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Kaye, Alan S., Marcel Lemmens, and Herman Wekker. "Grammar in English Learners' Dictionaries." Language 64, no. 2 (June 1988): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415467.
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Munro, Pamela. "From parts of speech to the grammar." Perspectives on Grammar Writing 30, no. 2 (March 31, 2006): 307–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.30.2.07mun.
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Making dictionaries is a vital aid to completing a full grammatical analysis of a language, particularly if the dictionary requires the specification of the part of speech for each entry. English (or “universal”) parts of speech may not be relevant in all languages, as can be shown by structural comparisons of “adjectives” in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec vs. Chickasaw and of “adpositions” in San Lucas Quiaviní Zapotec (and Mixtec) vs. Chickasaw. Each language will present its own structurally determined inventory of parts of speech, relevant for its own grammatical facts. Thus, discovering the actual parts of speech of a language is a critical part both of dictionary making and of grammar writing. These aspects of linguistic analysis are crucially interconnected.
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LEMMENS, Marcel, and Herman WEKKER. "On the Relationship between Lexis and Grammar in English Learners' Dictionaries." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 227–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/cill.17.1.2016708.
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Lemmens, Marcel, and Herman Wekker. "On the Relationship between Lexis and Grammar in English Learners' Dictionaries." International Journal of Lexicography 4, no. 1 (1991): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/4.1.1.
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Sigurd, Bengt. "Analysis of Particle Verbs for Automatic Translation." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18, no. 1 (June 1995): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500003103.
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A number of typical particle verbs in Swedish and English are presented and it is noted that such verbs are often forgotten in dictionaries and not given the proper treatment in grammars. One problem is the identification of these verbs, another is the fact that the verb and the particle may be separated by other words. The particle verbs must therefore be treated as discontinuous lexical items. It is shown that the phrase structure rules used in Swetra Referent Grammar can make room for lexical material at several places in the word string, if this is required by the lexical matrix. English and Swedish examples are presented and also the automatic translation of some simple sentences
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de Grauwe, Luc. "“In Overlandsche ende in Duytsche sprake” und “Die alghemene Duytsche tael”." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 77, no. 3-4 (October 19, 2017): 637–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340096.
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Abstract The first printed Dutch grammar was entitled Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst (1548). In many places, the grammar names its own language simply Duytsch, but the book also uses this term – depending on context or audience, not seldom melting one significance into another – for what now is known as ‘Continental (West) Germanic’ (“Ick spreeck int ghemeen vande duytse taal, die zelve voor één taal houdende”, p. 110), referring to the entire complex of linguistic varieties, which nowadays come under the cognate standard languages Dutch (formerly in English Low/Nether Dutch) and German (High Dutch). Many textbooks, grammars, dictionaries etc. in 16th- to 18th-century Netherlands and Flanders strikingly reserved simple Duytsch for their own language (hence Dutch), contrasting it with ‘marked’ Hoogduytsch or even Overland(t)sch (avoiding hyperonymic -duytsch!). In addition to a treatment of the term Duytsch, this article also deals with some other, strongly related cruces in the Twe-spraack.
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Rizo-Rodríguez, Alfonso. "Current lexicographical tools in EFL: monolingual resources for the advanced learner." Language Teaching 37, no. 1 (January 2004): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444804002125.
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A rich variety of lexicographical descriptions is available in English, and there is no doubt that this contributes to its status as a world language. The teaching and learning of English can draw not only on a deep-rooted tradition of varied grammatical studies but also on a large range of dictionaries. For the non-native observer conversant with the nature of this language, its history, its development, its vocabulary and grammar, that huge stock of lexicographical resources is particularly useful.
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Cmejrek, Martin, and Jan Curín. "Automatic Extraction of Terminological Translation Lexicon from Czech-English Parallel Texts." Text Corpora and Multilingual Lexicography 6, no. 3 (December 17, 2001): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.6.si.02cme.
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We present experimental results of an automatic extraction of a Czech-English translation dictionary. Two different bilingual corpora (119,886 sentence pairs computer-oriented and 58,137 journalistic corpora) were created. We used the length-based statistical method for sentence alignment (Gale and Church 1991) and noun phrase marker working with regular grammar and probabilistic model (Brown et al. 1993) for dictionary extraction. Resulting dictionaries’ size varies around 6,000 entries. After significance filtering, weighted precision is 86.4% for computer-oriented and 70.7% for journalistic Czech-English dictionary.
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Zhou, Yue, and Qi’ang Liu. "Evolution of Language from the Perspective of Historical Cognitive Linguistics—Connotations of Chinese “Dog” and English “Dog”." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0811.18.
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Language, as part of culture, is the most essential communicative tool and the main expression of human beings. Like all forms of life, it goes through the process of birth, development, decay, and continuity rather than being static. Chinese and English, occupying prominent positions in the world, exactly have different evolution which emerges in words, phonemes, grammar, syntax and so on. The study of evolution of language has become one of the hottest topics that experts and scholars attach great importance to. This thesis collects traditional and modern connotations of Chinese “dog” and English “dog” by referring to authoritative dictionaries and other relevant resources. From the aspects of formation of civilization, folk custom, myth and legend as well as value, it analyses traditional and modern connotations of Chinese “dog” and English “dog”. This thesis verifies that evolution of different languages has their respective characteristics and features.
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DROŻDŻ, GRZEGORZ. "New insights into English count and mass nouns – the Cognitive Grammar perspective." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 833–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000480.
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The article deals with two of the long-standing problems in English linguistics: whether it is possible that each noun can have both count and mass senses, and the problem of determining a complete list of the regularities of count-to-mass and mass-to-count changes. While there have been numerous attempts to solve each of these problems, this article shows the results of applying Cognitive Grammar to them.The analysis covers a set of concrete nouns representative of English – sixty nouns with different ontological properties and all frequencies of occurrence. These are nouns that are classified by dictionaries as solely count and solely mass. Because of its usage-based character, the analysis scrutinises over 1,700 real-life utterances produced by native speakers of English. The analysis shows that even such nouns possess senses whose properties are the reverse of the properties of the nouns’ basic senses. A thorough examination of the nouns’ basic and extended senses leads to certain grammatical regularities of count-to-mass and mass-to-count changes. The analysis not only systematises the grammatical regularities determined so far and solves many problems that can be noticed about them, but also proposes novel regularities.
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Chigbu, B. C., Janet Ngozi Igbo, Fidelia N. Obayi, V. C. Onu, E. C. Ndukwu, and D. Ojonugwa Solomon. "Grammatical Errors in Nigerian English Language Pronunciation Problems Among Students: Psychological Implications and Management." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 6 (September 7, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n6p162.
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This study was designed to identify some English grammar pronunciation problems and how the problems can be managed. The population consists of all the first-year students in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka in Enugu State of Nigeria. Nine hundred and ninety-nine (999) students from four departments were sampled using simple random sampling technique. Three research questions and one null hypothesis were generated to guide the study. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the three research questions while t-test statistic was used to test the null hypothesis. The results revealed that consonant and vowel phonemes, syllabic consonants, consonant cluster, unstressed vowels and stress timing are the aspects of pronunciation that are considered problematic among some first-year students. It also revealed that gender does not play a functional role on pronunciation problems among these first year students in the learning of English Grammar, and that teachers’ emphasis on the problematic area of pronunciation, constant practice, teachers’ knowledge of Oral English, building of language laboratories, teachers’ use of compact disks and tapes on pronunciation, students access to compact disks and tapes on pronunciation dictionaries are the management strategies that can be used to improve pronunciation in English language.
