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Journal articles on the topic 'English literature – History and criticism'
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1
Halmi, Nicholas. "The Nostalgic Imagination: History in English Criticism." Common Knowledge 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-8906285.
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Fargnoli, Joseph R., and Rene Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1950. Vol. 5: English Criticism, 1900-1950." Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association 20, no. 1 (1987): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1315004.
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Bula, Andrew. "Literary Musings and Critical Mediations: Interview with Rev. Fr Professor Amechi N. Akwanya." Journal of Practical Studies in Education 2, no. 5 (August 6, 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i5.30.
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Reverend Father Professor Amechi Nicholas Akwanya is one of the towering scholars of literature in Nigeria and elsewhere in the world. For decades, and still counting, Fr. Prof. Akwanya has worked arduously, professing literature by way of teaching, researching, and writing in the Department of English and Literary Studies of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. To his credit, therefore, this genius of a literature scholar has singularly authored over 70 articles, six critically engaging books, a novel, and three volumes of poetry. His PhD thesis, Structuring and Meaning in the Nigerian Novel, which he completed in 1989, is a staggering 734-page document. Professor Akwanya has also taught many literature courses, namely: European Continental Literature, Studies in Drama, Modern Literary Theory, African Poetry, History of Theatre: Aeschylus to Shakespeare, European Theatre since Ibsen, English Literature Survey: the Beginnings, Semantics, History of the English Language, History of Criticism, Modern Discourse Analysis, Greek and Roman Literatures, Linguistics and the Teaching of Literature, Major Strands in Literary Criticism, Issues in Comparative Literature, Discourse Theory, English Poetry, English Drama, Modern British Literature, Comparative Studies in Poetry, Comparative Studies in Drama, Studies in African Drama, and Philosophy of Literature. A Fellow of Nigerian Academy of Letters, Akwanya’s open access works have been read over 109,478 times around the world. In this wide-ranging interview, he speaks to Andrew Bula, a young lecturer from Baze University, Abuja, shedding light on a variety of issues around which his life revolves.
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Nemoianu, Virgil, and Rene Wellek. "A History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950. Vol. 5: English Criticism, 1900-1950; Vol. 6: American Criticism, 1900-1950." MLN 101, no. 5 (December 1986): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2905719.
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Allison, J. W. F. "HISTORY TO UNDERSTAND, AND HISTORY TO REFORM, ENGLISH PUBLIC LAW." Cambridge Law Journal 72, no. 3 (November 2013): 526–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819731300069x.
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AbstractThis article considers the contentious invocations of history that have become prominent in debates about English public law. It presents them as uses of history not simply to understand English public law but to reform it, through the reconstruction of historic authorities or reappraisal of historical sources. This article addresses the criticism they have attracted by distinguishing different kinds of orthodox and unorthodox reformist history. It advocates their transparent use and thoroughly deliberative history for reformist purposes in public law. It does so in three distinctive ways: first, by suggesting implications of Coke's dictum on causal understanding for whig historical approaches in the common law; secondly, by reassessing Maitland's dichotomy between the lawyer's logic of authority and the historian's logic of evidence; and, thirdly, by arguing that much can be learnt from the methodological caution, deliberation and rigour promoted by comparativists in their developed literature on legal transplants and law reform.
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Shubhangi M. Hiwarkhedka and Dr. Anshu Sharma. "Patriarchal Dominance in English Literature." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 2, no. 04 (April 30, 2024): 1228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0165.
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Patriarchal dominance has been a prevalent theme in English literature throughout its history. Many literary works reflect and critique the societal norms and power structures that have historically favored men over women. Patriarchal norms prescribe rigid gender roles and expectations for men and women, reinforcing stereotypes and inequalities. Women are often relegated to traditional roles as caregivers, homemakers, and subordinate members of the family, while men are expected to be the primary breadwinners and decision-makers. These gender roles perpetuate unequal power dynamics and limit women's autonomy and agency. Prominent examples include Shakespeare's plays, where gender roles and power imbalances are often central to the plot, and classic novels like Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice," which explores women's limited options in a patriarchal society. Over time, literature has evolved to challenge and subvert these patriarchal norms, with authors like Virginia Woolf and Charlotte Perkins Gilman addressing issues of gender inequality and women's autonomy. Feminist literature and criticism have also played a significant role in analyzing and deconstructing patriarchal themes in English literature. Patriarchal dominance, characterized by the historical and societal power imbalance that favors men over women, has been a recurring theme in English literature throughout the ages. This theme reflects and critiques the prevailing gender norms, roles, and inequalities that have persisted within different periods and cultures of English-speaking societies. From early literary works to contemporary literature, patriarchal dominance remains a complex and enduring subject of exploration.
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CHEN, Zhongxiang. "Interpretation of the Women in the Biblical Literature." Review of Social Sciences 1, no. 6 (June 29, 2016): 09. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/rss.v1i6.36.
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<p>Bible as literature and Bible as religion are comparative. It is without doubt that Bible, as a religious doctrine, has played a great role in Judaism and Christianity. It is meanwhile a whole literature collection of history, law, ethics, poems, proverbs, biography and legends. As the source of western literature, Bible has significant influence on the English language and culture, English writing and modeling of characters in the subsequent time. Interpreting the female characters in the Bible would affirm the value of women, view the feminist criticism in an objective way and agree the harmonious relationship between the men and the women. </p>
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Jenkins, E. R. "English South African children’s literature and the environment." Literator 25, no. 3 (July 31, 2004): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v25i3.266.
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Historical studies of nature conservation and literary criticism of fiction concerned with the natural environment provide some pointers for the study of South African children’s literature in English. This kind of literature, in turn, has a contribution to make to studies of South African social history and literature. There are English-language stories, poems and picture books for children which reflect human interaction with nature in South Africa since early in the nineteenth century: from hunting, through domestication of the wilds, the development of scientific agriculture, and the changing roles of nature reserves, to modern ecological concern for the entire environment. Until late in the twentieth century the literature usually endorsed the assumption held by whites that they had exclusive ownership of the land and wildlife. In recent years English-language children’s writers and translators of indigenous folktales for children have begun to explore traditional beliefs about and practices in conservation.
