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Journal articles on the topic 'English language – Inflection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 March 2023

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1

Kharate, Namrata G., and Varsha H. Patil. "Inflection rules for Marathi to English in rule based machine translation." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 10, no. 3 (2021): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v10.i3.pp780-788.

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Machine translation is important application in natural language processing. Machine translation means translation from source language to target language to save the meaning of the sentence. A large amount of research is going on in the area of machine translation. However, research with machine translation remains highly localized to the particular source and target languages as they differ syntactically and morphologically. Appropriate inflections result correct translation. This paper elaborates the rules for inflecting the parts-of-speech and implements the inflection for Marathi to Engli

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2

Li, Wenhui. "The Use of Inflection Morphology of Tense and Agreement in English Among Chinese Second Language Learners in College." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1046.

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This study examines how Chinese learners of English use four English verb inflectional morphological changes, namely the third person singular -s, the past tense -ed, the copula be and the auxiliary be. Unlike English, subject-predicate agreement and tense marking tense markers are not present in Chinese. Therefore, this difference between the two languages can cause difficulties in second language learning. To explore English language learners' use of verb inflection changes, this study investigated the spontaneous production data of four Chinese college students in online classes. The result

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BAECHLER, RAFFAELA. "Analogy, reanalysis and exaptation in Early Middle English: the emergence of a new inflectional system." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 1 (2019): 123–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000333.

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From Old English to Middle English inflection is gradually lost. It is assumed that this is mainly due to phonological and syntactic changes. This article, however, argues that the loss of inflection is not a linear process but new systems can emerge, and that morphological changes play an important role. The nominal inflection of the Lambeth Homilies – an Early Middle English manuscript from the southwest Midlands and dated around 1200 – is investigated in detail. It will be shown that analogical changes within and across inflection classes do not simply lead towards a reduction of inflection

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Ionin, Tania, and Kenneth Wexler. "Why is ‘is’ easier than ‘-s’?: acquisition of tense/agreement morphology by child second language learners of English." Second Language Research 18, no. 2 (2002): 95–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658302sr195oa.

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This study of first-language (L1) Russian children acquiring English as a second language (L2) investigates the reasons behind omission of verbal inflection in L2 acquisition and argues for presence of functional categories in L2 grammar. Analyses of spontaneous production data show that the child L2 learners ( n = 20), while omitting inflection, almost never produce incorrect tense/agreement morphology. Furthermore, the L2 learners use suppletive inflection at a significantly higher rate than affixal inflection, and overgenerate be auxiliary forms in utterances lacking progressive participles

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Saugera, Valérie. "How English-origin nouns (do not) pluralize in French." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 35, no. 1 (2012): 120–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.35.1.05sau.

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While French and English share the same pluralization morpheme, a dictionary corpus sanctioned by press usage reveals that a small set of nominal anglicisms, particularly compounds, fail to receive inflection in French (e.g., des black-jack s , des happy end s , des beagle s vs. des black-out, des has been, des people). This study interprets patterns of inflectional variation and reveals inflection-inhibiting constraints for these bare borrowings and thus contributes to explaining the little-researched morphology of anglicisms in French. The findings clearly demonstrate that the absence of inf

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6

Calle-Martín, Javier, and Jesús Romero-Barranco. "Third person present tense markers in some varieties of English." English World-Wide 38, no. 1 (2017): 77–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.1.05cal.

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Abstract In British Standard English, number in the verb phrase is exclusively characterized by the use of the -s inflection with the third person singular present tense. World Englishes present a high level of variation as the uninflected third person singular and the inflected third person plural may also occur in these contexts. This paper pursues four objectives: a) to analyse the use of present third person inflections and compare their distribution in different varieties of English; b) to assess the occurrence of forms across speech and writing, text categories and the informants’ age an

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Konch, Hemanta. "Nominal Inflection of the Tutsa Language." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 4 (2021): 138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.d8428.0210421.

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North-East is a hub of many ethnic languages. This region constitutes with eight major districts; like-Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and Sikkim. Tutsa is a minor tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. The Tutsa was migrated from the place ‘RangkhanSanchik’ of the South-East Asia through ‘Hakmen-Haksan’ way to Arunachal Pradesh. The Tutsa community is mainly inhabited in Tirap district and southern part of Changlang district and a few people are co-exists in Tinsukia district of Assam. The Tutsa language belongs to the Naga group of Sino-Tibetan language family.