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Balsgart, Karin. "Fag, faglighed og fagordbøger." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 6, no. 10 (July 29, 2015): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v6i10.21521.
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This paper argues that one of the reasons that existing bilingual (Danish -> English) LSP dictionaries are unsatisfactory is that insufficient emphasis is attached to the question of defining and delimiting the subject-matter covered, in respect of both the overall selection of entries and the choice and application of field labels. More detailed grammatical considerations are of no real importance in remedying this situation because there is no such thing as a special LSP grammar. An interdisciplinary approach, on the other hand, would seem to offer good prospects, always providing that the linguistic insight is not confined to lexicographic theory and principles but extends to intimate knowledge of both languages. A relatively narrow definition of potential users and uses would also seem beneficial. A number of so-called "business", "technical" and "specialised" dictionaries are reviewed in substantiation of this argument.
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Bunton, David, and Amy B. M. Tsui. "Setting language benchmarks." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 12, no. 1 (July 18, 2002): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.12.1.05bun.
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This paper considers Hong Kong’s benchmark language assessments for English teachers. It asks whose standard of English the government, business community, examinations authority, and the teaching profession itself expect teachers to measure up to. As well as examining documentation from these various sources, the paper analyses discussions on TeleNex , a computer network set up for English teachers in Hong Kong. Although the question was seldom explicitly mooted in documents and teachers’ messages, the implicit standards were found to be largely exonormative. Most documents implied a native speaker norm, and teachers were found to regard British dictionaries and grammars as the main authorities on correctness and acceptability. Only the benchmark developers were found to be seeking an “educated Hong Kong model”, but even their criteria rule out an “average” Hong Kong model for teachers.
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Gabba, Tamanna. "Redefining Dictionaries for Mobile Learning: A Study of the Learner-Friendly Features of an Online Dictionary." International Journal of English Learning & Teaching Skills 3, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 2210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijelts.3304.
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Amidst a plethora of materials available for learning English as a second or foreign language, the place of dictionary has not been defined adequately. The potential of dictionaries as source of information about language pertaining to vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, and spellings is generally underestimated. While the use of primary teaching materials like textbooks may be maximized or minimized depending on the context, the scant use of a dictionary is common to most of the language classrooms around the world. The ‘taken-for-granted’ approach towards dictionaries has made its use recede to the background in the language curriculum. Reasons like time constraints, the teacher’s lack of training or expertise, non-affordability or lack of resources etc. could also be cited in favour of the usual neglect of this teaching-learning aid. However, with the recent splurge in the use of mobile devices for language learning, the place of dictionaries is being redefined in the language learning process due to factors like portability, freedom of time and place, flexibility of usage, and social connectivity. The present article is an attempt to explore and uncover a range of features offered by mobile dictionaries that could potentially foster language learning. The focus of study and observations will be the online version of Oxford Learner’s Dictionary since it incorporates the printed version and provides additional learner-centred resources. The use of this dictionary is looked at as an opportunity to be utilized in order to strengthen linguistic and communicative competence of the learners.
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Góra, Katarzyna. "Predicate-Argument Structure in a Valence Dictionary (on the Example of the Verb Reward)." Acta Neophilologica 1, no. XXIII (June 1, 2021): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.6414.
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Valence dictionaries are very often specialized works for advanced readers which present how particular linguistic units combine with its subordinates. The article is a critical analysis of a dictionary entry for the lexical unit of reward contained in A Valency Dictionary of English, a Corpus-Based Analysis of the Complementation Patterns of English Verbs, Nouns and Adjectives [2004]. A complementary proposal regarding the predicate-argument structure and its annotation system will be provided based on the theoretical model proposed by S. Karolak [1984; 2002] called Semantic Syntax (SS) and more specifically its extended model called explicative syntax [Kiklewicz et al. 2010; 2019]. The research findings demonstrate the need for coordinated international projects that should integrate both the syntactic as well as the semantic levels in order to gradually meet the objective of an integrated language description encompassing both the grammar and the lexicon.
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Ó Raghallaigh, Brian, Michal Boleslav Měchura, Aengus Ó Fionnagáin, and Sophie Osborne. "Developing the Gaois Linguistic Database of Irish-language Surnames." Names 69, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/names.2021.2251.
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It is now commonplace to see surnames written in the Irish language in Ireland, yet there is no online resource for checking the standard spelling and grammar of Irish-language surnames. We propose a data structure for handling Irish-language surnames which comprises bilingual (Irish–English) clusters of surname forms. We present the first open, data-driven linguistic database of common Irish-language surnames, containing 664 surname clusters, and a method for deriving Irish-language inflected forms. Unlike other Irish surname dictionaries, our aim is not to list variants or explain origins, but rather to provide standard Irish-language surname forms via the web for use in the educational, cultural, and public spheres, as well as in the library and information sciences. The database can be queried via a web application, and the dataset is available to download under an open licence. The web application uses a comprehensive list of surname forms for query expansion. We envisage the database being applied to name authority control in Irish libraries to provide for bilingual access points.
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Bright, William. "Hill, Kenneth C. (editor in chief), Hopi dictionary/Hopìikwa lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English dictionary of the Third Mesa dialect, with an English-Hopi finder list and a sketch of Hopi grammar. Compiled by the Hopi Dictionary Project, Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998. Pp. xviii, 900. Hb $85.00." Language in Society 28, no. 3 (July 1999): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404599213073.
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This volume, containing some 30,000 entries, takes its place as one of the most sophisticated and comprehensive dictionaries ever prepared for an American Indian language; indeed, it is among the best dictionaries available for any language of the world, and a model for future lexicographers of “neglected” languages. The editorial team – including Hill, Emory Sekaquaptewa, Mary E. Black, Ekkehart Malotki, and the late Michael Lomatuway'ma – compiled the work in consultation with a large team of elder Hopi speakers from the westernmost Third Mesa (the villages of Oraibi, Kykotsmovi, Hotevilla, Bacavi, and Moencopi). Entries include information on inflection, definitions, examples (often illustrating aspects of Hopi culture), etymologies, and synonymy, as in the following sample entry:(1) kyàasom|ta (∼tota)vn.p. cook creamed corn. Hakim tùupeptote' mit pay hingsavàwyat hakim poyot akw ang sispayangwu; pu' hak ∼tangwu; kyasmi pamningwu. When they roast sweet corn in the pit oven, they scrape the kernels off the very short ears and cook them by boiling; that is creamed corn. kyàasom-ta [creamed:corn-caus] Syn. kyàasomkwiva.
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Rixha, Annafi’in Nur, Idrus Alhamid, Siti Rokhmah, and Syamsir Bin Ukka. "SURFACE STRATEGY TAXONOMY: GRAMMATICAL ERRORS ANALYSIS IN THE THIRD-SEMESTER STUDENTS’ DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY." KARIWARI SMART : Journal of Education Based on Local Wisdom 1, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53491/kariwarismart.v1i2.39.
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English and Indonesian are grammatically different. The difference proves that the rules and the application of grammar are the difficult problems in writing English. Based on previous preliminary research, many Third-Semester students of English Education Study Program had problems using grammar. This is supported by the results of unstructured interviews by researcher against students. Then students made mistakes they cannot correct called errors. As English Education students, they must have good competence in all language skills to become a good English teacher. In the future, students will teach writing effectively if they master the grammatical understanding.This research’s objectives were to find: (1) The the types of grammatical errors based on surface strategy taxonomy found in students’ descriptive essay,(2) The dominant grammatical error based on surface strategy taxonomy found in students’ descriptive essay,(3) The factors causing students made grammatical error in writing descriptive essays.To achieve the objectives, a qualitative method is used. Data collected by observation, interview and documentation from students’ descriptive essay worksheet then analyzed using error analysis.The findings of the research: (1) Grammatical errors are Misformation (3rd Person Singular, Plural, Auxiliary Verb, Dictionaries, Preposition, Conjunction, Pronoun, Singular, Simple Present Tense, Simple Past Tense), Omission (Simple Present Tense, Agreement, Auxiliary Verb, Plural, Article, Pronoun, Conjunction, Preposition, Adverb), Addition (Simple Additions, Double Marking), Misordering (Adjective, Pronoun, Auxiliary Verb). (2) The dominant grammatical error is Misformation with 47.05% from 170 errors. (3) The factors causing error are Interlingual and Intralingual.