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Overton, Bill. "Review: Authors and Authority: English and American Criticism 1750–1990." Literature & History 2, no. 1 (March 1993): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030619739300200107.
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Hill, Christopher. "Review: Lines of Authority: Politics and English Literary Criticism, 1649–1689." Literature & History 5, no. 2 (September 1996): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030619739600500211.
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Dillon, John Noël. "CONJECTURES AND CRITICISM IN BOOK 1 OF THECODEX JUSTINIANUS." Classical Quarterly 65, no. 1 (April 2, 2015): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838814000640.
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Since 2007, a team of American and British ancient historians has been preparing a new translation of theCodex Justinianus. The ‘Codex Project’ was launched by chief editor Bruce W. Frier; the goal of the project is to create the first reliable English translation of theCodex Justinianuson the basis of the standard edition by Paul Krüger. Since 1932, the notoriously unreliable translation by Scott has remained the only one in English. The new translation by the Codex Project should appear soon.
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Teranishi, Masayuki, Aiko Saito, Kiyo Sakamoto, and Masako Nasu. "The role of stylistics in Japan: A pedagogical perspective." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 21, no. 2 (May 2012): 226–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947012444034.
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This article surveys the history of English studies and education in Japan, paying special attention to the role of literary texts and stylistics. Firstly, the role of literature and stylistics in Japan is discussed from a pedagogical point of view, including both English as a foreign language and Japanese as a native language. Secondly, the way in which stylistics has contributed to literary criticism in the country is examined, with reference to the history of literary stylistics since 1980. Finally, this article considers further applications of stylistics to language study in Japan, offering two examples: analysis of thought presentation in Yukio Mishima’s Megami (2006[1955]), and the teaching of an English poem and a Japanese haiku to Japanese EFL students. The overall aim of this article is to demonstrate that literature as language teaching material and stylistics as a critical and teaching method are significant not only in understanding English, but also in appreciating our own native language if it is not English.
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Huisman, Rosemary. "The discipline of English Literature from the perspective of SFL register." Language, Context and Text 1, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/langct.00005.hui.
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AbstractThe paper first traces the history and elaboration of the tertiary discipline English Literature through the 19th and 20th centuries to the present day, with special focus on the axiology, the values, given to the discipline and with a brief account of literary criticism and literary theory. It then refers to the work on registerial cartography in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and explores the register of the contemporary discipline in first-order field of activity and second-order field of experience, with examples from the language of webpages and exam papers of Australian universities. It continues with a brief overview of the author’s own work using SFL in the study ofthe poeticandthe narrativein English poetry and prose fiction of different historical periods and concludes with a caveat on the central disciplinary process, that of interpretation.
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Shaytanov, I. O. "History of Russian translations of fiction in 1800–1825." Voprosy literatury, no. 6 (December 8, 2023): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2023-6-174-179.
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The research is presented in the form close to a fundamentally annotated bibliography demonstrating how European literary experience was advanced in the first quarter of the 19th c. in Russia at the time when contemporary Russian literature was being shaped. Six parts are devoted successively to French, German, English, Italian, Spanish, and classical literatures. The major aspects of research are outlined in an extensive foreword (E. Dmitrieva, M. Koreneva). Highlights include: Comparative analysis of the international contacts of Russian literature; a new interest in the novel, the genre that manifested a new literary taste; publishing and the audience in Russia compared to other European cultures; the birth of literary criticism on the margins of rhetoric; the evolution of a literary taste where gallomania was being substituted by anglo- and germanophilia; the change in the forms of contacts from imitation to stylization in accordance with the formula suggested by Konstantin Batyushkov ‘The stranger’s treasure is mine.’
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Gu, Qiushi. "Trauma, Haunting, and Representation: Rereading and the Translation Examination of Kokoro." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1501.29.
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The Japanese novel, Kokoro (1914), offers a profound insight into early 20th-century Japanese society encompassing history, politics, and literature. Although this novel has been extensively explored in literary and translation studies, the convergence remains underexplored. This study advocates integrating literary criticism with translation practice for a more faithful representation of narratives. Applying trauma/PTSD studies theory, it meticulously analyzes Kokoro, particularly examining the English and Chinese renditions of the pivotal term “談判 (danpan; negotiation)”. The methodology involves constructing a trilingual database, incorporating the Japanese source text and seven translations in English and Chinese. By scrutinizing specific passages, the study delves into trauma-related responses and behaviors, revealing their impact on long-lasting changes in personality and relationships. Emphasis is placed on the translation of key terms, preserving cultural and linguistic nuances. This innovative approach advances both literary criticism and translation theory, emphasizing psychological elements for a nuanced portrayal of characters’ states of mind. The study underscores the significance of trauma narratives in comprehending personal and historical traumas, asserting that translators of trauma literature must blend theoretical knowledge with social responsibility. They serve as “secondary witnesses,” entrusted with accurately transmitting traumatic stories between languages, fostering empathy, and preventing the repetition of tragedies in history. This approach provides an innovative interpretation of Kokoro and its translations, bridging the realms of literary criticism and translation studies.
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Raley, Rita. "On Global English and the Transmutation of Postcolonial Studies into “Literature in English”." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 8, no. 1 (March 1999): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.8.1.51.
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What does it signify to speak of a World Literature in English? In what ways might diaspora studies and transnationalism be linked to the contemporary phenomenon of global English, with a mode of comprehending the world that holds English at its center? What can diaspora studies and transnationalism learn from the “language question” frequently raised in discussions of both cultural imperialism and postcolonial writing? What can they learn from the question of globalism now so ubiquitous in contemporary criticism? How does the Literature in English concept relate, on the one hand, to Edouard Glissant's outline of the “liberation” that results from compromising major languages with Creoles (250), and, on the other, to Fredric Jameson's implicit yearning for a philosophical universal linguistic standard not circumvented by linguistic heteroglossia (16-7)? These questions outline the conceptual terrain of this article, in which I read the discursive transmutation of the discipline of Postcolonial Studies into “Literature in English” as both symptom and cause of the emerging visibility of global English as a recognizable disciplinary configuration situated on the line between contemporary culture and the academy. Over the course of this article, I chart this discursive transmutation and its necessary preconditions—the critical investiture in the “global,” the renewed attention to dialects, the abstraction of the “postcolonial”—as a way of articulating profound reservations about the “new universalisms,” of which Literature in English is a primary instance.