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Adamczyk, Elżbieta, and Arjen P. Versloot. "Phonological constraints on morphology: Evidence from Old English nominal inflection." Folia Linguistica 40, no. 1 (2019): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2019-0008.

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Abstract Studying the complex interaction between phonological and morphological developments involved in the extensive reorganisation of nominal inflection in early English, we focus, primarily, on new inflectional endings that emerged by analogy in etymologically suffix-less paradigm forms of r-stems and root nouns. We argue that the analogical changes were essentially reactive to phonological developments, and to a large extent predictable in statistical terms. Investigating correlations in corpus data, we identify the factors that affected the probability that new analogical endings were a

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Sundari, Wiwiek. "The Development of English Vocabularies." Culturalistics: Journal of Cultural, Literary, and Linguistic Studies 3, no. 1 (2019): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/culturalistics.v3i1.4155.

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Vocabularies are important parts of all languages across the globe. When vocabularies develop through human communication, the language is considered as a living language instead of a dead language. English is a living language that undergoes some developments both in grammar and vocabularies. Those developments include pronunciation, spelling, and meaning that occur in every period, that is to say, Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. In addition, English has cosmopolitan and resourcefulness characteristics. English is a cosmopolitan language since it borrows and adopts some vocab

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Buijs, Simone, Sabine van Reijen, and Fred Weerman. "Verbal inflection errors in child L1." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.05bui.

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Song, Sundara & Demuth (2009) find an asymmetrical pattern for verbal inflection errors in child English: They observe more errors in sentence medial position than in sentence final position. To account for this asymmetry, they point towards the surface differences of both sentence positions. A similar asymmetry in Dutch, in which embedded clauses cause fewer problems for verbal inflection than main clauses, has been related to V2 (van Kampen 1997; Bastiaanse & van Zonneveld 1998; Weerman, Duinmeijer & Orgassa 2011). The present study disentangles both explanations (sentence positi

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Safotso, Gilbert Tagne. "Neologisms and Cameroonisms in Cameroon English and Cameroon Francophone English." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 10 (2020): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1010.04.

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Language learning/use is a very delicate task. When a learner/user of a given language is confronted with a difficulty, he/she is forced to create to communicate. This can be observed in most New Englishes. Those varieties of English abound in neologisms and local languages items. From an interlanguage frame, this study looks at some neologisms and Cameroonisms in Cameroon English (CamE) / Cameroon Francophone English (CamFE). The data come from debates on national radio stations and TV channels, conversations among students and university lecturers on university campuses across Cameroon, casu

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Ojanguren López, Ana Elvira. "Inflectional Variation in the Old English Participle. A Corpus-based Analysis." Journal of English Studies 16 (December 18, 2018): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/jes.3434.

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This article deals with the coexistence of verbal and adjectival inflection in the Old English past participle. Its aim is to assess the degree of variation in the inflection of the participle so as to determine whether or not the change starts in the Old English period. The analysis is based on two corpora, the “York Corpus of Old English” and the “Dictionary of Old English Corpus”. With these corpora the following variants of the inflection of the participle are analysed: genre (prose and verse), tense (present and past), morphological class (weak vs. strong) and case (nominative, accusative

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McWhorter, John. "What happened to English?" Diachronica 19, no. 2 (2002): 217–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.19.2.02wha.

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Summary It has become widely accepted that English has undergone no interruption in transmission, its paucity of inflection treated as a random loss paralleled in Scandinavian. This paper argues that English has in fact lost more of the Proto-Germanic inheritance than any other Germanic language including Afrikaans. These losses extend far beyond inflection: where other Germanic languages overtly mark a given feature, in a great weight of cases English leaves the distinction to context. While there are no grounds for treating English as a “creole”, the evidence strongly suggests that extensive

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PARADIS, JOHANNE, MABEL L. RICE, MARTHA CRAGO, and JANET MARQUIS. "The acquisition of tense in English: Distinguishing child second language from first language and specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 29, no. 4 (2008): 689–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716408080296.

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ABSTRACTThis study reports on a comparison of the use and knowledge of tense-marking morphemes in English by first language (L1), second language (L2), and specific language impairment (SLI) children. The objective of our research was to ascertain whether the L2 children's tense acquisition patterns were similar or dissimilar to those of the L1 and SLI groups, and whether they would fit an (extended) optional infinitive profile, or an L2-based profile, for example, the missing surface inflection hypothesis. Results showed that the L2 children had a unique profile compared with their monolingua

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SANTELMANN, LYNN, STEPHANIE BERK, JENNIFER AUSTIN, SHAMITHA SOMASHEKAR, and BARBARA LUST. "Continuity and development in the acquisition of inversion in yes/no questions: dissociating movement and inflection." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 4 (2002): 813–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005299.