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Finegan, Edward. "Afterword." Register Studies 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2019): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rs.18016.fin.
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Abstract Edward Finegan, Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Law at the University of Southern California, provides this afterword to synthesize and provide commentary on the six articles in this issue. He has been involved with research on register for more than 30 years, publishing a large number of empirical studies on register and the book Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Register (Biber & Finegan 1994, Oxford University Press). He is also co-author on the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan 1999, Longman), the first comprehensive reference grammar to systematically account for register. He is currently involved in research on the relationship between register variation and social dialect variation. In addition to his research on register, Finegan has made tremendous contributions in the areas of general linguistics, language variation in the U.S., and language attitudes toward correctness, publishing widely-used textbooks in all three areas. He has also been an influential figure in the application of linguistics in legal proceedings, acting as expert witness in many legal cases, particularly those related to defamation and trademark. He currently serves as the Editor of the journal Dictionaries: The Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America.
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Fitri, Nia Annisa, Dewi Rochsantiningsih, and Hefy Sulistyawati. "AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE APPROPRIATENESS OF WORD CHOICE IN WRITTEN TEXT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS." English Education 4, no. 1 (September 21, 2015): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/eed.v4i1.34840.
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The article aims at describing the appropriateness of word choice and its causes in written text. An error analysis was conducted to the second semester students of English Education in a university in Central Java to investigate errors in word choice. The errors are categorized in superficial descriptive categories (morphosyntactic and lexical derivational and pragmatics) and complementary descriptive categories (lexical syntactic, semantic and collocational problems and overlap, logicality and topic knowledge). Based on these categories, errors committed by students in word choice are caused by lack of vocabulary, lack of holistic understanding in grammar, lack of interaction with target language, lack of research of the topic given, not rereading their own texts, and being too dependent on bilingual dictionaries. Most of errors that are produced by students however did not hinder readers’ comprehension but still needs to get a thorough attention.
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Bulley, Michael. "No such things as nouns." English Today 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078407001113.
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Is grammar real or it it just a concept? The following is the opening sentence of the abstract of an article in the Journal of Linguistics, of November 2005: ‘This article argues that of English adjective–noun constructions involving associative adjectives (‘associative AdjNs’), some originate in the lexicon and others in the syntax.’ There has been for many years a divide in what is meant by grammar. For the general public (and in most of the ET articles that deal with it), grammar is understood to refer to a set of abstract terms for defining the forms of words and how they are related in sentences. For some people, however, particularly some linguistics professionals in universities, it is something real to be discovered, and grammatical terms are the means of explaining it. The quotation above is an example of the latter use. If you were unfamiliar with this approach, you might initially take the word lexicon here to mean (as the entries in dictionaries indicate) a list of the words in a language, but then might wonder how a phrase can be said, as here, to ‘originate’ in the lexicon (and whether you can really use the phrase ‘the syntax’ like that).
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Hlebec, Boris. "Lexical Definitions of Some Performative Verbs." Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stap-2015-0015.
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Abstract The author upholds Anna Wierzbicka’s opinion that unless strict scientific definitions of performatives are reached, no successful classification of these verbs can be made. The article compares definitions of the verb elect and four performative verbs (appoint, declare, excommunicate and pronounce) as presented in four English dictionaries, as well as in the form of Wierzbicka’s explicatives and the author’s formulations reached by means of the collocational method. This method seeks to gain a realistic insight into the semantic structure of lexemes because most metalinguistic elements are drawn from facts offered by the language itself. The definitions of the performative verbs, like of any other verb, can be marshalled by combining and incorporating semantic definitions of the collocating grammar words and constructions. The latter task is done by extracting the common content of the grammar words and constructions in the relevant meanings as appearing in collocations of their own. The same procedure is carried out for the noun collocates occurring in the subject and object slots of the verbs in question. The performative force within this small lexical field manifests gradation, depending on the presence of a person in authority.
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Derdzakyan, Hripsime A. "Functional Category of Aspectuality in the Russian And English Languages." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 12, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2021-12-1-41-60.
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This article studies functional and semantic Tense/Aspect complexes in Russian and English, focusing on their similarities and differences. In Russian, Tense-Aspect meanings of the verb forms correlate with the semantic components of Aktionsart, while in English both Imperfective and Perfective aspects of the verb semantics are realized by the constituent category of Tense/Aspect. The inner asymmetry of the verb forms and meanings is acknowledged for each of the contrastive languages, especially for the two languages compared. The material of the study is retrieved from grammar books and manuals and from literary text samples, principally concerns the use of Tense/Aspect forms of the Russian verb and the forms of the English Perfect. The novelty impact of the study is determined by focusing on the irregularity of the aspectual meanings of English Perfect forms and Tense/Aspect forms of the Russian verb, whereas they are mostly due to lexical meanings of the verbs influenced by intralinguistic specificities of the semantics of lexical indicators as well as mechanisms of communication on the whole. Aspectual meanings both for the Perfective and Imperfective Aspect in languages under comparison used to make up lexical and grammatical aspectual categorical complexes. In terms of Aspect and Tense, peculiarities are found as functional and semantic ones, highly dependent on the situation and context of communication, thus involving extralinguistic factors which also concern the extralinguistic environment of Tense/Aspect verbal forms in use. The comparison of functions and the semantics of Aspect and Aktionsart in the Russian language with those of English Perfect asymmetry is proved to emerge, being caused by cross-linguistic structural and typological differences, particularly, the existence or not the similar forms, their varying semantic load, analytical or synthetic tendencies and others. The asymmetry is especially vividly seen translation and lexicographic field to compose varying kinds of bilingual dictionaries.
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Biber,, Douglas. "Register as a predictor of linguistic variation." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 8, no. 1 (May 25, 2012): 9–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2012-0002.
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AbstractOver the last two decades, corpus analysis has been used as the basis for several important reference grammars and dictionaries of English. While these reference works have made major contributions to our understanding of English lexis and grammar, most of them share a major limitation: the failure to consider register differences. Instead, most reference works describe lexico-grammatical patterns as if they applied generally to English.The main goal of the present paper is to challenge this practice and the underlying assumption that the patterns of lexical-grammatical use in English can be described in general/global terms. Specifically, I argue that descriptions of the average patterns of use in a general corpus do not accurately describe any register. Rather, the patterns of use in speech are dramatically different from the patterns in writing (especially academic writing), and so minimally an adequate description must recognize the two major poles in this continuum (i.e., conversation versus informational written prose).The paper begins by comparing two general corpus approaches to the study of language use: variationist and text-linguistic. Although both approaches can be used to investigate the use of words, grammatical features, and registers, the two approaches differ in their bases: the first gives primacy to each linguistic token, while the second gives primacy to each text. This difference has important consequences for the overall research design, the kinds of variables that can be measured, the statistical techniques that can be applied, and the particular research questions that can be asked. As a result, the importance of register has been more apparent in text-linguistic studies than in studies of linguistic variation.The bulk of the paper, then, argues for the importance of register at all linguistic levels: lexical, grammatical, and lexico-grammatical. Analyses comparing conversation and academic writing are discussed for each level, showing how a general ‘average’ description includes some characteristics that are not applicable to one or the other register, while also omitting other important patterns of use found in particular registers.
