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Journal articles on the topic 'English language Semantics'
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Chris Ajibade, Adetuyi,, and Adeniran, Adeola Adetomilayo. "Aspects of Semantics of Standard British English and Nigerian English: A Contrastive Study." English Linguistics Research 6, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n3p5.
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The concept of meaning is a complex one in language study when cultural features are added. This is mandatory because language cannot be completely separated from culture in which case language and culture complement each other. When there are two varieties of a language in a society, i.e. two varieties functioning side by side in a speech community, there is tendency for misconception. It is therefore imperative to make a linguistic comparative study of varieties of such languages. In this paper, a semantic contrastive study is made between Standard British English (SBE) and Nigerian English (NE). The semantic study is limited to aspects of semantics: semantic extension (Kinship terms, metaphors), semantic shift (lexical items considered are ‘drop’ ‘befriend’ ‘dowry’ and escort) acronyms (NEPA, JAMB, NTA) linguistic borrowing or loan words (Seriki, Agbada, Eba, Dodo, Iroko) coinages (long leg, bush meat; bottom power and juju). In the study of these aspects of semantics of SBE and NE lexical terms, conservative statements are made, problems areas and hierarchy of difficulties are highlighted with a view to bringing out areas of differences. The study will also serve as a guide in further contrastive studies in some other levels of languages.
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Sun, Ying. "Artificial Intelligence Method for Accurate Translation of Fuzzy Semantics in English Language and Literature." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 19, no. 1 (September 27, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.331033.
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In order to address the drawbacks of semantic ambiguity, inaccurate quantifiers, and low translation accuracy in traditional grammar-based translation methods, this paper proposes an artificial intelligence translation method based on semantic analysis for English fuzzy semantics. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of English language semantics was carried out from different semantic levels such as language, knowledge, and pragmatics, and the key points of fuzzy semantics were identified. Then, key feature quantities for accurate translation of fuzzy semantics in English vocabulary and literature were constructed, and artificial intelligence methods were used to optimize fuzzy semantics. The experimental results show that the proposed method can avoid semantic understanding ambiguity and improve the accuracy of English language translation.
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Oh, Eunjeong. "Recovery from first-language transfer: The second language acquisition of English double objects by Korean speakers." Second Language Research 26, no. 3 (July 2010): 407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658310365786.
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Previous studies on second language (L2) acquisition of English dative alternation by Korean speakers (Oh and Zubizarreta, 2003, 2006a, 2006b) have shown that the acquisition of English benefactive double object (DO) (e.g. John baked Mary a cake) lags behind that of its counterpart goal double object (e.g. John sent Mary the letter). This asymmetry was attributed to grammatical differences between English and Korean benefactive DOs; goal DOs in the two languages have similar grammatical properties. Given the negative first language (L1) influence attested in the acquisition of English DOs by Korean speakers, this article examines the recovery process from these negative effects of L1 transfer and the triggering factors in such a process by investigating L2 learners’ knowledge of semantic properties pertinent to English DOs, using an Acceptability Judgment task with contexts. The present study found that most advanced learners are indeed capable of acquiring semantic properties of both types of English DOs, restructuring their interlanguage grammar in such a way that both types of DOs denote prospective possession. This article suggests that acquisition of the semantics of goal DOs, possibly attributed to L1 transfer, bootstraps acquisition of the semantics of benefactive DOs, and that this generalization from goal DOs to benefactive DOs is made possible by the surface generalization hypothesis (Goldberg, 2002), which states that argument structure patterns sharing the surface forms should be analysed on their own as a class. Furthermore, this article argues that this recovery process can be interpreted as evidence of a tie between syntax and semantics: developing sensitivity to the semantics of English DOs is indispensable for acquiring the syntax of English DOs (compare Lardiere, 2000; Slabakova, 2006). On this view, learning a construction essentially means learning its associated semantics, and acquisition of the syntax of a construction is a consequence of acquisition of the semantics of the construction.
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Sinha, Chris, and Tania Kuteva. "Distributed Spatial Semantics." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18, no. 2 (December 1995): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500000159.
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The “local semantics” approach to the analysis of the meaning of locative particles (e.g. spatial prepositions) is examined, criticized and rejected. An alternative, distributed approach to spatial relational semantics and its linguistic expression is argued for. In the first part of the paper, it is argued that spatial relational semantic information is not exclusively carried in languages such as English by the locative particle, and that “item-specific meanings plus selectional restrictions” cannot save the localist approach. In the second part of the paper, the “covertly” distributed spatial relational semantics of languages such as English is contrasted with the “overtly” distributed spatial relational semantics characterizing many other languages. Some common assumptions relating to the universality of the expression of spatial relational meaning by closed syntactic classes are criticized. A change of perspective from “local” to “distributed” semantics permits the re-analysis of polysemy and item-bound “use-type” in terms of the distributed expression of language-specific spatial relational semantic types.
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Yanina, Viktoriya Viktorovna, Oxana Andreevna Maletina, and Olga Yurievna Popova. "Semantic Modifications of English-Language Units of Spatial Semantics." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 5 (May 2022): 1531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/phil20220234.
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Goddard, Cliff, Anna Wierzbicka, and Jock Wong. "“Walking” and “running” in English and German." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 14, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 303–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.14.2.03god.
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This study examines the conceptual semantics of human locomotion verbs in two languages – English and German – using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach. Based on linguistic evidence, it proposes semantic explications for English walk and run, and their nearest counterparts in German, i.e. laufen (in two senses, roughly, ‘run’ and ‘go by walking’), rennen (roughly, ‘run quickly’), gehen (roughly, ‘go/walk’), and the expression zu Fuß gehen (roughly, ‘go on foot’). Somewhat surprisingly for such closely related languages, the conceptual semantics turns out to be significantly different in the two languages, particularly in relation to manner-of-motion. On the other hand, it is shown that the same four-part semantic template (with sections Lexicosyntactic Frame, Prototypical Scenario, Manner, and Potential Outcome) applies in both languages. We consider the implications for systematic contrastive semantics and for lexical typology.
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Kostadinova, Viktorija, Nuria Yáñez-Bouza, Gea Dreschler, Sune Gregersen, Beáta Gyuris, Kathryn Allan, Maggie Scott, et al. "I English Language." Year's Work in English Studies 98, no. 1 (2019): 1–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ywes/maz004.