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This paper examines two- to five-year-old children's knowledge of inversion in English yes/no questions through a new experimental study. It challenges the view that the syntax for inversion develops slowly in child English and tests the hypothesis that grammatical competence for inversion is present from the earliest testable ages of the child's sentence production. The experimental design is based on the premise that a valid test of this hypothesis must dissociate from inversion various language-specific aspects of English grammar, including its inflectional system. An elicited imitation met

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Nephawe, Farisani Thomas, and Matodzi Nancy Lambani. "Grade 10 English First Additional Language Learners’ Strategies For Past Tense Irregular Verb Inflection Mastery." JETL (Journal of Education, Teaching and Learning) 6, no. 2 (2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.26737/jetl.v6i2.2654.

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<p class="Default"><strong>Abstract.</strong><strong> </strong>The mastery of the irregular form of verbs in the past simple tense poses challenges to non-native learners of English all over the world. The objectives of this study were to identify the types of learners’ strategies useful for mastering the irregular verb inflection, to describe and evaluate them, and to establish why the English First Additional Language learners face difficulties in mastering those strategies. The study followed a quantitative research design. A questionnaire was used as an instru

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Mcdonald, Janet L. "Sentence interpretation in bilingual speakers of English and Dutch." Applied Psycholinguistics 8, no. 4 (1987): 379–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400000382.

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ABSTRACTSpeakers of English and Dutch vary in how strongly they use various syntactic (e.g., word order, prepositions, case inflection) and semantic (e.g., noun animacy) cues to interpret native language sentences. For example, in simple NVN sentences, English speakers rely heavily on word order, while Dutch speakers rely on case inflection. This paper compares the cue usage of English/Dutch and Dutch/English bilinguals with varying amounts of second language exposure to that of native speaker control groups. For all constructions tested, dative constructions, simple NVN sentences, and relativ

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Kukić, Marko. "Contrastive analysis of word-formation processes of derivation and inflection in English and Serbian." Reci Beograd 14, no. 15 (2022): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/reci2215050k.

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Language as the primary means of communication has been developing for centuries. Each unit within a language, starting from sounds, words, phrases, and sentences, has been changed and harmonized with norms, reforms, and modern linguistic theories. Linguistic theories, which have been adopted and proposed, are part of the framework of language science. As the science of language dates back to ancient times, different terms were used for the mentioned field. Today, the science that delves into the research, influence, and shaping of a language is linguistics. This research aims to display the p

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Singh, Rajdeep. "Derivational Grammar Model and Basket Verb: A Novel Approach to the Inflectional Phrase in the Generative Grammar and Cognitive Processing." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 2 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n2p9.

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Generative grammar was a true revolution in the linguistics. However, to describe language behavior in its semantic essence and universal aspects, generative grammar needs to have a much richer semantic basis. In this paper, we took a novel morpho-syntactic approach to the inflectional phrase to account for the very diverse inflectional phrase qualities in different languages. Some languages show a very different surface verbal inflection, providing evidence of a different mental processing at the semantic level. In fact, the inflectional phrase is a great representative of the mental and sema

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20

Martin Arista, Javier. "Further remarks on the deflexion and grammaticalization of the Old English past participle with habban." International Journal of English Studies 20, no. 1 (2020): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes.403931.

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This article deals with the transitive construction involving habban and the past participle in Old English, and focuses on the loss of the adjectival segment of the participial inflection. The analysis is based on data retrieved from the York–Toronto–Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose. Inflectional morphology and constituent order, including the relative and the absolute position of the past participle, are considered. The data indicate that the reanalysis the habban+past participle construction is nearly over by the end of the period.

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Millaku, Shkëlqim, and Xhevahire Topanica-Millaku. "Albanian and English language gender." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (2021): 1197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1614.

