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1
Bagge, Christine, and Alan Manning. "Grammar and Translation: The Noun + Noun Conundrum." Meta 52, no. 3 (November 21, 2007): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016739ar.
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Abstract This article deals with the vexed question regarding the translation into French of English NOUN1 + NOUN2 sequences. Using the 15 meaning categories presented by Biber et al. (1999: 589-591), with some modifications and corrections, the authors expand each category into 20 representative items and translate them into French; they then show, by means of case study based on the translation into French of several noun sequences, that students whose first language is English seem to have difficulty rendering certain of these structures; by contrast, students participating in the study whose first language is French tend to commit errors not made by their English counterparts. The pedagogical implications of this pilot project are pointed up, and new linguistic developments concerning the use NOUN1 + NOUN2 in French are identified.
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Dorota, Gaskins, Oksana Bailleul, Anne Marie Werner, and Antje Endesfelder Quick. "A Crosslinguistic Study of Child Code-Switching within the Noun Phrase: A Usage-Based Perspective." Languages 6, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010029.
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This paper aims to investigate whether language use can account for the differences in code-switching within the article-noun phrase in children exposed to English and German, French and Russian, and English and Polish. It investigates two aspects of language use: equivalence and segmentation. Four children’s speech is derived from corpora of naturalistic interactions recorded between the ages of two and three and used as a source of the children’s article-noun phrases. We demonstrate that children’s CS cannot be fully explained by structural equivalence in each two languages: there is CS in French-Russian although French does, and Russian does not, use articles. We also demonstrate that language pairs which use higher numbers of articles types, and therefore have more segmented article-noun phrases, are also more open to switching. Lastly, we show that longitudinal use of monolingual articles-noun phrases corresponds with the trends in the use of bilingual article-noun phrases. The German-English child only starts to mix English articles once they become more established in monolingual combinations while the French-Russian child ceases to mix French proto-articles with Russian nouns once target articles enter frequent use. These findings are discussed in the context of other studies which report code-switching across different language pairs.
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ROSENBACH, ANETTE. "Emerging variation: determiner genitives and noun modifiers in English." English Language and Linguistics 11, no. 1 (March 2007): 143–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674306002140.
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This article discusses the emerging variation between determiner genitives and noun modifiers in Present-day English. Based on the results of corpus analyses and previous studies I show that this variation (1) was not present in earlier English, and (2) results from the fact that determiner genitives have come to be used with nouns low in animacy while noun modifiers have come to be used with nouns high in animacy (mainly) in the course of Modern English. This semantic shift (or rather ‘convergence’) of genitives and noun modifiers has helped to create contexts which are compatible with both determiner and classifier function, i.e. the functions typically expressed by determiner genitives and noun modifiers, respectively. The article complements earlier work on the gradience between s-genitive constructions and noun+noun constructions (Rosenbach, 2006a), providing fur-ther evidence for the claim that semantic overlap may give rise to constructional gradience.
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Rizarni, Aulia Noor, and Yulia Sari. "A Contrastive Analysis In English and Arabic Noun Vocabularies At SMA Islam Ulun Nuha Medan In Academic Year 2020/2021." Jurnal Pendidikan LLDIKTI Wilayah 1 (JUDIK) 2, no. 01 (June 30, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54076/judik.v2i01.16.
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This research aims to determine (1) the types of nouns in English and Arabic languages and (2) to find out how does noun in English and Arabic languages applied in descriptive text. This research is descriptive qualitative and was conducted in Mei 2021 at SMA Islam Ulun Nuha Medan. In this study the sample was taken based on three levels of students in class, the lowest, the average and the highest. Each of the level taken three students. Data were collected through analyzing the students’ descriptive text task in English and Arabic languages. Then the data which collected is presented in the form of a description. Based on the finding, it is known that noun in English and Arabic have some types. Types of noun in both languages have differences and similarities in the meaning, specification, gender, number, form and the form of other part of speech.
Keyword: Contrastive Analysis, Noun Vocabularies, Arabic Language.
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Hardie, Andrew. "Part-of-speech ratios in English corpora." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 12, no. 1 (March 16, 2007): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.12.1.05har.
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Using part-of-speech (POS) tagged corpora, Hudson (1994) reports that approximately 37% of English tokens are nouns, where ‘noun’ is a superordinate category including nouns, pronouns and other word-classes. It is argued here that difficulties relating to the boundaries of Hudson’s ‘noun’ category demonstrate that there is no uncontroversial way to derive such a superordinate category from POS tagging. Decisions regarding the boundary of the ‘noun’ category have small but statistically significant effects on the ratio that emerges for ‘nouns’ as a whole. Tokenisation and categorisation differences between tagging schemes make it problematic to compare the ratio of ‘nouns’ across different tagsets. The precise figures for POS ratios are therefore effectively artefacts of the tagset. However, these objections to the use of POS ratios do not apply to their use as a metric of variation for comparing datasets tagged with the same tagging scheme.
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XUAN, LEI, and CHRISTINE DOLLAGHAN. "Language-specific noun bias: evidence from bilingual children." Journal of Child Language 40, no. 5 (November 9, 2012): 1057–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000912000529.
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ABSTRACTMost evidence concerning cross-linguistic variation in noun bias, the preponderance of nouns in early expressive lexicons (Gentner, 1982), has come from comparisons of monolingual children acquiring different languages. Such designs are susceptible to a number of potential confounders, including group differences in developmental level and sociodemographic characteristics. The aim of this study was to quantify noun bias in bilingual Mandarin–English toddlers whose expressive lexicons in each language contained 50–300 words. Parents of fifty children (1;10–2;6) reported separately on their English and Mandarin expressive lexicons. The mean percentage of Mandarin nouns (38%) was significantly lower than the percentage of English nouns (54%) and was robust to analyses of twelve potential covariates. Analyses of the most frequently reported words suggested that lexical reduplication could be considered as a potential influence on vocabulary composition in future studies. Results suggest that characteristics of the input significantly shape early lexicons.
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Sanur, Fransiscus, Ketut Artawa, and I. Nengah Sudipa. "THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH DEVERBAL NOUNS IN KING JAMES BIBLE INTO MANGGARAI LANGUAGE." KULTURISTIK: Jurnal Bahasa dan Budaya 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/kulturistik.3.1.935.
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This study aims to explain the types of shifts in the translation of English deverbal nouns (EDN) into Manggarai language especially the Central Manggarai Dialect (CMD) and to analyze how the types of EDN are translated into CMD. This study used a qualitative approach. The data were taken from the King James Bible (KJB) and Surak Nggeluk Reké Weru, English and CMD. The data were collected through observation method. This method was implemented at once with a note-taking technique. The result showed that a number of shifts and seven types of deverbal nouns found in the translation of EDN into CMD. The findings: (1) Level shifts: builders into lata pandé mbaru, (2) Structure shifts: workman into ata pala, (3) Class shifts: commandment into jera, (3) Unit shifts: healing into ina beti, and (4) Intra-system shifts: teachers into guru. In addition, the types of deverbal nouns: (1) Action deverbal noun: moving into gégon, (2) Agentive deverbal noun: beggar into ata lénggé, (3) Instrumental deverbal noun: charger into kepar, (4) Manner deverbal noun: blasphemy into rendak, (5) Locative deverbal noun: wallowing into purang, (6) Objective deverbal noun: creature into ata poli dédék, and (7) Reason deverbal noun: temperance into le kuasa weki.
