females (RR=0·84, P=0·0293). Among second-generation participants, preferred English-speaking participants were more likely to report a higher unhealthy eating pattern than preferred Spanish-speaking participants (RR=1·23, P=0·0114). Higher unhealthy eating patterns were also found in females who preferred English v. females who preferred Spanish (RR=1·23, P=0·0107) or were bilingual (RR=1·26, P=0·0159). Younger, male participants were more likely to have a higher unhealthy eating pattern. BMI and diabetes status were not significantly associated with healthy or unhealthy eating patterns.ConclusionsAcculturation, age, sex and education are associated with healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. Nutrition interventions for Mexican Americans should tailor approaches by these characteristics.
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Mills, Sarah D., Rina S. Fox, Vanessa L. Malcarne, Scott C. Roesch, Brian R. Champagne, and Georgia Robins Sadler. "The psychometric properties of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish language preference." Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 20, no. 3 (July 2014): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036523.
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Montrul, Silvina A. "First language retention and attrition in an adult Guatemalan adoptee." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 2, no. 2 (December 21, 2011): 276–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.2.2.05mon.
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This case study illustrates the long-term effects of interrupted input and subsequent re-exposure to the first language in childhood in the adult linguistic competence of an internationally adopted individual. Alicia — the subject of the case study — is a 34-year-old Guatemalan adopted by an American family at age 9 and raised in a small Mid-America town with no Hispanic population at that time. In several sessions, Alicia completed oral production and written tasks (including interpretation, judgment and truth value judgment tasks) targeting knowledge and use of Spanish morphosyntax. On the overall proficiency measures, Alicia demonstrates native-like knowledge of English and significant attrition in Spanish, although not to the extent reported in recent studies of Korean adoptees. Alicia’s degree of L1 attrition and retention after several years of severed input challenges Pallier et al. (2003) and Ventureyra et al.’s (2004) Language Replacement and Impediment Hypothesis, and is more consistent with the view that there are age effects for L1 attrition (Hyltenstam et al. 2009; Montrul 2008).
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Montgomery, Gretchen, and Yan Bing Zhang. "Intergroup Anxiety and Willingness to Accommodate: Exploring the Effects of Accent Stereotyping and Social Attraction." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 37, no. 3 (September 7, 2017): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x17728361.
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Guided by communication accommodation theory, the current study examined the effects of accent stereotyping on native English speakers’ ( N = 243) perceptions of and willingness to communicate with the nonnative speaker and willingness to accommodate to Hispanic/Latino Americans in general. Accent stereotyping was manipulated through two experimental conditions: presence or absence of an explicit and negative stereotype in a written paragraph. After reading the paragraph, participants listened to a recording of an English speaker with a moderate, native-Spanish accent. Using PROCESS, results revealed participants in the stereotype condition rated the speaker as less socially attractive than the control condition, indicating accent stereotyping negatively affected perceptions of social attractiveness of the moderately accented speaker. Additionally, results indicated significant indirect effects of negative accent stereotyping on willingness to communicate with the speaker and willingness to accommodate to Hispanic/Latino out-group members sequentially through perceived social attractiveness and communication anxiety.
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KEMPLER, DANIEL, EVELYN L. TENG, MALCOLM DICK, I. MARIBEL TAUSSIG, and DEBORAH S. DAVIS. "The effects of age, education, and ethnicity on verbal fluency." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 4, no. 6 (November 1998): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617798466013.
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A group of 317 healthy participants between 54 and 99 years of age performed a verbal fluency task. The participants included Chinese, Hispanic, and Vietnamese immigrants, as well as White and African American English speakers. They were given 1 min to name as many animals as possible in their native language. The results showed that more animal names were produced by younger people and those with more education. Language background was also an important factor: The Vietnamese produced the most animal names and the Spanish speakers produced the fewest. The exaggerated difference between these two groups is attributed to the fact that Vietnamese animal names are short (predominantly 1 syllable) while the Spanish animal names are longer than any other language in this study (2 and 3 syllables per word). Finally, although the ethnic groups named different animals, and appeared to vary in the variety of animal names they used, these factors did not affect overall verbal fluency performance. (JINS, 1998, 4, 531–538.)
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Gonzalez, Sandy, and Eliza Nelson. "Measuring Spanish Comprehension in Infants from Mixed Hispanic Communities Using the IDHC: A Preliminary Study on 16-Month-Olds." Behavioral Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs8120117.
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The MacArthur Inventario del Desarrollo de Habilidades Comunicativas: Primeras Palabras y Gestos (IDHC) is a widely-used parent report measure for infant Spanish language comprehension. The IDHC was originally created for use with infants of Mexican background. According to the U.S. 2017 census, however, about 37% of U.S. Hispanics are not of Mexican origin. In Miami-Dade, a large county in South Florida, 98% of Hispanics do not identify Mexico as their country of origin. IDHC use in mixed Hispanic communities such as Miami may be problematic due to differences in dialect and object labels. This study explored whether excluding IDHC words flagged as unknown or not commonly used by adults from mixed Hispanic communities affects bilingual infants’ vocabulary size. Data were collected from Hispanic 16-month-old infants (N = 27; females = 13) from a mixture of Latin American backgrounds residing in Miami, FL, USA, and compared to archival data from the IDHC Mexican norming sample (N = 60; females = 31). Findings indicate significant differences in the rate of comprehension between the two samples with infants from mixed Latin American backgrounds demonstrating lower rates of comprehension for words flagged as unknown/uncommon. Moreover, Spanish vocabulary scores for infants from mixed Hispanic communities were significantly lower compared to the Mexican norming sample. Use of total vocabulary score (i.e., Spanish + English) attenuated these issues in administrating the IDHC to bilingual infants from mixed Hispanic communities. Results suggest that comprehension of some IDHC words is influenced by Hispanic family background. These preliminary findings highlight potential issues in IDHC administration that require further investigation in additional samples spanning the full age range of the IDHC and from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds to effectively tune how we assess infant Spanish language comprehension to cultural differences.
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Britt, Gregory Joseph, Rebecca C. Shay, Monica Rassmusen, Sandra Vannice, and Jana M. Bolduan Lomax. "Psychosocial distress screening at a single urban community oncology center: Trends among Hispanic and Caucasian women with newly diagnosed breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 5_suppl (February 10, 2017): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.5_suppl.198.