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Brannigan, John, Marcela Santos Brigida, Thayane Verçosa, and Gabriela Ribeiro Nunes. "Thinking in Archipelagic Terms: An Interview with John Brannigan." Palimpsesto - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ 20, no. 35 (May 13, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2021.59645.
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John Brannigan is Professor at the School of English, Drama and Film at University College Dublin. He has research interests in the twentieth-century literatures of Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales, with a particular focus on the relationships between literature and social and cultural identities. His first book, New Historicism and Cultural Materialism (1998), was a study of the leading historicist methodologies in late twentieth-century literary criticism. He has since published two books on the postwar history of English literature (2002, 2003), leading book-length studies of working-class authors Brendan Behan (2002) and Pat Barker (2005), and the first book to investigate twentieth-century Irish literature and culture using critical race theories, Race in Modern Irish Literature and Culture (2009). His most recent book, Archipelagic Modernism: Literature in the Irish and British Isles, 1890-1970 (2014), explores new ways of understanding the relationship between literature, place and environment in 20th-century Irish and British writing. He was editor of the international peer-reviewed journal, Irish University Review, from 2010 to 2016.
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Wakelin, Daniel. "Written in Haste: Practical Letters and Everyday Criticism in the Fifteenth Century." ELH 91, no. 1 (March 2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/elh.2024.a922007.
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Abstract: The phrase written in haste is a conventional ending of English letters in the fifteenth century. The formula does reflect the speed of practical uses of literacy. It also, however, is a critical term by which people evaluate their letters against aspirations to write better. The aspiration might concern style, but in haste and the related closing phrase no more also concern the content, extent and frequency of letters. Such phrases engage in a process of criticism which both invites literary critics now to read practical texts slowly and expands the criteria that such criticism might use.
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Kane, George. "Textual Criticism and Middle English Texts.Tim William Machan." Speculum 71, no. 4 (October 1996): 975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2865755.
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Brown, Howard Mayer. "Recent Research in the Renaissance: Criticism and Patronage*." Renaissance Quarterly 40, no. 1 (1987): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2861832.
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The book that everyone in musicology is talking about this year—not just those of us working in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries—is Joseph Kerman's Contemplating Music (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985; called simply Musicology in the English edition). In it, Kerman argues against what he calls positivism, which he defines as a rigid and non-judgmental pursuit of dry facts, and in favor of the higher criticism, by which he seems to mean analysis—or at least some penetrating discussion of the way individual pieces work and what makes them great—informed by a sense of history and written in a humanistic style, with a personal commitment on the part of the author to the quality of the music with which he is concerned.
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Ingelbien, Raphaël. "Single or Return, Ladies? The Politics of Translating and Publishing Heine on Shakespeare." Comparative Critical Studies 16, no. 2-3 (October 2019): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2019.0326.
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This article contrasts two English translations of Heinrich Heine's Shakspeares Mädchen und Frauen (1838), produced by Charles Godfrey Leland (1891) and Ida Benecke (1895), which are now regularly (though randomly) quoted in Shakespeare scholarship. The comparison sheds light on different strategies involved in translating a text as an independent document or as part of a ‘Collected Works’ series. The discrepancies between publication contexts are correlated with differences between domesticating and foreignizing approaches, and with the diverging appreciations of Heine's place within Shakespeare criticism that such choices entail. The translators' gender politics are also shown to affect their renderings of Heine's text on female characters in Shakespeare, which was itself indebted to a book by Anna Jameson (1832). Finally, cultural transfer theory and histoire croisée are used to explore a ‘re-transfer’ that involved British Shakespeare critics, an atypical Jewish-German writer who drew on their work, and Heine's ‘English’ translators. The article highlights the necessary imbrication of translation studies and book history in the analysis of complex transcultural forms of textual production, of which Shakespeare criticism is paradigmatic.
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Roberts, David. "‘As Rude As You Like – Honest’: Theatre Criticism and the Law." New Theatre Quarterly 19, no. 3 (August 2003): 265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x03000162.
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In 2001, when David Soul sued the Daily Mirror for printing a defamatory review of his West End show, The Dead Monkey, questions surfaced about the critic's rights and responsibilities under the law. There have been numerous accounts in recent years of the relationships between law and literature, and the general assumption is that critics can claim the defence of ‘fair comment’. However, very little work has been done on the history, rationale, and implications of that defence, or on the actions before Soul's in which aggrieved theatre people have attempted to bring critics to account. David Roberts evaluates individual cases from legal history in which the critic's rights have been tested, and considers what they have to tell us about the way our society conceptualizes critical activity. Bourdieu's history of taste is invoked, but modified to show how the law's concern with formalism in its own processes has endorsed a matching version of the critical process. David Roberts is Head of English at the University of Central England, Birmingham.
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Waters, Lindsay. "To Become What One Is." boundary 2 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-8821510.
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In the twentieth century, criticism flourished in the academy in the English language from the 1930s to the 1960s, but gradually a hyperprofessionalized discourse purporting to be criticism took its place. The problem was exacerbated because people misunderstand literary theory thinking it superior to criticism. Big mistake. Theory proper begins its life as criticism, criticism that has staying power. Central to criticism as Kant argued is judgment. Judgment is based on feeling provoked by the artwork in our encounters with artworks. This essay talks about the author’s encounter with Mary Gaitskill’s novel Veronica. The critical judgment puts the artwork into a milieu. This essay argues the case for the holism of critical judgments versus what the author calls Bitsiness as Usual, the fragmentation of our understanding of our encounters with artworks. The author subjects both Paul de Man and the New Historicists to severe attacks.
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Mikhailova, Maria, and Sofya Kudritskaya. "Mire’s Interpretation of the Tragic and Paradoxical World of Oscar Wilde." Literatūra 63, no. 2 (November 22, 2021): 70–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.63.2.5.