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Abstract This chapter has fourteen sections: 1. General; 2. History of English Linguistics; 3. Phonetics and Phonology (not covered this year); 4. Morphology; 5. Syntax; 6. Semantics; 7. Lexicography, Lexicology, and Lexical Semantics; 8. Onomastics; 9. Dialectology and Sociolinguistics; 10. New Englishes and Creolistics; 11. Second Language Acquisition. 12. English as a Lingua Franca; 13. Pragmatics and Discourse. 14. Stylistics. Section 1 is by Viktorija Kostadinova; section 2 is by Nuria Yáñez-Bouza; sections 4 and 5 are by Gea Dreschler and Sune Gregersen; section 6 is by Beáta Gyuris; section 7 is by Kathryn Allan; section 8 is by Maggie Scott; section 9 is by Lieselotte Anderwald; section 10 is by Sven Leuckert; section 11 is by Tihana Kraš; section 12 is by Tian Gan, Ida Parise, Sum Pok Ting, Juliana Souza da Silva and Alessia Cogo; section 13 is by Beke Hansen; section 14 is by Jessica Norledge.
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Alsayed, Fatimah. "The Effects of Semantics in the Language Development of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Learners." International Journal of Learning and Development 9, no. 4 (January 4, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v9i4.15735.
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The study of Semantics is an important area of word meaning, references, senses, logic, and perlocutions and illocutions. That is, the study of Semantics increases students’ understanding and awareness of word meaning, sentence relationships, and discourse and context. It also enables students to create and improve their Semantics maps which are webs of words visually display the meaning-based connections between a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts. This paper is a product of effort that I make to implement some theoretically-sound strategies in planning and teaching a Semantic course for English Foreign language learners (EFL). The aim of this paper is to show that utilizing the mechanisms of meaning is vital to successful human communication. Alongside with that, lexical development will solidify students’ understanding of language meaning and sense relations. The purpose of the course is to concentrate on teaching key terms in Semantics, Semantics Analysis of Writing Approach (SAW) and ‘agent-action-goal with real-life action’ technique and then employed the knowledge of these terms to improve students’ vocabulary in the short-term, and their language proficiency in the long-term. Scaffolding the Semantics information with L2 vocabulary strategies is pivotal in language development. Implementing semantics strategies in an attempt to expose the relationship between teaching Semantics and improving ELLs’ language skills.
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Wang, Shu, and Phillip C. Y. Sheu. "Computational Annotations: SCDL-NL as a Structured Annotation Language." International Journal of Semantic Computing 09, no. 04 (December 2015): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x15500117.
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In this paper, we categorize “semantics” into “taxonomical semantics”, “syntactical semantics” and “formal semantics”. We propose a declarative meta-language SCDL-NL as the foundation of a general annotation language in which “taxonomical and syntactical semantic” information of a sentence can be clearly defined. Since pure natural language is too complicated to be used as a general annotation language, the annotation language imposes some restrictions on the English grammar so that it can be easily translated into SCDL-NL to facilitate information retrieval.
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Biggam, C. P. "Sociolinguistic aspects of Old English colour lexemes." Anglo-Saxon England 24 (December 1995): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263675100004658.
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This paper presents an experimental attempt to investigate the social contexts of certain Old English vocabulary belonging to a particular semantic field, namely that of colour. Sociolinguistic studies are concerned with language variations between social classes, age groups, the sexes and other social groupings, so it is obvious from the outset that this sort of evidence will be difficult to retrieve from a dead language. However, in the case of this particular semantic field, textual information can often be augmented by comparative evidence from the colour semantics of living languages, and by the theories about colour term acquisition and usage developed by linguists and anthropologists.
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Shin, Gyu-Ho, and Hyunwoo Kim. "Roles of verb and construction cues." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 19, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 332–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.00087.shi.
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Abstract This study investigates how speakers of English and Korean, two typologically distinct languages, derive information from a verb and a construction to achieve sentence comprehension. In a sentence-sorting task, we manipulated verb semantics (real versus nonce) in each language. The results showed that participants from both languages were less inclined to sort sentences by a verb cue when the lexical-semantic information about a verb was obscured (i.e., nonce verb). In addition, the Korean-speaking participants were less likely affected by the verb semantics conditions than the English-speaking participants. These findings suggest the role of an argument structure construction in sentence comprehension as a co-contributor of sentence meaning, supporting the constructionist approach. The findings also imply language-specific mechanisms of sentence comprehension, contingent upon the varied impact of a verb on sentence meaning in English and Korean.
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Nosita, Desi, and Setia Rini. "EFFECT OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION." English Language Teaching Journal 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35897/eltj.v3i1.905.
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Language learning cannot be separated from philosophy because philosophy is the mother of science. In its development, language learning was influenced by the philosophy that developed at its time, including analytic philosophy. The influence of Analytic Philosophy is felt in language teaching, especially in semantic and pragmatic research. And Russell's theory of Logical Atomism opens new horizons for scientific research, including linguistics. On the other hand, semantics is an image which is then continued by the theory of meaning used by Wittgenstein as an early study of semantics and pragmatics. Furthermore, the analytical philosophy developed by The Oxford School develops a theory of speech acts that naturally influence language learning, learning is a speech act of language learning. Keywords: Philosophy, analytic, English, pragmatics
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Goddard, Cliff. "The complex, language-specific semantics of “surprise”." Expressing and Describing Surprise 13, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.13.2.02god.
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This study is conducted using the NSM (Natural Semantic Metalanguage) methodology, which seeks to explicate complex language-specific concepts into configurations of simple universal concepts (Goddard, 2011; Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2014a; cf. Ye, 2013). The study has three main dimensions. It begins by turning the lens of NSM semantic analysis onto a set of words that are central to the “discourse of the unexpected” in English: surprised, amazed, astonished and shocked. By elucidating their precise meanings, we can gain an improved picture of the English folk model in this domain. A comparison with Malay (Bahasa Melayu) shows that the “surprise words” of English lack precise equivalents in other languages (cf. Goddard, 1997). The second dimension involves grammatical semantics, seeking to identify the semantic relationships between agnate word-sets such as: surprised, surprising, to surprise; amazed, amazing, to amaze. The third dimension is a theoretical one, concerned with the goal of developing a typology of “surprise-like” concepts. It is argued that adopting English-specific words, such as surprise or unexpected, as descriptive categories inevitably leads to conceptual Anglocentrism (Wierzbicka, 2014). The alternative, non-Anglocentric strategy relies on components phrased in terms of universal semantic primes, such as ‘something happened’ and ‘this someone didn’t know that it will happen’, and the like.