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Sušinskienė, Solveiga, and Jolanta Vaskelienė. "On comparative study of deverbal nominalizations denoting process and result in Lithuanian and English." Valoda: nozīme un forma / Language: Meaning and Form 11 (2020): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/vnf.11.10.
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Although the Lithuanian and English languages are bound within the family of IndoEuropean languages, the typological differences between the two languages lie in the system of inflectional and derivational morphology. The paper analyses the concept of nominalization and discusses the deverbal process and result nominalizations in Lithuanian and English. For the comparative qualitative and quantitative analysis, 965 equivalents of deverbal nouns have been selected from the “Parallel Corpus”. Out of them, 802 examples belong to the category of deverbal process nouns, whilst the category of deverbal result nouns includes 163 examples. From the point of view of morphology, in both languages nominalization is a word-formation process by which a noun is derived from a verb, adjective or another noun, or even other parts of speech, usually through suffixation and by adding the ending in the Lithuanian language. Two types of nominalization can be found across languages: lexical and syntactic. Lexical nominalization refers to the formation of deverbal nouns or nominal words derived from the verb or a nominal word, and syntactic nominalization refers to turning a clause into a noun phrase. In summary, the investigation of the derivational affixes of deverbal nouns in Lithuanian and their equivalents in English has revealed the following differences: in Lithuanian, the deverbal nominalizations – deverbal process nouns and deverbal result nouns – can be formed with 132 suffixes and 5 endings, whilst in English – with 10 suffixes and by employing the derivational strategy of conversion. Also, the analysis of the empirical material revealed that the suffix -imas/-ymas in Lithuanian prevails in forming deverbal process nouns (they make 73 per cent of all deverbal process nouns), while the suffix -inys is the most prolific in forming deverbal result nouns (they make 38 per cent of all deverbal result nouns). The English equivalents usually have the suffix -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation, quite many derivatives have the suffix -ing. It should be noted that deverbal nominalizations in the Lithuanian language often correlate with abstract and concrete nouns (non-derivatives) in the English language: 23 per cent of all derivatives in Lithuanian have more than one equivalent (derivative or non-derivative) in English.
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Gazali, Baba Kura Alkali. "THE PARAMETRIC VARIATIONS OF ENGLISH AND KANURI NOUN PHRASES: A MINIMALIST APPROACH." Linguistic Forum - A Journal of Linguistics 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53057/linfo/2021.3.1.3.
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This paper examines the parametric variations of English and Kanuri noun phrases (NPs) within the theoretical framework of Principles and Parameters (P&P), and the study adopts Chomsky’s (1995) Minimalist Approach (MA). In conducting the research, the researcher uses his native intuition to collect the data for this study. The secondary sources of data involve the use of three competent native speakers to validate the data. The outcome of the study reveals that there are differences and similarities between the two languages which are genetically different –Kanuri Nilo is a Saharan language while English is an Endo European language. The differences are: Kanuri is a head final language while English is head initial language. On the complement phrases, the two languages share dissimilarities –quantifiers and adjectives occur post head in Kanuri while the quantifiers and adjectives occur pre-head in English. Finally, the two languages share similarities in terms of noun plural formation morphologically suffixed to post head nouns and definiteness and agreement features [-Def] [+PL Num].
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Carrió Pastor, María Luisa, and Miguel Ángel Candel Mora. "Variation in the translation patterns of English complex noun phrases into Spanish in a specific domain." Languages in Contrast 13, no. 1 (March 8, 2013): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.13.1.02car.
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This paper focuses on a functionalist analysis of the patterns followed when translating specific texts from English into Spanish. The original texts are written in English and, afterwards, translated to other languages. In this process, lexical variation may appear. The main objectives of this study are to determine whether English noun phrases have different lexical equivalents when translated into Spanish and whether this depends on the position of the head in the complex noun phrase. Other objectives of this paper are, on the one hand, to detect the role of the head and modifiers in English complex noun phrases when translated into the target language, and, on the other hand, to determine whether the specificity of nouns could be the cause of variation. The answer to these research questions will be useful for translators, communication specialists and scientists who use English and Spanish to communicate.
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Millaku, Shkëlqim, and Xhevahire Topanica-Millaku. "Albanian and English language gender." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (October 25, 2021): 1197–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1614.
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In Albanian and English language we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter. In Albanian language the concept for gender, is: “Gjinia është një nga kategoritë gramatikore më karakteristikë për emrat në gjuhën shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo dallohet nga kategoritë e tjera të emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategoritë e shquarsisë dhe të pashquarsisë, sepse i kundërvihet mashkullore-femërore dhe asnjanëse...”[1]. This Albanian citation is possible to be the similary and within English language e.g: “a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes’ masculine, feminine and neuter”[2] or “gender differs from the grammatical categories, case, and definiteness, in being a lexical as well as inflection category of the noun. The gender to which a give word belongs is a property of that particular word independent of context”[3]. The contrast of gender between two languages are e.g: the cases (five in Albanian with different endings and two in English), definite and indefinite nouns (the masculine nouns for Albanian language has some engings: -i, -it, -in, -it, -u, -un, -ut, for feminine -e,-a, -ja, -je, -s, -së, -në, or for neuter nouns with –i, -it and for indefinite nouns is: /një/.
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Fauziah, Hana. "Transposition of English Zero Derivation from Nouns to Indonesian Verbs in to Kill a Mockingbird." Lingua Cultura 16, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/lc.v16i1.7667.
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The research aimed to discuss and analyze the translation of English zero derivation or conversion from nouns to Indonesian verbs using transposition strategy. The research was carried out through the qualitative method by having the constant comparative analysis whose data were collected from Harper Lee’s novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’. The data collection was obtained by sampling to support the description based on the classification, including morphological and syntactic categories. The findings show an obvious difference between source and target languages. This occurs when the translation of English zero derivation relies on the affixes more frequently than any other criteria. Furthermore, the overall result proves that the transposition of English conversion from nouns into Indonesian verbs can be analyzed from the verb base that can be converted into nouns, which is then called a deverbal noun, and the noun base that can be converted into a verb. The translation of English zero deverbal noun is possible to be transposed into the target language verb. In a part of formal properties, the identification of English verb base converted into noun could be characterized by the irregular verb, stress pattern, intransitive verb, and semantic complexity, at the same time when the English noun base is transposed into Indonesian verb by considering the verbal interpretation and frequency of occurrence.
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Vuković Vojnović, Dragana. "Key Noun + Noun Collocations in the Language of Tourism: A Corpus-Based Study of English and Serbian." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 18, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.18.2.51-68.
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In this paper, we investigate the main characteristics underlying noun + noun collocations in the English and Serbian language of tourism. Their morpho-syntactic, semantic and communicative features are contrasted and compared in the two languages. Firstly, we compiled two comparable corpora in English and Serbian from the tourism websites of Great Britain and Serbia. Based on their normalized frequencies per 10,000 words, key noun + noun collocations were extracted, using TermoStat Web 3.0 and AntConc. The results showed certain similarities in terms of the prevailing topics in the two corpora, based on the analysis of key noun + noun collocations. However, we found major differences in the two languages in terms of their morpho-syntactic features, communicative focus and the relationship of the collocates. The results of the study have implications for English for Tourism education, tourism discourse studies, language typology and lexicography.
