Relevant bibliographies by topics / English language – Word formation

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Academic literature on the topic 'English language – Word formation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "English language – Word formation"

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Enesi, Miranda. "The Effect of Teaching Word Formation Theory to English Students." European Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v7i1.p7-12.

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The word-formation theory is often avoided in English language course books and little research is conducted on the pedagogical status of word-building process. However, many researchers and lecturers have realized the effect of teaching word-formation theory in English languages course books. English language lecturers have noted that vocabulary is very important in various subjects of English language branch curricula. For this reason, we must admit that the processes of word-formation, through which every language vocabulary can be enriched, are very important in English language teaching and learning. Word formation components such as prefixes, suffixes, etymology, history of words and other required materials in composing the vocabulary of English language are tested in Aleksandër Moisiu University. The results have revealed a significant and successful effect of teaching Word formation theory, this way showing the colossal importance of this important language aspect in every English language edition course book. This paper has two aims: first to review types of English word-formation and, second, to discuss the absence and the need for word-formation theory in English language course books. Keywords: Word formation, prefixes, suffixes, words, vocabulary.
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Kuptsova, Tetiana, and Iryna Koliieva. "STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES OF RAILWAY TERM FORMATION IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 9(77) (January 30, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-43-46.

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The structural peculiarities of the railway term formation is investigated in the article. It is demonstrated that the most common ways of the one component railway term formation are suffixation and prefixation. The prefixation-suffixation type is a less productive way of the word building. Compound words proved to form a large group of the railway terms. The relations among the components of a compound word represent a specific type of semantic and structural relations of the word in a word combination, where the terms which consist of «noun+noun», «adjective+noun» predominate. In the system of the English railway terminology among the component terms the most widespread are nouns that explains that nouns define processes, equipment, devices, and objects. This paper outlines some linguistic properties of technical terms. The article focuses on some linguistic features of a term. Being a linguistic object with the common and specific features of a language system a term has all lexical-semantic and formal features of the words and word combinations of a natural language. In the process of the affixation term building the semantics of a derived word is defined by an affix that is why an affix can bear a particular word building meaning. But having definite motivational relations between a derivative and a derived word the semantics of the derived word is not always determined by the meanings of its components. Deciding the semantics of a derived term many factors should be taken into consideration: conversion, the peculiarities of a compound word, polysemy etc. It should be underlined that morphological or affixation type of the term forming is based on the principles of word building of the literary language.
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Karlygash, Shokhayeva, Akmarzhan Auyelbekova, Gulnar Shomanova, Saule Dutbayeva, and Marzhan Zhapanova. "Features of word formation of new vocabulary in English." XLinguae 16, no. 1 (January 2023): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2023.16.01.11.

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Word formation is a branch of linguistics in which the ways of forming words of a language are studied. By studying word formation, one can understand the means of enriching the language as a whole. After all, the language we speak is constantly changing, everything that happens in society is reflected in the language through new words and word meanings, and the main source of the appearance of new words in the language is word formation. This article is devoted to the study of word-formation models in the English language. The article contains information about the main word-formation models in the English language, their problems, features and classifications. In addition, this article discusses a new vocabulary, which is constantly replenished by all modern languages due to the intensive development of all spheres of human activity. In this case, English is no exception, and among the many sources that fix neologisms in this language. The focus is on the aspect of word formation of neologisms, namely all the traditional ways: affixation, word composition, reduction and conversion. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the word composition occupies the first place in productivity, reduction – in the second, affixation – in the third, conversion – in the last. This means that word composition has not lost its leading positions, and affixation and conversion have become less common. It is interesting to note the continued productivity of the following word composition and conversion models. In affixation, prefixes of Latin origin were the most frequent, as well as such suffixes. Also, this article is an analysis of the main scientific concepts that reveal the essence of the theory of word formation: its place in the language system. The area of controversial issues concerning the morpheme as the main unit of word formation is outlined. The author focuses on a comprehensive approach to the theory of word formation in projection on the practice of word analysis.
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Kathpalia, Sujata S. "Neologisms." English World-Wide 39, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 34–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.00002.kat.

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Abstract Studies in word-formation in English are common compared to the study of new words that are formed by combining the resources of two linguistic systems. Although new word formations within a language are considered to be highly creative, combining words from two different languages provides another level of creativity to bilinguals in different situations. The objective of this paper is to examine the main types of word creation processes employed in mass media texts, particularly in Hindi-English code-mixed words. The focus is on three main processes of word creation: affixation, blending and compounding (including reduplication) and they are discussed from the perspective of productivity/creativity, distribution and underlying motivations. These processes seem to be illustrative of the nativization of inner circle English in India, particularly in mass media where such lexical adaptations lend texts a distinct flavor through innovation in word-formation.
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Baumgardner, Robert J. "Word-Formation In Pakistani English." English World-Wide 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 205–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.19.2.04bau.

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The article discusses patterns of word-formation which are specifically characteristic of Pakistani English, providing ample documentation from a variety of indigenous sources. In particular, attention is paid to compounding, affixation, conversion, back-formation, clipping, abbreviation/acronyms, and blends. Also, results of an acceptability test of select word-formations are reported.
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Rishat Zhurkenovich, Saurbayev, Zhetpisbay Aliya Kozhamuratkyzy, Demessinova Galina Khatipovna, Kulbayeva Baglan Tasbulatovna, and Vafeev Ravil Aisovich. "The Principles of Economy in Word-Formation in Functional Styles of English." Arab World English Journal 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol12no2.29.