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In Albanian and English language we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. In Albanian language the concept for gender, is: “Gjinia është një nga kategoritë gramatikore më karakteristikë për emrat në gjuhën shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo dallohet nga kategoritë e tjera të emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategoritë e shquarsisë dhe të pashquarsisë, sepse i kundërvihet mashkullore-femërore dhe asnjanëse...”[1]. This Albanian citation is possible to be the similary and within English language e.g: “a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes’ masculine, feminine and neuter”[2

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Rauhut, Alexander. "Exploring the Effect of Conversion on the Distribution of Inflectional Suffixes: A Multivariate Corpus Study." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 69, no. 3 (2021): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2021-2024.

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Abstract Lexical ambiguity in the English language is abundant. Word-class ambiguity is even inherently tied to the productive process of conversion. Most lexemes are rather flexible when it comes to word class, which is facilitated by the minimal morphology that English has preserved. This study takes a multivariate quantitative approach to examine potential patterns that arise in a lexicon where verb-noun and noun-verb conversion are pervasive. The distributions of three inflectional suffixes, verbal -s, nominal -s, and -ed are explored for their interaction with degrees of verb-noun convers

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BLOM, ELMA, and JOHANNE PARADIS. "Sources of individual differences in the acquisition of tense inflection by English second language learners with and without specific language impairment." Applied Psycholinguistics 36, no. 4 (2014): 953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641300057x.

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ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to investigate whether individual difference factors influence the second language (L2) learning of children with specific language impairment (SLI) and children with typical development (TD) differently. The study focuses on tense inflection development in English L2 children. The roles of age of L2 acquisition, length of L2 exposure, and first language (L1) were examined. Twenty-four pairs of 4- and 5-year-old English L2 children with SLI and English L2 children with TD participated in the study. Children's responses on the third person singular and regular

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Saifuddin, Fahimah, and Lalu Dwi Satria Adriansyah. "An analysis of affixation in Sasak language dialect." Journal of Research on English and Language Learning (J-REaLL) 3, no. 2 (2022): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33474/j-reall.v3i2.18654.

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This study aims to show how many affixations in Sasak Language Meriak-Meriku dialect and the semantic meaning. The methodology used in this study is qualitative method by following two steps. Those are: Firstly, the researcher reads the English book that consists of affixes both inflection and derivation. Seconddly, the researcher writes all the data collected. This study based on David H. Deterding, Gloria R. Poedjosoedarmo, William O’Grady, and Michael Dobrovolsky theories about affixation both inflection and derivation. Finally,the result of this study is in Sasak language dialect Mriak-Mri

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Halawa, Amosi. "An Analysis Of Derivational And Inflectional English Morphemes." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 1, no. 1 (2017): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v1i1.13.

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derivation and inflection Morpheme is one of the elements present in the field of morphology. Where the morphology is the study of morphemes, and morphemes are elements of language that have the meaning of the free element and bound elements. The problems that exist in this research is to analyze the morpheme of derivation and inflection contained in Jakarta Post. By understanding the derivation and morpheme inflection it can easily develop vocabulary, from one word can gain many meanings This research is a type of research belonging to linguistic field. The research also used qualitativ

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García Mayo, María del Pilar, and Izaskun Villarreal Olaizola. "The development of suppletive and affixal tense and agreement morphemes in the L3 English of Basque-Spanish bilinguals." Second Language Research 27, no. 1 (2010): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386523.

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This article examines the third language (L3) developing morphology of 78 Basque—Spanish bilinguals following a Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) program and a mainstream English as a foreign language (non-CLIL) program. The analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal oral data shows that (1) the omission of inflection in the L3 English interlanguage of these groups of learners is due to problems with the realization of surface morphology, (2) there is a dissociation in frequency of suppliance between suppletive inflection (copula and auxiliary be) and affixal inflection (the th

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Nephawe, Farisani Thomas. "English Second Language Strategies For Teaching Irregular Plural Noun Morphological Inflection." e-Journal of Linguistics 16, no. 2 (2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2022.v16.i02.p01.

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Nouns are one basic component of the syntactic category of the English language because they can be used as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, subject complements, object complements, appositives, or adjectives of sentences. Transforming regular nouns from singular to plural forms is comprehensible since the usual patterning is used. Converting irregular nouns from singular to plural forms causes difficulties to non-native learners of English since conversion does not follow the usual patterning. The study examined English second language strategies for teaching irregular plural noun

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Jaensch, Carol. "L3 acquisition of German adjectival inflection: A generative account." Second Language Research 27, no. 1 (2010): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310386646.