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Kanté, Issa. "Mood and modality in finite noun complement clauses." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 2 (May 21, 2010): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.2.06kan.
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The present paper presents a corpus-based contrastive analysis of modality in English and French finite noun complement clauses. On the one hand, we claim on the basis of cross-linguistic and semantic evidence that modality is a common intrinsic feature of nouns that license that/que complement clauses, and, as a consequence, that head nouns are modal stance markers. On the other hand, this paper shows that indicative-subjunctive alternation in that/que noun complement clauses is determined by the modality type of the governing noun. Contrastive analysis of French and English provides evidence to substantiate these claims.
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BRATANOVA, BORYANA. "ИНОВАЦИОННИ ПРОЦЕСИ В СЪВРЕМЕННАТА ГРАМАТИКА НА АНГЛИЙСКИЯ ЕЗИК (С ОГЛЕД НА ТЕХНИТЕ ВЪЗМОЖНИ ПАРАЛЕЛИ В БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕЗИК) / PROCESSES OF INNOVATION IN PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH GRAMMAR (IN VIEW OF THEIR POSSIBLE PARALLELS IN BULGARIAN)." Journal of Bulgarian Language 68, PR (September 10, 2021): 126–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.68.21.pr.09.
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The paper explores some processes of innovation in present-day English grammar in view of the typological features, the historical development and the present status of English as the language of global communication. Some innovations can be observed within the noun phrase and the verb phrase that have to do mostly with changes in the properties of nouns and verbs in relation to particular grammatical categories. The ana-lysis also focuses on a particular structural pattern of the English noun phrase consisting of a sequence of nouns joined without the use of prepositions. Within a longer time span, a number of innovations can be noticed that are related to the process of grammaticalization. Special emphasis is placed on the tendency towards implicitness and compression of the linguistic expression, which is typical of present-day English. The study also discusses innovations associated with the current status of English as a global language that have to do mostly with the expanded application of grammatical rules and the minimization of exceptions. The most general conclusion of the study highlights the continuous tendency towards the simplification of English grammar in the context of the historical development of the language as well as its present state. Keywords: language typology, innovations in language, present-day English gram-mar, noun phrase, verb phrase, grammaticalization, Global English, English-Bulgarian parallels
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NICOLADIS, ELENA. "Cross-linguistic transfer in adjective–noun strings by preschool bilingual children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 9, no. 1 (February 27, 2006): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672890500235x.
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One hypothesis holds that bilingual children's cross-linguistic transfer occurs in spontaneous production when there is structural overlap between the two languages and ambiguity in at least one language (Döpke, 1998; Hulk and Müller, 2000). This study tested whether overlap/ambiguity of adjective–noun strings in English and French predicted transfer. In English, there is only one order (adjective–noun) while in French both adjective–noun and noun–adjective order are allowed, with the latter as the default. Unidirectional transfer from English to French was predicted. 35 French–English preschool bilingual children (and 35 age-matched English monolinguals and 10 French monolinguals) were asked to name pictures by using an adjective–noun string. In addition to the reversing adjective–noun strings in French as predicted by the overlap/ambiguity hypothesis, the bilingual children reversed more adjective–noun strings in English than monolinguals. It is proposed that cross-linguistic transfer might better be understood as an epiphenomenon of speech production.
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Parasar, Krutika, James L. Morgan, and Lori Rolfe. "The Relationship between Alternate Language Exposure and English Comprehension in Infants." Journal of Student Research 1, no. 2 (July 14, 2012): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v1i2.84.
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Most language acquisition research to date focuses on monolingual infants. In American society there is a burgeoning population of bilingual families where infants must learn the nuances of two languages simultaneously. To extend understanding of language development to this population, research specific to bilingual infants is needed. This study investigates 19-20 month old infants’ abilities to understand English when exposed to varying levels of alternate languages, including Hebrew, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Punjabi, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish, and Urdu. Participants included 26 babies whose language exposure consisted of at least 99% English, and 22 babies exposed to English and at least 15% of an alternate language. Infants’ English noun comprehension was measured using the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm. During a four minute session, infants’ gazes were tracked while they looked at simultaneous images, one of which corresponded to a spoken English noun. Before or afterwards, parents identified which of the 16 trial words they believed their infants were able to understand and say. Comparisons were made through two-tailed t-tests that assumed unequal variances. Results showed that infants whose daily language exposure consists of 15-39% of an alternate language understood more English nouns than infants exposed to 40-90% of an alternate language and more than monolinguals. Comparisons of parental reports of infants’ speech similarly showed that infants exposed to higher levels of alternate language said fewer English nouns than infants exposed to lower levels of alternate language and fewer than monolingual infants. Validity of parental reports was evaluated through comparisons of parental estimations and experimental results. Monolingual parents reported higher levels of English comprehension than infants showed in the experimental task, while parents of bilinguals did not demonstrate this effect. Possible explanations for these results are discussed in light of past research and implications for English acquisition of bilingual children are considered.
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Simanjuntak, Herlina Lindaria. "THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NOUN PHRASE INTO INDONESIAN." Scope : Journal of English Language Teaching 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/scope.v4i2.6507.
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<p>Many Indonesian’s students face the difficulties in translating English noun phrase into Indonesian. English and Indonesia have different structure. Meanwhile, one of the important elements in building a sentence is noun phrase. English noun phrases have some possibilities of translation result from the source language (SL) into the target lagnuage, Indonesian (TL). Hence, the researcher does the research which is entitled The Translation of English Noun Phrase Into Idonesian. The aims of this research are to find out the translations of English noun phrases into Indonesian. This research uses qualitative method. The source of data is “Sidney Sheldon's Memory of Midnight” and its translated version, “Padang Bayang Kelabu”, by Budijanto T. Pramono. The result of this research shows that there are four categories of translating English noun phrases into Indonesian, namely English noun phrases translated using the word yang, Plural English noun phrases translated into singular, English noun phrases translated using the word, and Elnglish noun phrases which are not translated literally. The conclusion of this research also shows that the change in the form and orders of the nouns phrases which is a noun as the head and also the sequence of modifiers, meanwhile without changing its meanings.</p><p> </p>
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Bauer, Laurie. "When is a sequence of two nouns a compound in English?" English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (May 1998): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000691.
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Constructions of noun + noun have been treated in two distinct ways in the literature: either they have been treated as compounds, or they have been treated as noun phrases with modifiers which happen to be nouns. Sometimes it is assumed that there are two distinct classes, which can be neatly distinguished. In this paper it is argued that the criteria which are usually assumed to distinguish between these two construction types do not draw a clear and consistent distinction between a syntactic and a morphological construction. Many of the criteria instead are indirect measures of listedness, which, it is argued, is not sufficient to show morphological status. Accordingly, it is claimed that the criteria to which reference is generally made do not allow us to distinguish between a class of noun + noun compounds and a class of noun + noun syntactic constructions. Rather the two should be treated as variants of a single construction (possibly morphological, possibly syntactic), at least until such time as a suitable coherent distinction can be properly motivated.