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The article is devoted to studying the principles of the language economy of modern English word-forming. The most productive ways of word-formation are highlighted, illustrating the tendency of the language to compress nominative units. In the system of English word-formation, the most effective ways to save speech are affixal word formation, word composition, and conversion. Due to the considerable potential of these methods of word formation, the vocabulary of the English language has such qualities as the richness of vocabulary, functionality, and economy. The main aim of the study is to consider the principles of word-formation in the modern English language through word-forming models represented by the concepts of length and depth of the generating word. The authors of the article explore the mechanism of the principle of the economy through the consideration of the ideas of “mental energy”, “word-forming energy”, and “pronouncing energy”. There are issues that attempt to answer; how does the principle of economy work in the English language – its word formation? What are the significant models of word formation in modern English? The findings indicate that there are active processes in the word-formation of the English language, which can cause the formation of new words without changing the length and depth of the generating term expanding the possibilities of word composition and conversion.
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Beishenalieva, A., and A. Bekbalaev. "The Influence of Language Peculiarities on the Structure of Word-formation Models." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 9 (September 15, 2023): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/94/29.

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This article examines the influence of language peculiarities on the structure of word-formation models in the context of advertising discourse. The aim of the research is to identify the specific features and differences in the structure of word-formation models between English and Russian languages, as well as to evaluate their translational equivalents. Within this study, a comprehensive analysis of advertising texts in English and Russian languages was conducted, with a focus on word-formation models. The structure of word-formation models was systematically classified and analyzed, taking into account various language peculiarities and mechanisms of word-formation. The results of the research demonstrate significant differences in the structure of word-formation models between English and Russian languages. English, characterized by a wealth of prefixes and suffixes, exhibits a more flexible and diverse structure of word-formation models, whereas Russian language stands out for its predominant use of suffixes and endings. Additionally, the article presents an analysis of the translation of word-formation models from English to Russian. This analysis helped to identify difficulties and challenges associated with translating the structures of word-formation models between the two languages. The scientific significance of this research lies in expanding our knowledge about the structure of word-formation models and their translation in advertising discourse. The practical significance of the research lies in providing a foundation for the development of effective translation strategies for word-formation models in advertising texts between English and Russian languages. In conclusion, the study confirms that language peculiarities have a significant influence on the structure of word-formation models in advertising discourse. Understanding these peculiarities and being able to translate word-formation models effectively are crucial for creating successful advertising campaigns that accurately convey the intended message and emotional undertones of the original texts in the target language. Further research directions may involve a deeper analysis of specific language peculiarities in other language pairs, as well as the development of recommendations and methodologies for translating word-formation models in advertising discourse. Additionally, investigating the impact of the structure of word-formation models on the perception and effectiveness of advertising texts among different cultural groups and audiences can be explored.
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Qamar, Md Tauseef, Juhi Yasmeen, Md Arfeen Zeeshan, and Sanket Pathak. "Coroneologisms and Word Formation Processes in Hindi-English Codemixed Words." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2022): 59–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.12.1.59-89.

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The COVID-19 pandemic came with a flux of new words, terminologies, and phrases, which led to the rapid coinage or neologisms in the world's different languages. These lexical innovations may take place within one language as well as with the combination of two different languages. Therefore, this paper scrutinizes coroneologisms and word-formation processes in Hindi-English code-mixed words. Such a phenomenon happened due to the acceptance of English by Indians besides their mother tongue which makes them bilingual. The data were gathered from newspapers, blogs, social media, TV news, etc. Next, the linguistic analysis of the data revealed different types of word classes in Hindi-English codemixed words such as compounding, affixation, blending, and reduplication. Out of these, compounding and borrowing were reported as the most productive types of coroneologisms in Hindi-English code-mixed words.
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Fang, Yan-Qing. "A Glimpse at the Study of English Neologism." Business Prospects 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52288/bp.27089851.2021.12.13.

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Language is a social phenomenon and changes with the development of society. Neologisms are new words and new expressions which are the cutting edge of language. Neologisms are being invented or introduced every day to express new things and new ideas in society. Scholars usually discuss neologisms from two perspectives: the time perspective and the semantic perspective. Neologisms can be classified according to their functions, their coinage processes, their formation, and their sources. There are three main methods of new word creation: neologisms by rules of word-formation; neologisms by adding new meanings to existing words; neologisms by borrowing words from other languages. Even a single method is quite productive in new word creation.
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Grlj, Tina. "Blending as a Word-Formation Process." Journal for Foreign Languages 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vestnik.14.85-106.

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Although there are several ways of creating new words, the article investigates the morphological process that is referred to as lexical blending. Even if this minor word-formation process is increasingly popular, it is still not clearly defined and limited. This process is present in many languages, and is clear proof of how inventive a language can be. The first part of the article presents an examination of defining characteristics of blending and blend words according to different authors. The second part of the article is of a practical nature. Some of the key characteristics of blends discussed in the first part are tested on the basis of a corpus, which was compiled specifically for this purpose and contains 458 English and 396 French blends. Blends from each language are analysed separately in order to reveal any major discrepancies between English and French. The focal points of the analysis are the lexical categories of blends and of the source words entering each blend, the presence or absence of shortening of source words, the type of shortening of source words, the structural patterns of blends, the presence or absence of overlap between the source words, the type of overlap and the frequency of infixation. These parameters are corroborated by the statistical analysis of the corpus in order to reveal any prominent structural patterns in both languages. Additionally, some of these points of analysis are compared to the findings presented by Vincent Renner in “French and English lexical blends in contrast” (2018). His study includes 97 French and 374 English blends from two corresponding dictionaries in both languages, namely the Grand Robert de la langue française and the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "English language – Word formation"

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Enarsson, Anna. "New Blends in the English Language." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-674.