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This article analyzes the reception of the figure of O. Wilde, the 19th-century English writer, and his works in the prose and criticism of Alexandra Mikhailovna Moiseeva (1874-1913), who entered the history of Russian literature of the Silver Age by the name of “Mire”. The study focuses mainly on her story Black Panther (1909), in which the author provides an original perspective on the tragic love episode in Wilde’s life. Attention is also paid to the thematic similarities between the works of Wilde and Mire in terms of genre, plot and literary image, as well as Mire’s interpretation of Wilde’s works in her critical reviews.
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Suh, Serk-Bae. "The Location of “Korean” Culture: Ch'oe Chaesŏ and Korean Literature in a Time of Transition." Journal of Asian Studies 70, no. 1 (February 2011): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911810003001.
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This essay focuses on Ch'oe Chaesŏ, a leading Korean intellectual, active translator of English literary criticism, and editor in chief of Kokumin Bungaku (National Literature), a prominent Japanese-language journal published in colonial Korea. Ch'oe asserted that the unfolding of history in the twentieth century demanded a paradigmatic transition from liberalism to state-centered nationalism in culture. He also privileged everyday life as allowing people to live as members of communities that ultimately are integrated into the state. By positioning Koreans firmly as subjects of the Japanese state, his argument implied that the colonized should be treated on a par with the colonizers. Further, Ch'oe advocated Koreans' cultural autonomy as an ethnic group within the Japanese empire. Tracing Ch'oe's early life and examining his critical essays on nation, culture, and state, the author discusses how his endeavors to establish an autonomous space for Korean culture simultaneously legitimized Japanese colonial control.
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Noonkester, Myron C. "The Third British Empire: Transplanting the English Shire to Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and America." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 3 (July 1997): 251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386137.
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During their hegemony in world affairs, the English exported persons, commodities, and texts to regions that they absorbed into a widening pale of influence. Discussion of these ventures has consumed a vast literature. What once seemed to be a simple matter of transporting Protestantism (or convicts) into an overseas wilderness or making distant lands safe for English farming and trade now seems a matter too complex to be captured in a metaphor or an alliterative catchphrase. Yet it remains a matter of historical fascination that a relatively small archipelago off the coast of Europe not only could become the first “modern” nation-state but could then transform itself into a vast global empire, ultimately making it seem as if the affairs of this proverbial workshop encompassed world history itself. For many years, such success seemed too evident for investigation, and scholarly attention turned toward explaining how this achievement unraveled or declined. The result has been a quest for detailed precision and microhistorical reconstruction on the part of those who have adopted an “empirical,” geopolitical approach to imperialism and an outpouring of criticism from those who, on the opposite end of the ideological spectrum, have penned polemical classics whose evocative, if not evidentiary, power envisioned revolution as historical destiny and a means of filling the intellectual and political void left by imperial evacuation. Their disagreements notwithstanding, however, both categories of imperial commentary display relative innocence of the paradox that imperial power represented: that, despite voluble criticism, it enjoyed eclipsing success for a time and produced effects whose mysteries continue to survive postcolonial deconstruction.
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Reid, Lindsay Ann. "The (lost) tune of ‘Raging Love’ and its reverberations in Isabella Whitney’s Copy of a Letter." Cahiers Élisabéthains: A Journal of English Renaissance Studies 102, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0184767820913284.
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This article argues that Isabella Whitney’s verse epistles ‘To Her Unconstant Lover’ and ‘The Admonition’ in The Copy of a Letter (c. 1566–67) are enmeshed more thoroughly in the early modern English soundscape than previous criticism has tended to acknowledge. Seeking to enrich current understandings of Whitney’s confluences, this article first examines the vibrant musical sphere in which The Copy of a Letter’s printer-publisher Richard Jones was demonstrably immersed before moving on to explore the more specific implications of an acoustically evocative allusion to ‘Raging Love’ (a now-lost Elizabethan ballad melody) in the opening lines of ‘The Admonition’.
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Fairer, D. "Historical Criticism and the English Canon: A Spenserian Dispute in the 1750s." Eighteenth-Century Life 24, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-24-2-43.
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Selim, Samah. "Toward a New Literary History." International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, no. 4 (November 2011): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743811000973.
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The past twenty years witnessed a dramatic transformation in Arabic literature studies in the United States. In the early 1990s, the field was still almost exclusively a satellite of area studies and largely bound by Orientalist historical and epistemological paradigms. Graduate students—even those wishing to focus entirely on modern literature—were trained to competence in the entire span of the Arabic literary tradition starting with pre-Islamic times, and secondary research languages were still rooted in the philological tradition of classical scholarship. The standard requirement was German, with Spanish as a distant second for those interested in Andalusia, but rarely French, say, or Italian or Russian. Other Middle Eastern languages were mainly conceived as primary-text languages rather than research languages. Philology, traditional literary history, and New Criticism formed the methodological boundaries of research. “Theory”—even when it purported to speak of the world outside Europe—was something that was generated by departments of English and comparative literature on the other side of campus, and crossings were rare and complicated in both the disciplinary and the institutional sense. Of course, one branch of “theory”—postcolonial studies—made its way into area studies much faster than the more eclectic offshoots of continental philosophy, for obvious reasons. From nationalism studies to subaltern studies, from Benedict Anderson to Gayatri Spivak, the wave of postcolonial critical theory that swept through U.S. academia in the 1980s and 1990s sparked an uprising in area studies at large and particularly in the literature disciplines. One of the first casualties of this uprising was the old historical paradigm itself: narratives of rise and fall, golden ages, and ages of decadence. Slowly but surely, scholars began to question the entire epistemological edifice through which Arabic literary history had been constructed by Orientalism. It was through the postcolonial theory of the 1980s that Arabic literature came to a broader rapprochement with poststructuralism: Foucault, Derrida, Ricoeur, Jameson, and White, to name a few of the major thinkers who began to transform the field in the late 1990s.
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Booth, Alison, and Isabel Bielat. "A Mid-Range Team of Rivals: Women Novelists in the Collective Biographies of Women Database." Victorian Studies 65, no. 1 (September 2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.65.1.03.