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Moulita, Neiza. "Register analysis of language use in the Jakarta Post’s football news." English Education Journal 12, no. 3 (July 30, 2021): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/eej.v12i3.19296.
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This research investigated the types of linguistic forms of English register and the meaning of register used in The Jakarta Post Football news. The linguistic forms that are investigated are specifically in content words and noun phrases. To obtain the data, documentation was used as the instrument. The data were analyzed using the model proposed by Elo and Kyangas (2007), it was found that there are two kinds of data in the form of content words, eight data of nouns, two verbs. In the form of the noun phrase, the researcher found two data in the category of attributive adjective and seven data of nouns in noun phrases. All of English registers found in The Jakarta Post’s football news have different meanings when compared with their conceptual meaning in the dictionary. The most dominant type of change in meaning is social meaning.
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Flowerdew, John. "Use of signalling nouns across L1 and L2 writer corpora." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15, no. 1 (March 22, 2010): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.15.1.02flo.
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A signalling noun is the use of an abstract noun the full meaning (realisation) of which can only be made specific by reference to its linguistic context. Examples of nouns which can function as signalling nouns are attitude, consequence, difficulty, effect, process, reason and result. The realisation of a signalling noun may occur across clauses or within the clause. Using the ICLE Locness (L1 writers) corpus as a reference corpus and a learner English corpus written by Cantonese-speaking learners of English, this paper presents a comparison of the use of signalling nouns by these two L1 and L2 writer groups. Use of different functions, realisation patterns and selection and range of individual nouns are compared. In this way a profile is built up of the use of signalling nouns by the two target groups and areas for pedagogic intervention are identified.
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Kuptsova, Tetiana, and Iryna Koliieva. "STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF RAILWAY TERM FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-43-46.
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The structural peculiarities of the railway term formation is investigated in the article. It is demonstrated that the most common ways of the one component railway term formation are suffixation and prefixation. The prefixation-suffixation type is a less productive way of the word building. Compound words proved to form a large group of the railway terms. The relations among the components of a compound word represent a specific type of semantic and structural relations of the word in a word combination, where the terms which consist of «noun+noun», «adjective+noun» predominate. In the system of the English railway terminology among the component terms the most widespread are nouns that explains that nouns define processes, equipment, devices, and objects. This paper outlines some linguistic properties of technical terms. The article focuses on some linguistic features of a term. Being a linguistic object with the common and specific features of a language system a term has all lexical-semantic and formal features of the words and word combinations of a natural language. In the process of the affixation term building the semantics of a derived word is defined by an affix that is why an affix can bear a particular word building meaning. But having definite motivational relations between a derivative and a derived word the semantics of the derived word is not always determined by the meanings of its components. Deciding the semantics of a derived term many factors should be taken into consideration: conversion, the peculiarities of a compound word, polysemy etc. It should be underlined that morphological or affixation type of the term forming is based on the principles of word building of the literary language.
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Malabar, Fahria, Besse Wardatulljannah, and Indri Wirahmi Bay. "Contrastive Analysis of Noun Phrase between English and Bugis Language." Jambura Journal of English Teaching and Literature 4, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/jetl.v4i2.24306.
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This study aims to explore the similarities and differences in noun phrase structures between the English and Bugis languages. Using a documentation technique, the research selectively extracts data from the literature, specifically books and articles that focus on noun phrases. The researchers systematically collect and examine the data using the contrastive analysis technique. The findings reveal both similarities and differences in the form, structure and function of noun phrases between English and Bugis. Common features in both languages include numerals, demonstratives and quantifiers as modifiers preceding the noun (head), while prepositional phrases are positioned after the noun (head). Conversely, in English, articles, adjectives, possessives and ordinals precede the noun (head), whereas in Bugis they follow the noun (head). Relative clauses in English and Bugis have different structures and functions. Therefore, a contrastive analysis of noun phrases between English and Bugis proves to be very beneficial for learners, as it increases their awareness of the unique characteristics of both languages, especially in terms of their structural and functional aspects.
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Wang, Lu, Yahui Guo, and Chengcheng Ren. "A Quantitative Study on English Polyfunctional Words." Glottometrics, no. 50 (May 1, 2021): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2021_50_387.
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This paper reports quantitative research on the parts of speech of English words using the data from British National Corpus. Most of the part-of-speech investigations focus on the rank-frequency distribution. However, in English and many other languages, we can find that partd of speech can be ambiguous. For example, hope can be a noun and a verb. Such words are called polyfunctional words, while other words, which belong to only one part of speech, are called monofunctional words. The number of parts of speech that a word belongs to is referred to as polyfunctionality. First, we study polyfunctionality distribution of English words and find that the Shenton-Skees-geometric and the Waring distributions capture the data very well. Then, we group words according to their part of speech,e.g., monofunctional nouns, like Saturday, and polyfunctional nouns, like hope (noun, verb) compose noun group, and try to work out a general model for all the groups. The result is that the extended positive binomial distribution captures all the groups except the article group, because of the sparsity of the data. Last, we study the diversification variants. Since there are polyfunctional words in each group, e.g., in a noun group, a polyfunctional noun may also be a verb, we consider the verb function as a diversification variant and try to model the rank-frequency distribution of variants with the Popescu-Altmann function, as used in the previous investigation. The results show very good fit for all groups exzept conjunction group.
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Alzamil, Abdulrahman. "An Experimental Investigation of Mass Noun Types and Article Usage." International Journal of English Linguistics 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v11n1p245.
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Speakers of languages with article systems have to make different article choices in the case of mass versus countable nouns. This study addressed article use with different types of mass nouns (liquid, solid and abstract). It investigated: a) whether first language (L1) Arabic speakers used English articles accurately with mass nouns; and b) whether they were sensitive to different types of mass noun.
To address these issues, the study recruited twenty-seven English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Saudi-Arabic speaking participants and five native speakers of English, who formed a control group. Members of the experimental group were proficient to the elementary level, according to the Oxford Quick Placement Test. A written forced-choice elicitation task was administered to test their article use.
The findings showed that: a) the Arabic speakers performed similarly to the native speakers of English in liquid contexts, but differently in solid and abstract contexts; b) the Arabic speakers did not perform similarly across all types of mass nouns, as they were sensitive towards mass noun types; c) their article use was more accurate in liquid contexts than in solid and abstract contexts; and d) they faced difficulties using articles with mass nouns that can be pluralised in Arabic. These findings indicate that the use of articles with mass nouns should be examined in the light of their subtypes, as well as whether second language (L2) learners’ L1 pluralise them or not.
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VARTIAINEN, TURO. "From twig-skinny to Kate Moss skinny: expressing degree with common and proper nouns." English Language and Linguistics 23, no. 4 (October 10, 2019): 901–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000303.
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This article provides a constructional (CxG) analysis of N-ADJ compounds in which the noun receives a degree reading (e.g. bullet-straight, Kennedy-handsome). A semantic analysis based on similes and scale matching is provided, and the recent history and increased productivity of the construction are examined in light of data from both the Corpus of Historical American English and a range of present-day corpora. The article introduces new evidence of the increased functional flexibility of both common and proper nouns in English and discusses the ongoing conventionalisation of proper noun degree modifiers in both American English and other varieties of English. The results of the study suggest that the recent introduction of proper noun degree modifiers has been supported by both constructional (semantic) change and macro-trends that have affected English usage more generally.