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Titel: New Blends in the English Language

Författare: Anna Enarsson

Antal sidor: 29

Abstract: The aim of this essay was to identify new blends that have entered the English language. Firstly six different word-formation processes, including blending, was described. Those were compounding, clipping, backformation, acronyming, derivation and blending. The investigation was done by using a list of blends from Wikipedia. The words were looked up in the Longman dictionary of 2005 and in a dictionary online. A google search and a corpus investigation were also conducted. The investigation suggested that most of the blends were made by clipping and the second most common form was clipping and overlapping. Blends with only overlapping was unusual and accounted for only three percent. The investigation also suggested that the most common way to create blends by clipping was to use the first part of the first word and the last part of the second word. The blends were not only investigated according to their structure but also according to the domains they occur in. This part of the investigation suggested that the blends were most frequent in the technical domain, but also in the domain of society

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Feldmanis, Sheila. "A Corpus-based Study of Tok Pisin with particular reference to Word Formation." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1492.

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The aim of this study is to compare Tok Pisin with English and, in doing so, try to determine whether it is a developing language, moving forwards in its own right, or whether it is a language in the process of disappearing. This possibility was discussed in 1985 by Don Laycock in the article "The Future of Tok Pisin", where he predicts that the language will decline in popularity and use and that "... in perhaps 50 years time, Tok Pisin will most likely be being studied by scholars among a small community of old men."
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Schwarz, Iris-Corinna. "Speech perception, phonological sensitivity, and articulation in early vocabulary development." Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/20360.

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Speech perception, articulation, and word learning are three major tiers of language development in young children, integrating perceptual and productive language abilities. Infant speech perception precedes speech production and is the basis for native language learning. By investigating the relationship between the attention to phonological detail in speech and word learning, the degree of phonological detail in the lexical representations can be inferred. This relationship can be described by two models: the vocabulary-driven and phonology-driven model. The vocabulary-driven model proposes that the structure of the lexicon influences attention to phonological detail in speech perception, and this model is consistent with the Lexical Restructuring Model. On the other hand the phonology-driven model proposes that vocabulary increases as a result of increased attention to phonological detail in speech. To infer the phonological specifications of lexical representations of words in 2½- to 3-year-olds, the variables vocabulary, phonological sensitivity, language specific speech perception and articulation accuracy were tested in a longitudinal study with 60 participants. For these variables, new measures were developed, adapted, and tested. It was found that phonological sensitivity at 30 months predicted vocabulary at 33 months, but not the opposite. This supports the prediction of the phonology-driven model. However, in an augmented version of the vocabulary-driven model that included all variables, articulation at 30 months was found to predict phonological sensitivity at 33 months. These results are discussed in the light of the Lexical Restructuring Model, and the interaction of speech perception, articulation skills, and lexical representations, and suggestions for future research are offered. APPENDICES ON CD-ROM CAN BE VIEWED AT UWS LIBRARY
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Nilsson, Daniel. "Morpho-semantic processes in the English language used in a Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game : A case study of neologisms in Warhammer Online." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2626.

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The language used in Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (or MMORPGs) is a form of computer-mediate communication. It consists of elements from both written and spoken language, but it is a highly abbreviated and innovative form of written language. This study focuses on the English language used in a MMORPG called Warhammer Online. The aim of this study is to identify abbreviations, interpret their meanings and to analyze the word formation processes and semantic changes that are involved in new words. The method used in this study is a qualitative case study of the English language in a MMORPG from a synchronic point of view. The secondary sources used in this study include previous works on morphology and semantics. The material used is based on logs acquired from the game Warhammer Online as a subscribed player. The results presented in this study show new and unique words created by players in Warhammer Online, along with other semantic changes that have taken place. It is concluded that the English written language has not seen such a major change in its entirety before, within one community.

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Golmann, Malcolm. "Investigating British and American English : Dictionary research and corpus investigation." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8701.

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The aim of this Magister Degree Project has been to investigate if can corpora be used to investigate patterns of lexical distribution and/or borrowing from one variety to another. Another aim has been to investigate how well classification of lexical items as either “British” or “American” supported by evidence from corpora of English.

In order to accomplish these aims sets of lexical items have been examined in two ways: first through dictionary research and “dictionary dating”, and second through the use of such English corpora as the British National Corpus (BNC), the United Kingdom Web Archiving Consortium (ukWaC), and the TIME Corpus of American English. The results of this research suggest that the simplistic labelling of certain items as “American” versus “British” is sometimes misleading, and that corpus investigations on their own, though useful, may not be entirely sufficient in this context.

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Joandi, Linnéa. "Productivity Measurements Applied to Ten English Prefixes : A comparison of different measures of morphological productivity based on ten prefixes in English." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-81966.