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Григорьева, Е. М. "TO THE PROBLEM OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS REFLECTION IN DICTIONARIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES." НАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИКО-ДИДАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ, no. 3(47) (October 24, 2020): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2020.72.57.010.
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Постановка задачи. Статья посвящена детальному анализу фразеологизмов английского языка различных тематических групп и особенностям их регистрации в англо-английских и англо-русском словарях и справочных пособиях. Рассматривается ряд характеристик, которые отличают фразеологические единицы от свободных словосочетаний. Кроме того, исследуется вопрос включения пословиц в состав фразеологического фонда того или иного языка. Впоследствии отобранные методом сплошной выборки фразеологические единицы классифицируются по различным основаниям, а также проводится детальный анализ особенностей их отражения в представленных изданиях. Результаты. Осуществляется классификация фразеологизмов по следующим категориям: функция в коммуникации, определяемая их структурно-семантическими особенностями, а также тематическое деление. Отдельно рассматриваются фразеологизмы-эвфемизмы, относящиеся к нескольким тематическим группам, среди которых смерть, ругательства и беременность. Выделяются и описываются характерные особенности организации микроструктуры (словарной статьи) каждого отдельно взятого издания. Выводы. На основании проведенного анализа регистрации английских фразеологизмов сделаны выводы о том, что данная лексика получает подробное и точное отражение в справочниках. Проведенный анализ теоретической литературы показал правомерность включения пословиц во фразеологический фонд, поскольку они принадлежат к культурному наследию того или иного народа и воспроизводятся в речи в исходной форме. Тип и адресат справочника определяют особенности организации словарной статьи, а также компоненты, которые входят в нее (дефиниция, переводной эквивалент, иллюстративный пример, грамматическая, стилистическая, региональная и этимологическая пометы, графическая иллюстрация). Statement of the problem. The article is devoted to a detailed analysis of the phraseological units of the English language of various thematic groups and the features of their registration in the English-English and English-Russian dictionaries and reference books. Features that distinguish phraseological units from free phrases are studied. More than that, the question of belonging proverbs to phraseological stock is studied. Then phraseological units selected by the continuous sampling method are classified according to different grounds, and a detailed analysis of the features of their reflection in the analyzed sources is carried out. Results. Phraseological units are classified into some categories according to the following criteria: function in communication, determined by their structural and semantic features and thematic division. Phraseological units-euphemisms related to several thematic groups, including death, curse words and pregnancy are studied. The characteristic features of microstructure organization of each individual source are described. Conclusion. The analysis of English phraseological units registration showed that this lexis is reflected in dictionaries in a proper way. Theoretical literature analysis shows justification of proverbs inclusion into phraseological stock as they are a part of national cultural heritage and are reproduced in speech in the basic form. Further, the author comes to a conclusion that dictionary type and addressee of the reference book determine features of microstructure organization and their components (definition, translation equivalent, illustrative example, grammar, stylistic, regional and etymological labels, graphic illustration).
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Garellek, Marc, and Marija Tabain. "Tongan." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 50, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000397.
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Tongan (lea fakatonga, ISO 639-3 code ton) is a Polynesian language spoken mainly in Tonga, where it is one of two official languages (with English). There are about 104,000 speakers of the language in Tonga, with nearly 80,000 additional speakers elsewhere (Simons & Fennig 2017). It is most closely related to Niuean, and more distantly related to West Polynesian languages (such as Tokelauan and Samoan) and East Polynesian languages (such as Hawaiian, Māori, and Tahitian). Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Tongan includes a general grammar (Churchward 1953), a dissertation with a grammatical overview (Taumoefolau 1998), a phonological sketch of the language (Feldman 1978), two dictionaries (Churchward 1959, Tu‘inukuafe 1992), journal and working papers on stress (Taumoefolau 2002, Garellek & White 2015), intonation (Kuo & Vicenik 2012), as well as the ‘definitive accent’ (discussed below) and the phonological status of identical vowel sequences (Poser 1985; Condax 1989; Schütz 2001; Anderson & Otsuka 2003, 2006; Garellek & White 2010; Ahn 2016; Zuraw 2018). This illustration is meant to provide an overview of the phonetic structures of the language, and includes novel acoustic data on its three-way word-initial laryngeal contrasts, which are cross-linguistically rare. The recordings accompanying this illustration come from Veiongo Hehepoto, a native speaker of Tongan currently living in Melbourne, Australia. Ms. Veiongo was born in 1950 on the island of Vava‘u (northern Tonga), but grew up and was educated in the capital city Nuku‘alofa on Tongatapu (see Figure 1). She moved to Vanuatu when she was 16 years old, and when she was 21 moved to Australia where she trained as a nurse. She continues to speak Tongan every day with family members (including children, who were born in Australia) and friends.
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Tomalin, Marcus. "Justifying Alexander Pope’s Unjustifiable Rhymes." Review of English Studies 71, no. 300 (October 29, 2019): 486–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgz124.
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Abstract Drawing upon recent research into historical phonology, this article re-examines the prosodic structure of Alexander Pope’s verse. The underlying purpose is to demonstrate that the widespread tendency to hear Pope’s poetry with a modern ear can lead to literary-critical interpretations that are alarmingly brittle. By contrast, a willingness to undertake some kind of pronunciation-related auditory archaeology can reveal phonological patterns that would otherwise remain hidden—and an awareness of these patterns can transform our appreciation of his intricate couplet art. A task of this kind necessarily involves a careful reading of prominent contemporaneous dictionaries, grammar textbooks, and orthoepic works, as well as recent revisionist studies of eighteenth-century English phonology. As an initial case study, the central discussion in this article will focus predominantly on two words: <war> and <gods>. Jonathan Swift accused Pope of deploying too many ‘unjustifiable rhymes’ for these words in his Iliad, and seeking to understand this critique leads to an exploration of how Pope structured his poetry using subtle phonological correspondences which frequently occur at locations other than the tenth syllable in his couplets.
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Liepa, Dite, and Andrejs Veisbergs. "Vārds. Nozīme. Vārdnīca. Radioklausītajs uztraucas." Scriptus Manet: humanitāro un mākslas zinātņu žurnāls = Scriptus Manet: Journal of Humanities and Arts, no. 10/11 (September 2, 2020): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sm.2020.10.11.044.
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Latvian Radio offers an exchange of opinions and discussions on various subjects. Channel 1 has a show “Kā labāk dzīvot” (‘How to live better’), which among other issues addresses the use of Latvian. This paper is based on the questions covered in 15 broadcasts of the years 2017–2019. What are the listeners worried about? Usually, it is the question of whether the word or phrase is wrong. Does it correspond to the norms and conventions, can it be found in the dictionaries and how it is defined and explained. There is often a clash of opinions on the use between people of different generations. Many questions relate to grammar norms, their application and explanation. These are issues of declining of proper names, use of singular and plural, and gender. There is much uncertainty about the use of lexis often governed by rigid and conservative views. There seems to be more unanimity on issues of style. The impact of English and separate English loans attract numerous questions. English affects various levels of Latvian today. The paper views phonetic, morphological, lexical, phraseological, and syntactic influence. Lexical impact of English is the one felt most: nonce words, loans, translation loans, idioms can be met in both translated and original texts. A semantic broadening of many Latvian terms under the influence of English is widespread, often without any need and additional stylistic value. Borrowed synonyms for Latvian words are in no way detrimental, but they should not oust Latvian words. Many listeners enjoy the opportunity of gaining knowledge on the use of Latvian and thus improving their language competence. We cannot and should not try to control the development of the language, but every speaker can contribute to its perfection, enrichment, and innovation.