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Al-Kufaishi, Adil. "Obligatory translation shift as a sub-component of a model of quality assurance specifications and performance translator assessment." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 57, no. 2 (July 21, 2011): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.57.2.02kuf.
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The paper deals primarily with obligatory translation shifts involving translating English texts from and into Arabic and specifies the sub-components of a proposed model of quality assurance specifications and performance translator assessment. Obligatory shifts involve substituting English non-finite embedded forms with finite ones, lexicalizing certain grammatical elements, making agreement in gender between Arabic adjectives and nouns and Arabic nouns and verbs, substituting emphatic ‘do’ with the appropriate rhetorical device, supplying an antecedent to the translated Arabic relative constructions, transposing English initial noun clauses and sentence modifiers to post-verbal positions, placing the definite noun rather than its referent in initial positions, rendering certain English adjectives into verbs, nouns or adjectival clauses, replacing existential ‘there’ and the English grammatical subject ‘it’ with the appropriate corresponding forms, substituting the English comma with the Arabic conjunctive ‘wa’-and or ‘aw’-or as a linking device, deleting the corresponding form of copula be in Arabic interrogatives and replacing certain English noun modifiers with the appropriate similitude construction. The proposed model of quality assurance specifications and performance translator assessment examines the communicative, situational, semantic, structural, stylistic, pragmatic, textual, aesthetic, rhetorical, lexical and informational aspects of the translated text which are essential for assessing the quality of the text and the performance of the translator.
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Wafa’ Khalaf Moosa Al–Sa’ídi. "SUBJECTS OF PHRASES IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Journal of the College of Basic Education 18, no. 74 (January 23, 2023): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35950/cbej.v18i74.9690.
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An English sentence consists of two main parts – namely, the subject and the predicate1 · The subject is a noun phrase (NP) which can be realized by a noun, a pronoun, a word or a group of words. The predicate, on the other hand, is the verb phrase of the sentence. It consists of , beside the verb- the central element in sentence, all the auxiliaries, modifiers, etc. (Zandvoort, 1972: 196; Lapalombara, 1976: 32).
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Loock, Rudy, and Benjamin Holt. "Augmented linguistic analysis skills: Machine translation and generative AI as pedagogical aids for analyzing complex English compounds." Technology in Language Teaching & Learning 6, no. 3 (July 25, 2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29140/tltl.v6n3.1489.
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In this article, our aim is to assess the efficacy of machine translation tools and state-of-the-art generative AI platforms such as ChatGPT in fostering enhanced linguistic analysis skills among students in order to improve their understanding of the language. Our case study deals with the analysis of complex English compounds—a known challenge for French learners of English as a second language. Our investigation centers on students’ ability to identify the head noun within complex noun phrases, both in full sentences and in press titles. The study involved two distinct cohorts: students in their third and final year of an undergraduate program in applied foreign languages, and students in their second and final year of a master's program in professional translation. We evaluated the participants’ ability to identify head nouns—a necessary skill for comprehending complex noun phrases—under two conditions: (i) without the aid of any linguistic tools and (ii) with the assistance of machine translation outputs by a generic online translator. Subsequently, we explored the capabilities of advanced generative AI tools—in this instance ChatGPT—of correctly identifying head nouns. Our results show that students may benefit from the presence of machine translation outputs, albeit with varying degrees of success. Our experimentation with ChatGPT shows that, given appropriate prompts, the tool is capable of identifying head nouns, suggesting that generative AI tools may be a more effective tool in helping students analyze and understand complex noun phrases in English.
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Ding, Chen, and Barry Lee Reynolds. "The effects of L1 congruency, L2 proficiency, and the collocate-node relationship on the processing of L2 English collocations by L1-Chinese EFL learners." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00038.din.
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Abstract This study investigated the effects of first language (L1) congruency, second language (L2) proficiency, and the collocate-node relationship (i.e., verb-noun, adjective-noun, noun-noun) on collocation processing by logographic L1-Chinese learners of English. Comparisons were made of accuracy rates and response times to a collocation lexical decision task completed by L1-Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) English Majors (n = 30), L1-Chinese EFL non-English Majors (n = 30), and L1-English Native Speakers (n = 26). Analysis of the data revealed that while congruent collocations were processed more accurately and faster than incongruent collocations by both L1-Chinese participant groups, the English Majors showed a processing advantage over their non-English Major peers. Further analysis revealed a processing advantage for noun-noun collocations, providing additional evidence in explaining the difficulties L1-Chinese have in acquiring verb-noun collocations. These results and other nuanced statistical findings are discussed in relation to pedagogical means of enhancing L2 collocation acquisition by L1-Chinese speakers.
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Mustafa, Sumaya Khalid. "CATEGORIZATION OF COMPOUND NOUNS IN KURDISH AND ENGLISH." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 23, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v23i1.2462.
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This paper is concerned with the categorization of compound nouns in Kurdish and English. It compares compound nouns of the two languages according to the prototype theory, applying categorization as a cognitive assumption. The paper attempts to achieve the following goals: first, classifying Kurdish compound nouns using morphological and semantic criteria, listing Kurdish compound nouns according to the prototype theory, showing the structure based on which the relationship between the components of a compound noun is represented, comparing the morphological and semantic relations between the components of compound nouns of Kurdish to those of English. The data of the study on the Kurdish language were collected and analyzed based on the fact that the author is a native speaker of Kurdish. The results show that the morphological structure of compound nouns in Kurdish is more complex than the structure of compound nouns in English though they share some structures. Unlike English, the head in Kurdish compound nouns is not always a noun. The categorization of Kurdish compound nouns is different from English ones; it depends on the nature of the languages and the different perspectives of their users. In both languages, there are compound nouns whose meaning needs encyclopedic knowledge of the speakers to interpret them. This point confirms the assumptions of cognitive linguistics namely simplicity, conventionality, and semanticity.DOI: doi.org/10.24071/llt.2020.230108
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DEUCHAR, MARGARET. "Congruence and Welsh–English code-switching." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 8, no. 3 (November 15, 2005): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728905002294.
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This paper aims to contribute to elucidating the notion of congruence in code-switching with particular reference to Welsh–English data. It has been suggested that a sufficient degree of congruence or equivalence between the constituents of one language and another is necessary in order for code-switching to take place. We shall distinguish between paradigmatic and syntagmatic congruence in relation to the grammatical categories of the two languages, focusing on the insertion of English nouns and noun phrases, adjectives, verbs and participles in otherwise Welsh utterances. We shall demonstrate how differing degrees of congruence between grammatical categories in the two languages are reflected in different code-switching outcomes.
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Feist, Jim. "Noun incorporation in English." Functions of Language 20, no. 2 (September 6, 2013): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20.2.02fei.
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The article discusses noun incorporation in English — that is, expressions which include a noun in the verbal constituent of an utterance, as in It’s time to legacy build contrasted with It’s time to build a legacy. It concludes that noun incorporation is well established in present-day English, that it has many functions, that it is used productively as an alternative to other constructions, and under definable constraints.
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Mondal, Arghyadip. "DECONSTRUCTING THE PERCEPTION OF GENDER IN LANGUAGE." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 08 (August 31, 2023): 792–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/17452.