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Morphological productivity is difficult to define and describe. Nevertheless have several measures been proposed by scholars, in order to quantify this notion. This paper investigates ten common English prefixes with meanings related to degree or size. The aims of the study are (1) to review several measures of morphological productivity, (2) via a sample of corpus occurrences of ten prefixes, to calculate productivity figures using five different measures of productivity, and (3), perhaps most importantly, to discuss the differences and similarities of the five measures. The results suggest that while several of the measures are quite similar (e.g. type frequency and hapax legomena frequency), other measures are different (e.g. 'Productivity in the narrow sense'). While three of the measures could be said to provide information concerning past or 'factual' productivity, two of the measures seem instead to indicate an aspect of productivity that is referred to as 'potential' productivity.
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Riha, Helena. "Lettered Words and Roman Letter Characters in Chinese Writing: A Study Of Alphabetic Writing in Chinese Newswires." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1222045556.

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Швачко, Світлана Олексіївна, Светлана Алексеевна Швачко, Svitlana Oleksiivna Shvachko, В. Ковтун, and Т. О. Анохіна. "Мовленнєві коди." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64688.

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У лінгвістиці останніх років інтенсивно дискутуються питання мовленнєвих кодів, одиниць і категорій мови в їх психо-когнітивному вимірі «тут і тепер» - живої комунікації. Домінантними на часі є метазнаки: дискурс, текст, комунікація, вербальні та невербальні засоби спілкування. Значущим є осмислення номінативних одиниць (НО) на векторі адресант-адресат, вивчення їх системнофункціонального буття.
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Wasserman, Gertruida Petronella. "Modality on trek : diachronic changes in written South African English across text and context / G.P. Wasserman." Thesis, North West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13042.

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This study describes the diachronic development of modality in South African English (henceforth SAfE) from the early 19th century up to its contemporary state (1820s to 1990s) in the registers of letters, news, fiction/narrative and non-fiction, on the basis of the theoretical framework of socio historical linguistics and the empirical approach of corpus linguistics. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are conducted for modal and quasi-modal verbs, by means of the newly compiled historical corpus of SAfE and ICE-SA (with the addition of Afrikaans corpora for comparison). The study explores general frequency changes, register-internal changes and macro- and micro semantic changes, with the focus of the main semantic analysis more strongly on the obligation and necessity cluster1. A set of parameters is compiled for analysing the strength of obligation in the modals must and should, and the quasi-modal HAVE to, and is applied in the micro semantic analyses. The findings are compared with the trends for modality in other native English’s, such as American, British and Australian English (cf. e.g. Mair & Leech, 2006; Collins, 2009a; Leech, 2011), in an attempt to present a complete and comprehensive description of SAfE modality, as opposed to the traditional approach of focusing on peculiar features. It is reported that the trends of modality in SAfE correspond to those of other native varieties in some cases, but do not correspond in others. The modals of SAfE for example have declined more and the quasi-modals have increased less over the 20th century than in other native varieties of English. One particular case, in which SAfE is reported to be unique among other varieties, is the quantitative and qualitative trends for must, which has some implications for the manifestation of the democratisation process. Must in SAfE has not declined significantly over the 20th century (as it has in other native varieties) and has become less face threatening, since uses with a median (weaker) degree of force are just as frequent as those with a higher degree of force by the 1990s (unlike in other native varieties, where must has become restricted to high-degree obligative contexts). Based on socio historical, as well as linguistic evidence (on both quantitative and qualitative levels), language contact with Afrikaans is posited as the main influence for the increased use of must in contexts that are not face threatening. Extrapolating from the semantic findings, some new insights are offered regarding the phase in which SAfE finds itself within Schneider’s (2003) model of the evolution of New English’s, and some support is offered for Bekker’s (2012:143) argument that “SAfE is ...the youngest of the colonial varieties of English”, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. Ultimately, this thesis offers a piece in the larger puzzle that is SAfE, both in terms of linguistic (textual) and socio historical (contextual) aspects.
PhD (English), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Gordana, Lalić-Krstin. "Morfemizacija krnjih leksičkih osnova u engleskom jeziku:leksikološki i leksikografski aspekti." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=100978&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Ova disertacija se bavi procesom morfemizacije krnjih osnova koje su nastaleod leksičkihslivenica. Rekurzivinimslivanjem s različitim inicijalnim elementima,ove osnove se konsoliduju u svom skraćenomobliku ili oblicima, što za rezultat imaseparaciju novih tvorbenih jedinica. Najbitnijiciljevi istraživanja su sledeći: da se utvrditeorijski i terminološki status ovih elementa iodrede kriterijumi za njihovo članstvo u ovojkategoriji; da se na osnovu tih kriterijumanapravi popis morfemizovanih elemenata uzrazvoj metodologije potrebne za njihovuekscerpciju; da se sačini spisak leksema ukojima se javljaju; da se ustanove formalnevarijacije i njihova relativna učestalost kao itipovi i oblici inicijalnih elementa sa kojimase kombinuju, što bi za rezultat imaloformulisanje prototipskog tvorbenog modela;da istraži značenje ovih elemenata, eventualnirazvoj novih semema i smisaonih odnosa; dadâ pregled njihove zastupljenosti upostojećim rečnicima; da predloži modelnjihove leksikografske obrada i da se naosnovu tog predloga sačini rečnik kakomorfemizovanih krnjih osnova, tako i reči ukojima se javljaju.
This dissertation investigates the process ofAB morphemization of truncated bases whichhave originated from lexical blends. Throughtheir recurrent blending with various initialelements, they become consolidated in theirtruncated form or forms, resulting in thesecretion of new word-formational units. Themost important goals of the research are thefollowing: to determine the theoretical andterminological status of these elements andestablish the criteria for categorymembership; to compile a list ofmorphemized elements based on thesecriteria by developing the methodology fortheir extraction; to compile a list of lexemescontaining these newly morphemizedelements; to determine formal variations andtheir relative frequency as well as the typesand forms of initial elements with which theycombine, resulting in theformulation of theprototypical word-formation pattern; toinvestigate the meaning of these elements andthe development of new senses and senserelations; to give an overview of theirrepresentation in existing dictionaries; topropose a model for their lexicographictreatment and to apply that model in thecompilation of a specialized dictionary ofmorphemized truncated bases and words inwhich they appear.
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Books on the topic "English language – Word formation"