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Roe, Ian F. "Coding and Word Order of Sentences with Dummy-esin a Valency Dictionary for English-Speaking Learners of German." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 21, no. 2 (June 2009): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542709000245.
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A problem in the formatting and coding of entries in a valency dictionary for learners of German is the need to reflect the flexibility of German word order without having recourse to a multiplicity of potentially confusing symbols. In sentences with dummy-esand postponed nominative subject or subject clause, failure to code and indicate the position of the subject may be vital (even if the subject might otherwise be omitted in coding), as errors of the type *Jetzt bestehteskeinenGrund, daran zu zweifelnfrequently occur. This paper summarises the way the problem has been addressed in earlier valency dictionaries and in a number of standard grammars of German before suggesting strategies for coding and layout with the aim of compiling entries that are easy to understand but which help learners to avoid these and related errors.
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Selihey, P. O. "Failed language predictions: history giving lessons." Movoznavstvo 313, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-313-2020-4-001.
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The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.
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Smith, Laura Catharine. "Old Frisian." Diachronica 29, no. 1 (March 16, 2012): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.29.1.04smi.
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For a century, Old Frisian has largely remained in the shadows of its Germanic sister languages. While dictionaries, concordances, and grammars have been readily and widely available for learning and researching other Germanic languages such as Middle High German, Middle Low German and Middle English, whose timelines roughly correspond to that of Old Frisian, or their earlier counterparts, e.g., Old High German, Old Saxon and Old English, few materials have been available to scholars of Old Frisian. Moreover, as Siebunga (Boutkan & Siebunga 2005: vii) notes, “not even all Old Frisian manuscripts are available as text editions”1 making the production of comprehensive core research materials more difficult. Consequently, what materials there have been, e.g., von Richthofen (1840), Heuser (1903), Holthausen (1925), and Sjölin (1969), have typically not taken into consideration the full range of extant Old Frisian texts, or have focused on specific major dialects, e.g. Boutkan (1996), Buma (1954, 1961). This has left a gap in the materials available providing an opportunity for Old Frisian scholars to make substantial contributions to the field by filling these gaps.
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Hasada, Rie. "‘Body part’ terms and emotion in Japanese." Pragmatics and Cognition 10, no. 1-2 (July 11, 2002): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.10.1-2.06has.
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This paper examines the use and meaning of the body-part terms or quasi-body part terms associated with Japanese emotions. The terms analyzed are kokoro, mune, hara, ki, and mushi. In Japanese kokoro is regarded as the seat of emotions. Mune (roughly, ‘chest’) is the place where Japanese believe kokoro is located. Hara (roughly, ‘belly’) can be used to refer to the seat of ‘thinking’, for example in expression of anger-like feelings which entail a prior cognitive appraisal. The term ki (roughly, ‘breath’) is also used for expressions dealing with emotions, temperament, and behaviour; among these, ki is mostly frequently used for referring to mental activity. Mushi — literally, a ‘worm’ which exists in the hara ‘belly’ — is also used for referring to specific emotion expressions. The tool for semantic analysis employed in this paper is the “Natural Semantic Metalanguage” method developed by Anna Wierzbicka and colleagues. This metalanguage enables us to explicate concepts by means of simple words and grammar (easily translated across languages), and clarifies the similarities and dissimilarities between the components involved in semantically similar terms. The data used for analysis are from various sources; published literature both in Japanese and English, newspaper/magazine articles, film scripts, comic books, advertisements, dictionaries, and popular songs.
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Mitkov, Ruslan. "Computational Phraseology light: automatic translation of multiword expressions without translation resources." Yearbook of Phraseology 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2016-0008.
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Abstract This paper describes the first phase of a project whose ultimate goal is the implementation of a practical tool to support the work of language learners and translators by automatically identifying multiword expressions (MWEs) and retrieving their translations for any pair of languages. The task of translating multiword expressions is viewed as a two-stage process. The first stage is the extraction of MWEs in each of the languages; the second stage is a matching procedure for the extracted MWEs in each language which proposes the translation equivalents. This project pursues the development of a knowledge-poor approach for any pair of languages which does not depend on translation resources such as dictionaries, translation memories or parallel corpora which can be time consuming to develop or difficult to acquire, being expensive or proprietary. In line with this philosophy, the methodology developed does not rely on any dictionaries or parallel corpora, nor does it use any (bilingual) grammars. The only information comes from comparable corpora, inexpensively compiled. The first proof-of-concept stage of this project covers English and Spanish and focuses on a particular subclass of MWEs: verb-noun expressions (collocations) such as take advantage, make sense, prestar atención and tener derecho. The choice of genre was determined by the fact that newswire is a widespread genre and available in different languages. An additional motivation was the fact that the methodology was developed as language independent with the objective of applying it to and testing it for different languages. The ACCURAT toolkit (Pinnis et al. 2012; Skadina et al. 2012; Su and Babych 2012a) was employed to compile automatically the comparable corpora and documents only above a specific threshold were considered for inclusion. More specifically, only pairs of English and Spanish documents with comparability score (cosine similarity) higher 0.45 were extracted.However, see section 6 which discusses experiments with different comparability scores. Statistical association measures were employed to quantify the strength of the relationship between two words and to propose that a combination of a verb and a noun above a specific threshold would be a (candidate for) multiword expression. This study focused on and compared four popular and established measures along with frequency: Log-likelihood ratio, T-Score, Log Dice and Salience. This project follows the distributional similarity premise which stipulates that translation equivalents share common words in their contexts and this applies also to multiword expressions. The Vector Space Model is traditionally used to represent words with their co-occurrences and to measure similarity. The vector representation for any word is constructed from the statistics of the occurrences of that word with other specific/context words in a corpus of texts. In this study, the word2vec method (Mikolov et al. 2013) was employed. Mikolov et al.'s method utilises patterns of word co-occurrences within a small window to predict similarities among words. Evaluation results are reported for both extracting MWEs and their automatic translation. A finding of the evaluation worth mentioning is that the size of the comparable corpora is more important for the performance of automatic translation of MWEs than the similarity between them as long as the comparable corpora used are of minimal similarity.
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Gilquin, Gaëtanelle, and George Jacobs. "Elephants Who Marry Mice are Very Unusual: The Use of the Relative Pronoun Who with Nonhuman Animals." Society & Animals 14, no. 1 (2006): 79–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853006776137159.
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AbstractThis paper explores the use of the relative pronoun (who) with nonhuman animals. The paper looks at what dictionaries, an encyclopedia, grammars, publication manuals, newspapers, and news agencies say and do relative to this issue. In addition to investigating the views and practices of these authoritative publications, the study also searched a 100-million-word collection (corpus) of spoken and written English. The study found that while some reference works reject or ignore the use of (who) with nonhuman animals, other works discuss the possibility, and (who) does occur in the corpus with nonhuman animals. Explanations for such usage include psychological closeness with particular nonhuman animals and/or features shared with humans. The paper suggests that the use of (who) with nonhuman animals might play a role in promoting human attitudes and behaviors beneficial to fellow animals. However, it cautions that the correlation between language use, on the one hand, and attitudes and behaviors, on the other hand, is not a perfect one.
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Reynolds, Brett. "Determiners, Feline Marsupials, and the Category-Function Distinction: A Critique of ELT Grammars." TESL Canada Journal 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v30i2.1138.