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The concept of gender was introduced in our early stage of learning English and Bengali prescriptive grammar. In the field of gender, the difference between English and Bengali is related to pronoun. As in case of English, the pronouns, which are used for 3rd person singular number (he, she, it), are assigned to sexual perception. But in Bengali there is no gendered pronouns. In both of these languages all the non-living things come under the category of Neuter Gender and among the living things some nouns (in case of English some pronouns too) assigned to masculine referents, come under the category Masculine Gender (boy, balaka etc.) and some assigned to feminine referents, come under Feminine Gender (girl, balika etc.). And the rest unrecognisable nouns are Common gender in general (baby, śiśu). This is the simple perception of Gender in language because these languages do not have any masculine or feminine perception for nouns, unless they refer to biological sex. But there are many languages who have gender for each and every noun. They are called the gendered languages. According to Wikipedia In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender the values present in a given language (of which there are usually two or three) are called the genders of that language. Such as, Sanskrit, Hindi, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian etc. According to Jemma Prior, gendered language is commonly understood as language that has a bias towards a particular sex or social gender. So most of the time it is said that language through its communicative functions biases the social gender representation. This paper aims to highlight that the idea of Gender in a language is assigned with two different linguistic aspects suggested by Gottlob Frege, i) Sense and ii) Reference. In this paper an attempt is made to establish the different perceptions of Gender between the gender of a word and the gender of the object which is referred by the word.
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Gogate, Lakshmi, and Madhavilatha Maganti. "Bilingual versus monolingual infants’ novel word-action mapping before and after first-word production: Influence of developing noun-dominance on perceptual narrowing." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 1 (February 13, 2019): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728919000051.
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AbstractThis experimental study examined bilingual (English and another noun-dominant language) and monolingual (English) preverbal (10.5-month-old) and postverbal (12.5-month-old) infants’ word-action mapping. Sixteen infants in each group were habituated to dynamic video-displays of novel word-action pairings during infant-controlled habituation. They received two words, /wem/ and /bæf/, spoken synchronously with an adult shaking or looming an object, and were tested with switched versus same word-action pairings. Results revealed that for the preverbal bilingual infants, word-action mapping is intensified relative to postverbal bilingual infants. For the postverbal bilingual infants, word-action mapping is attenuated and inversely correlated with noun learning. No such differences were observed in the monolingual infants. These findings illustrate a perceptual protraction prior to word production, and accelerated perceptual narrowing to nouns after word production in bilingual infants learning two noun-dominant languages.
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Bloom, Paul. "Syntactic distinctions in child language." Journal of Child Language 17, no. 2 (June 1990): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900013805.
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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study of young children's understanding of a constraint on English word order, which is that pronouns and proper names cannot be modified by prenominai adjectives. For adults, this is a syntactic constraint: adjectives can only precede nouns, and pronouns and proper names are lexical Noun Phrases (NPs). In two analyses, the spontaneous speech of 14 one- and two-year-old children was studied. These analyses show that even in children's very first word combinations, they almost never say things like big Fred or big he. Some non-syntactic theories of this phenomenon are discussed and found to have serious descriptive problems, supporting the claim that children understand knowledge of word order through rules that order abstract linguistic categories. A theory is proposed as to how children could use semantic information to draw the noun/NP distinction and to acquire this restriction on English word order.
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Runnion, Elizabeth A., Melissa Pierce, and Maria Adelaida Restrepo. "Measuring English Narrative Microstructure in Preschool Dual Language Learners." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 53, no. 2 (April 11, 2022): 532–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_lshss-21-00107.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the change in specific English microstructure features according to language ability in preschool Spanish–English dual language learners. Method: We collected English narratives from 22 Spanish–English dual language learners with typical language development (TD) and 22 Spanish–English dual language learners with developmental language disorder (DLD) at the beginning and end of their first year in Head Start. Children came from Spanish-speaking homes and were exposed to English and Spanish in their preschool classrooms. We analyzed children's use of English microstructure across time using the Narrative Assessment Protocol. Results: Both groups showed improvement in overall English microstructure use, although children with TD made greater gains than children with DLD. Phrase structure (noun phrases, coordinating conjunctions, and prepositional phrases) increased in both groups, but more so in children with TD than with DLD. Sentence structure (compound, complex, negative, and interrogative sentences) increased in both groups. Verb use, noun use (Tier 2 nouns and nouns marked with plural and possessive endings), and modifiers (adverbs and adjectives) neither changed across time nor differed between groups. Conclusions: Spanish–English dual language learners who attend Head Start and come from Spanish-speaking homes, regardless of language ability, may not readily acquire verbs, nouns, and modifiers during their first year of formal English exposure, suggesting that they would benefit from explicit instruction in these areas. Preschool Spanish–English dual language learners with DLD may make less progress than their peers with TD in phrase structure use, indicating that explicit instruction in this microstructure feature may be beneficial for children with DLD.
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González, Luis. "Discrete Entailment-Based Linking and -EE Nouns in English." Research in Language 5 (December 18, 2007): 51–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10015-007-0002-6.
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Barker (1998) argues that since the referent of an -ee noun can be an indirect object, a direct object, a prepositional object, or a subject, -ee nouns cannot be described as a syntactic natural class. Portero Muñoz (2003) concurs and offers a semantic analysis based on Logical Structure (LS) in the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). This article proposes that RRG’s macroroles (Actor and Undergoer) can be derived with two entailments and without any need for LS. Its analysis improves Portero Muñoz’s, presenting additional evidence that subjects that allow -ee noun formation are Undergoers. It also explains why most -ee nouns are direct objects in spite of the fact that the suffi Xoriginated as a referent for indirect objects. Finally, it offers an explanation for nouns like amputee, pluckee, twistee, benefactee, malefactee, biographee, catapultee, razee, standee, attendee.
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Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen, and Rint Sybesma. "Bare and Not-So-Bare Nouns and the Structure of NP." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 4 (October 1999): 509–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554192.
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This article examines the distribution and interpretational variability of bare nouns and [classifier+noun] phrases in Cantonese and Mandarin. We argue that bare nouns are never bare in structure and that [classifier+noun] phrases may have more structure than just Classifier Phrase. We show that the lack of articles and number morphology in Cantonese/Mandarin leads to many interesting differences between Chinese-type languages and English-/Italian-type languages.
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M.I., Boichuk. "CONVERSION AND COMPOUND MODELS OF RELIGIOUS VOCABULARY FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Germanic Studies and Intercultural Communication, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-3426/2021-1-3.