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THOMPSON, BILL, MARCUS PERLMAN, GARY LUPYAN, ZED SEVCIKOVA SEHYR, and KAREN EMMOREY. "A data-driven approach to the semantics of iconicity in American Sign Language and English." Language and Cognition 12, no. 1 (March 2020): 182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.52.
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abstractA growing body of research shows that both signed and spoken languages display regular patterns of iconicity in their vocabularies. We compared iconicity in the lexicons of American Sign Language (ASL) and English by combining previously collected ratings of ASL signs (Caselli, Sevcikova Sehyr, Cohen-Goldberg, & Emmorey, 2017) and English words (Winter, Perlman, Perry, & Lupyan, 2017) with the use of data-driven semantic vectors derived from English. Our analyses show that models of spoken language lexical semantics drawn from large text corpora can be useful for predicting the iconicity of signs as well as words. Compared to English, ASL has a greater number of regions of semantic space with concentrations of highly iconic vocabulary. There was an overall negative relationship between semantic density and the iconicity of both English words and ASL signs. This negative relationship disappeared for highly iconic signs, suggesting that iconic forms may be more easily discriminable in ASL than in English. Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed picture of how iconicity is distributed across different languages.
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Azmi, Mohd Nazri Latiff, Lidwina Teo Pik Ching, Norbahyah Binti Jamaludin, Muhammad Nur Haziq Bin Ramli, Muhammad Habibbullah Bin Razali, Muhammad Ammar Yasser Bin Amram, and Kauselya A/P Jayakumar. "THE COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND MALAY LANGUAGES." English Review: Journal of English Education 4, no. 2 (October 24, 2016): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v4i2.335.
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English and Malay languages are categorized as popular languages in the world. However, both languages underwent different history and composition. This study investigates the languages in terms of history, phonology, loanwords, grammar, morphology and semantics. The purposes of studying the comparisons and contrasts of both languages are not only to analyze the uniqueness of the languages but also to identify the process of understanding the languages especially the view of second language learners. It is found that two languages come from different background; somehow they share similar characteristics such as the vowels sounds, loanwords and semantics. However, the learners face difficulty in learning both languages especially in pronunciations and spelling.Keywords: English language, Malay language, history of language
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Норушайтене, Валерия. "Syntactic Semantics in Free Noun Combinations in Old English." Kalbotyra 37, no. 3 (December 1, 1987): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.1987.22203.
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The article deals with the semantic patterns of free noun combinations and their correspondences on the surface level in terms of syntactic patterns in Old English. The semantics of a noun combination is conditioned by the semantics of the modifier, the form of the leading noun and the syntactic function of the combination in the sentence.
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Bromhead, Helen, and Carsten Levisen. "Environmental Semantics." Scandinavian Studies in Language 13, no. 1 (December 14, 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sss.v13i1.135073.
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Environmental semantics is the study of the meanings of words, expressions, and constructions that pertain to climate, weather, and associated social phenomena, including environmentalism. Through the composition of semantic explications, scripts, and models, phrased in natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) or minimal languages, one can illuminate the relationship between language and people, and the social, cultural, and environmental systems in which they are embedded. Environmental destruction, including climate crisis, is a wicked problem. How people express themselves through language encodes attitudes and values held towards the environment, broadly defined. In this way, language is one piece of the puzzle. Although of worldwide concern, many climate and weather events happen locally in specific geographic, historical, and cultural contexts, and instantiate local linguacultural expressions. At the same time, discussion of environment increasingly occurs between people of different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, often using English as a global language.
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Kuptsova, Tetiana, and Iryna Koliieva. "STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF RAILWAY TERM FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-43-46.
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The structural peculiarities of the railway term formation is investigated in the article. It is demonstrated that the most common ways of the one component railway term formation are suffixation and prefixation. The prefixation-suffixation type is a less productive way of the word building. Compound words proved to form a large group of the railway terms. The relations among the components of a compound word represent a specific type of semantic and structural relations of the word in a word combination, where the terms which consist of «noun+noun», «adjective+noun» predominate. In the system of the English railway terminology among the component terms the most widespread are nouns that explains that nouns define processes, equipment, devices, and objects. This paper outlines some linguistic properties of technical terms. The article focuses on some linguistic features of a term. Being a linguistic object with the common and specific features of a language system a term has all lexical-semantic and formal features of the words and word combinations of a natural language. In the process of the affixation term building the semantics of a derived word is defined by an affix that is why an affix can bear a particular word building meaning. But having definite motivational relations between a derivative and a derived word the semantics of the derived word is not always determined by the meanings of its components. Deciding the semantics of a derived term many factors should be taken into consideration: conversion, the peculiarities of a compound word, polysemy etc. It should be underlined that morphological or affixation type of the term forming is based on the principles of word building of the literary language.
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Kushch, Elina, Olena Zhykharieva, Natalia Sunko, Halyna Melekh, and Viktoriia Stavtseva. "Olfactory metaphor: forming, semantics, functioning." Revista Amazonia Investiga 13, no. 77 (May 30, 2024): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2024.77.05.6.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the formation, semantics, and functioning of olfactory metaphors in modern English fiction texts. This article examines olfactory metaphors, a type of synesthetic metaphor, as complex linguo-cognitive and perceptual phenomena rooted in human sensory experience. Methods of conceptual, semantic, component and contextual analysis enable to reveal the models of olfactory metaphors used in English-language fiction texts: «SMELL-TASTE», «SMELL-TOUCH», «SMELL-SIGHT» «SMELL-HEARING». Such models actualize polymodal and intermodal images, as well as the perceptual sensations of a person perceiving a smell. The semantic characteristics of olfactory metaphors in English-language fiction texts are revealed with the help of contextual and semantic analysis.
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Maekelberghe, Charlotte. "The English gerund revisited." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 15, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 205–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2016-0054.