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Studies testing the knowledge of syntactic properties have resulted in two potentially contrasting proposals in relation to third language acquisition (TLA); the Cumulative Enhancement Model (Flynn et al., 2004), which proposes that previously learned languages will positively affect the acquisition of a third language (L3); and the ‘second language (L2) status factor’ hypothesis (Bardel and Falk, 2007), which proposes that the primacy of the L2 can block the potential positive effects that may be transferable from the first language (L1). This article attempts to extend these hypotheses to th

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Hill, Eugen. "Proportionale Analogie, paradigmatischer Ausgleich und Formerweiterung." Diachronica 24, no. 1 (2007): 81–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.24.1.05hil.

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Traditionally three independent types of analogical change in inflectional paradigms are distinguished: proportional analogy, paradigmatic leveling and analogical extension. However, the investigation of the data reveals that out of these types only that of proportional analogy can be empirically verified, being supported by clear evidence from languages with well documented history. Moreover, as shown by data from Russian, Old High German dialects, Old Saxon, Old English, and Latin, even in the most secure cases of paradigmatic leveling or analogical extension found in the literature the assu

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Klemola, Juhani. "Dialect evidence for the loss of genitive inflection in English." English Language and Linguistics 1, no. 2 (1997): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000575.

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Leonard, Laurence B. "Functional Categories in the Grammars of Children With Specific Language Impairment." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 38, no. 6 (1995): 1270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3806.1270.

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Children with specific language impairment often show a serious limitation in their use of grammatical morphemes such as verb inflections and free-standing closed-class forms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such difficulty constitutes a problem with entire functional categories. Examination of the spontaneous speech of a group of 10 English-speaking children with specific language impairment revealed clear evidence of each of the functional categories examined: Determiner, Inflection, and Complementizer. However, relative to younger normally developing children with compara

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Li, Xiaqing. "The Transition from Comprehensive to Analytical Characteristics of English Language." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 8, no. 9 (2018): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0809.20.

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English belongs to the Indo-European language family. It is a language that achieves meaning expression through its own form of inflection, focusing on form, and it is one kind of comprehensive language. Analytical language expresses grammatical meaning through function words, word order, and so on. With the development of language, English has a tendency to develop from comprehensive language to analytical language. In this study, it explains the transitional characteristics of English language from comprehensive characteristics to analytical characteristics from following aspects: reduces or

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NATION, KATE, MARGARET J. SNOWLING, and PAULA CLARKE. "Production of the English past tense by children with language comprehension impairments." Journal of Child Language 32, no. 1 (2005): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006555.

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Three experiments investigated the ability of eight-year old children with poor language comprehension to produce past tense forms of verbs. Twenty children selected as poor comprehenders were compared to 20 age-matched control children. Although the poor comprehenders performed less well than controls on a range of tasks considered to tap verbal-semantic abilities, the two groups showed equivalent phonological skills. Poor comprehenders performed as well as control children when asked to inflect novel verbs and regular verbs. In contrast, poor comprehenders were less skilled than controls at

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Allen, Cynthia L. "Genitives and the creolization question." English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (1998): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000721.

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In a recent squib published in this journal, Juhani Klemola notes that there is ample and well-documented evidence for the loss of the genitive inflection in twentieth-century Northern dialect data as well as in early Modern English and Middle English documents representing Northern dialects.

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Goad, Heather, and Lydia White. "Ultimate attainment in interlanguage grammars: a prosodic approach." Second Language Research 22, no. 3 (2006): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0267658306sr268oa.

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In this article, we argue against the Representational Deficit Hypothesis, according to which second language (L2) speakers can never acquire functional categories or features that are absent in the first language (L1), suggesting that fossilization is inevitable. Instead, we support the Prosodic Transfer Hypothesis, which argues that the ultimate attainment of L2 speakers is constrained by L1 prosodic representations; these representations can, however, be minimally adapted to accommodate the needs of the L2 under certain conditions. We investigate the L2 acquisition of English by 10 Mandarin

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HAUMANN, DAGMAR. "Adnominal adjectives in Old English." English Language and Linguistics 14, no. 1 (2010): 53–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674309990347.

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Even though adnominal adjectives in Old English are distributionally versatile in that they may precede, follow or flank the noun they modify, their positioning is not random but follows from systematic interpretive contrasts between pre- and postnominal adjectives, such as ‘attribution vs predication’, ‘individual-level vs stage-level reading’ and ‘restrictive vs non-restrictive modification’. These contrasts are largely independent of adjectival inflection (pace Fischer 2000, 2001, 2006). The placement of adnominal adjectives in Old English is investigated in relation to recent comparative a

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Berg, Kristian, Franziska Buchmann, Katharina Dybiec, and Nanna Fuhrhop. "Morphological spellings in English." Written Language and Literacy 17, no. 2 (2014): 282–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.17.2.05ber.