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The article outlines the concept of “conversion”, which is defined as an affixless, derivational way of word formation, in which a new word formed from another part of the language does not acquire an external word-forming rearrangement. The concept of “word formation” has also been analyzed and the phonetic component of compounds of religious vocabulary characterized. The structural classification has been distinguished taking into account the structure of compoundings. It has been found that among the layer of religious vocabulary derivational connections of conversion occur between two, three or more words, and the main ways of direction of this process have been identified. Five main models of conversion of lexical units of the religious sphere have been determined, such as: Noun – Verb, which further is divided into three categories, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. The process of substantivization of religious vocabulary as a variant of conversion has also been analyzed. Under substantivization we understand the process of changing the paradigm of the basic word and a part of speech. Analysis of religious vocabulary shows that the transition is from adjectives to nouns, the first acquires the characteristic features of the latter.The article presents an analysis of religious vocabulary based on the dictionary of O. O. Azarov “Comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of religious terminology” which allows to identify such productive models of word formation of religious vocabulary in English: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle. These models are most actively involved in the creation of religious vocabulary in English, as they have the largest number of words in their structure. Compounds of religious lexis are divided into root compounds and compound derivatives, the structural integrity of which allows to distinguish them from phrases. Considering the components of compound words, the main element can be both the first and second part. According to the relationship between the components, compounds are divided into endocentric and exocentric types. The first is expressed by a compound word, the meaning of which is derived from the sum of the meanings of the compound’s components, the latter includes complex words, the meaning of which is not determined by any of its constituent elements. Among the layer of religious vocabulary of the English language we distinguish the following endocentric models: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N and exocentric models: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Key words:compounding, endocentric and exocentric compound words, substantivization, conversion. У статті обґрунтовано поняття «конверсія», яке визначається як безафіксальний, дериваційний спосіб словотвору, за якого нове слово, що утворюється з іншої частини мови, не набуває зовнішньої словотвірної перебудови. Також у роботі проаналізовано поняття «словоскладання», охарактеризовано фонетичний складник композитів релігійної лексики та виділено структурну класифікацію з урахуванням структури композитів складених слів. З’ясовано, що серед пласту релігійної лексики конверсивні дериваційні зв’язки відбуваються між двома, трьома та більшою кількістю слів, та визначено основні способи спрямованості цього процесу. Виділяємо п’ять основних моделей конверсії лексичних одиниць релігійної сфери: Noun – Verb, яка своєю чергою поділяється на три категорії, Verb – Noun, Adjective – Noun, Noun – Adjective, Adjective – Verb. Також проаналізовано процес субстантивації релігійної лексики як варіант конверсії. Під субстантивацією розуміємо процес зміни парадигми твірного слова й частини мови. Аналіз релігійної лексики показує, що перехід відбувається від прикметників у іменники, прикметник набуває характерних ознак іменника. У статті представлено аналіз релігійної лексики на основі словника О.О. Азарова «Большой англо-русский словарь религиозной лексики», який дає змогу виокремити такі продуктивні моделі словоскладання релігійної лексики в англійській мові: Noun + Noun, Noun + Participle, Adjective + Noun, Noun + Preposition + Noun, Participle + Noun, Pronoun + Noun, Adjective + Participle.Ці моделі беруть найактивнішу участь у творенні релігійної лексики в англійській мові, оскільки налічують найбільшу кількість слів у своїй структурі. Композити релігійної лексики поділяються на власне складні та склад-нопохідні, структурна цілісність яких дозволяє відмежувати їх від словосполучень. Щодо компонентів складних слів, то головним елементом може бути як перша, так і друга частина. Відповідно до відносин між компонентами складні слова поділяються на ендоцентричний та екзоцентричний типи. Перший виражається складним словом, значення якого виводиться із суми значень компонентів композита, до останнього відносяться складні слова, значення яких не визначається жодним із його складових елементів. Серед пласту релігійної лексики англійської мови виокремлюємо такі ендоцентричні моделі: Adj + N = N, V + N = N, Part I + N = N, Ger + N = N, N + N = N та екзоцентричні моделі: Participle + N = Adj, N+Pro.=Adj, V+Prep.=N, Adv+Participle=Adj.Ключові слова:словоскладання, ендоцентричні та екзоцентричні складні слова, субстантивація, конверсія.
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Guillemin, Diana. "Of nouns, and kinds, and properties, and why one D is null or not." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 60, no. 3 (November 2015): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100026220.
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AbstractThis paper assumes that the basic denotation of nouns can be that of kind or property and that the determiner system of a language is a direct consequence of this cross-linguistic variation. An analysis of how definiteness and specificity are marked across three languages with different determiner systems, namely, English, French and Mauritian Creole (MC), provides evidence of the co-relation between noun denotation and determiner system. Languages with kind denoting nouns (English and MC) admit bare nominal arguments, which are barred in French, whose nouns denote properties. However, English and MC differ in that English has an overt definite article, which is a lacking in MC. This null element requires licensing by an overt specificity marker in some syntactic environments. The English and MC definite articles are analyzed as operators that quantify over sets of kind denoting nouns, and they serve a different function from the French definite article, which is specified for number and selects properties.
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Kask, Helin. "To agree or not to agree? English adjectives in Estonian-English bilingual blogs and vlogs." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 85–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2019.10.2.06.
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The article focuses on the agreement (in case and number) of English adjectives used with Estonian nouns in noun phrases (Eng ADJ + EST N) in Estonian blogs and vlogs. According to the Matrix Language Frame model (MLF), one would expect English adjective stems to take on Estonian inflections, but this is not always the case. The data comes from fashion and lifestyle blogs and vlogs that have Estonian as the main language and contain English language material to various degrees. Altogether, 84 noun phrases were analysed: in 35 instances the adjective agreed with the noun and in 46 instances it did not; in 3 instances the agreement was complicated to determine. The analysis showed that English adjectives that have a sound structure similar to Estonian adjectives as a rule agree with Estonian nouns. Factors that may lead to non-agreement are stem alternation, differences in writing and pronunciation, and personal preferences.
Kokkuvõte. Helin Kask: Ühilduda või mitte? Inglise adjektiivid eestiinglise kakskeelsetes blogides ja vlogides. Artiklis uuritakse, kas eestiinglise kakskeelsetes blogides ja vlogides ühilduvad inglise adjektiivid eesti substan tiividega käändes ja arvus. Maatrikskeele raamistiku mudeli kohaselt eel datakse, et inglise tüvele lisatakse vajalikud eesti käändelõpud ja muud tunnused, siiski ei ole see alati nii. Andmed pärinevad moe-, ilu- ja elustiiliblogidest ning -vlogidest, milles põhikeel on eesti keel, kuid milles kasu tatakse ka inglise keelt. Kokku uuriti 84 nimisõnafraasi (inglise ADJ + eesti SUB), neist 35 juhul ühildus inglise adjektiiv eesti substantiiviga nii arvus kui ka käändes ning 46 juhul ei ühildunud, 3 juhul ei olnud võimalik ühildumist üheselt määrata. Analüüs näitas, et eesti substantiividega ühilduvad sellised ingliskeelsed adjektiivid, mis häälikulise ja silbistruktuuri poolest sarnanevad eesti muuttüüpide tüüpsõnadega. Mitteühildumise põhjused on astmevaheldus, erinevused kirjapildis ja häälduses, samuti informandi isiklikud eelistused.
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Nephawe, Farisani Thomas. "English Second Language Strategies For Teaching Irregular Plural Noun Morphological Inflection." e-Journal of Linguistics 16, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/e-jl.2022.v16.i02.p01.