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The concept of determiners is widely employed in linguistics, but mostly absent from English Language Teaching (ELT) materials (dictionaries, teacher-reference books, and student-oriented texts). Among those employing the concept, there is near-universal confusion between determiners and pronouns, arising mainly from an analytical and terminological failure to distinguish consistently between the category (determinative) and the function (specifier). I criticize this situ- ation and present linguistic evidence for a more consistent framework. I conclude by arguing that in language teaching and applied linguistics we rarely adopt advances from linguistics, not because they fail to meet some criterion of rele- vance à la Widdowson (2000), but simply because we are ignorant of linguistics in general.Le concept de déterminants s’emploie largement en linguistique, mais il est très peu présent dans le matériel pédagogique pour l’enseignement de l’anglais (dic- tionnaires, manuels de référence pour les enseignants, manuels pour les étudi- ants). Parmi ceux et celles qui emploient le concept, il existe une confusion quasi universelle entre les déterminants et les pronoms. Cette confusion découle no- tamment d’une analyse erronée et d’une erreur terminologique faisant en sorte qu’on ne distingue pas toujours la catégorie (déterminant) de la fonction (spé- cificateur). Je critique cette situation et présente des données linguistiques qui plaident en faveur d’un cadre plus constant. Je conclus en affirmant qu’en en- seignement des langues et en linguistique appliquée, nous adoptons rarement les avancées du domaine de la linguistique, pas parce qu’elles ne répondent pas à des critères de pertinence à la Widdowson (2000), mais parce que nous connaissons mal la linguistique de façon générale.
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Wild, Kate. "Phrasal verbs: ‘a process of the common, relatively uneducated, mind’?" English Today 27, no. 4 (November 8, 2011): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026607841100054x.
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If you look through a modern guide to English usage, you will probably find that it has something to say about phrasal verbs. It might be a warning not to use certain phrasal verbs in certain contexts. For example, Allen (2005: 181–90) offers a table of ‘more formal alternatives to those phrasal verbs that can sometimes be too informal for writing’, with suggestions for replacing sum up with conclude and step down with resign, among others. In many cases, it will be a warning about phrasal verbs where the adverbial particle adds little semantic content to the verb: The Chicago Manual of Style advises writers to ‘avoid the phrasal verb if the verb alone conveys essentially the same meaning – e.g. rest up is equivalent to rest’ (2003: 174). It might attribute such usages to American English, as in Evans' (2000: 54–5) comment that phrasal verbs such as win out, stop off and check up on, which ‘grow like toadstools’, are ‘American parasites’. It might be a positive comment, such as Bryson's note that phrasal verbs are ‘one of the most versatile features of English’, but if so, it will probably be qualified: Bryson adds that in many cases the added particles ‘are merely a sign of careless writing’ (Bryson, 2002: 156–7). What is it about phrasal verbs that provokes such comments? By examining grammars, usage books, dictionaries and other materials since the eighteenth century, I will discuss changing attitudes towards phrasal verbs and how they fit into the context of broader opinions about language.
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Stafecka, Anna. "Atlas of the Baltic languages: from idea to pilot project." Acta Baltico-Slavica 34 (August 31, 2015): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/abs.2010.004.
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Atlas of the Baltic languages: from idea to pilot projectDialectologists from Latvian Language Institute of the University of Latvia and the Department of Language History and Dialectology of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, have developed a proposal for a joint project entitled, The Atlas of the Baltic Languages, which is intended to demonstrate the close kinship of these two Baltic languages. A pilot project, supported by a grant from the University of Latvia and Directorate for the Millenium of Lithuania has been carried out between 2006 and 2008 to determine what the form and eventual content of such an atlas might be.In 2009 a summary of work carried out on the pilot project on Atlas of the Baltic Languages, Prospect has been published which includes 12 geolinguistic maps, with commentary in Latvian, Lithuanian and English. The publication also contains in the introduction homage paid to the living and extinct Baltic languages, as well as an overview of the history of the study of dialects in both countries and the characteristics and regional distribution of the dialects of Latvian and Lithuanian. The publication also describes the principles followed in creating these geolinguistic maps and associated commentary.This article describes recent progress made in research on the regional distribution of dialects of both Baltic languages. For more than a century research on the dialects of the Latvian and Lithuanian languages has taken place in parallel, separately gathering data on the various dialects of each respective language. It is, therefore, necessary first to examine, briefly, the histories of the respective geolinguistic research endeavours.The first records of differences between the territorial extents and diversity of Latvian and Lithuanian are to be found in surviving grammars and dictionaries of these languages compiled in the 17th century.The first map showing the geographical reach of the Lithuanian language is to be found in the grammar compiled in 1876 by Friedrich Kurschat. The first geolinguistic map of the Latvian language was published in 1892 by August Bielenstein.The systematic efforts at gathering Latvian and Lithuanian non-material cultural assets date from the second half of the 19th century. A new chapter in the study of Lithuanian and Latvian dialects began in the 1950s after a decision was taken to produce atlases of the two languages. At the end of the 20th century the atlases of the Lithuanian and Latvian language were published. This was the main basis for joint project – The Atlas of the Baltic LanguagesThe maps created in the framework of the pilot project, The Atlas of the Baltic Languages, show the principal grouping of most terms used by the speakers of these two living Baltic languages. An in-depth geolinguistic study of the Latvian and Lithuanian languages could produce important findings in the field of the history of the Baltic peoples. Атлас балтийских языков: проект разработкиВ 2009 году был издан сигнальный проект Baltu valodu atlants (Атлас балтийских языков), в котором кроме 12 геолингвистических карт с комментариями на латышском, литовском и аглийском языках, дана обширная вступительная часть, посвященная живым и мертвым балтийским языкам, краткая история диалектологических исследований обеих стран, характеристика и распространение диалектов латышского и литовского языков, а также принцип составления карт и комментариев. В основу Атласа балтийских языков легли предыдущие геолингвистические исследования и собранные по вопроснику диалектные материалы обоих балтийских языков.В течение более столетия исследования диалектов литовского и латышского языков развивались параллельно. Языковые в диалектные данные были собраны и обработаны в отдельности для каждого языка. Необходимо затем проследить историю геолингвистических исследований диалектов обоих языков.Первые сведения о территориальных различиях латышского и литовского языков были отнесены уже в грамматиках и словарях XVII века.Первую карту распространения литовского языка предложил Фридрих Куршат (Friedrich Kurschat) в изданной в 1876 году грамматике литовского языка.В 1892 году была издана первая геолингвистическиая карта латышского языка, ее автором был священник немецкой национальности Август Биленштайн (August Bielenstein).Во второй половине XIX века в Европе собирались этнографические материалы и исследовались местные языковые особенности. В это же время появляются первые программы собирания латышской и литовской нематериальной культуры. Новый период в исследовании латышских и литовских диалектов начался в 50-ые годы XX века, когда было решено издать атласы литовского и латышского языков. В основу Атласа балтийских языков легли изданные в конце XX века диалектологические атласы литовского и латышского языков, составленные в нем карты показывают их общие лексические ареалы.
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Pätzold, Michael. "Grammar in English learners' dictionaries." System 16, no. 3 (January 1988): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0346-251x(88)90080-2.
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Kaye, Alan S. "Grammar in English learners' dictionaries." Lingua 74, no. 1 (January 1988): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(88)90050-2.
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Mikulskas, Rolandas. "The expression of object location with perlative preposition PER in Lithuanian." Lietuvių kalba, no. 10 (December 15, 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2016.22590.
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It is not unusual for a language to have one or several prepositions of originally perlative meaning that in certain pragmatic and syntactic contexts can designate location of some object (the trajector) on the other side of another, typically topographical, object (the landmark). In English such prepositions are across, through and over. In Lithuanian their sole counterpart is the preposition per.
In Cognitive Grammar the cases when motion verbs or prepositions that presuppose motion are applied to designate static spatial relations between two objects are accounted for by using the notion of ‘subjective motion’ which, in its turn, is based on the notion of ‘subjectification’ (Langacker 2000, 2002, 2006). In other words, the subjective motion is defined as a cognitive operation in the course of which the conceptualizer mentally scans through the route that is presupposed by applying a motion verb or a perlative preposition. Thus the use of the lexemes of originally dynamic meaning is motivated for the designation of static spatial situations.
The cases of the semantic extension mentioned above until now pose no problems for Lithuanian linguists, either lexicographers or grammarians. Thus the phenomenon of ‘locative’ use of the perlative preposition per in Lithuanian remains unidentified in dictionaries, and undescribed in grammars. No surprise, such uses of the preposition per are unattested in the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian, though in spoken everyday language and in the internet sources they are well attested. One may adduce structural and semantic arguments that the locative meaning ‘on the other side of’ of the perlative preposition under discussion is represented in the mental lexicon of the Lithuanian speaker and, thus, must be discerned as separate sense in dictionaries. To say more, without this sense unbridged semantic gap remains between the primary sense ‘through’ of the preposition per, representing ‘proto-scene’, and its derived senses of ‘distance’, ‘span of the time’, ‘more than’ and others − the fact of most relevance for the one who attempts to reconstruct the motivated semantic network (Tyler & Evans 2003) of this preposition.
The main concern of the article, though, is not lexicography, but similarities and differences between locative usage of originally perlative construction [per + NPacc] and inherently locative constructions [kitapus + NPgen] and [anapus + NPgen]. On the first look these constructions seem synonymous: they have the same meaning ‘on the other side of’ and are mainly used in locative vs. existential sentences. But the deeper insight into the data collected from the internet sources shows that what distinguishes the first construction from the other two is the additional functional component of the ‘trajector control’ in its meaning: the construction [per + NPacc] is predominantly selected in the situations when it is relevant to the speaker not only to say that the object pointed at is on the other side of some topographical object and exactly in front of the viewer but it is within potential reach of this viewer as well. On the other hand, the construction [kitapus + NPgen] and [anapus + NPgen] is selected in the situations when the proximity of the dislocated object is not relevant to the speaker. Thus, in terms of distribution, the construction [per + NPacc], in its locative usage, with respect to its inherently locative counterparts represents the (functionally) marked case in Lithuanian.
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Bankauskaitė, Gabija. "Respectus Philologicus, 2009 Nr. 16 (21)." Respectus Philologicus, no. 20-25 (October 25, 2009): 1–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2009.21.
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CONTENTS
I. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSDanguolė Melnikienė (Lithuania). The Issue of the Addressee in Receptive and Productive Dictionaries...11Eleonora Lassan (Lithuania). The Time of Losers...21Yelena G. Zadvornaya (Belarus). Russian Litanies: Types and Characteristics of the Genre...35Evgeny E. Anikin (France). The 2008 US Presidential Election in the Mirror of Sports Metaphor (in the French Press)...46
II. FACTS AND REFLECTIONSZinaida D. Popova (Russia). The Ways of Representation of Concepts as a Problem of Cognitive Linguistics... 56Marzena Marczewska (Poland). The Willow Tree in the Medical Folk Rituals...62Natalia Solovyova (Belarus). The Concepts of “War” and “Peace” in the Old Russian Language Picture of the World: The Genesis of Antonymous Relations...73Olga N. Charykova (Russia). National Specificity of Metaphorical Conceptualization of the World...82Dalia Eigirdienė (Lithuania). On the Peculiarities of the Worldview Reflected In Lithuanian and Russian Zoonymic Phraseology...90Aleksandras Krasnovas (Lithuania). Reception Theory and Practice of Reading...96Asija Kovtun (Lithuania). Parallels Between Deconstructionist and Creator – Paul de Man and Czeslaw Milosz...104Lidia Mazur-Mierzwa (Poland). Wislawa Szymborska in Russian Translation...116Jolanta Chwastyk-Kowalczyk (Poland). Memoirs of Lwów Citizens in Exile Published after the World War II...126Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė, Žydrė Dargužytė (Lithuania). Rainer Maria Rilke’s Ideas in Father Stanislovas’ Sermons...137Tatsiana V. Eromeitchik (Belarus). The Evaluative Focus of Social Advertising in Belarus...150Laima Kalėdienė (Lithuania). The Statistical Approach to Vernacularisms in The Dictionary Of Modern Lithuanian Language...159Asta Kazlauskienė, Gailius Raškinis (Lithuania). Phone Frequency in Standard Lithuanian...169
III. OPINIONAlgis Braun (Lithuania). Lithuanian Grammar, English Words: Cross-Linguistic Influence and Students’ Written Errors...183
IV. OUR TRANSLATIONSPatrick Seriot (Switzerland). Oxymoran or Misundersanding. Anna Wierzbicka’s Universal Relativism of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. Translated by Vilhelmina Vitkauskienė...193
V. SCIENTIFIC LIFE CHRONICLEConferences , eventsEleonora Lassan (Lithuania). Once Upon a Time in Ekaterinburg…203Books reviewsPavel Lavrinec (Lithuania). БРИО, Валентина, 2008. Поэзия и поэтика города: Wilno – הנליו – Vilnius...205Kazimierz Luciński (Poland). Bulat Okudzhava’s memory will live on for ever in Poland. MAZUR-MERZWA, Lidia, 2008. Булат Окуджава в польских переводах. Когнитивные стратегии польского переводоведения...209Ina Kažuro (Lithuania). ЛАССАН, Элеонора, 2008. Лингвокультурология. Очерк русской концептологии...213Wiesław Caban (Lenkija / Polska). ILGIEWICZ, Henryka, 2008. Societates Academicae Vilnenses. Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907-1939) i jego poprzednicy...216Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities: journal of scientific lifeDaiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). Emotions suppressed by language: Joviality without a smile...220Skirmantė Biržietienė, Saulutė Juzelėnienė (Lithuania). Linguistics, Literature Studies and advertising or tracing back to the ideas of young linguists of VU KHF...222
Announce...224
VI. REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION...226VII. OUR AUTHORS... 234
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Dodson, Michael S. "Translating Science, Translating Empire: The Power of Language in Colonial North India." Comparative Studies in Society and History 47, no. 4 (September 8, 2005): 809–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417505000368.