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Abstract: A collaborative, interdisciplinary study (English, history) of the authors, subjects, contents, and substance of a key early collection of criticism of women novelists, tied to the Queen’s 1897 Jubilee. Famous or obscure women novelists assess the work of deceased peers, censuring most those who are now canonical. Attending to the style and orientation of particular chapters and some research in publishing history, we suggest varied textual and quantitative approaches, drawing on our database of 1,272 collective biographies of women to explore what we can discover from one book carefully contextualized, instead of distant reading in a much larger corpus.
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Booth, Alison, and Isabel Bielat. "A Mid-Range Team of Rivals: Women Novelists in the Collective Biographies of Women Database." Victorian Studies 65, no. 1 (September 2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/vic.2022.a901281.
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Abstract: A collaborative, interdisciplinary study (English, history) of the authors, subjects, contents, and substance of a key early collection of criticism of women novelists, tied to the Queen’s 1897 Jubilee. Famous or obscure women novelists assess the work of deceased peers, censuring most those who are now canonical. Attending to the style and orientation of particular chapters and some research in publishing history, we suggest varied textual and quantitative approaches, drawing on our database of 1,272 collective biographies of women to explore what we can discover from one book carefully contextualized, instead of distant reading in a much larger corpus.
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Mishina, L. A. "THE FAMILY PHENOMENON IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN LITERAURE." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-2-355-362.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of the New English family of the 17th century, the first century of the existence of American national literature, presented in the works of early American authors - period insufficiently studied in literary criticism. Untranslated or incompletely translated into Russian works of such religious and public figures, writers as Richard Mather (Diary), Inkris Mather (The Life and Death of the Reverend Richard Mather), Edward Johnson (The Miraculous Providence of the Savior of Zion in New England) , Samuel Sewall (Diary), John Cotton (God’s Promise to His Plantation), Cotton Mather (Life of Mr. Johnatan Burr), are introduced into literary criticism. Being one of the key in the early history and literature of the United States, the theme of the family has the following aspects considered within the framework of the article: the move of families to a new continent, settling in a new place, the status of a father, mother, and child. The process of formation and existence in extreme conditions of a Protestant family is analyzed, the role of the family community in the fulfillment of the sacred mission - the creation of the kingdom of Christ on new lands - is determined. The conclusion is made about the uniqueness of the New English family of the 17th century, which combined the features of both the family structure that developed in European society and those born in the process of American experiments. The idea is emphasized that the disclosure of the family theme by early American authors clearly represents the features of American literature of the 17th century in general. The article uses biographical, structural, cultural and historical methods of literary analysis.
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Chase, Colin. "The Old English Elegies: New Essays in Criticism and Research. Martin Green." Speculum 60, no. 3 (July 1985): 680–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2848198.
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Carnochan, W. B. "Lee Morrissey. The Constitution of Literature: Literacy, Democracy, and Early English Criticism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007. Pp. 242. $60.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 47, no. 4 (October 2008): 932–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/592899.
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Roberts, David. "Ravishing Strides: Signs of the Peripatetic in Early Modern Performance." New Theatre Quarterly 17, no. 1 (February 2001): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00014299.
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Actors' feet are accepted as part of their expressive equipment – but doubts are often expressed that this has always been so. The evidence of early English theatre history is adduced to suggest otherwise, while recent treatments of the peripatetic in literary studies argue that the ‘visible walk’ attains prominence only in the Romantic period. But David Roberts argues that, from the emergence of permanent theatres, walking offered a metonymy for performance which persisted throughout the seventeenth century. Cross-dressing highlighted the expressive potential of the feet, while close examination of play-texts implies evolving styles of the peripatetic in performance, and the scenic theatres of the Restoration frequently portrayed walking as a cultural activity bound up with the status of both actors and scenery in post-revolutionary London. David Roberts teaches English and Drama at University College Worcester, and has published widely on theatre and literature from 1550 to 1789. He leads an AHRB-funded project on theatre criticism.
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Shcherbinina, Yu I. "Teaching Creative Writing within the framework of philology: historical overview." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 29, no. 4 (December 30, 2023): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2023-29-4-173-182.
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The purpose of the present article is to consider the dialectical relationship between Creative Writing and philology. The relevance of this subject is borne out by the recent surge of interest in teaching Creative Writing among EFL practitioners, writers, as well as teachers and researchers of literature, and the lack of a well-established system of instruction in our country. The materials analyzed in the paper include the works of American theoreticians and practitioners of Creative Writing, who laid the foundation of this discipline in the late 19th – early 20th century, the works of British scholars, as well as the articles on linguodidactics of modern Russian researchers. The paper seeks to point out the issues involved in teaching Creative Writing, such as its place among other disciplines (literary criticism, English studies, English composition, linguodidactics) and its institutional status; its vision as a mere method of teaching or a separate field of investigation. It is shown that the skills and competences developed by Creative Writing programmes are in high demand, and there is a growing need for such courses in Russia. The article aims to demonstrate the features that bring together Creative Writing and philology in the Russian academic context and allow to envisage the incorporation of Creative Writing into the professional training of philologists, in particular those specializing in English studies. The article concludes by highlighting the role creative writing plays in promoting a deeper appreciation of literature, developing productive language skills and raising more competent readers.
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Wolwacz, Andrea Ferras. "TOM PAULIN'S POETRY OF TROUBLES." Organon 34, no. 67 (December 9, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2238-8915.96943.
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This paper is part of my PhD thesis. It examines contemporary Northern Irish Literature written in English with the help of the theoretical approach of Irish Studies. It aims to introduce and make a critique of poetry written by Tom Paulin, a contemporary British poet who is regarded one of the major Protestant Irish writers to emerge from Ulster province. The thread pursued in this analysis relates to an investigation of how ideological discourses and the issues of identity are represented in the poet’s work. The author’s critical evaluation of existing ideologies and identities and his attempt to respond to them will also be analyzed. Four poems from three different collections are investigate. Paulin’s poems function as testimonies, denouncement and criticism of the Irish history.
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Burney, Fatima. "Strategies of Sound and Stringing in Ebenezer Pocock's West–East Verse." Comparative Critical Studies 17, no. 2 (June 2020): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ccs.2020.0365.