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Nouns are one basic component of the syntactic category of the English language because they can be used as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, subject complements, object complements, appositives, or adjectives of sentences. Transforming regular nouns from singular to plural forms is comprehensible since the usual patterning is used. Converting irregular nouns from singular to plural forms causes difficulties to non-native learners of English since conversion does not follow the usual patterning. The study examined English second language strategies for teaching irregular plural noun morphological inflection to Grade 8 learners. The researcher used a quantitative research design because the results could be analysed mathematically and statistically. A probability technique was used to randomly sample 25 participants whose ages ranged from 14 to 16 at Ndaedzo Secondary School in Limpopo Province, South Africa. A statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 was utilised to interpret the findings. Initially, the participants were incompetent in this regard but after utilising the ‘irregular plurals reversi memory game’, and ‘irregular plural nouns in movement game’ strategies, learners’ performance improved remarkably. The research recommends teaching irregular plural noun morphological inflection using the games.
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Nguyen, Chung T. T., and Giang T. Pham. "A Structural Analysis of Noun Phrases in English and Vietnamese: A Comparative Study." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 14, no. 5 (May 29, 2024): 1339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1405.06.
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Noun phrases play a crucial role and appear in almost all sentences of any languages, including English and Vietnamese. Understanding the meaning of noun phrases therefore facilitates the understanding of sentences. The structures of noun phrases are usually complicated as they consist of many constituents and layers, especially for noun phrases used in research articles published in high-ranking business and economic journals. In this article, based on the theories of Greenbaum (1989) on the structures of noun phrases, the authors aim to analyze the constituents or the structures of noun phrases used in English and Vietnamese business and economic articles, compare these constituents to identify the similarities and differences between the two languages, then propose some implications for the study and translation of noun phrases from one language to another.
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Ambarita, Rosmita, and Mulyadi Mulyadi. "INDONESIAN RELATIVE CLAUSES AND ITS SIMILARITIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE." PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education) 3, no. 6 (November 13, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/project.v3i6.p722-729.
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This article discusses several points on the topic of Indonesian relative clauses and some foreign languages. The method used in this research is descriptive contrastive analysis. The focus is on finding some results from previous papers on how the languages share similarities and differences as well as how they differ with English. In this case it was found that Indonesian relative clauses are known as being distinctive and different from structured English counterparts. Meanwhile, there is a tendency that relative Indonesian clauses always use passive constructs to relate noun phrases or nouns in complex sentences. Keywords: Relative Clauses, Foreign Language
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Vakareliyska, Cynthia M., and Vsevolod Kapatsinski. "An Anglo-Americanism in Slavic morphosyntax: Productive [N[N]] constructions in Bulgarian." Folia Linguistica 48, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 277–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin.2014.009.
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Abstract Since 1990, most of the South and East Slavic languages have independently adopted, to varying extents, English loanblend [N[N]] constructions, in which an English modifier noun is followed by a head noun that previously existed in the language, for example, Bulgarian ekšŭn geroi ‘action heroes’. This phenomenon is of particular interest from a morphosyntactic processing perspective, because the use of the English noun as a modifier without the addition of a Slavic adjectival suffix and agreement desinence is a violation of fundamental traditional principles of Slavic morphology and morphosyntax, and thus should pose considerable parsing challenges. Bulgarian has incorporated English loanblend [N[N]]’s particularly well into the standard language. In this article we argue that the high frequency, broad semantic range, and productivity of loanblend [N[N]]’s in Bulgarian are the direct result not of Bulgarian’s analytic case-marking system per se, but of preexisting construction types in the language
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Ibara, Yvon-Pierre Ndongo, Roland Giscard Ondze Otouba, and Jules Bianchiny Ossere Mounguellet. "Teaching English Compound Noun Stress." English Language Teaching 12, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n3p46.
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The aim of this research paper is to scrutinize the teaching of English pronunciation based on English compound noun stress at secondary school. In fact, the teaching of compound noun stress has not been highlighted by previous scholars. In addition, teaching strategies based on this item have not been taken into account by INRAP and E.N.S in the course of phonetics and phonology. As a result, no teacher is able to teach compound noun stress and no learner is able to practice this language item. Therefore, our practical suggestions are made of teaching and learning strategies, a set of exercises and a sample of a teaching card to encourage teachers to deal with compound noun stress. This study is an attempt to show the parallel between the techniques of teaching of reading and that of compound noun stress.
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Mahmudova, Shafagat Abdulla. "Means of Expression of Temporal Deixis by Demonstrative Pronouns in the English Language." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0609.04.
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The article has been written on the basis of synchronic descriptive method in the study of the English language. It explores some ways of expressing the temporal deixis by means of demonstrative pronouns in the English language. It is noted in the article that demonstrative pronouns in the English language do not have any temporal meaning. The temporal meaning appears in the English language only in combination with nouns which denote time. In the English language temporal deixis is realized in the system of demonstration with the help of word combinations: this + noun, that + noun. The above mentioned word combinations fulfil anaphoric and cataphoric functions and can take different positions in the sentence. The article also covers discussion of linguistic views of scientists in this field. We think that urgency of the work just lies in the theoretical problems discussed in the article. The article is also of both theoretical and practical importance in the view of learning English and developing the science of linguistics as a whole.
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Ninio, Anat. "Complement or adjunct? The syntactic principle English-speaking children learn when producing determiner–noun combinations in their early speech." First Language 39, no. 1 (September 11, 2017): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723717729276.
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In children acquiring various languages, the early mastery of determiners strongly predicts syntactic development. What makes determiners important is not yet clear as there is a linguistic controversy regarding their syntactic behaviour. Some consider determiners to be similar to adjectives and to modify common nouns, while others consider the common nouns their complements. This article aims to find out which of the two basic syntactic operations, complementation or adjunct attribution, children learn when they master determiner–noun combinations in their early speech. Pearson correlations of determiner–nominal combinations with verb–noun combinations and attributive adjective–noun combinations were computed in early two-word-long sentences of a large sample of young English-speaking children. Determiner–nominal combinations were very highly correlated with verb–noun sentences, whereas the correlation with adjective–noun combinations was much lower. It appears that determiner–noun combinations are a type of complementation. When children learn them early, they apparently learn the syntactic principle underlying such combinations which then can be transferred to other syntactic constructions.
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Zhu, Ziqi. "CLEC-based Error Analysis of Collocations of Chinese English Learners." BCP Education & Psychology 4 (May 31, 2022): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v4i.784.
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China’s voice in the international arena is gradually increasing in the present era of economic globalization. In order to further strengthen the multifaceted communication with the world, Chinese students must improve their English learning and application skills. However, due to the distinct difference between Chinese and English, and the lack of an authentic communication environment, English collocation has always been a significant difficulty for Chinese students in the process of learning English. As a result, pragmatic errors frequently occur in their usage. Aimed to address Chinese students’ difficulties in applying collocation, this article takes the Chinese Learner English Corpus (CLEC) as the research object and AntConc as the retrieval tool to collect the noun-noun collocation errors (CC1) in CLEC, then further analyses and interprets the data obtained. It’s discovered that learners’ usage errors in noun-noun collocation are mainly divided into the following three categories: grammar error, Chinese English expression, and overgeneralization. By further interpretation and analysis, it is reckoned that negative transfer of native language, interlanguage fossilization, second-language teaching methods, negligence of collocation structure, and semantic constraints are the main reasons for noun-noun collocation errors. In terms of the above situation, this article proposes corresponding countermeasures for second-language teaching methods and English learning to enrich the current research on English collocations, seeking to provide a reference for the use and teaching of noun-noun collocations.