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Translation has often been characterized as a ‘central act' of European colonialism and imperialism. For example, it has been argued that translation had been utilized to make available legal-cultural information for the administration and rule of the non-West, but perhaps more importantly, translation has been identified as important for the resources it provided in the construction of representations of the colonized as Europe's ‘civilizational other.' In the context of British imperialism in South Asia, Bernard Cohn has persuasively demonstrated the first point, namely, that the codification of South Asian languages in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries served to convert ‘indigenous' forms of textualized knowledge into ‘instruments of colonial rule.' Translational technology, in the form of language grammars and dictionaries, Cohn argues, enabled information gathering and the effective communication of commands, as well as the (at least partial) displacement of European dependence upon interlocutors of perceived dubious reliability. Most recent discussions of translation in this context, however, have focused rather more upon the act of translation as a strategic means for representing ‘otherness' to primarily domestic British reading audiences. In this case, the act of linguistic translation is more clearly being enumerated as a practice of cultural translation. English translations of the ‘ancient' Sanskrit texts of India, for example, have been analyzed for the rhetorical work that the text performs in certain contexts. On the one hand, European-produced translations of these texts might serve to reinforce the dominance of a European aesthetic sensibility through a process of ‘naturalization,' in which the culturally-specific is ‘sanitized,' subordinated to a European norm, thereby inherently limiting the ‘artistic achievement' of the colonized. The orientalist William Jones' erasure of the motif of sweat as an indication of sexual interest and arousal in his translation of Kālidāsa's fourth- or fifth-century Sanskrit play Śakuntala is a case in point. On the other hand, literary translations from Sanskrit might also foreground the ‘otherness' of Indian texts and cultural norms through a strategy of ‘foreignization'; that is, by registering for the European reader differences in language and cultural content. For example, European translations from Sanskrit might include anthropological notations which explain the cultural relevance of the text, or might instead adopt an overly literal rendering of prose, thereby foregrounding differences in syntax, vocabulary, symbol, or motif. Both such rhetorical devices, it can be argued, leave the reader tripping over the text, giving him pause to consider the very strangeness of its appearance and contents.
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Nakao, Keisuke. "English-Japanese Learners' Dictionaries." International Journal of Lexicography 2, no. 4 (1989): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijl/2.4.295.
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Bradley, Philip. "English-language dictionaries, past and present." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 15, Issue 2 15, no. 2 (October 1, 1986): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.1986.15.2.12.
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Lubensky, Sophia, O. P. Benyuch, and G. V. Chernov. "Russian-English English-Russian: Hippocrene Practical Dictionaries." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 1 (1988): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327607.
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Mugdan, Joachim. "Grammar in Dictionaries of Languages for Special Purposes (LSP)." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 2, no. 3 (July 23, 2015): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v2i3.21406.
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In general monolingual and bilingual dictionaries and in the lexicographical literature on them, grammatical information is given a growing amount of attention. By constrast, grammar plays a rather minor role in LSP dictionaries although many users need a good deal of grammatical guidance in the production and reception of LSP texts.
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Nesi, Hilary. "Dictionary use by English language learners." Language Teaching 47, no. 1 (December 6, 2013): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444813000402.
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Research into dictionary use does not have a long history. Although publishers recognised in the 1960s that ‘dictionaries should be designed with a special set of users in mind’ (Householder 1967: 279) there were extremely few empirical user studies before the 1980s – Welker's most recent survey (2010) lists only six. The subsequent surge of interest in this field was fuelled by big changes to dictionary content and design in the 1980s and 1990s, changes that were particularly evident in dictionaries for learners of English as a foreign language, conventionally known as ‘learners’ dictionaries’. In the space of a few years the Oxford advanced learner's dictionary, generally considered to be the earliest advanced learners’ dictionary (first published under a different title in 1942, with subsequent editions in 1948, 1963, 1974 and 1989) was joined by two new competitors: the Longman dictionary of contemporary English (first edition 1978, second edition 1987) and the COBUILD English dictionary (1987). In 1995 all three of these advanced learners’ dictionaries brought out new editions, and a fourth, the Cambridge international dictionary of English, was launched. These dictionaries, sometimes referred to as ‘the big four’ (Bogaards 1996, De Schryver 2012 and others), drew on Eastern European traditions of lexical description, the illustrative practices of American children's dictionaries, and insights from English language teaching pedagogies. Each had its own distinctive layout and defining style, prompting a spate of comparative studies intended to help users make appropriate purchasing choices, and to help publishers improve their design still further, for example by changes to the entry microstructure. A fifth such dictionary, the Macmillan English dictionary for advanced learners, appeared in 2002.
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Бирагова, Б. М. "Tamerlan Alexandrovich Guriev and his contribution to modern Caucasus studies (on the IV International Guriev readings)." Kavkaz-forum, no. 5(12) (March 23, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2021.12.5.007.
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В статье представлен научный отчет о IV Международных Гуриевских чтениях – одной из флагманских конференций Северо-Осетинского института гуманитарных и социальных исследований им. В.И. Абаева (г. Владикавказ), посвященной памяти известного ученого-языковеда, доктора филологических наук, профессора, заслуженного деятеля науки Российской Федерации Тамерлана Александровича Гуриева (1929 – 2016). Трудно определить сферу научных изысканий Т.А. Гуриева: он внес весомый вклад в целый ряд направлений современного кавказоведения. Его исследования носили системный характер, что особенно актуализирует его творческое наследие, к которому все чаще обращаются в своих работах историки, этнологи, антропологи, филологи и лингвисты, фольклористы, литературоведы, культурологи, чья деятельность связана с изучением народов Кавказа. В своих трудах он осуществляет сравнительные исследования, обращает внимание на межъязыковые связи, работает над систематизацией грамматики осетинского языка. Ученый является автором базовых изысканий по кавказской и иранской ономастике, лексикографии и лексикологии, этимологии. Являясь знатоком иранских, славянских языков, санскрита, а также английского, французского языков, он трудился над составлением словарей. Неоценим его вклад в современное нартоведение: к его трудам обращаются специалисты в данной области во всем мире. Он был постоянным автором и редактором нескольких сборников научных трудов («Осетинская филология», «Проблемы осетинского языкознания», «Культура осетинской речи и стилистика»). «Гуриевские чтения» проходят в этом году уже в четвертый раз, и с каждым годом эта площадка для научного диалога только расширяется, привлекая все большее количество участников, для которых научное наследие Т.А Гуриева является важной ступенью в их исследованиях. The article presents a scientific report on the IV International Guriev Readings - one of the flagship conferences of the North Ossetian Institute of Humanitarian and Social Research named after V.I. IN AND. Abaev (Vladikavkaz), dedicated to the memory of the famous scientist-linguist, Doctor of Philology, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation Tamerlan Alexandrovich Guriev (1929 - 2016). It is difficult to define the scope of T.A. Guriev: he made a significant contribution to a number of areas of modern Caucasian studies. His research was of a systemic nature, which especially actualizes his creative heritage, which is increasingly being addressed in their works by historians, ethnologists, anthropologists, philologists and linguists, folklorists, literary critics, culturologists, whose activities are related to the study of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his writings, he carries out comparative research, draws attention to interlanguage connections, works on the systematization of the grammar of the Ossetian language. The scientist is the author of basic research on Caucasian and Iranian onomastics, lexicography and lexicology, etymology. Being a connoisseur of Iranian, Slavic languages, Sanskrit, as well as English, French, he worked on compiling dictionaries. His contribution to modern nartology is invaluable: specialists in this field all over the world refer to his works. He was a regular author and editor of several collections of scientific works ("Ossetian philology", "Problems of Ossetian linguistics", "Culture of Ossetian speech and stylistics"). "Guriev's Readings" are being held this year for the fourth time, and every year this platform for scientific dialogue is only expanding, attracting an increasing number of participants for whom the scientific heritage of T.A. Guriev is an important step in their research.
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Lew, Robert. "Dictionaries for learners of English." Language Teaching 49, no. 2 (March 18, 2016): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026144481500049x.
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The Department of Lexicography and Lexicology at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań has done extensive research on dictionary use in the context of language teaching and learning. The department forms part of the Faculty of English, which is the largest institution in continental Europe educating teachers of English at the B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. levels. Therefore, it is only natural that the language-teaching potential of dictionaries is the main focus of the studies undertaken in the Department.
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Chisholm, William S., Stig Johansson, Per Lysvåg, and Per Lysvag. "Understanding English Grammar." Language 65, no. 4 (December 1989): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414971.
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