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In an effort to capture how Orientalist translations, imitations and criticism of Asian poetry came to inform the idealization of lyric as a universal genre, this paper focuses on the practice of poetic metre in the nineteenth century. How did Victorian conceptions of recitational communities, bounded by shared ‘national’ metres, square against the wealth of translated works that were a major component of Victorian print culture? The amateur Orientalist Ebenezer Pocock explained various metres and musical practices associated with ‘Persian lyrics’ in his book Flowers of the East (1833) and offered equivalent metres in English before replicating these shared English/Persian metres in his own imitative poem ‘The Khanjgaruh: A Fragment’. This article sketches how Pocock's casting of this hybrid material in metres that would already have been recognizable to his English readers seems to have the intended effect of both orienting his work towards his domestic audience and grounding such a flexible approach within the Persian tradition itself. Pocock's poem sits amongst a range of accompanying materials including translations of Sa‘dī and scholarly essays on comparative philology and Persian literary history. Each of these different pieces supports the collection's greater effort – best encapsulated by ‘The Khanjgaruh’ – to both remember and imagine the shared poetic history between Asia and Europe. Pocock's writing thus emblemizes how the nineteenth-century ‘West–East lyric’ was a product of both historical and philological recovering as well as the willed creation of poets and poetry enthusiasts. As a category, lyric performs a binding function in Pocock's work to pull together a linguistically and professionally diverse community of writers.
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Matyjaszczyk, Joanna. "Struggles with Dramatic Form in 16th-Century English Biblical Plays." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 31/1 (October 2022): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.31.1.01.
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The aim of the article is to pinpoint how 16th-century biblical drama tried to appropriate its genre and medium to carry the reformist message and in what sense the project turned out to be a self-defeating one. The analysis of selected plays from reformed biblical cycles (The Chester Mystery Cycle, play iv; and “The Norwich Grocers’ Play”) and newly composed drama (John Bale’s plays, Lewis Wager’s Life and Repentaunce of Marie Magdalene, the anonymous “History of Jacob and Esau”), supported with an over- view of the criticism on the matter, reveals some common tensions in the dramatic texts which may have had their roots in the reformist need to eliminate any room for doubt that a theatrical performance could leave. The conclusion is that, in its attempts at striking the right balance between dramatizing and overt sermonizing, engaging and distancing, as well as providing an immersive experience and discouraging it, post-Reformation Scrip- ture-based drama oscillated between being more effective as a performance or as a carrier of the doctrinal message, with the resulting tendency to subvert either the former or the latter.
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Dubniak, Zlatyslav. "1984 After February 24th: A Philosophical Rereading of Orwell’s Novel." Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, no. 10 (December 28, 2023): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/kmhj270983.2023-10.49-67.
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The article offers a philosophical rereading of George Orwell’s novel 1984 in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, in particular after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24th, 2022. In recent decades, the dystopia of the English writer has become not only a model of literary criticism of totalitarianism but also the subject of constant falsifications and censorship for Russian propagandists. This study aims to clarify the primary philosophical content of Orwell’s novel and its heuristic potency to expose the sociopolitical situation in contemporary Russia. The author of the article turns to biographical descriptions and philosophical interpretations of the novel in the works of leading Western scholars to finally draw reasonable analogies between the dystopian world of 1984 and the contemporary Russian Federation.
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Indira Utojo, Hertin, and Oom Rohmah Syamsudin. "The Meaning of Survival in the Poetry of Jacob Isaac, and its Semantics Learning Implementation." INFERENCE: Journal of English Language Teaching 5, no. 2 (December 14, 2022): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/inference.v5i2.10736.
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<p>The social, political, and economy atmosphere of a country often evokes the desire of literary activists to express their imagination, feelings, ideology in the form of social, political and cultural criticism through art, including poetry. Likewise, Jacob Isaac, a Bachelor and Master of Arts, as well as Doctor of English Literature, who was born in Kerala, South India, expresses imagination, feelings, ideology by creating the English poetry. In this research, the research writer chose three poetry written by Jacob Isaac as data sources entitled Indifference, Neural Mapping, Aging Liberty. The objective of this research is to describe the meaning of (1) survival in the above poetry; and (2) its implementation in English semantics learning. The research writer uses a qualitative research method and triadic semiotic model of Charles Sanders Peirce, consists of (1) representamen consists of rhyme form and sound, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic relates to deixis, figurative and isotopy aspects); (2) interpretant consists of the biography of Jacob Isaac, history of India, social, political and cultural background aspects). The goal using interpretant is in order to get the research results more objective. This research was conducted from March to May 2021.</p>
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Tkachuk, Olena. "MULTICULTURALISM BY CONRAD-EMIGRANT." Polish Studies of Kyiv, no. 35 (2019): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/psk.2019.35.376-380.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the multiculturalism by Joseph Conrad, the English writer and the world classic of the 20th century, who, due to the preservation of his Polish national-cultural identity, and by estrangement from this identity in his artistic consciousness, was able to influence the intellectual and artistic atmosphere in England of his times. In this way, the Polish identity became a background for Conrad’s artistic creativity, and at the same time, universal values and criteria were the key to the successful acculturation in English society in its one of the most effective strategies – the integration strategy. In this case Conrad acquired another national-cultural identity, English, – while retaining his native, Polish. Undoubtedly, one of the most important issues touched by almost all researchers is his arrival in English literature, a Pole in origin, who only arrived in England in the twenty-first year, actually emigrating, and for a very short time becaming a venerable writer. It should be noted that, taking into account the peculiarities of English mentality, the task was rather uneasy. All this undoubtedly led to the development of a variety of approaches to understanding the creative personality and rich heritage of Joseph Conrad. Foreign literary and critical academic circles, which introduced the concept of «new English literature» (meaning the post-colonial period), do not take into account such figures of the English literary process as Joseph Conrad, whose work falls out of its chronological framework, and indicates that multicultural literature appeared on the approaches to the twentieth century. However, only nowadays it was possible that such an approach was based on the principles of multiculturalism, that is, the phenomenon justified in the 90s of the XX century, although, as the majority of scholars testify, it existed for a long time in cultural studies, literary criticism, art history and philosophy. We have chosen this approach. The research is devoted to the study of the problems of national-cultural identity by Joseph Conrad, as well as the mechanism of his acculturation in the conditions of emigration.