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Morphologically motivated spellings in English are usually thought to be restricted to cases like 〈electric – electrician – electricity〉, where the stem final letter 〈c〉 is kept constant in spelling although the corresponding phoneme varies in spoken language. However, there are many more – and fundamentally different – spellings that refer to morphological information. We will show this by systematically going through the three major parts of morphology: inflection, derivation, and compounding. In each area, we will identify spellings that can best be explained with reference to morphology. A

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Prévost, Philippe. "TRUNCATION AND MISSING INFLECTION IN INITIAL CHILD L2 GERMAN." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 25, no. 1 (2003): 65–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263103000032.

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This paper examines the nature of finite and nonfinite main declarative sentences produced by L2 child learners. It claims that two of the main proposals on the root infinitive (RI) phenomenon, the Truncation Hypothesis (TH) and the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (MSIH), are not mutually exclusive in child SLA because they are hypotheses on completely different issues. According to the TH, different roots are involved: RIs are VPs underlyingly, whereas finite clauses are IPs or CPs. The MSIH claims that L2 learners have difficulties using the exact inflectional morphology, which leads t

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Enger, Hans-Olav. "Type frequency is not the only factor that determines productivity, so the Tolerance Principle is not enough." Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 144, no. 2 (2022): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2022-0013.

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Abstract Inflection classes that have many members often gain members from classes that have fewer. While this tendency is often pointed out in diachronic linguistics, the American psycholinguist Charles Yang (2016) goes further. He claims this to be always the case, so that minority classes cannot be productive at the expense of majority classes, and that productivity actually can be predicted. By this view, productivity is a direct function of type frequency; there are no other factors determining whether a pattern is productive. The claim of this paper is that type frequency is not the only

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Zou, Xiao-Ling, Ju-Lan Feng, and Ya-Ping Zheng. "Grammatical number of English nouns in English Learners' Dictionaries." English Today 29, no. 3 (2013): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078413000308.

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Chinese and English belong to different language families, so they often have different forms of expression. Chinese has no definite grammatical category of number and has almost no number inflection. Plural meaning is usually implied in the syntactic structure or in the context by a bare noun, or is expressed through the plural marker 们 and the numerical adjectives such as many, numerous and each, as well as by quantifiers and reduplications. However, English nouns express number category by inflection as well as by quantifiers at times, so their grammatical number is far more complicated tha

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Poplack, Shana, and Sali Tagliamonte. "There's no tense like the present: Verbal -s inflection in early Black English." Language Variation and Change 1, no. 1 (1989): 47–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000119.

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ABSTRACTThis article contributes to the understanding of the origin and function of verbal -s marking in the Black English grammar by systematically examining the behaviour of this affix in two corpora on early Black English. To ascertain whether the variation observed in (early and modern Black English) -s usage has a precedent in the history of the language, or is rather an intrusion from another system, we focus particularly on the linguistic and social contexts of its occurrence, within a historical and comparative perspective. Our results show that both third person singular and nonconcor

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Ingham, Richard. "The optional subject phenomenon in young children's English: a case study." Journal of Child Language 19, no. 1 (1992): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013660.

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ABSTRACTRecent treatments of the optionality of sentence subjects in young-children's English have sought to link this phenomenon, and its eventual demise, to the development of the child's verb inflection system or to a parameter-resetting within the INFL (‘inflection’) constituent of the child's grammar. It is claimed that subject optionality disappears when these developments occur. The case-study reported here investigated the productive language of an English child between 2;5 and 3;0. It found that subjects were no longer optional at a stage when none of the reflexes of INFL claimed in t

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Kytö, Merja. "Third-person present singular verb inflection in early British and American English." Language Variation and Change 5, no. 2 (1993): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001447.

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ABSTRACTThis study concentrates on the development of the third-person indicative present singular verb inflection in Early Modern British and American English. Within the framework of sociohistorical variation analysis, corpus-based comparisons focus on a number of extralinguistic and linguistic factors that have influenced the choice of the forms over successive periods of time. During the period studied, the main line of development is the replacement of the -th by the -s ending; the zero from is clearly in decline, as is the use of the -s and the -th endings in the third-person present plu

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Fomichova, Valeriia. "Polytypologism of the adjectival system in analytical English and synthetic Ukrainian." Linguistics, no. 1 (45) (2022): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2021-1-45-128-138.

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The article provides a brief description of the main terms of morphological structural-typological classification. It determines typological properties (synthetism, analytism, amorphism) in the adjectival systems of the synthetic Ukrainian and analytical English languages. The article identifies the current proportion as well as changes in the history of the languages. The reasons for these changes and the possible impact on the general typological qualification of the morphological system are established. The Ukrainian adjectival system is consistently synthetic. Its peripheral amorphism is r

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González Alonso, Jorge, Julián Villegas, and María del Pilar García Mayo. "English compound and non-compound processing in bilingual and multilingual speakers: Effects of dominance and sequential multilingualism." Second Language Research 32, no. 4 (2016): 503–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658316642819.

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This article reports on a study investigating the relative influence of the first language and dominant language (L1) on second language (L2) and third language (L3) morpho-lexical processing. A lexical decision task compared the responses to English NV-er compounds (e.g. taxi driver) and non-compounds provided by a group of native speakers and three groups of learners at various levels of English proficiency: L1 Spanish – L2 English sequential bilinguals and two groups of early Spanish–Basque bilinguals with English as their L3. Crucially, the two trilingual groups differed in their first and

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Oghiator, Florence Etuwe. "An Investigation into the Derivations of the English Language and the Ukwuani Language." European Journal of Linguistics 1, no. 2 (2022): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ejl.1104.

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This paper looked into the derivations in English and Ụkwụani. Since derivation is a morphological process, the paper started by explaining derivational morphemes. Types of derivations were also explained such as: derived nominals, derived verbals and adverbials. Derivation of one word-class to another word-class; and derivations from the same word-class were critically examined in the two languages. These include: derived nominal from verbals, derived nominal from nominals, derived adjectival from adverbial. Also, this paper went further to investigate the affixes use in derivation in both En

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Kester, Ellen-Petra. "Adjectival inflection and the licensing of empty categories in DP." Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 1 (1996): 57–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000761.

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This paper is about the licensing conditions on empty categories in DP, dealing in particular with the distribution of the null noun pro in adjectival contexts. I will show that N-pro is submitted to requirements of formal licensing and identification, in which inflexional morphology plays a crucial role. Under this scenario, the contrast between English and other languages with respect to N-pro can be attributed to the absence versus presence of inflexional morphology within the nominal domain.

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WHITE, LYDIA. "Fossilization in steady state L2 grammars: Persistent problems with inflectional morphology." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6, no. 2 (2003): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728903001081.

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This paper provides a case study of the fossilized endstate L2 English grammar of an adult native speaker of Turkish. Results are presented from production data (over 3400 utterances, gathered over 2 time periods 18 months apart), concentrating on verbal and nominal inflection and associated syntactic properties; data from a number of other tasks are also presented. A high level of accuracy in suppliance of English tense and agreement morphology was found. In contrast, suppliance of definite and indefinite articles was significantly lower but nevertheless appropriate. Syntactic correlates (suc

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De Smet, Isabeau, and Freek Van de Velde. "Reassessing the evolution of West Germanic preterite inflection." Diachronica 36, no. 2 (2019): 139–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.18020.des.

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Abstract This article takes a quantitative approach to the long-term dynamics of the preterite inflection in West Germanic, with a special focus on Dutch. In a first step, we replicate two often-cited studies on English and German (Lieberman et al. 2007 and Carroll et al. 2012, respectively) by looking at Dutch. This part also tackles some methodological shortcomings in the previous studies. In a second step, we delve deeper into the evolution of the preterite morphology in Dutch in the last 1200 years, by looking at several factors which have been previously only investigated in isolation or

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Al-Badrany, Yasir Y. "The Translation of Some Misunderstood Qur'anic Words Into English." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 13, no. 2 (2023): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1302.13.

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This paper aims to investigate some cases where misunderstanding of Qur'anic words takes place on the part of Qur'an translators. In these cases, misunderstanding leads to mistranslation of the Qur'anic verses. Having analyzed nine translations of seventeen Qur'anic sample verses, relying on two well-known Qur'anic interpretations, considerable misunderstanding was detected, leading to mistranslation of the Qur’anic verses. The analysis of the translations shows that mistranslation results from misconception, misreference, homonymy confusion, and inflection confusion. The paper concludes that

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