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Kodani, Shinʼichiro. English words: Word-formation & evaluative words. Kyōto-shi: Ryūkoku Gakkai, 2000.

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Milojević, Jelisaveta. Word and words of English: English morphology A-Z. Beograd: Papirus, 2000.

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Valerie, Adams. Complex words in English. New York: Longman, 2000.

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Ide, David E. Wordpart dictionary of the English language. [United States]: D.E. Ide, 1995.

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Veisbergs, A. English and Latvian word-formation: Contrastive analysis. Rīga: University of Latvia, 1997.

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Sundby, Bertil. English word-formation as described by English grammarians, 1600-1800. Oslo: Novus Forlag, 1995.

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Schmid, Hans-Jörg. English morphology and word-formation: An introduction. 2nd ed. Berlin: Schmidt, 2011.

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Stekauer, Pavol. An onomasiological theory of English word formation. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1998.

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Butterfield, Jeremy. Damp squid: The English language laid bare. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Domínguez, Jesús Fernández. Productivity in English word-formation: An approach to n+n compounding. New York: Peter Lang, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "English language – Word formation"

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Lieber, Rochelle. "English Word-Formation Processes." In Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 375–427. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3596-9_16.

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Bauer, Laurie, and I. S. P. Nation. "Learned Word-Formation." In English Morphology for the Language Teaching Profession, 160–65. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367855222-18.

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Szymanek, Bogdan. "The Latest Trends In English Word-Formation." In Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 429–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3596-9_17.

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Pons-Sanz, Sara M. "Processes of Lexical Expansion II: Word-Formation Processes." In The Language of Early English Literature, 80–94. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-39387-6_4.

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Rabrenović, Tijana. "“You Just Fredo-kiss me?” The (Non-)Lexicalizability of Nonce Word-Formation." In Belgrade English Language and Literature Studies, 153–64. Belgrade: Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/bells90.2020.1.ch9.

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Zoričić, Nika. "English Loanwords in Russian and Croatian and Their Integration Into the Word-Formation Processes." In Second Language Learning and Teaching, 295–315. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38778-4_15.

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Trips, Carola, and Achim Stein. "Was Old Frech-ableborrowable? A diachronic study of word-formation processes due to language contact." In English Historical Linguistics 2006, 217–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.296.15tri.

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Ballard, Kim. "Word Formation." In The Frameworks of English, 49–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06833-0_3.

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Görlach, Manfred. "Word-formation." In The Linguistic History of English, 77–87. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25684-6_7.

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Katamba, Francis. "Morphology: Word Structure." In English Language, 77–110. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07789-9_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "English language – Word formation"

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Dilshoda, Boboyeva. "NEW TENDENCIES IN ENGLISH WORD HYPONYM FORMATION TODAY." In GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE INTEGRATION OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. International Scientific and Current Research Conferences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/goal-03.

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This article is about the word and its units in today’s English language, where they are used, how they are used, and the aspects that should be given great importance in learning. In addition, the correct use of affixations in words, that is, prefix and suffix, and their grammatical properties, as well as their meanings, are explained in an easy way. By connecting the lexicology of the Uzbek language and English words today are highlighted in general order
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Liu, Li. "A Study of Word Formation of English Net Language." In 2017 International Conference on Sports, Arts, Education and Management Engineering (SAEME 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/saeme-17.2017.66.

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Bolotina, Ekaterina A. "English Word Formation: Strategies for Cognitive Teaching to Language Students." In X International Research Conference Topical Issues of Linguistics and Teaching Methods in Business and Professional Communication. European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epes.22104.5.

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Krylov, Alexey. "EUPHEMIA AS A LANGUAGE PHENOMENON: WORD-FORMATIVE ASPECT." In ЯЗЫК. КУЛЬТУРА. ПЕРЕВОД = LANGUAGE. CULTURE. TRANSLATION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/lct.2019.18.

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We present a mixed classification of German euphemisms based on the analysis and synthesis of previous classifications based on the material of English, German and Russian languages and abstraction and unification of the revealed linguistic facts. The presented classification distinguishes between lexical-semantic (with 8 types), morphological (with 4 types) and complex (2 types) methods of euphemisms formation.
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LINDSAY, MARK, and MARK ARONOFF. "THE EMERGENCE OF SELF-ORGANIZATION IN LANGUAGE: EVIDENCE FROM ENGLISH WORD FORMATION." In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference (EVOLANG8). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814295222_0083.

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Mussayeva, Meruyert, and Gulnaz Tleuzhanova. "FORMATION OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN ENGLISH LESSONS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS." In Modern pedagogical technologies in foreign language education: trends, transformations, vectors of development. ACCESS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46656/proceeding.2021.foreign.language(24).

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In the modern world, education does not stand still, it is constantly updated and reformed. One of the most important requirements is knowledge of not only Kazakh and Russian languages,but also English. Currently, much attention is paid to the level of preparation for IELTS. High school students should have a good command of the English vocabulary. In order for students to achieve certain success in learning the language, the teacher needs to apply new methods and teaching techniques that will stimulate and motivate students, arouse their interest in the subject. Currently, English lessons require the ability to get information from different sources, use it and create it yourself. Using the discussion method gives the teacher new opportunities in teaching a foreign language.
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Veisbergs, Andrejs. "Term-formation, Translation, Interpreting, Lexicography." In Language for International Communication. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lincs.2023.13.

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The paper dwells on Latvian terminology of the 21st century. It is coined mostly on the basis of English counterparts. There are many sources of this new terminology: Latvian branch and domain experts, professional EU institutions’ Brussels and Luxembourg based translators and terminologists, professional Latvia based translators and terminologists. But numerous terms are coined by random translators, journalists, media representatives, tradespeople, e. g. small shop owners, car dealers, etc. Finally, numerous new nonce terms are coined on the spur of the moment by interpreters, some of which are picked up by their audience and thus gain currency. This leads to a very chaotic terminology scene: often one English term has many established Latvian counterparts (available in official databases), while some terms have none and the English term is used in a grammatically changed or even unchanged form. Still other terms have ‘established’ Latvian counterparts in the shape of overextended definitions. These terms often breach basic principles of term-formation and contribute to terminological chaos, ambiguity and legal uncertainty. It also makes the work of lexicographers most complicated: dictionaries and databases could standardize terminology, but the descriptive approach to lexicography presumes reflecting lexis that is being used. A ray of hope can be seen in a gradual acceptance of metaphorical terminology.
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ZHELIASKOV, Vasyl. "Formation of speaking competences of students at professional english language classes." In Educația în contextul provocărilor societale: paradigme, inovații, transfer tehnologic. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.17-11-2023.p84-86.

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The following article is concentrated on formation of speaking competences of students at professional English language classes. Language education in the world actualizes the competence-based approach to foreign language learning. The greater attention is paid to the problem of linguistic identity formation. The especial significance of the article is to underline the essence and level model of a linguistic personality, the development of such a personality components, such as national-linguistic consciousness, language abilities, language sense, and language-value orientation.
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Melgunova, Anna V. "TRADITIONAL AND NEW FUNCTIONS OF EGO-COMPONENT IN WORD FORMATION IN GERMAN AND ENGLISH." In 50th International Philological Conference in Memory of Professor Ludmila Verbitskaya (1936–2019). St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063183.13.

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The article considers traditional terminology as well as ego-component neologisms and occasionalisms in German and English and characterizes their structure and semantics. The research is based on German and English scientific and popular scientific works, as well as media articles. The Latin pronoun ego has long been used substantivized and in word formations in different languages. Traditionally, many ego-component words are terminological in nature. First of all, such vocabulary is common for psychological and philosophic terminology. The analysis of such lexical units is to determine new tendencies of how this pronoun component functions in word formation and how ego-component words operate in various texts. One of the tendencies is expanding the list of sciences where ego-component terms become common, for example, Ego-Dokumente in historical science. Another tendency is connected with the use of ego-component words in political life to criticize particular politicians or whole political parties. The emergence of neologisms such as der Ego-Shooter, ego surfing, das Ego-Googeln is associated with new technologies. The article also presents the variety of this vocabulary graphic representation in two languages. The novelty of the research lies in approaching the subject interdisciplinary by using terminology of different sciences and also analyzing occasionalisms and the role of context in their interpretation. The author concludes about a wide range of combinability of ego with roots from different languages, as well as the variability in the meaning of this component depending on the text subject. Refs 19.
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Fatima Hajizada, Fatima Hajizada. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE AMERICAN VERSION OF THE BRITISH LANGUAGE." In THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC – PRACTICAL VIRTUAL CONFERENCE IN MODERN & SOCIAL SCIENCES: NEW DIMENSIONS, APPROACHES AND CHALLENGES. IRETC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mssndac-01-10.