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CRAIG, DAVID M. "THE CROWNED REPUBLIC? MONARCHY AND ANTI-MONARCHY IN BRITAIN, 1760–1901." Historical Journal 46, no. 1 (March 2003): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x02002893.
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In the last two decades historians have been increasingly interested in the modernization of the monarchy, and the nature of the republican threat. This review evaluates some of this recent literature. The first section argues that while Walter Bagehot's views about ceremony in The English constitution (1867) have influenced historical writing, these approaches do not yield much information about what the monarchy actually meant to people. The second section turns to the political powers of the monarchy, and examines the wide range of views about what the constitutional limits of royal power were. It also shows that even radical writers were often unable to dispel the monarchy from their imaginations. Finally, the review suggests that criticism of the royal family was not necessarily republican, and arose more from concern that particular figures were failing to conform to shared public values. Pure republicans were few, and did not usually focus their energies on the monarchy, but rather on the nature of parliamentary representation and the power of the Lords.
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Gemici, Kurtuluş. "South Korea during the Park Chung Hee Era: Explaining Korea’s Developmental Decades." Asian Journal of Social Science 41, no. 2 (2013): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341297.
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Abstract Despite the voluminous literature on South Korea’s rapid economic development and social transformation in the 1960s and 1970s, the literature in English on Park Chung Hee — the political figure who indelibly marked this era — is still lacking. Furthermore, the existing studies approach the subject of Korea’s fateful decades from general theoretical perspectives, such as the developmental state. This approach inevitably flattens out historical particularity in the process. A recent edited volume, The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea, fills these gaps by bringing political history back into the study of Korean modernization. The goal of this review essay is a critical evaluation of this volume’s contribution to scholarship on South Korea. It is posited that The Park Chung Hee Era throws light on topics such as Park’s leadership that have been hitherto neglected in the analysis of arguably the most consequential decades in the history of South Korea. However, while the edited volume mounts an effective criticism of existing perspectives on Korea’s developmental decades under Park Chung Hee’s rule, it is less successful in offering a consistent framework to analyze different causal factors shaping the Korean trajectory of economic development.
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Farkas, Márton. "Lukács in Self-Translation: The Necessity of Contingency in The Soul and the Forms." October 161 (August 2017): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/octo_a_00302.
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A series of meditations on history and criticism, György Lukács's The Soul and the Forms appeared first in Hungarian in 1910 and then in German in 1911—arguably having been translated by the author himself, as a work of mourning. Despite renewed interest in the work, English-language editions have been taken from the German translation and barely consider the Hungarian version. This essay argues that an exemplary skirmish takes place in translation between the Hungarian and the German texts, as Lukács shifts from an Epicurean-Lucretian to a Stoicist view of causality. Not unlike in the early notebooks of Marx, a materialist Lukács can be located in his first collection of essays, despite the fact that it is usually pigeonholed as part of his grand idealist phase. Farkas is particularly interested in how Lukács's self-translation washes over a Romantic concept of irony as Lukács posits the necessity of a mixture of necessity and contingency as the origin of the critic's irony, a move that undermines his own non-totalizing view of irony as a structural principle of the novel in his 1917 work The Theory of the Novel.
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Гахраман, А. Ф. г. "Value and significance of English fiction." Modern Humanities Success, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.58224/2618-7175-2024-4-38-43.
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статья посвящена роли английской художественной литературы, ее существенному влиянию на формирование цивилизации, значимости и значительности ее в целом. Роль и значение английской литературы в современном мире не исчерпаны. Ее нельзя ассоциировать исключительно с историей культуры. Английская литература всегда была созвучна духу народа, ритму народных движений, борьбе за либеральные ценности. Не случайно сегодня одним из самых актуальных понятий в гуманитарных науках является понятие «другой». Английская литература остается «иной» по отношению к миру в целом и продолжает проповедовать те истины, которые филогенетически сформировали английский менталитет. В данной статье показано, что понятия «другой» и «толерантность» следует рассматривать в тесной связи. В литературоведении, как известно, существует термин остранение, введенный формалистами. В свете остранения, воспринимаемого не как отдельный прием, а как сущность художественного произведения, этот вид искусства вполне можно рассматривать как разновидность отражения или рефлексивного мышления. Мир, созданный художником слова, основан на бесконечности жизни, но его творческое воображение преобразует эту бесконечность жизни в соответствии с собственным видением. Образы, созданные писателем, также имеют прототипы в реальности, но как продукт творческого воображения или творческого мышления они могут быть гораздо более точными, адекватными отражениями действительности, чем мертвые слепки. the article is devoted to the role of English literature, its significant influence on the formation of civilization. The role and significance of English literature in the modern world has not been exhausted. It cannot be associated solely with cultural history. English literature has always been in tune with the spirit of the people with the rhythm of popular movements, with the struggle for liberal values. It is no coincidence that today one of the most relevant concepts in humanities is the concept of “other.” English literature remains “different” to the world as a whole and continues to preach those truths that have phylogenetically shaped the English mentality. This article shows that the concepts of “other” and “tolerance” should be considered in close connection. In literary criticism, as is known, there is a term defamiliarization, introduced by the formalists. In the light of defamiliarization, perceived not as a separate technique, but as the essence of fiction, this type of art may well be regarded as a kind of reflection or reflective thinking. The world created by the artist of words is based on the infinity of life, but his creative imagination transforms this infinity of life in accordance with his own vision. The images created by the writer also have prototypes in reality, but as a product of creative imagination, or creative thinking, they can be much more accurate, adequate reflections of reality than dead casts.
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Hann, Louisa. "‘If we Can’t Have a Conversation with our Past, then What will be Our Future?’: HIV/AIDS, Queer Generationalism, and Utopian Performatives in Matthew Lopez’s The Inheritance." English: Journal of the English Association 69, no. 265 (2020): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/efaa014.