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AbstractThis paper re-examines the semantics of Present-day English gerunds by analyzing their collocational preferences. While traditional approaches suggest that a semantic opposition between ‘actions’ and ‘facts’ determines the meaning as well as the distributional preferences of nominal (the signing of the contract) and verbal (signing the contract) gerunds, these claims have not been supported by quantitative evidence. At the same time, more recent studies which quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the meaning of gerunds from a referential perspective lack a distributional dimension. This study presents a semantic typology of the nouns and verbs that are attracted to nominal and verbal gerunds in noun and verb complementation structures by means of a distinctive collexeme analysis which has been applied to contextual collexemes. The analysis shows that, while nominal and verbal gerunds occur in clearly distinctive contexts, this distinction does not appear to be based on an action-fact dichotomy, but is rather determined by the more abstract features of conceptual (in)dependence and temporal flexibility. Finally, it is shown how these abstract semantic profiles can be filled in more concretely by specific contextual slots, thus arriving at a more fine-grained and dynamic perspective on the semantics of English gerunds.
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Yang, Fan. "A Computational Linguistic Approach to English Lexicography." Transactions on Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Research 2 (December 21, 2023): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/wepk6t89.
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Focusing on computational linguistic approaches to English linguistics, this research explores how computational methods can be applied to dissect, understand and utilise the English language. We first looked at text analysis and processing, delving into natural language processing techniques such as text categorisation, sentiment analysis and machine translation, and their application to social media and automated text processing. In the area of lexicography and semantics, we explored how techniques such as distributed word vectors, semantic role labelling and sentiment analysis can deepen our understanding of vocabulary and semantics. We highlight the importance of these techniques in natural language processing tasks such as sentiment analysis and information retrieval. In addition, we focus on cross-language comparative and multilingual research, emphasising how big data and cross-language comparative research can reveal similarities and differences between languages and their implications for global linguistics. Finally, we explore corpus linguistics and big data analytics, highlighting the richness of linguistic data and tools they provide for linguistic research. Overall, this study highlights the importance of computational linguistic approaches to English linguistics and how they have transformed the way linguistics is studied and language technology has evolved. Future research trends will continue to drive the further development of computational linguistics methods, leading to a closer integration of linguistics with big data analytics and computational methods, creating more opportunities for the future of the field of linguistics.
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Devina, Devina. "Cross-linguistic influence of propositional and lexical semantics errors in Indonesian learner texts." Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics 11, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v11i3.36618.
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Advanced language acquisition applies rigorous understanding of the target language (TL) which oftentimes achieved by comparing mother tongue features to the TL. This is where cross-linguistic influence (CLI) occurs as learners transfer knowledge among languages. The study aims at investigating CLI in propositional and lexical semantics through questionnaire, weekly discussion, and assignment entries of 34 learner texts of Indonesian for Business Communication course at a private university in West Jakarta. Referring to Odlin’s (1989) CLI framework of semantics domain, the results show that CLI presents in 1) propositional semantics by 37.6% (i.e., semantic case by 4,3% and semantic universality and relativism by 33,3%) and 2) lexical semantics by 62,3% (i.e., cognate vocabulary by 8,6%; lexical universals and acquisition by 43% and lexicon and morphology by 10,7%). English (as the medium of instruction) influences the Indonesian production in word-choice, demonstrative determiner ini and itu; prefix-suffix conjugation (i.e., particle -lah, active-passive voice); and relative conjunction yang. The findings suggest the patterns of error produced by learners whose mother tongue is Dutch and who use English as their second language. Moreover, in Indonesian for Business Communication course, lecturers can refer to the findings of this research as a guide to support learners with their Indonesian language production. The findings also demonstrate that learners who are familiar with informal-daily Indonesian take more time in developing adequate formal Indonesian, compared to those who do not use the language as their daily communication.
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Ostapchuk, Ya V. "NOMINALIZED NOUNS IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES: SEMANTICS AND FUNCTIONING." PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Word, no. 3(55) (April 12, 2019): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2304-7402-2019-3(55)-157-165.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of semantics of verbal nouns as a consequence of nominalization processes in language. The notion of nominalization leads to the reduction of traditional verbal semantics – verbal features, functions or elements related to implementation of process and points to development and flow of phenomena, facts and events localized in time and space. Nominalized unit acquires signs of static semantics, the main function of which is naming and fixing of certain phenomena, facts and events, as well as identification of these facts, phenomena and events without taking into account their possible development in time and space.
The difference between the phenomena of substantivation and nominalization is established. Nominalized verbal nouns replace the predicate and take the position of the subject of the subordinate clause, acting as a means of secondary nomination, performing an anaphorical function.
Verbal nouns in the sentence structure act as a means of condensation and are semantic equivalents of sentences. They form a specific stratum of vocabulary both in Ukrainian and English languages which is characterized, on the one hand, by a close connection with the original verbs and, as a consequence, the preservation of lexical and even grammatical semantics of original verbs – semantics of action, process or dynamic state, and, on the other hand, belongs to the lexical-grammatical class of nouns, which causes not only significant semantic modifications of the original semantics, but also the emergence of various semantic components and connotations.
Both English and Ukrainian verbal nouns can transmit the meaning of state, process, the result of action, although their interpretation is modified by the context. The peculiarities of the transformation of sentences or similar units with predicative nature in English and Ukrainian languages are revealed.
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Кадыркулова, Ф. Д., and Р. К. Чурмукова. "АНГЛИС ТИЛИНДЕ ТҮРКИЗМДЕРДИН ПАЙДА БОЛУУ ТАРЫХЫ." Vestnik Bishkek state university af K Karasaev 67, no. 1 (April 12, 2024): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35254/bsu/2024.67.16.
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Relations between peoples are impossible without the communication of languages. This article examines the issue of words adopted into the English language with the help of Turkic languages that are used in the modern language. The languages of the Turkic peoples have left many traces in different languages. Also, to review the nature of Turkisms in English, to reveal the nature of assimilation of Turkisms in two language cultures and the general features of the communication process, and to determine the features of the development of the semantics of its usage. In addition, the history of the emergence of Turkisms in the English language is intended to determine the features of its usage and semantics. In dealing with Turkisms, it should be noted that the English language is deep and wide. It is defined as the process of transition or entry of elements of one language into another language as a result of linguistic contacts.
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Popova, Larisa Georgievna, Lyubov' Mikhailovna Shatilova, and Nadezhda Viktorovna Samarina. "Semantic content of indefinite pronouns in the English literary texts." Litera, no. 10 (October 2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.10.36364.