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English is one of the most spoken languages in the world. A global language communication is inherent in him. This language is also distinguished by a significant diversity of dialects and speech. It appeared in the early Middle Ages as the spoken language of the Anglo-Saxons. The formation of the British Empire and its expansion led to the widespread English language in Asia, Africa, North America and Australia. As a result, the Metropolitan language became the main communication language in the English colonies, and after independence it became State (USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) and official (India, Nigeria, Singapore). Being one of the 6 Official Languages of the UN, it is studied as a foreign language in educational institutions of many countries in the modern time [1, 2, s. 12-14]. Despite the dozens of varieties of English, the American (American English) version, which appeared on the territory of the United States, is one of the most widespread. More than 80 per cent of the population in this country knows the American version of the British language as its native language. Although the American version of the British language is not defined as the official language in the US Federal Constitution, it acts with features and standards reinforced in the lexical sphere, the media and the education system. The growing political and economic power of the United States after World War II also had a significant impact on the expansion of the American version of the British language [3]. Currently, this language version has become one of the main topics of scientific research in the field of linguistics, philology and other similar spheres. It should also be emphasized that the American version of the British language paved the way for the creation of thousands of words and expressions, took its place in the general language of English and the world lexicon. “Okay”, “teenager”, “hitchhike”, “landslide” and other words can be shown in this row. The impact of differences in the life and life of colonists in the United States and Great Britain on this language was not significant either. The role of Nature, Climate, Environment and lifestyle should also be appreciated here. There is no officially confirmed language accent in the United States. However, most speakers of national media and, first of all, the CNN channel use the dialect “general American accent”. Here, the main accent of “mid Pppemestern” has been guided. It should also be noted that this accent is inherent in a very small part of the U.S. population, especially in Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. But now all Americans easily understand and speak about it. As for the current state of the American version of the British language, we can say that there are some hypotheses in this area. A number of researchers perceive it as an independent language, others-as an English variant. The founder of American spelling, American and British lexicographer, linguist Noah Pondebster treats him as an independent language. He also tried to justify this in his work “the American Dictionary of English” written in 1828 [4]. This position was expressed by a Scottish-born English philologist, one of the authors of the “American English Dictionary”Sir Alexander Craigie, American linguist Raven ioor McDavid Jr. and others also confirm [5]. The second is the American linguist Leonard Bloomfield, one of the creators of the descriptive direction of structural linguistics, and other American linguists Edward Sapir and Charles Francis Hockett. There is also another group of “third parties” that accept American English as a regional dialect [5, 6]. A number of researchers [2] have shown that the accent or dialect in the US on the person contains significantly less data in itself than in the UK. In Great Britain, a dialect speaker is viewed as a person with a low social environment or a low education. It is difficult to perceive this reality in the US environment. That is, a person's speech in the American version of the British language makes it difficult to express his social background. On the other hand, the American version of the British language is distinguished by its faster pace [7, 8]. One of the main characteristic features of the American language array is associated with the emphasis on a number of letters and, in particular, the pronunciation of the letter “R”. Thus, in British English words like “port”, “more”, “dinner” the letter “R” is not pronounced at all. Another trend is related to the clear pronunciation of individual syllables in American English. Unlike them, the Britons “absorb”such syllables in a number of similar words [8]. Despite all these differences, an analysis of facts and theoretical knowledge shows that the emergence and formation of the American version of the British language was not an accidental and chaotic process. The reality is that the life of the colonialists had a huge impact on American English. These processes were further deepened by the growing migration trends at the later historical stage. Thus, the language of the English-speaking migrants in America has been developed due to historical conditions, adapted to the existing living environment and new life realities. On the other hand, the formation of this independent language was also reflected in the purposeful policy of the newly formed US state. Thus, the original British words were modified and acquired a fundamentally new meaning. Another point here was that the British acharism, which had long been out of use, gained a new breath and actively entered the speech circulation in the United States. Thus, the analysis shows that the American version of the British language has specific features. It was formed and developed as a result of colonization and expansion. This development is still ongoing and is one of the languages of millions of US states and people, as well as audiences of millions of people. Keywords: American English, English, linguistics, accent.
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Reports on the topic "English language – Word formation"

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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.

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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.
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Buchan, Greg. Student Attitudes Toward Word Processing and Writing in the English as a Second or Other Language Classroom. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6749.

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KRUPINA, E. A. OLD ENGLISH LEXEME “RINC” IN IN THE GLOSSARIES AND IN THE TEXT OF THE POEM “BEOWULF”. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-51-56.

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The article considers the Old English lexeme “rinc” with the help of etymology and word formation, the author uses contrastive-comparative analysis of the headword in the glossaries and contextual analysis of the lexeme.
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Гарлицька, Т. С. Substandard Vocabulary in the System of Urban Communication. Криворізький державний педагогічний університет, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3912.

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The article is devoted to substandard elements which are considered as one of the components in the system of urban forms of communication. The Object of our research is substandard vocabulary, the Subject is structural characteristics of the modern city language, the Purpose of the study is to define the main types of substandard vocabulary and their role in the system of urban communication. The theoretical base of our research includes the scientific works of native and foreign linguists, which are devoted to urban linguistics (B. Larin, M. Makovskyi, V. Labov, T. Yerofeieva, L. Pederson, R. McDavid, O. Horbach, L. Stavytska, Y. Stepanov, S. Martos). Different lexical and phraseological units, taken from the Ukrainian, Russian and American Dictionaries of slang and jargon, serve as the material of our research. The main components of the city language include literary language, territorial dialects, different intermediate transitional types, which are used in the colloquial everyday communication but do not have territorial limited character, and social dialects. The structural characteristics, proposed in the article, demonstrate the variety and correlation of different subsystems of the city language. Today peripheral elements play the main role in the city communication. They are also called substandard, non-codified, marginal, non-literary elements or the jargon styles of communication. Among substandard elements of the city language the most important are social dialects, which include such subsystems as argot, jargon and slang. The origin, functioning and characteristics of each subsystem are studied on the material of linguistic literature of different countries. It is also ascertained that argot is the oldest form of sociolects, jargon divides into corporative and professional ones, in the structure of slangy words there are common and special slang. Besides, we can speak about sociolectosentrism of the native linguistics and linguemosentrism of the English tradition of slang nomination. Except social dialects, the important structural elements of the city language are also intermediate transitional types, which include koine, colloquialisms, interdialect, surzhyk, pidgin and creole. Surzhyk can be attributed to the same type of language formations as pidgin and creole because these types of oral speech were created mostly by means of the units mixing of the obtruded language of the parent state with the elements of the native languages.
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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4431.