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198 Background: We aim to describe our psychosocial distress screening program with attention to our female breast cancer population and symptoms of anxiety and depression among English-speaking Caucasians and Spanish speaking Hispanics. Methods: We retrospectively examined the emotional distress scores of 170 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer at the Cancer Centers of Colorado at SCL Heath/Saint Joseph Hospital from January-December 2015. SCL Health IRB approval was obtained. Patients were provided a distress screening questionnaire (English or Spanish) at their initial visit. Data points included: gender, age, ethnicity, primary language, emotional distress (worry/nervousness or anxiety/fears and sadness/depression) and degree of distress (“thermometer” scale 0-10 or not at all, slightly, moderately, seriously or very seriously). The degree of distress measures were revised in August 2015 from a “thermometer” scale to a descriptive scale. Results: Of 170 women studied, there were 104 Caucasian, 49 Hispanic, and 17 other race/ethnicity (including Black, Asian, Native American, and Pacific Islander). 76 women (40 Caucasian, 31 Hispanic, 5 other) did not participate in filling out the questionnaire. Of the 94 patients responding, 68% were Caucasian (n=64), 19% Hispanic (n=18), and 13% other (n=12). With regard to symptoms, 55% of Caucasians (n=35), 44% of Hispanics (n=8), and 50% of other (n=6) reported anxiety. Moreover, 36% of Caucasians (n=23), 56% of Hispanics (n=10), and 33% of other (n=4) recorded sadness/depression. Among the descriptive scale scores from August-December 2015, Hispanics were the only group to record “seriously” or “very seriously” in regard to anxiety or sadness/depression. Conclusions: Our retrospective study of emotional distress screening demonstrated lower participation among Hispanics with breast cancer. Concerns of anxiety and depression were common among all groups, with a small number of Hispanics reporting the highest levels. Emotional distress screening is an important component of cancer care for women with breast cancer and barriers for non-English speaking Hispanic patients need to be examined.
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Finley, M. Rosina, Johanna Becho, R. Lillianne Macias, Robert C. Wood, Arthur E. Hernandez, and David V. Espino. "Attitudes Regarding the Use of Ventilator Support Given a Supposed Terminal Condition among Community-Dwelling Mexican American and Non-Hispanic White Older Adults: A Pilot Study." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/852564.
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Purpose. To determine the factors that are associated with Mexican Americans’ preference for ventilator support, given a supposed terminal diagnosis.Methods. 100 Mexican Americans, aged 60–89, were recruited and screened for MMSE scores above 18. Eligible subjects answered a questionnaire in their preferred language (English/Spanish) concerning ventilator use during terminal illness. Mediator variables examined included demographics, generation, religiosity, occupation, self-reported depression, self-reported health, and activities of daily living.Results. Being first or second generation American (OR = 0.18, CI = 0.05–0.66) with no IADL disability (OR = 0.11, CI = 0.02–0.59) and having depressive symptoms (OR = 1.43, CI = 1.08–1.89) were associated with preference for ventilator support.Implications. First and second generation older Mexican Americans and those functionally independent are more likely to prefer end-of-life ventilation support. Although depressive symptoms were inversely associated with ventilator use at the end of life, scores may more accurately reflect psychological stress associated with enduring the scenario. Further studies are needed to determine these factors’ generalizability to the larger Mexican American community.
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Albert, Margot, Theora Cimino, Anne Kinderman, Leslie Safier, and Heather A. Harris. "Psychosocial distress screening in the health care safety net." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 26_suppl (October 9, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.26_suppl.91.
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91 Background: Recognizing that psychosocial distress (PSD) is underestimated in patients with cancer, the Commission on Cancer mandated screening using a validated tool. Studies of PSD screening exist, but none to date in a diverse, multicultural safety net setting where patients face challenges such as homelessness, mental illness, and substance abuse, which may augment PSD. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with cancer offered PSD screening during 2015. Overall distress scores and problems in each domain were analyzed. Chart review identified potential predictors of distress including age, gender, race, language, housing, psychiatric illness, substance abuse, and cancer stage. Results: Of 177 eligible patients, 113 (64%) completed screening. The most common reasons patients were not screened were refusal, too symptomatic (physically or emotionally), or language barriers. Of screened patients, 40.7% were female, 57.5% male, and 1.7% transgender. 31% were Caucasian, 27% Asian/Pacific Islander, 25% Hispanic, and 17% African American. 35% were non-English speaking. 29% had history of mental illness and 34% of substance abuse. 23% were marginally housed or homeless. 63% reported moderate to severe levels of PSD as defined by the NCCN as ≥ 4. Patients with mental illness were nearly twice as likely to report PSD ≥ 4 (p = 0.012) and had higher mean PSD scores (5.78 vs. 4.03, p = 0.002). English speaking patients had a mean PSD score of 5.01 compared to 3.6 and 3.2 for Spanish and Chinese speaking patients, respectively (p = 0.02 for English v. Chinese) and more domains causing PSD (p = 0.028 for English v. Chinese). Lack of stable housing also correlated with more domains causing PSD (p = 0.05). Conclusions: This proved to be an ethnically diverse cohort with high rates of mental illness, substance abuse, and homelessness, with the majority reporting moderate to severe distress. Even with a small cohort, English language and mental illness were significant predictors of PSD, and housing status correlated with more domains contributing to PSD. Several other variables trended toward significance, suggesting a larger cohort may be needed to determine if additional characteristics predict higher levels of PSD.
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Nguyen, Brian, Chap-Kay Kendra Lau, Gloria Wu, Dwight Lubrin, and Vincent Siu. "Do COVID-19 Apps Address Diabetes Mellitus and Health Equity Issues." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.772.