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The goal of this article lies in analysis of the semantics of indefinite pronouns of the English language, which form the core of the semantic field of uncertainty from the perspective of functional linguistics. The subject of this research is the semantic content of English indefinite pronouns in the literary and publicistic texts. The relevance of this work is defined by the lack of works in both domestic and foreign modern linguistics dedicated to indefinite pronouns of the English language. The scientific novelty consists systematization of indefinite pronouns in form of semantic field and determination of possible varieties of uncertainty through the semantics of this group of pronouns in the English literary texts. It is established that in literary texts, the indefinite pronouns of the core of the semantic field of uncertainty of the English language are used for conveying quite very peculiar; however, the key components are uncertainty and generality in evaluation of the unfolding events. Uncertainty can be explicit or conditional. Generality also correlates with uncertainty, leaving out particularities. The absence of particularities is the main semantic indicator of the use of nuclear indefinite pronouns in the literary texts.
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JP, Sanjanasri, Vijay Krishna Menon, Soman KP, Rajendran S, and Agnieszka Wolk. "Generation of Cross-Lingual Word Vectors for Low-Resourced Languages Using Deep Learning and Topological Metrics in a Data-Efficient Way." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121372.
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Linguists have been focused on a qualitative comparison of the semantics from different languages. Evaluation of the semantic interpretation among disparate language pairs like English and Tamil is an even more formidable task than for Slavic languages. The concept of word embedding in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has enabled a felicitous opportunity to quantify linguistic semantics. Multi-lingual tasks can be performed by projecting the word embeddings of one language onto the semantic space of the other. This research presents a suite of data-efficient deep learning approaches to deduce the transfer function from the embedding space of English to that of Tamil, deploying three popular embedding algorithms: Word2Vec, GloVe and FastText. A novel evaluation paradigm was devised for the generation of embeddings to assess their effectiveness, using the original embeddings as ground truths. Transferability across other target languages of the proposed model was assessed via pre-trained Word2Vec embeddings from Hindi and Chinese languages. We empirically prove that with a bilingual dictionary of a thousand words and a corresponding small monolingual target (Tamil) corpus, useful embeddings can be generated by transfer learning from a well-trained source (English) embedding. Furthermore, we demonstrate the usability of generated target embeddings in a few NLP use-case tasks, such as text summarization, part-of-speech (POS) tagging, and bilingual dictionary induction (BDI), bearing in mind that those are not the only possible applications.
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Mudrinich, S. "Valency of the Words of Semantics of State in Ukrainian and English Languages." Studia Linguistica, no. 12 (2018): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.12.74-84.
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The article studies the point of the levels of valency of the words of semantics of state with further comparative analysis of their valency in Ukrainian and English languages. The meaning of categorical valency and lexical compatibility of the words of semantics of state in both languages are being analyzed. The notion of lexical and syntactic valency of the words of semantics of state in Ukrainian and English languages is being determined. Defining the lecxical valency of the word aware, we used data about its syntactic valency and investigated its lexical compatibility. When we considering lexical valency, the lexical filling of syntactic valency models and the lexical filling of the Sub – St Prdv і Sub – StAttr syntactic constructions were traced. The lexical valency of the word булострашно (was scary) and its synonyms is being defined. The word of semantics of state було страшно (was scary) and its synonyms have the following types of syntactic valence: predicative valency (V ↔ StPrd), subjective valency (Obj′→ StPrd), object valency (St Prd/Attr/Com → Obj). The method of determing the lexical, syntactic, categorical valency of the words of semantics of state in Ukrainian language is the same as in the English language. To establish the categorial valency of the words of semantics of state, the words that belong to the main part-language digits of the words of semantics of state were analized, on the basis of which the words of semantics of state in the English language were formed: it is dangerous, it is comfortable, asleeр, afraid. The syntactic valency of the word of semantics of state aware and the units with which it is connected were considered from the point of view of connectivity of the word awarein the language, and the syntactic valency of the word of semantics of stateбуло страшно (was scary) and its synonyms and words with which it comes into contact was also figured out.
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Doszhan, Gulzhan. "Semantic features of the use of English business terms in Turkic languages." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 5, no. 4 (September 17, 2018): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v5i4.3700.
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It is to consider that on the basis of international relationships, interlingual contacts amplify, certainly, loanwords concern to one of its main indicators. The dictionary fund of any language is enriched at the expense of the internal lexical resources of this language and at the expense of loanwords of other languages. In this regard, it should be noted that Turkic languages accept a large number of borrowings and terms from English. Such language situation is one of the reasons for the emergence of an interference process as a result of which the standard of speech of the Turkic people is broken. In this paper, the semantical peculiarities of English business terms in Turkic language are comprehensively analysed and puts forward a number of constructive recommendations on the development of Turkic terminological fund.Keywords: English business terms, Turkic languages, semantics, language contacts.
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Cherikbaeva, Nargiza, and Ayima Ryskulova. "PHRASEOLOGICAL EUPHEMISMS WITH A ZOONYM COMPONENT IN THE KYRGYZ AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.231.29.
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The article is devoted to the study of Phraseological euphemisms with a zoonym component in the Kyrgyz and English languages. The main criteria of phraseological euphemisms are considered: contextual connections, specificity of semantics and structure of language units. The most successful ways of creating phraseological euphemisms with a zoonym component in the Kyrgyz and English languages are noted. Zoonym components in the Kyrgyz and English languages are distinguished by a special mental natural association that unites people with the animal world, which is based on a deep connection between the evaluation of semantics and biological signs of animals. The animals in the phraseological euphemisms is its semantic center, and it is in it where lies the basic metaphorical meaning that gives the meaning to the whole expression. The Kyrgyz and English phraseological euphemisms with the zoonym component fund are rich and diverse. Kyrgyz language has a large number of bright expressions throughout its history, its phraseology being its treasury. Phraseological units reflect the history and culture of a nation, the mode of life and consciousness. These units represent a significant, widely used layer of vocabulary, among which phraseological units containing animal names are of particular interest.
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Boasiako, Albert Antwi. "What “the Semantic Sieve” Determines in the Process of Translation." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2019-17-2-176-195.
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Semantics is meaning communicated through language (Saeed I.J.). Semantics is the study of relationship between words and their meanings; it is directly linked with the conceptual meaning of words, and the associative meaning. Semantic sieve as a concept is an innovative phenomenon. This linguistic phenomenon is a process whereby a word is dispersed through a semantic tunnel which in some cases produces different meaning. This is explained through different models. The semantic sieve is related to translation, where the deep structure of words differs from the surface structure. There are some concepts and words in Akan and English that are absent in Russian, others are known in Akan but virtually absent in the English language.
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Boasiako, Albert Antwi. "What “the Semantic Sieve” Determines in the Process of Translation." Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 176–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2020-17-2-176-195.
Full textAbstract:
Semantics is meaning communicated through language (Saeed I.J.). Semantics is the study of relationship between words and their meanings; it is directly linked with the conceptual meaning of words, and the associative meaning. Semantic sieve as a concept is an innovative phenomenon. This linguistic phenomenon is a process whereby a word is dispersed through a semantic tunnel which in some cases produces different meaning. This is explained through different models. The semantic sieve is related to translation, where the deep structure of words differs from the surface structure. There are some concepts and words in Akan and English that are absent in Russian, others are known in Akan but virtually absent in the English language.
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Al-Asbahi, Khaled Mohammed Moqbel. "Insights into the Semantics of Reduplication in English and Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n1p384.
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The paper aims to describe and compare the semantics of reduplication in English and Arabic. The paper shows more semantic similarities in reduplication than differences between both languages; although, Arabic reduplication is noted to be semantically more productive than English reduplication. Both languages divide reduplication into full/partial, free/bound, and continuous/discontinuous. Moreover, both languages share the senses of reduplication like; repetition, emphasis, intensity, onomatopoeia, contempt, affection, plurality, non-uniformity, and instability, nonsense, spread out, scatter, movement, contrast, continuity, completion, and lack of control. The semantic connection was developed between most of these concepts, which showed that ambiguity was common between both languages. Both the languages used reduplication in the nursery rhymes, lyrics, games, prayers, second language teaching, children’s phonics cartoons, advertisements, tongue twisters, slogans, newspaper headlines, and political and ideological rhetoric. These similarities support the belief of some linguists stating that different languages in the world share a variety of ‘universal’ semantic features. The study concluded that Arabic reduplication was semantically more productive than English reduplication.
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Gorskaya, Natalia, and Vera Glyzina. "Semantic Interpretation of English Nouns Referring to Units of Time." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001063.
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The paper deals with the semantics of English nouns integrating a time component basing on respected English-language dictionaries. The timeliness of the topic under consideration is substantiated in terms of interaction and interconnection of the language and culture and is proved to be one of the major problems of the cognitive linguistics. The nouns possessing the semantic feature of “time” in their meaning have been revealed and analyzed. The culture, customs and traditions of different nations are pointed out to influence directly the formation of the language worldview which is expressed in the meanings being different from each other. Nominal groups of time semantics are shown to be characterized by sufficient amount of possibilities to express time meanings. A group of nouns in the English language has been proved to represent a single semantic structure of the lexical item of time. This lexical item is classifiable and can be identified from personal acquisition. The results of the investigation are theoretically significant covering the general doctrine of words and their semantic structure. The results, in particular, indicate that a considerably greater number of semantic features is available in the peripheral sphere of a noun meaning than it was used to be believed, the same being true of the prototype nature of these very features. All these factors are of apparent interest concerning any investigation in the field of cognitive science. Practical importance of the work consists in the possibility to use the results of the investigation in the English language practical training, in the lecture courses dealing with lexical semantics, cognitive linguistics, while compiling educational books, instructing on term papers and undergraduate theses.
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Winters, Margaret E., and Francis James. "Semantics of the English Subjunctive." Language 64, no. 2 (June 1988): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415452.
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Abilkazievich, Musaev Abish, and Khudaybergenova Zukhra Urazbaevna. "SYNTACTIC-SEMANTIC REALIZATION OF CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES IN ENGLISH AND KARAKALPAK LANGUAGES." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 5, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume05issue11-03.
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The article deals with the syntactic-semantic expression of causative structures in English and Karakalpak languages. Causative structures in comparatively studied languages have their own characteristics, and the semantics of causative verbs in English and Karakalpak languages are presented in a certain classification. In the Karakalpak language, causation is formed under the influence of the lexical meaning of the verb, certain morphological forms and context while in English it is formed by analytical and lexical means. Moreover, it is represented that if the causative structure is used together with the main predicate, it acts as a complex participle.
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Woods, Rebecca. "The acquisition of dative alternation by German-English bilingual and English monolingual children." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5, no. 2 (July 10, 2015): 252–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.5.2.04woo.
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The vulnerability of the syntax–semantics interface in simultaneous bilingual first language acquisition is still up for debate; while some scholars have found crosslinguistic transfer at this interface, others found no such influence. To determine which kinds of syntax–semantics interface phenomena may be vulnerable, this study examines the acquisition and use of dative alternation by German-English bilingual children and adults compared with English monolingual children and German and English monolingual adults. The study shows that bilingual children interpret and comprehend dative constructions in English like their monolingual peers but their production of dative constructions in German is influenced by English. This suggests that syntax–semantics interface phenomena relating to the representation of verbs’ objects are vulnerable to influence. However, bilingual adults perform like monolinguals in both languages. These results suggest that any indeterminacy in the use of dative alternation in the adult state is due to L1 attrition rather than incomplete L1 acquisition.
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Duff, Patricia A. "Syntax, Semantics, and SLA." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100011645.
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This paper examines the intersection of syntax and semantics in second language acquisition (SLA), a perspective on language learning that has received relatively little attention in the past, in ordertoanswer the following question: Why do English-as-a-second-language (ESL) learners tend to use the same morpheme (e.g., HAVE) for Possessives (P) and Existentials (E), when English has separate forms (HAVE, THERE BE) for these two functions? Working within a functionalist framework, data are analyzed from the longitudinal case study of a Cambodian adult who, despite formal ESL instruction and residence in an English-speaking community, persistently uses the form has for both P and E. Although first language transfer can be invoked as a partial explanation forthis, it alone cannot account for the systematic conflation of P and E in interlanguage. Rather, it is argued that the shared semanticproperties of P/E, together with syntactic, pragmatic, and perceptual characteristics of native language, interlanguage, and second language constructions, make this overlap imminently transferable, especially in untutored or low-level instructed SLA.
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Hao, Jing. "Nominalisations in scientific English." Functions of Language 27, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.16055.hao.
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Abstract This paper examines nominalisation in scientific discourse in English, focusing on a distinction between what I will refer to as ‘live’ and ‘dead’ grammatical metaphors. Live metaphors refer to a nominal realisation of an ideational discourse semantic figure; dead metaphors are found in the same nominalisations as live metaphors, but they realise an entity rather than a figure. The distinction is made by drawing on a tristratal approach that is informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics and that considers nominalisation simultaneously from the perspectives of field, discourse semantics, and lexicogrammar. Although the paper focuses on nominalisation, it illustrates a broader line of argumentation that can be extended to the analysis of ideational discourse semantic meanings in general.
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Loskutnikova, Margarita A. "THE SEMANTICS OF CONTRAST AS A REFLECTION OF BIPOLAR VIEW OF LIFE IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF CHINA IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 2 (2018): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2018_4_2_56_68.
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The semantics of contrast is an essential part of Chinese policy rhetoric which is conveyed through the lens of Chinese values and culture rooted in historical and national memory of the people. The category of opposition reflects Chinese mentality indicating that oppositions in the Chinese language are culturally determined. This semantics in English discourse of Chinese mass media has rarely been the focus of linguists’ attention. The current article presents the results of the research of binary oppositions in Chinese political discourse published in English (ChPDE). This article views linguistic representation of binary oppositions in ChPDE reflecting the Chinese linguistic world image. In this study, the methods of semantic, discourse, linguistic and cultural analysis were applied. It was discovered that in ChPDE, the features of Chinese-English language interference almost disappeared from grammatical and lexical levels, however English text still preserves Chinese connotations determined by the national mentality. It was demonstrated that bipolar world is formed by means of binary oppositions reflected in ChPDE where the semantics of oppositions is manifested by language means mostly on lexical level.
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Ismoilova, Dilorom. "CRIMINAL TERMINOLOGY IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES." American Journal Of Philological Sciences 03, no. 03 (March 1, 2023): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue03-09.
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The article discusses the terminological layer of English and Uzbek languages in terms of “Crime” semantics. The author highlights distinctive features of legal terms and scrutinizes the reasons for lexical gaps that occurred in languages. The semantical relations between terms are analyzed and compared according to the principles of structural linguistics. It is important to determine the relationship between law and language in the establishment of a democratic legal state of any country. The fact that law is applied to every sphere of life and that no person is outside the scope of law further strengthens this idea.
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Myhalets, Oksana Ivanivna. "Semantic Peculiarities of the Verbs with the Highest Degree of Polysemy Denoting Conflict Actions." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, no. 3 (May 10, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0038.
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The purpose of thе article is to conduct a lexico-semantic analysis of the language units denoting conflict actions in modern English. Our task is to find out the semantic peculiarities of the polysemantic verbs in the language under study, which form the group of words denoting conflict actions with the highest degree of polysemy. The research has been carried out with the help of the system and structural approach, based on a combination of the formalized analysis of lexical semantics with linguistic methods of research. Such a combination is necessary for revealing the system and structural organization of lexical units denoting conflict actions and their inner mechanisms of functioning in modern English. As a result, the degree of the semantic relativity of the language units denoting conflict actions as well as the character of the semes’ functionality have been revealed. In addition, both common and distinctive features, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the verbs’ semantics in the language under study have been disclosed. Complex lexico-semantic analysis of the language units denoting conflict actions in English gave the opportunity to treat them as phenomena of person’s everyday life and activities as well as to find out different ways and means of their language expressions by means of the matrix.
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Scontras, Gregory. "Accounting for counting: A unified semantics for measure terms and classifiers." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 23 (August 24, 2013): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v23i0.2656.
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This paper develops and extends the semantic account of morphological number marking in the presence of numerals from Scontras (2013). The account handles variation in patterns of number marking along two dimensions: cross-linguistically, between languages that either necessitate or prohibit singular morphology in the presence of numerals greater than ‘one’, and within one and the same language: English. The proposed semantics accounts for both sorts of variation by assuming flexibility in the selection of the measure relevant to the one-ness presupposition of the morphological singular form. The system also provides an explanation for the Slobin-Greenberg-Sanches Generalization, which states that no classifier language has obligatory number marking: by aligning the semantics of counting in both number marking and classifier languages, and by assuming that nouns in classifier languages denote kinds, the semantic contribution of number marking is necessarily redundant in classifier languages. A system of obligatory number marking only surfaces in languages where it delivers otherwise unrecoverable information about the number of intended referents.
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Peña, Elizabeth D., Lisa M. Bedore, Prarthana Shivabasappa, and Luping Niu. "Effects of divided input on bilingual children with language impairment." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918768367.
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Aims and objectives: We compare the performance of 600 bilingual children with and without language impairment relative to their level of current English input and output (EIO). Children were tested in both Spanish and English on measures of morphosyntax and semantics. Our aim was to examine whether children’s language performance was differentially affected by the level of EIO and/or language ability. Methodology: Participants were drawn from three different studies of bilingual language impairment where children between the ages of 5 and 10 years were tested using a standardized test of morphosyntax and semantics in both languages. Standard scores were compared for each language in each domain. Data and analysis: Multivariate regression was used to compare main effects of ability (children with typical language development versus children with language impairment) and interactions with EIO. This analysis was followed by a comparison of EIO across the four language measures. Findings/conclusions: There were main effects of language impairment status and EIO. There were ability differences in slope for two measures (English semantics and Spanish morphosyntax), where children with language impairment had a flatter slope as related to EIO compared to children with typical development. For Spanish semantics and English morphosyntax, slopes relative to EIO were similar, although children with language impairment scored lower than those with typical development. Originality: We observed how children with and without language impairment performed on semantics and morphosyntax tasks relative to their EIO. Implications: The similar slopes across language measures of children with and without language impairment suggest that there is no disadvantage to divided input by ability. Where there were differences by ability, children with language impairment showed a flatter slope relative to their typically developing peers, suggesting that bilingual children with primary language impairment (PLI) may be somewhat advantaged relative to more monolingual children with PLI.
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Valera, Salvador. "The semantics of noun-to-verb zero-derivation in English and Spanish." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 42, no. 1 (May 12, 2023): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2022-2016.
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Abstract The semantics of zero-derivation/conversion has attracted renewed interest both as a subject of description and as a means towards refined descriptions of the process. This paper takes the latter stance and compares which semantic categories occur in zero-derivation/conversion and in overt affixation in two languages with a different morphological model: English and Spanish. For attestation and distribution of the semantic categories, the paper relies on a stratified sample of denominal verbs collected from two comparable corpora: the British National Corpus and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual. The sample consists in sets of ca. 50 denominal verb-forming resources, one per affixation process, namely affixation by -ate, -(i)fy, -ize/-ise, -en, en- in English, a-…-ar, en-…-ar, -ear, -ecer, -(i)ficar, -izar in Spanish, and zero-derivation/conversion in both languages. The results are contrasted within and across affixes/processes, within each language and across the two languages for the adequacy of a description as zero-derivation or as conversion. Statistical analysis shows that the process/affixes form a cline with overlaps and closer associations between specific affixes/processes and semantic categories, but no clear divide between zero-derivation/conversion and the rest of processes as far as the semantic categories are concerned.
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McCafferty, Kevin. "Innovation in language contact." Diachronica 21, no. 1 (July 30, 2004): 113–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.21.1.06mcc.
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The be after V-ing gram has been used in representations of Irish English since the seventeenth century. In early texts it often has future meanings that have been regarded as inauthentic because the Irish Gaelic construction that is the source of the gram is a perfect. This article accounts for the coexistence of future and perfect uses as an outcome of the interaction of two types of language transfer: the gram was ‘borrowed’ (‘pull transfer’) into English by English-speakers as well as being ‘imposed’ (‘push transfer’) on English by Gaelic-speakers. In borrowing the gram, English-speakers attributed to after prospective senses that grammaticalise as futures, especially desire and goalward movement. In imposition, Gaelic-speakers and language-shifters used be after V-ing as a perfect, in line with retrospective meanings of after and the semantics of the Gaelic construction. Both transfer types occurred simultaneously, though future uses dominated the record until the mid-eighteenth century. This gave way to a century of change until mid-nineteenth century, and perfect senses have dominated since the 1850s. The timing coincides with the spread of bilingualism and language shift: as more Irish shifted to English, imposition became the dominant transfer type. Thus, future uses are an outcome of ‘negotiation’ in the contact between Gaelic and English: Gaelic contributed the structure and perfect semantics, English the future semantics. Comparison with a crosslinguistic model of future grammaticalisation shows future uses of be after V-ing to conform to the development typical of future grams.
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Ruda, N. "The Syntactic Means of Smallness NotionRepresentation in Ukrainian, English and Latin Languages." Studia Linguistica, no. 12 (2018): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.12.111-123.
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In the article the structure, semantics and functions of syntactic means of the smallness notion representation in Ukrainian, English and Latin languages are compared and analyzed. Common and particular for each language semantic-functional characteristics of analytical diminutive units are identified. The ability of syntactic means to express the full range of meanings associated with the notion of smallness is highlighted. The category of smallness (diminutiveness, diminution) is postulated in the article as a general gnoseological-linguistic category. The category of smallness usually denotes the small size of the object or the weakened manifestation of a feature or action, but very often the noted meanings can be accompanied by different evaluative-emotional and expressive semes. In different languages the smallness notion can be represented by means of different levels of the language structure, whose role in each language is certainly not the same. As we know, Ukrainian and Latin are synthetic languages, which explains the priority in expressing the notion of smallness by means of suffixation, while English as an analytical language has a smaller amount and productivity of diminutive suffixes, what is compensated by syntactic means. The study found out that in Ukrainian and Latin languages the diminutive phrases express mainly the meaning of real smallness, but in English the using of syntactic means in accordance with the needs of the native speakers compensates the lack of both suffixal diminutives of objective smallness semantics and suffixal diminutives of evaluative-emotional and expressive meaning.
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Alabi, Taofeek Olanrewaju. "A Contrastive Lexicology of Greeting and Food Terms of English and Ogu Language: Its Pedagogical Implications." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v4i1.859.
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This paper is a contrastive study of two semantic fields of English and Ogu language namely greeting terms and food terms with the aim of identifying how lexical variations in the two semantic fields affect the learning of English by Ogu second language (L2) learner. The paper observed that the internal differentiation of human societies is reflected in the two languages, and responsible for some learning difficulties of Ogu English learner, especially in the lexis, which is considered as more culturally generated. The theoretical framework for the study is anchored on structural semantics, Sapir-whorf hypothesis and contrastive analysis principles. Twenty (20) subjects, who are Ogu/English bilinguals were purposively selected and interviewed with specific questions from the two semantic fields under study. The findings revealed that the socio-cultural and geographical realities of each speech community accounts for their vocabulary and naming of words. The paper thus recommended proper understanding of the learner’s culture for proper translation of texts, design appropriate module for teaching and learning English, and a practical classroom approach to learning of second language vocabulary as some of the ways of resolving the learning problems confronted by Ogu learners of English.
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Kleiner, Luna Filipovic. "The Semantics of English Prepositions." Journal of Pragmatics 37, no. 5 (May 2005): 775–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.03.009.
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Koktová, Eva. "Semantics of the English subjunctive." Journal of Pragmatics 11, no. 5 (October 1987): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(87)90185-8.
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Umaru, Yakubu Jacob, and Salih Muhammad Jamiu Alagolo. "The Semantics of before in the Nigeria Criminal Code Ac." Feb-Mar 2024, no. 42 (March 1, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jls.42.1.12.
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This paper is premised on the semantic analysis of the preposition Before in the ‘Nigeria Criminal Code Act’. The study opts for the preposition due to its paramount importance in languages, and the vital roles its proper usage and understanding could play in the interpretation of laws. The Nigeria Criminal Code Act’ was used to determine the senses associated with the preposition serves as the primary source of data collection. The study gleans the semantics through the extensive reading from the primary source to detect the semantics from the contexts; and the reading of relevant Dictionaries and other published and unpublished books on the semantics of preposition before to collect the semantic networks of the selected preposition. A table is used to showcase the recurrence of the selected preposition before and its senses in the chosen legal text. The work advances the Principled Polysemy Approach to first explore both prototypical and extended senses of the preposition in English as a natural language with a view to serving as the threshold and premises for the examination of its senses in the chosen legal text; and to see if there is any peculiarity in the senses associated with the selected preposition in the text. The research concludes that, the extended senses are the only senses associated with the selected preposition in the document. There is no significant difference between the semantics of before, in the document and its senses in everyday English. Though, the language of the law is different from everyday language, this is not applied to all aspects of the language. This paper from the study concludes that the use of the one-word preposition in legal language is not different from their uses in everyday language.