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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.
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Gao, Yicheng, Rui Cao, Zhihan Liu, Chengwei Si, Yujie Wang, Pengcheng Tian, Xinyan Zhuang, et al. Knee osteoarthritis guidelines lack a comprehensive consideration of multiple influencing factors from evidence to recommendations: a systematic survey. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0062.

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Review question / Objective: To systematically evaluate the use of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approaches and factors influencing the formation from evidence to recommendations in the knee osteoarthritis (KOA) related clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Information sources: Two English-language databases (PubMed, Embase) and four Chinese-language databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wanfang, and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database).
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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Thomas, Strobel. A contrastive approach to grammatical doubts in some contemporary Germanic languages (German, Dutch, Swedish). Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M., March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.72278.

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Unquestionably (or: undoubtedly), every competent speaker has already come to doubt with respect to the question of which form is correct or appropriate and should be used (in the standard language) when faced with two or more almost identical competing variants of words, word forms or sentence and phrase structure (e.g. German "Pizzas/Pizzen/Pizze" 'pizzas', Dutch "de drie mooiste/mooiste drie stranden" 'the three most beautiful/most beautiful three beaches', Swedish "större än jag/mig" 'taller than I/me'). Such linguistic uncertainties or "cases of doubt" (cf. i.a. Klein 2003, 2009, 2018; Müller & Szczepaniak 2017; Schmitt, Szczepaniak & Vieregge 2019; Stark 2019 as well as the useful collections of data of Duden vol. 9, Taaladvies.net, Språkriktighetsboken etc.) systematically occur also in native speakers and they do not necessarily coincide with the difficulties of second language learners. In present-day German, most grammatical uncertainties occur in the domains of inflection (nominal plural formation, genitive singular allomorphy of strong masc./neut. nouns, inflectional variation of weak masc. nouns, strong/weak adjectival inflection and comparison forms, strong/weak verb forms, perfect auxiliary selection) and word-formation (linking elements in compounds, separability of complex verbs). As for syntax, there are often doubts in connection with case choice (pseudo-partitive constructions, prepositional case government) and agreement (especially due to coordination or appositional structures). This contribution aims to present a contrastive approach to morphological and syntactic uncertainties in contemporary Germanic languages (mostly German, Dutch, and Swedish) in order to obtain a broader and more fine-grained typology of grammatical instabilities and their causes. As will be discussed, most doubts of competent speakers - a problem also for general linguistic theory - can be attributed to processes of language change in progress, to language or variety contact, to gaps and rule conflicts in the grammar of every language or to psycholinguistic conditions of language processing. Our main concerns will be the issues of which (kinds of) common or different critical areas there are within Germanic (and, on the other hand, in which areas there are no doubts), which of the established (cross-linguistically valid) explanatory approaches apply to which phenomena and, ultimately, the question whether the new data reveals further lines of explanation for the empirically observable (standard) variation.
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9

Koay, Chun Giok, Teng Fung Looi, and Rohit Kunnath Menon. Systematic review of studies evaluating the microbiome of periimplantitis using next generation sequencing techniques. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0111.

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Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to summarize and critically analyse the methodology and findings of studies which have utilized sequencing techniques to elucidate the microbial profiles of peri-implantitis. Condition being studied: Peri-implantitis is defined as an infection of the peri-implant tissues accompanied by suppuration and clinically significant progressing crestal bone loss after the adaptive phase, leading to decreased osseointegration and pocket formation. Eligibility criteria: Original studies investigating the microbiome of peri-implant tissues through next-generation DNA sequencing methods will be included. Culture-based study, conference papers, review articles, studies regarding peri-implantitis associated with other systematic factors (smoking, diabetes mellitus, etc.), articles that examine only specific microorganisms will be excluded from this systematic review. Non-English language articles and research conducted on non-human specimens will be excluded.
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10

Lawley, C. J. M., P. Giddy, L. Katz, N. Chu, A. Francis, J. Carvajal, M. Pinheiro, et al. Canada geological map compilation. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/pf995j5tgu.

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The Canada Geological Map Compilation (CGMC) is a database of previously published bedrock geological maps sourced from provincial, territorial, and other geological survey organizations. The geoscientific information included within these source geological maps was standardized, translated to English, and combined to provide complete coverage of Canada and support a range of down-stream machine learning applications. Detailed lithological, mineralogical, metamorphic, lithostratigraphic, and lithodemic information was not previously available as one national-scale product. The source map data was also enhanced by correcting geometry errors and through the application of a new hierarchical generalized lithology classification scheme to subdivide the original rocks types into 35 classes. Each generalized lithology is associated with a semi-quantitative measure of classification uncertainty. Lithostratigraphic and lithodemic names included within the source maps were matched with the Lexicon of Canadian Geological Names (Weblex) wherever possible and natural language processing was used to transform all of the available text-based information into word tokens. Overlapping map polygons and boundary artifacts across political boundaries were not addressed as part of this study. As a result, the CGMC is a patchwork of overlapping bedrock geological maps with varying scale (1:30,000-1:5,000,000), publication year (1996-2023), and reliability. Preferred geological and geochronological maps of Canada are presented as geospatial rasters based on the best available geoscientific information extracted from these overlapping polygons for each map pixel. New higher resolution geological maps will be added over time to fill data gaps and to update geoscientific information for future applications of the CGMC.
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