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Abstract Purpose: To evaluate if COVID-19 apps address risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, race, gender, sexual orientation, language. Background: In 2019, there were 204 Billion app downloads and 3.7 billion downloads of ehealth apps. COVID-19 affects ethnic minority patients with diabetes, hypertension, and other risk factors. Spanish is the second most commonly used language after English in the U.S.. African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans are at an increased risk of COVID-19. LGBTQ+ communities are also at higher risk for COVID due to historically poor access to healthcare. Methods: The search term, “COVID,” in Google Play store and Apple App store was used to find the most popular COVID-19 apps. App inclusion criteria: 1) Contains COVID-19 information and/or COVID symptom tracker, 2) Marketed and designed for the general public, 3) Free, 4) Android (DROID): 100,000+ Downloads; Apple (iOS): highest star ratings. Apple does not provide a number of downloads. App features: COVID-19 information, COVID-19 symptom questionnaire (QN), Diabetes, Hypertension, Cardiovascular disease, Languages (Spanish, Chinese), Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation. Results: The top 10 DROID apps in descending order are: 1) GuideSafe, 2) CO Exposure Notifications, 3) Care19 Diary, 4) Care19 Alert, 5) Crush COVID RI, 6) MI COVID Alert, 7) DC CAN, 8) CombatCOVID MDC, 9) CombatCOVID PBC, 10) Stronger than C19. The top 10 iOS apps in descending order are: 1) SlowCOVIDNC, 2) COVIDWISE, 3) COVID Alert Pennsylvania, 4) COVID Alert DE, 5) COVID Alert NY, 6) Covid Watch Arizona, 7) Apple COVID-19, 8) COVID Alert NJ, 9) COVID Trace Nevada, 10) CDC. Of the 20 apps: COVID 19 information: 20/20; COVID-19 symptom QN: 8/20; DM: 2/20; HTN: 1/20; CardioVasc: 2/20; Spanish: 11/20 (2/11 of the Spanish apps have Chinese as well). Race: 5/20. Gender: 8/20; Sexual Orientation: 3/20; Age: 10/20. Conclusion: 1) Most apps do not ask about important risk factors such as DM, HTN, and Race. 2) Smartphone apps are not uniform in their health education features. 3) Healthcare providers should continue to play an important role in public education despite the ubiquity of mobile apps.
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Turner, Faythe. "Editor's Note." Ethnic Studies Review 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.1997.20.1.i.
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This issue of the Journal of the National Association of Ethnic Studies presents an interesting cross section of ethnic groups in the United States: Native American, Vietnamese, Latino, African American. Several of the articles involving these groups raise the persistent question of assimilation versus acculturation and where the health and welfare of the children of immigrants or the younger generation of immigrants lies. Shaw N. Gynan in “Hispanic Immigration and Spanish Maintenance as Indirect Measures of Ethnicity: Reality and Perceptions” has found that the newest generation of Latinos not only are more involved ethnically with their Spanish heritage than earlier immigrants but also are more proficient in English, information that might cause the promoters of English as the official language of the United States to rethink their position. In “An Examination of Social Adaptation Processes of Vietnamese Adolescents” Fayneese Miller, My Do, and Jason Sperber show that this age group finds its strength in a strong attachment to their ethnic community and proficiency in speaking and writing English: the first keeps them grounded and the second two allow them the confidence to progress in their new society. In “Community Versus Assimilation: A Study IN American Assimilation at Saint Joseph's Indian Industrial School” Sarah Shillinger shows through oral history the effects of being removed from one's ethnic community as Indian children were in the board school movement of the early twentieth century.
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Valdeón, Roberto A. "The use of Latin American, Hispanic and Latino in US academic articles, 2000–2010." Terminology 19, no. 1 (April 29, 2013): 112–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.19.1.05val.
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This paper addresses the issue of terms, namely Latin American, Hispanic and Latino, whose definitions are affected by social, economic, historical and ideological factors and which are at the crossroads of two or more disciplines. Definitions will be provided, using the Merriam-Webster for American English, the Oxford Dictionary for British English, and the Diccionario de la Real Academia for Spanish. The concept of ethnicity, introduced by the US Census Office in the 1970s to identify the Hispanic minority, will also be dealt with. The next section will examine the preferred choices of usage in academic journals in two broad areas, the Social Sciences on the one hand, and the Medical and Nursing professions on the others. It covers a total of 58 academic papers from two distinct periods, 2000–2005 and 2006–2010, in order to establish whether the terms are used consistently in the two broad areas, and whether there are major differences in use in the two time spans. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the findings, a reference to other activities that can be affected by the ambiguities of the definitions, and suggestions for further research.
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Arias, J., R. Mendoza, A. Levine, S. Mojena, and A. Wilsey. "Current Practices in Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology: A Survey of Providers' Use of Appropriate Normative Data and Views on a Web-based Approach to the Collection and Dissemination of Normative Data for Spanish-speaking Populations." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.03.
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Abstract Objective As the U.S. Spanish-speaking population grows, neuropsychologists provide assessment services to an increasingly diverse group of individuals. In response to the need for a centralized resource, NeuroShare, a no-cost website that collects and organizes cross-cultural neuropsychological normative data was created. The purpose of this study was to gather information on the current practices of cross-cultural neuropsychology, the utility of NeuroShare, and potential improvements that could be made to the platform. Participants and Method An anonymous survey was distributed to neuropsychologists and trainees through national and regional professional listservs. Participants’ demographics, clinical experience, and current practices (e.g. use of language specific normative data, assessment of acculturation/bilingualism) when providing neuropsychological services to Spanish-speaking populations were collected. The survey examined feedback on the NeuroShare database. Results 60 participants completed the survey, and they were primarily White/ Caucasian (62%), along with Hispanic/ Latino (36%), Black/African American (1%), and biracial/multiracial (1%). About 66% reported that they often search for Spanish language normative data depending on the patient’s demographics. 70% of respondents reported administering tests developed primarily for English-speaking populations, that are then adapted, when testing Spanish-speaking individuals. Some recommendations for improving Neuroshare included the incorporation of pediatric normative data and a normative data calculator tool. Conclusions This study highlights the needs and benefits of a comprehensive, easy to use system in collecting and organizing normative information for diverse populations. NeuroShare serves as a tool to facilitate the practice of cross-cultural neuropsychology, as well as a catalyst to improve neuropsychological services through the provision of improved access to appropriate normative measures for use with diverse populations.
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Casaletto, Kaitlin B., Anya Umlauf, Jennifer Beaumont, Richard Gershon, Jerry Slotkin, Natacha Akshoomoff, and Robert K. Heaton. "Demographically Corrected Normative Standards for the English Version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 5 (May 2015): 378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000351.
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AbstractDemographic factors impact neuropsychological test performances and accounting for them may help to better elucidate current brain functioning. The NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) is a novel neuropsychological tool, yet the original norms developed for the battery did not adequately account for important demographic/cultural factors known to impact test performances. We developed norms fully adjusting for all demographic variables within each language group (English and Spanish) separately. The current study describes the standards for individuals tested in English. Neurologically healthy adults (n=1038) and children (n=2917) who completed the NIH Toolbox norming project in English were included. We created uncorrected scores weighted to the 2010 Census demographics, and applied polynomial regression models to develop age-corrected and fully demographically adjusted (age, education, sex, race/ethnicity) scores for each NIHTB-CB test and composite (i.e., Fluid, Crystallized, and Total Composites). On uncorrected NIHTB-CB scores, age and education demonstrated significant, medium-to-large associations, while sex showed smaller, but statistically significant effects. In terms of race/ethnicity, a significant stair-step effect on uncorrected NIHTB-CB scores was observed (African American<Hispanic<White). After applying normative corrections, NIHTB-CB no longer demonstrated any significant associations with demographic factors. The previously developed norms still maintained significant associations with demographic factors, and demonstrated more variable impairment rates in segments of the healthy normative sample. Similar to other neuropsychological tests, demographic factors demonstrated significant associations with unadjusted NIHTB-CB scores. Application of fully corrected scores will help account for unwanted variance that is associated with non-clinical factors to more accurately reflect effects of disease-related changes in brain function. (JINS, 2015,21, 378–391)
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Fenley, Robin C., Sarah J. Bober, Mebane E. Powell, Jacquelin Berman, and Barbara N. Altman. "Effect of Alzheimer’s Training on Multicultural Personal Care Aides." Care Management Journals 9, no. 1 (March 2008): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1521-0987.9.1.4.
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This article reports on the first 2 years of an ongoing project that examined the efficacy of a 10-hour dementia training provided to entry-level personal care aide (PCA) trainees from the Hispanic, White, African American, and Asian communities in New York City. Participants were enrolled in a 90-hour PCA training program offered by the New York City Department for the Aging and were either recipients of public assistance, displaced employees from September 11, or recent immigrants to the United States from China. Classes were conducted in Spanish, English, and Mandarin/Cantonese. An 11-item Knowledge of Alzheimer’s Disease instrument was developed for the purposes of this project and administered before and after the dementia training and at 3 months following graduation. All groups, regardless of language, showed a significant increase in knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease at the conclusion of the training and retention of this knowledge at 3 months follow-up. Age was strongly correlated with an increase in knowledge, while gender and education were not.
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Hamner, Heather C., Sarah C. Tinker, Alina L. Flores, Joe Mulinare, Aliki P. Weakland, and Nicole F. Dowling. "Modelling fortification of corn masa flour with folic acid and the potential impact on Mexican-American women with lower acculturation." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 5 (November 1, 2012): 912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004582.
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AbstractObjectiveHispanics with lower acculturation may be at higher risk for neural tube defects compared with those with higher acculturation due to lower total folic acid intake or other undetermined factors. Modelling has indicated that fortification of corn masa flour with folic acid could selectively target Mexican Americans more than other race/ethnicities. We assessed whether fortification of corn masa flour with folic acid could selectively increase folic acid intake among Mexican-American women with lower acculturation, as indicated by specific factors (language preference, country of origin, time living in the USA).DesignWe used dietary intake and dietary supplement data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2008, to estimate the amount of additional total folic acid that could be consumed if products considered to contain corn masa flour were fortified at 140 μg of folic acid per 100 g of corn masa flour.SettingUSA.SubjectsNon-pregnant women aged 15–44 years (n 5369).ResultsMexican-American women who reported speaking Spanish had a relative percentage change in usual daily total folic acid intake of 30·5 (95 % CI 27·8, 33·4) %, compared with 8·3 (95 % CI 7·3, 9·4) % for Mexican-American women who reported speaking English. We observed similar results for other acculturation factors. An increase of 6·0 percentage points in the number of Mexican-American women who would achieve the recommended intake of ≥400 μg folic acid/d occurred with fortification of corn masa flour; compared with increases of 1·1 percentage points for non-Hispanic whites and 1·3 percentage points for non-Hispanic blacks. An even greater percentage point increase was observed among Mexican-American women who reported speaking Spanish (8·2).ConclusionsFortification of corn masa flour could selectively increase total folic acid intake among Mexican-American women, especially targeting Mexican-American women with lower acculturation, and result in a decrease in the number of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects.
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Malhotra, Jyoti, David Rotter, Jennifer Tsui, Adana Llanos, Bijal A. Balasubramanian, and Kitaw Demissie. "Impact of patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance on cancer screening: Findings from medical expenditure panel survey." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.1547.
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1547 Background: Racial/ethnic minority groups experience lower rates of cancer screening compared to non-Hispanic (NH) whites. Previous studies evaluating the role of patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance in cancer screening have been inconclusive. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 18,690 patient-provider pairs using the 2003-2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data. We assessed association between patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance and, screening adherence for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer using American Cancer Society guidelines. Separate multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographics, self-reported health and MEPS survey year were conducted to examine relationships of interest. Results: Seventy percent of patients were NH-white, 15% were NH-black and 15% were Hispanic. Patients adherent to cancer screening were more likely to be non-Hispanic, better educated, married, wealthier, and privately insured. Among NH-black and NH-whites, patient-provider racial/ethnic concordance was not associated with screening adherence. Among Hispanics, patient-provider racial/ethnic discordant pairs had higher colorectal cancer screening rates as compared to concordant pairs (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.28-1.71). This association was significant even on adjusting for gender concordance and survey language (English vs. Spanish). Conversely, patient-provider gender discordance was associated with lower rates of breast (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.74-0.89), cervical (OR 0.79; 95% CI 0.72-0.87) and colorectal cancer (OR 0.86; 95% CI 0.80-0.93) screening adherence in all patients. This association was also significant on restricting analysis to racial/ethnic concordant pairs. Conclusions: Patient-provider gender concordance positively impacts adherence to cancer screening and this finding may guide future interventions. Patient-provider racial/ethnic concordance is not associated with screening adherence among whites and blacks but Hispanic patients seen by Hispanic providers have lower colorectal cancer screening rates. This counter-intuitive finding requires further study.
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Garcia, Pablo, Maria E. Montez-Rath, Heather Moore, Johnie Flotte, Chris Fults, Martha S. Block, Jialin Han, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Acceptability in Patients on Hemodialysis: A Nationwide Survey." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 7 (April 29, 2021): 1575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2021010104.
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BackgroundPatients on dialysis are at increased risk for COVID-19–related complications. However, a substantial fraction of patients on dialysis belong to groups more likely to be hesitant about vaccination.MethodsWith the goal of identifying strategies to increase COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients on hemodialysis, we conducted a nationwide vaccine acceptability survey, partnering with a dialysis network to distribute an anonymized English and Spanish language online survey in 150 randomly selected facilities in the United States. We used logistic regression to evaluate characteristics of vaccine-hesitant persons.ResultsA total of 1515 (14% of eligible) patients responded; 20% of all responders, 29% of patients aged 18–44 years, and 29% of Black responders reported being hesitant to seek the COVID-19 vaccine, even if the vaccine was considered safe for the general population. Odds of vaccine hesitancy were higher among patients aged 18–44 years versus those 45–64 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.0 to 2.3), Black patients versus non-Hispanic White patients (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.7), Native Americans or Pacific Islanders versus non-Hispanic White patients (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.7), and women versus men (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.0). About half (53%) of patients who were vaccine hesitant expressed concerns about side effects. Responders’ main information sources about COVID-19 vaccines were television news and dialysis staff (68% and 38%, respectively).ConclusionsA substantial proportion of patients receiving in-center hemodialysis in the United States are hesitant about seeking COVID-19 vaccination. Facilitating uptake requires outreach to younger patients, women, and Black, Native American, or Pacific Islander patients, and addressing concerns about side effects.PodcastThis article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/JASN/2021_07_07_JASN2021010104.mp3
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Botrus, Gehan, Natalie Ertz-Archambault, Nellie Nafissi, Miguel Gonzalez Velez, Heidi E. Kosiorek, Brenda Ernst, and Donald W. Northfelt. "Comparison of care process for newly diagnosed breast cancer in insured versus uninsured populations: Opportunities for improving health equity." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e18518-e18518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18518.
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e18518 Background: Initiatives enhancing equitable oncologic care are an increasingly emphasized priority. Our study aims to identify aspects of breast cancer (BC) care in which differences exist based on insurance coverage status. Methods: We performed a retrospective, case control study consisting of 39 Hispanic ethnicity uninsured patients (UP) with newly diagnosed BC at federally qualified health centers and 119 insured patients (IP) diagnosed at Mayo Clinic Arizona (MCA). Patients were matched 3:1 for age, stage, year of diagnosis, ER and HER2 status. Demographic information, clinical variables, and zip code level specific socioeconomic information were compared. Continuous variables were compared by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and categorical variables by chi-square test. All patients ultimately received their cancer treatment at MCA. Results: Similar treatment patterns with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation treatment were observed between groups. Primary language was Spanish for 94% of UP and English for 97.5% of IP. The majority of UP were of Hispanic ethnicity (97.4%); IP were 83.2% non-Hispanic White, 9.2% Hispanic, 3.4% African American. Zip code level information reflected more unemployment with a median of 10.6% versus 6.9% p ˂ 0.001, percent of high school or lower (53.0 % v 23.2 %, p ˂ 0.001), and lower income for UP (33733.5 v 64728.0 p values ˂ 0.001). UP BMI was significantly higher (30.6 V 24.7, p=0.005), with presence of more co-morbidities; diabetes (28.2% v 5.0%, p ˂ 0.001), hypertension (35.9 % v 20.2%, p= 0.046), dyslipidemia (28.2% v 12.6%, p = 0.023), metabolic syndrome (p 23.7% v 8.5, p= 0.013), and tobacco use (17.9% v 2.5%, p ˂ 0.001). IP had higher alcohol use (52.9% v 5.3%, p ˂ 0.001). Genetics consultation was performed for 62.2% IP versus 35.9% UP (p=0.004), lower acceptance of oncology nutrition consultation for UP (29.4% vs 7.4%, p= 0.024) Median time from abnormal mammogram to biopsy (25.5 days vs. 14 days, p=0.056), and interval from diagnosis to treatment (62 days vs. 39 days) (p=0.001) were less favorable for UP compared to IP. Conclusions: In comparing the status of UP (primarily Hispanic, Spanish-speaking) and IP (primarily non-Hispanic White, English-speaking) with newly diagnosed BC we identified greater prevalence of co-morbidities and adverse social determinants of health in the former group. We identified access to genetic counseling services, access to oncology nutrition consultation, and timeliness of diagnostic biopsy and initiation of treatment as disparate features in the care pathway. These observations can allow development of tailored interventions to achieve greater equity in delivery of BC care.
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Breland, Hunter M., and Richard P. Duran. "Assessing English Composition Skills in Spanish-Speaking Populations." Educational and Psychological Measurement 45, no. 2 (July 1985): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316448504500215.
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The English writing ability of Mexican-American and Puerto Rican college candidates taking the College Board's English Composition Test (ECT) in December 1979 was studied. Mexican-American and Puerto Rican candidates were partitioned into groups indicating that English was the best language or else groups indicating that English was not the best language. The performances of three groups on essay portions and multiple-choice portions of the ECT were compared with each other and with performance on the same measures by December 1979 ECT test takers as a whole. The results of the various analyses indicated that the ECT essay writing ability of Hispanics tended to be overestimated by the indirect, multiple-choice ECT assessment of writing skills. However, evidence emerged that some Hispanics who score high on the ECT essay writing task and who judge that Spanish is their best language may have their ECT essay writing skills underestimated by the ECT indirect measure of writing skills. Further research is needed, clarifying the generality of these findings, their linguistic basis, and their implications for college placement.
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Martínez-Gibson, Elizabeth A. "Language Contact: A Study of the Spanish in Two Spanish-Language Presses in Charleston, South Carolina." Journal of Language Contact 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 335–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00902005.
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Past studies analyzing the English influence in Spanish-language press in the United States focused on major cities of large Hispanic populations, such as, Miami, New York or Los Angeles. In recent years, the Hispanic population in the Carolinas has been growing quickly and merits studies equivalent to those of the large cities to analyze the effects of the language contact between Spanish and English. This study analyzes the English influence on the Spanish of two Spanish-language presses available in Charleston, South Carolina. The study analyzed the English influence at different linguistic levels in the two different writing styles of articles and advertisements and the types of English influence at the different linguistic levels in these two writing styles. The data were collected from one edition of each of the presses. The results indicated that the English influence found in the Spanish-language press of Charleston, sc is comparable to the findings of past studies in larger cities with greater Hispanic populations. In addition, the outcomes reveal parallels with studies on language acquisition and loss in a contact situation and studies on bilingualism of second language learners and heritage speakers. Furthermore, the findings suggest social effects on language in a contact situation at the varying linguistic levels.
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Botrus, Gehan, Natalie Ertz -Archambault, Heidi E. Kosiorek, Nellie Nafissi, Miguel Gonzales, Brenda Ernst, and Donald W. Northfelt. "Identifying opportunities to improve equity in breast cancer care for uninsured Hispanic patients in underserved communities." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.132.
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132 Background: Enhancing equitable oncologic care is an increasingly emphasized priority. Our study aims to identify aspects of breast cancer (BC) care in which differences exist based on insurance coverage. Methods: We performed a retrospective, case control study, (from 2014-2020); 39 Hispanic ethnicity uninsured patients (UP) from underserved communities with newly diagnosed BC and 119 insured patients (IP) diagnosed at Mayo Clinic Arizona (MCA). Patients were matched 3:1 for age, stage, year of diagnosis, estrogen receptors and HER-2 status. Demographic information, clinical variables, and zip code level specific socioeconomic information were compared. Continuous variables were compared by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and categorical variables by chi-square test. All patients were treated at MCA. Results: Similar treatment patterns with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery were observed between groups. Primary language was Spanish for 94% of UP and English for 97.5% of IP. The majority of UP were of Hispanic ethnicity (97.4%); IP were 83.2% non-Hispanic White, 9.2% Hispanic, 3.4% African American. Zip code level information reflected more unemployment with a median of 10.6% versus 6.9% p < 0.001, percent of high school or lower (53.0 % v 23.2 %, p < 0.001), and lower income for UP (33733.5 v 64728.0 p values < 0.001).BMI was significantly higher for UP (30.6 V 24.7, p = 0.005), with presence of more co-morbidities; diabetes (28.2% v 5.0%, p < 0.001), hypertension (35.9 % v 20.2%, p = 0.046), dyslipidemia (28.2% v 12.6%, p = 0.023), metabolic syndrome (p 23.7% v 8.5, p = 0.013), and tobacco use (17.9% v 2.5%, p < 0.001). Genetics consultation was performed for 62.2% IP versus 35.9% UP (p = 0.004), lower acceptance of nutrition consultation for UP (29.4% vs 7.4%, p = 0.024). Median time from mammogram to biopsy (25.5 days vs. 14 days, p = 0.056), and interval from diagnosis to treatment (62 days vs. 39 days) (p = 0.001) were less favorable for UP compared to IP. Conclusions: In comparing the status of UP and IP with newly diagnosed BC, we identified greater prevalence of co-morbidities and adverse social determinants of health in the former group. We identified access to genetic counseling, nutrition consultation, and timeliness of diagnostic biopsy and initiation of treatment as disparate features in the care pathway. These observations allowed development of tailored interventions to achieve greater equity in delivery of BC care at Mayo Clinic.
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GUTIÉRREZ-CLELLEN, VERA F., GABRIELA SIMON-CEREIJIDO, and CHRISTINE WAGNER. "Bilingual children with language impairment: A comparison with monolinguals and second language learners." Applied Psycholinguistics 29, no. 1 (January 2008): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716408080016.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine whether English finite morphology has the potential to differentiate children with and without language impairment (LI) from Spanish-speaking backgrounds and different levels of English proficiency in comparison to Hispanic English speakers and (b) to investigate the extent to which children who are bilingual exhibit differences in their grammatical performance because of cross-linguistic influence from their first language. Seventy-one children between the ages of 4 years, 5 months and 6 years, 5 months were distributed into the following five groups: English as a first language (EL1) speakers with typical language development (TLD), EL1 speakers with LI, Spanish–English bilinguals with TLD, Spanish–English bilinguals with LI, and English as a second language (EL2) learners with TLD were compared on regular verb finiteness and nominative subject use using spontaneous narrative samples. The EL1 children with LI had significantly lower verb accuracy rates than the EL1 controls with TLD. Verb finiteness marking was also a significant discriminator for the bilinguals with LI. There was no evidence of cross-linguistic influence, however. The analysis indicated no significant differences between EL1 and bilingual children on subject or verb use. The EL2 group only presented difficulties with finite verb use. The typological differences between English and Spanish for overt subject use did not seem to affect the performance of either typical or atypical bilingual learners. The findings underscore the need for addressing language dominance in future bilingual studies.
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Rodriguez Berrios, Maria D., Amy LeClair, Janis Breeze, Sarah Reisenger, Evelyn Gonzalez, Jill Oliveri, Electra Paskett, and Karen Freund. "3262 Determining the association of acculturation, community identity and discrimination on cancer screening rates and quality of life among underserved populations." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.322.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To determine the association of participant’s characteristics and socio-cultural factors including acculturation, community identity and discrimination with the adherence to cancer screening guidelines and participants’ quality of life. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: As part of the Cancer Disparities Research Network pilot cohort, the study recruited 333 participants across four sites: Boston Chinatown, African American communities in Philadelphia, and Hispanic communities in Columbus, and rural white communities in Appalachia, Ohio. Enrolled participants were eligible if they were 40 to 74 years old, did not live in a nursing home or other facility, and had no prior invasive cancer diagnosis. Additionally, each participant met at least one of the following criteria: living in a medically underserved area, having low literacy, low income (defined as 100% of the 2015 Federal Poverty Level FPL according to 2015 FPL Guidelines), or being uninsured or receiving subsidized health insurance coverage. Participants completed a baseline survey of demographic data, health status, including health behaviors and risk factors to cancer, Primary Care Physician (PCP) status and most recent breast, cervical, prostate, skin and colorectal cancer screenings. Information related to discrimination, acculturation or adaptation, and sense of belonging to their community was collected using validated instruments. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Of the 333 participants enrolled in the study, 65.5% were women, 14.1% were 40-50 years of age, 59.8% were 51-64 years, and 26.1% were 65-74. The cohort was racially and ethnically diverse: 8.4% of participants identified as Hispanic, 30.3% as non-Hispanic White, 31.2% as non-Hispanic Black, 29.4% as non-Hispanic Asian, and 0.6% as Other. 62.2% spoke English, 8.1% Spanish, and 29.7% Chinese as their primary language. Low incomes were common: 33.6% reported incomes $15,000 or less, and 25.8% reported incomes between $15,000 and $24,999. Overall adherence to USPSTF guidelines on cancer screening rates was 77.9% for breast cancer, 71.1% for cervical cancer, and 67.7% for colorectal cancer. Analyses will present the association of acculturation, community identity, and discrimination with cancer screening and quality of life measures. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This study will promote the increase of cancer disparities research, and reinforce the importance of inclusion and increased recruitment of diverse populations in future studies. By determining the potential factors associated with cancer disparities among minority populations, it may provide new information for clinicians to have more cultural sensitivity addressing potential disparities in the clinical setting. It will also promote the creation of more tailored interventions and programs to deliver adequate healthcare among these populations.
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Langdon, Henriette W. "Language Disorder or Difference? Assessing the Language Skills of Hispanic Students." Exceptional Children 56, no. 2 (October 1989): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440298905600208.
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Results from a study on current practices of Spanish-speaking speech and language specialists are reported. Analyses of the data indicate that a heavy diagnostic emphasis continues to be placed on the results of discrete-point tests. A protocol to assess limited-English-speaking students suspected of a language or learning disability is offered.
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MORISON, SIDNEY H. "A Spanish-English Dual-Language Program in New York City." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 508, no. 1 (March 1990): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716290508001013.
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The dual-language program at Public School 84 provides immersion settings in Spanish and English, on an alternate-day basis, for classes containing both Hispanic and non-Hispanic children of varying degrees of language dominance. Teachers carefully avoid concurrent mixing of languages as they develop curriculum. Language itself is not taught; rather, it is learned through use in informal classroom structures that encourage social interaction. Bilingualism and biliteracy are expected outcomes by grade six but are secondary to the goal of academic growth. The dual-language program is an enrichment program that grew out of the school's earlier bilingual program, which was started in 1970 and rooted in the principles of heterogeneity and inclusion of children's cultural backgrounds. It has been a collaborative effort of staff, parents, and administration, with technical support from Professor Ricardo Otheguy of City College, New York.
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Timm, Lenora A. "Bilingualism and Bilingual Education in the United States: Bilingual Education for Hispanic Students in the United States . Joshua A. Fishman, Gary D. Keller. ; Bilingualism and Language Contact: Spanish, English, and Native American Languages . Florence Barkin, Elizabeth A. Brandt, Jacob Ornstein-Galicia. ; Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Aspects . Jon Amastae, Lucia Elias-Olivares. ; The New Bilingualism: An American Dilemma . Martin Ridge." American Anthropologist 87, no. 2 (June 1985): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1985.87.2.02a00060.
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Oliveira, Kristin, Steven Clark, Ernest Dunn, and Alicia Mangram. "Spanish As a Primary Language and Its Effect on Breast Cancer Presentation." Journal of Oncology Practice 7, no. 3 (May 2011): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jop.2010.000130.
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Winsor, Matthew S. "Bridging the Language Barrier in Mathematics." Mathematics Teacher 101, no. 5 (December 2007): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.101.5.0372.
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Teaching mathematics to English Language Learners (ELL students) has become a challenge faced by an increasing number of U.S. teachers. Between 1979 and 2004, the number of K–12 students who spoke a language other than English at home increased from 3.8 million to 9.9 million. During that same time, the number of K–12 students who had difficulty speaking English increased from 1.3 million to 2.8 million (U.S. Department of Education 2006). Even teachers who may speak a second language still face the daunting task of teaching mathematics effectively to ELL students. I was one of those teachers. From 1995 to 1999, I taught at a high school in Southern California where the student population was 56 percent Hispanic. I spoke Spanish and was hired in part to teach mathematics to ELL students. I taught my classes in English. My school had no materials for use in an ELL class with Spanish speakers, and I could not find a textbook company that offered such materials. I was also not eager to spend enormous amounts of time trying to translate mathematics texts.
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Correa, Teresa. "Framing Latinas: Hispanic women through the lenses of Spanish-language and English-language news media." Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 11, no. 4 (August 2010): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884910367597.
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Fought, Carmen. "Language as a representation of Mexican American identity." English Today 26, no. 3 (August 24, 2010): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078410000131.
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Demographic data indicate that the English of Mexican Americans is destined to play a key role in the sociolinguistic study of language variation in the United States. In fact, Mexican American speakers are reported to account for more than 12.5% of the U.S. population. In 2003, the U.S. Census released data showing that Latinos and Latinas had replaced African Americans as the largest minority ethnic group in the U.S., and by 2007, 29.2 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican (Pew Hispanic Center, 2009). Moreover, in addition to the large numbers of Mexicans (first generation) and Mexican Americans (second generation) living in the Southwest, we are now seeing a new representation of these ethnic groups in other areas, such as the South. For example, between 1990 and 2000, North Carolina experienced a higher percentage of growth in its Mexican American population than any other state (Wolfram, Carter & Moriello, 2004).These statistics are important with respect to language because they reveal that a large and increasing population of English speakers in the U.S. are Latinos and Latinas of Mexican origin. Our notion of American English, then, must be extended to include the variety traditionally spoken by the children of Mexican immigrants in the U.S., generally referred to in the literature as Chicano English. In addition, if we look at the Mexican American population as a whole, we will find a number of other varieties of English spoken.
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Walker, Timothy J., Natalia I. Heredia, and Belinda M. Reininger. "Examining the Validity, Reliability, and Measurement Invariance of the Social Support for Exercise Scale Among Spanish- and English-Language Hispanics." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 41, no. 3 (June 14, 2019): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986319854144.
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The Social Support for Exercise Subscales are commonly used among Hispanic populations. The aims of this study were to test the validity and reliability of the Spanish-language version of the Social Support for Exercise Subscales and test the invariance of the Spanish- and English-language versions. Data were from a subsample of Hispanic adults in the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort ( n = 1,447). A series of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were used to assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish-language version of the subscales. A multigroup CFA approach was used to test measurement invariance. Results indicated the Spanish-language versions of family and friend support subscales had good validity and reliability, root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) < .07, comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.95, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) > 0.94, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) < 0.05. There was also evidence of measurement invariance between the Spanish- and English-language versions. These findings indicate the Spanish-language family and friend support subscales are valid and can be compared between Spanish- and English-language Hispanic respondents.
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Jarvis, L., G. Badolato, K. Breslin, and M. Goyal. "16: POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION SCREENING IN A PEDIATRIC ED." Journal of Investigative Medicine 64, no. 3 (February 25, 2016): 813.1–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2016-000080.32.
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Purpose of StudyPostpartum depression (PPD) occurs in up to 20% of mothers. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine screening for PPD. The pediatric emergency department (PED) serves as a safety-net for vulnerable, high-risk populations, and may be a useful site for screening. This study investigates (1) prevalence of PPD positive screens, (2) factors associated with a positive PPD screen, (3) frequency of mothers who had not completed a PPD screen previously, and (3) acceptability and impact of PPD screening.Methods UsedWe performed a prospective, cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of mothers of infants </=6 months of age presenting with low-acuity complaints. Mothers completed a computerized survey that included a validated PPD screening tool (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale). We calculated frequency of positive screens and performed bivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with a positive PPD screen. PPD positive-screened mothers were contacted for phone follow-up at one-month.Summary of Results121 mothers were screened for PPD (mean age=28± SD 6 years; 86% English vs. Spanish language; 50% non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity; 75% non-private insurance) during presentation to the ED with their infant (mean age=3±SD 2 months; 51% female). Twenty-seven mothers (22%) screened positive for PPD with eight mothers (7%) reporting suicidal thoughts. Forty-seven percent (57/121) of mothers had never previously been screened, including 59% (16/27) of PPD-positive screened and those endorsing suicidal thoughts (5/8, 63%). Infants of PPD-screened positive mothers had more ED visits than those whose mothers screened negative (median 2 vs. 1). Seventy-four percent (90/121) of participants viewed ED-based PPD screening favorably. At one-month follow-up 100% (n=12) reported ED-based PPD screening acceptable and the majority endorsed positive impact of screening, including increased access to support (8/12, 67%) and improved activities of daily living (10/12, 83%).ConclusionsPPD is reported by approximately 1 in 5 mothers in an urban PED and the majority of PED-screen positive mothers had not been screened previously. PED-based screening was well-accepted and had a positive impact. Our study informs future efforts for interventions to support mothers of young infants who use the PED for care.
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Lo, Joan Chia-Mei, Malini Chandra, Jeanne A. Darbinian, Rita L. Hui, and Nancy P. Gordon. "Ethnicity, Ethnic Language, and Fracture Risk Conditions in Women Initiating Osteoporosis Therapy." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.498.
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Abstract Introduction: The ethnic diversity of women with osteoporosis has increased, but data on acculturation and health remain limited. Having a primary language (PL) other than English may reflect acculturation level and/or immigration as an adult. We used electronic health record (EHR) data from a large US health plan to examine the association of baseline clinical risk conditions and PL among US Chinese and US Hispanic women who initiated osteoporosis therapy. Methods: We identified women age 65-74y who initiated osteoporosis therapy in 2002–2014, excluding those with skeletal disorders, advanced kidney disease and metastatic cancer. PL was ascertained from the EHR. The study included 1676 Chinese women with English-PL (50%) vs Chinese-PL (50%); 3453 Hispanic women with English-PL (72%) vs Spanish-PL (28%); and 20,289 non-Hispanic White (White) women with English-PL. Clinical conditions assessed included: current smoking; BMI <19 kg/m2; Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index (CCI); diabetes (DM) based on diagnosis with treatment; rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on 2 diagnoses; and fracture diagnosis in the prior 5 years. Language subgroups (* denotes significant difference by PL, p<.05) and ethnic groups (all ethnic differences cited are significant at p<.05) were compared using chi-square tests. Results: Mean age was (69±3y) for Chinese, Hispanics, Whites, and PL subgroups. Prior fracture was lower in Chinese (12.8%) and Hispanics (25.6%) vs Whites (29.7%), with Chinese lower than Hispanics. Smoking was lower in Chinese (1.6%) and Hispanics (6.7%) vs Whites (11.3%). CCI score ≥3 was lower in Chinese (5.2%) and higher in Hispanics (13.0%) vs Whites (10.4%). RA was low overall and lowest in Chinese, especially Chinese-PL. More Chinese (4.2%) and fewer Hispanics (0.8%) had a BMI <19 vs Whites (2.2%). DM was higher in Hispanics (14.8%) and Chinese (8.2%) compared to Whites (5.7%). Significant and non-significant differences by PL were observed for current smoking (0.8%* vs 2.4% for Chinese-PL vs English-PL; 4.0% vs 7.8% for Spanish-PL vs English-PL), prior fracture (11.4%* vs 14.2% for Chinese-PL vs English-PL; 24.3% vs 26.1% for Spanish-PL vs English-PL) and DM (10.5%* vs 5.8% for Chinese-PL vs English-PL; 24.3% vs 26.1% for Spanish-PL vs English-PL) in Chinese and Hispanic women. Conclusion: Among older women initiating osteoporosis therapy, US Chinese women have lower comorbidity but a higher DM prevalence compared to white women, especially those with Chinese-PL. Hispanic women have higher comorbidity and higher DM prevalence than White women, with no differences by PL. Variation in prior fracture, low BMI, RA, and smoking were also seen. These findings highlight ethnic differences in women receiving osteoporosis care, including differences by primary language in Chinese women. Future studies should examine fracture risk factors and outcomes in US immigrant populations, especially Asians.
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Zamora-Kapoor, Anna, Adam Omidpanah, Evelyn Monico, Dedra Buchwald, Raymond Harris, and Nathalia Jimenez. "The Role of Language Use in Reports of Musculoskeletal Pain Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Adolescents." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 28, no. 2 (July 9, 2016): 144–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659615623326.
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Objective:This study examined the role of English language use in the reported frequency of musculoskeletal pain among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White youth. Method: This is a secondary data analysis using a cross-sectional sample of 12,189 Hispanic and non-Hispanic White adolescents recruited for the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Respondents were classified into three groups: (a) English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites, (b) English-speaking Hispanics, and (c) Spanish-speaking Hispanics. Results: After controlling for body mass index and demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral variables, Spanish-speaking Hispanics reported the least frequent musculoskeletal pain ( OR = 0.415, 95% CI [0.361, 0.477]; p < .001), followed by English-speaking Hispanics ( OR = 0.773, 95% CI [0.690, 0.865]; p < .001). Conclusion: The experience of musculoskeletal pain is a physiological as well as a cultural phenomenon. Implications for Practice: Health care providers should consider the role of language use in reports of pain in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White adolescents.
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Gonzalez, Jorge E., and Brad M. Uhing. "Home Literacy Environments and Young Hispanic Children's English and Spanish Oral Language." Journal of Early Intervention 30, no. 2 (March 2008): 116–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1053815107313858.
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