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Abstract As the HIV/AIDS epidemic approaches its fifth decade, and emerging generations of queer-identified youth experience and conceptualize the virus in new ways, questions surrounding the memorialization and historicization of queer history have arisen within the arts. In the domain of theatre in particular, as mainstream revivals of crisis-era plays such as Larry Kramer’s The Normal Heart (1985) and Tony Kushner’s Angels in America (1991) proliferate, criticisms have arisen that such revivals feed into a narrative of the so-called ‘AIDS nostalgia’, pushing the idea that HIV/AIDS is a thing of the past and ignoring the ways in which the virus continues to shape individual social and sexual experiences. Recently, however, new plays such as Jonathan Harvey’s Canary (2010), the GHP Collective’s The Gay Heritage Project (2013), and Matthew Lopez’s The Inheritance (2018) have explicitly addressed this issue, conceptualizing a revised queer politics of HIV/AIDS that transcends Angels’ famous call for ‘The Great Work’ to begin. This article explores how The Inheritance in particular problematizes ‘AIDS nostalgia’ and configures novel approaches to the politics of HIV/AIDS in the twenty-first century. Alongside scholarship within the field of queer utopian studies such as José Estaban Muñoz’s Cruising Utopia (2009) and Jill Dolan’s Utopia in Performance (2005), it analyses the ways in which Lopez’s play employs utopian performatives to move towards a new politics of queer heritage.
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Trussler, Simon. "English Acting, Interactive Technology, and the Elusive Quality of Englishness." New Theatre Quarterly 12, no. 45 (February 1996): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0000957x.
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Acting style is arguably the most elusive of the theatre's always ephemeral traces – not least because each generation, while proclaiming its own actors to be more ‘natural’ than their predecessors, has tended in its criticism, as in actors' memoirs, to take style as a ‘given’. Anecdotage and plot synopsis have accordingly taken precedence over analysis of how performers actually worked and appeared on stage – let alone prepared their performances. Here, Simon Trussler introduces a project being launched at Goldsmiths, University of London, where he is Reader in Drama, to utilize the immense storage capacity of the CD-ROM both to record the evidence, verbal and pictorial, that has come down to us from the past, and to assess its relevance to present approaches to acting and to the playing of the classical repertoire. Specifically, the project aims to explore the ways in which the national identity – the quality of ‘Englishness’ – has been both reflected in and influenced by the ways in which it has been rendered on stage. In the succeeding article, Nesta Jones outlines the history and development of the English acting tradition, and some of the issues its consideration raises in relation to the Goldsmiths project. Simon Trussler was one of the founding editors of the original Theatre Quarterly in 1971, and has been co-editor of New Theatre Quarterly since its inception. The most recent of his many books on theatre and drama, The Cambridge Illustrated History of British Theatre, was runner-up for the 1994 George Freedley Award of the Theatre Libraries Association, being cited as ‘an outstanding contribution to the literature of the theatre’.
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Elias, Amy J. "Context Rocks!" Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 134, no. 3 (May 2019): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2019.134.3.579.
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Searching for the phrase “appreciation of literature” in Google's Ngram Viewer shows that the phrase reached its peak usage in English publications between 1936 and 1937 and then nosedived after those years. It's interesting to speculate about what came together at that time. In 1937, DC Thomson published the first issue of The Dandy, one of the best selling comics in the history of British pop culture and the third-longest-running comics in the world; Daffy Duck debuted in the animated short Porky's Duck Hunt, directed by Tex Avery for the Looney Tunes series; and Detective Comics commenced publication. A year later, Superman went public. But 1937 also was the year that John Crowe Ransom left Vanderbilt University for Kenyon College and published “Criticism, Inc.” in The Virginia Quarterly Review. The target of Ransom's ire is “moralist” historical criticism, into which camp he puts actual morality purveyors, the new humanists and the new leftists (those purveyors of what we often now call symptomatic readings), and “personal registrations” or unfettered appreciation (597). While of course correlation is not causation, 1937 might mark an important fork in the subterranean lines in the United States, where the two trains of comics fandom and literary criticism begin to go in different directions, on trajectories that take them farther apart during and after World War II: comics toward the aesthetics of appreciation, and criticism to increasingly professionalized literary analysis. Critics today seem to be returning to this junction, asking how comics and criticism might reunite. Perhaps that convergence is happening now, through approaches variously known as surface reading (Best and Marcus), reparative reading (Sedgwick), close reading, postcritique (Felski, Limits), thin description (Love), or redescription (Latour)—each of which encourages professionalized critical appraisal without taking rolling stock into dead-end symptomatic tunnels. Perhaps it is through some other approach, one that may look like Hillary Chute's Why Comics?
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Massai, Sonia. "Stage over Study: Charles Marowitz, Edward Bond, and Recent Materialist Approaches to Shakespeare." New Theatre Quarterly 15, no. 3 (August 1999): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x0001304x.
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The flurry of Shakespearean adaptations in the 1960s and 1970s represents a significant yet largely neglected chapter of recent cultural history. This article assesses two of the more enduring adaptations – Edward Bond's Lear (Royal Court Theatre, 1971) and Charles Marowitz's Measure for Measure (Open Space Theatre, 1975) – in order to show how these controversial texts anticipated later mainstream critical approaches which still affect our reception of Shakespeare in the late 1990s. Several parallels between Marowitz and Bond's adaptations and recent materialist readings of their Shakespearean sources suggest that the adaptors anticipated the critics, and that both sought meaning from their Shakespearean originals by focusing on certain aspects of the text and by disregarding others. By demonstrating that whilst Marowitz and Bond's adaptations should best be regarded as a form of stage-centred criticism, Sonia Massai suggests that literary critical approaches inevitably reflect an arbitrary and historically determined appropriation of the Shakespearean original. Sonia Massai is a Lecturer in English Studies at St. Mary's, Strawberry Hill, a College of the University of Surrey. She has published articles on Shakespearean adaptations in Studies in English Literature, Analytical and Enumerative Bibliography, and in a special issue of Textus: English Studies in Italy. She is currently collaborating with Jacques Berthoud on the New Penguin edition of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus.