Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Engrais et amendements organiques – Analyse'
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Nduwamungu, Cargèle. "Stabilité biologique et pouvoir tampon des amendements et des engrais organiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18451.
Full textNduwamungu, Cargele. "Stabilité biologique et pouvoir tampon des amendements et des engrais organiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23921/23921.pdf.
Full textQuinche, Gonzalez Melissa. "Diagnostic compositionnel de la nutrition azotée de la laitue et de l'oignon en sols organiques." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27669.
Full textQuebec produces 87% of lettuces and 38% of onions in Canada, mostly in organic soils, but the nitrogen fertilization of these crops is difficult to manage. Inadequate nitrogen intake regardless of local conditions can generate nutritional imbalances in the plant and increase the risk of contamination of surface and ground waters. Our objective was to develop nutrient diagnostic models and N recommendations for lettuce and onion according to the contents of C and N in the soil and to balances between macronutrients in leaf tissues. Twenty-four and thirteen nitrogen fertilization trials were conducted on lettuce and onion crops, respectively, in organic soils of southwestern Quebec from 2002 to 2006. Every crop received four doses of N from zero to 150-180 kg N ha-1 applied before planting or split-applied. To account for interactions between elements, the results of C and N analyses in soils and N, P, K, Ca and Mg analyses in leaf tissues were completed by a filling value (Fv) to close the compositional vector then transformed into log isometric ratios (ILRs). Because ILRs are orthogonal to each other, a Mahalanobis distance (M^2) can be computed from a reference composition. The ILRs were calibrated against crop response and classified into soil groups by meta-analysis for soil analyses, as "True Negatives" (TN), "True Positives" (TP), "False negatives" (FN) and "False Positives" (FP) specimens by the Cate-Nelson method in the case of foliar analyses. A Mahalanobis distance (M^2) was computed between experimental ILRs and reference ILRs. We delineated three groups of soil fertility for lettuce about M^2 values of 1.0 and 5.5 to conduct meta-analysis using response ratio as effect size. For onion, we delineated two groups about the M^2 value of 5.5. The M^2 values of 8.4 and 19.6 were the upper limits for recommendation models N for lettuce and onion, respectively. We obtained a quadratic model for lettuce and a linear model for onion. Balance standards of nutrients were elaborate at from foliar analyses high yield for lettuce and onion using Cate-Nelson analysis. Nutrient interactions were arranged in a dendrogram. Yield critical thresholds were 44 Mg ha-1 for lettuce and 50 Mg ha-1 for onion. Mahalanobis distances of 3.09 and 3.03 delineated critical balance of imbalance for lettuce and onion, respectively. The ILR transformation technique showed greater diagnostic accuracy than DRIS, evaluated in 78% for lettuce and 87% for onion. Balance [Fv
Leclerc, Blaise. "Cinétiques de minéralisation de l'azote des fertilisants organiques et teneurs en nitrate chez Lactuca sativa et Daucus carota." Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT021A.
Full textHébert-Gentile, Valérie. "Fertilisation biologique en tourbière naturelle et application foliaire de bore et de cuivre chez la chicouté." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28171/28171.pdf.
Full textCloudberry present low and variable fruit yields that are probably explained by the oligotrophy of the ombrotrophic peatlands where it grows. Two different fertilization techniques were tested in two natural bogs of the Quebec Lower-North-Shore. An organo-mineral fertilizer (crab and fish meal, potassium chloride) was applied annually in soil for three years. Foliar applications of boron and copper were tested during the third year. The fertilizers had no effect on cloudberry growth and productivity and the organo-mineral fertilizer hardly mineralized and dispersed in the soil. Mineralization capacity of other organic fertilizers in natural peatlands should thus be tested. Boron and copper are abundant in the fruits and are likely limiting fruit production, but new trials are needed to confirm it. In conclusion, more information on the nutrient requirements of cloudberry is needed to select suitable fertilizers.
Guérin, Julie. "Diagnostic agroenvironnemental de la fertilisation phosphatée des cultures maraîchères en sols organiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26520/26520.pdf.
Full textKorboulewsky, Nathalie. "Valorisation d'un compost de boues urbaines dans un vignoble méditerranéen : conséquences sur le sol, le végétal, et la qualité du vin." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11060.
Full textVillette, Sylvain. "Estimation de vitesse par analyse d'images acquises en file : application à la caractérisation de la distribution centrifuge de granules d'engrais." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS042.
Full textThis dissertation demonstrates that motion blurred images acquired in the vicinity of the spinning disc of a fertiliser centrifugal spreader can be used to estimate the outlet velocity components of the granules. First, a recursive linear filter is applied to the image to detect the streak axes corresponding to the granule trajectories. This filter was specifically developed for our research by means of the Canny method and an edge model based on an experimental approach. Secondly, the trajectories are identified and characterised using the Hough Transform. Its computation is based on mechanical knowledge derived from spreading analysis. Next, the outlet velocities are deduced from the outlet angle measurements using kinematic relationships. The fertiliser angular distribution is also estimated using the frequency of trajectory identifications in the image. Finally, the spread pattern is computed by means of a ballistic flight model using the above parameters
Pierrisnard, Françoise. "Impact de l'amendement des boues résiduaires de la ville de Marseille sur des sols à vocation agricole : comportement du Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, des hydrocarbures et des composés polaires." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30124.
Full textDeslauriers, Gabriel. "Méta-analyse d'essais de fertilisation N, P et K sur le haricot et le pois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30685/30685.pdf.
Full textSatao, Alagni. "Analyse de la coordination verticale de la distribution des engrais subventionnés au Mali : cas des producteurs de maïs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35839.
Full textThe objective of this study is to analyze the vertical coordination of the distribution of subsidized fertilizer in Mali. To do this, we adopted a qualitative research approach based on the exploitation of secondary data and the collection of primary information through individual surveys of actors involved in fertilizer supply in the Sikasso region. The primary data collected from these actors are analyzed by the content analysis method, which consists of classifying information by theme. The results obtained from the analysis show that actors involved in fertilizer supply are bound by formal and informal contract relationships, from market to cash market systems and vertical integration (in a lesser extent) as coordination tools. The results also show that the problems in the subsidized fertilizer supply chain, which may be obstacles (if no action is taken) to producers' access to the subsidy, are the asymmetry of information in subsidy access procedures, illicit fertilizer circulation, delay or nonpayment of subsidy, insufficient State fertilizer allowances, the lack of financial and logistical means at the level of the agricultural sectors and lack of agricultural credit system for producers in the DRA zone. Keywords: Vertical coordination, fertilizer, subsidy, farm, maize, supply, agriculture service.
Calbrix, Raphaël. "Impact des intrants organiques et des conduites culturales sur la biomasse microbienne et la diversité des bactéries telluriques." Rouen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ROUES028.
Full textThe aim of this work is to analyse the effects of four different organic products (turkey manure, compost of turkey manure and ligneous wastes, sewage sludge and compost of sewage sludge) on soil microbial communities in function of agricultural managements, during a 24 months kinetic. The microbial communities were characterised in a quantitative point of view (enumeration of heterotrophic cultivable bacteria, assay of soil total, microbial carbon assay) and in a qualitative one by potential metabolic fingerprinting (Biolog) and genetic structure of soil bacterial communities (T-RFLP 16S rDNA). A transitory impact specific to the different organic products was shown. The impact of organic products on microbial biomass and on bacterial community structure seemed to depend on their rate of lignin (Van Soest) and of mineralisable carbon. The influence of the tillage and the vegetation was revealed by the evolution of bacterial community structure during the 24 months of the experiments
Perthame, Laurène. "Analyse et modélisation du rôle de la compétition pour l’azote dans la régulation des adventices." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK049.
Full textReducing the use of herbicide and mineral fertilizers is crucial to develop sustainable cropping systems. Such changes might result in an increased weed flora as well as intensify competition for resources, particularly nitrogen, between crops and weeds. The aim of this thesis was to analyze and model (via the mechanistic crop model FLORSYS) the key processes underlying nitrogen competition, in order to determine if changes in nitrogen fertilization techniques and cultivar choice could promote biological weed regulation.At the beginning of the thesis, the FLORSYS model (which simulates the effects of cropping systems in interaction with pedoclimate on weed dynamics) only included light competition. A first step consisted in including nitrogen competition in the model. Experiments in controlled conditions were used to establish original formalisms and parameters characterizing the diversity of crop and weed traits related to nitrogen nutrition.Then, virtual experiments (simulations) with the new FLORSYS version identified nitrogen fertilization techniques and crop traits related to nitrogen nutrition that the most influenced weed impacts on production and biodiversity for a case study (maize monoculture in Aquitaine, France).Finally, for the case study, optimization algorithms were applied to nitrogen fertilization techniques and crop traits related to nitrogen nutrition to propose innovative cropping systems promoting biological weed regulation by competition and reconciling crop productivity and biodiversity.This thesis resulted in producing new knowledge on (1) how to model plant nitrogen nutrition in heterogeneous canopies and (2) the role of nitrogen in crop-weed competition. This work suggests that including nitrogen fertilization techniques and cultivar choice among levers would be helpful to promote weed biological regulation
Bouanani, Fatiha. "Etude en champ et en conditions controlées de la minéralisation de l'azote et des modifications de l'organisation du sol, après apport de matières organiques issues de déchets urbains et agricoles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11014.
Full textNguyen, Van Trang. "Sorption et désorption du cadmium dans deux sols agricoles amendés de composts et de coquilles d'oeufs de poules." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26631/26631.pdf.
Full textAmir, Soumia. "Contribution a la valorisation de boues de stations d'épuration par compostage : devenir des micropolluants metalliques et organiques et bilan du compost." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000074/.
Full textThe valorisation of sewage sludges after lagooning by composting with straw estimated by the agronomic and environmental quality of the final product was evaluated by GPC on Sephadex, elementary analysis, UV-Vis, FT- IR, NMR-C13, ICP/MS, GC/MS et TMAH/GC/MS at different stages of the process. The speciation of the bioavailable metallic trace elements (2% of the initial MTE) shows that they decrease in favour to the resistant forms. The biotransformation of the organic micropollutants (PAH, phthalates) is expressed in terms of biodegradation or polycondensation towards to the incriminated phase. The structural characterization of humic and fulvic acids is discussed in terms of aromaticity or functional conservation in relationships to molecular weight, incriminated aromatic structures, potential polycondensations and neo-synthesis by successive micro-organisms according to the stabilization or maturation step
Joseph, Claude-Alla. "Potentiel de recyclage agricole des boues d'épuration et des cendres de combustion des boues municipales ou agroalimentaires en Amérique du Nord." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36796.
Full textBiosolids and sludges incinerated ashes (SIA) are valuables sources of nutrients (N, P) and organics matter. During the last decades, a considerable amount of research has been done on biosolids nutrients availability after their application onto agricultural land. But these studies are focused on specific products and performed under different experimental conditions, generating very different results. Therefore, so far, no model has been proposed to predict nitrogen and phosphorus plant availability for biosolids land application. Although the chemical characterization of SIA has been widely examined, there are only a few studies regarding crop responses to this source of P. This study has generated prediction models to evaluate nitrogen and phosphorus plant availability in these products in order to improve their agricultural recycling and avoid environmental risks of pollution. Data were collected from national and international literature in order to design two models to assess and classify nitrogen and phosphorus availability in SIA. Twelve SIA from mono-incinerators located in Canada and the USA were tested for their fertilizing potential in a greenhouse experiment. Then, random forest modeling was used to find out an indicator of prediction of SIA phosphorus availability. Depending on the C/N ratio of non-composted by-products, six categories were defined. i) high mineralization: +66 % relative N effectiveness (RNE) and 5 ≤ C/N, ii) moderate mineralization: +33 % RNE and 5 < C/N ≤ 16, iii) low mineralization: +9 % RNE and 16 < C/N ≤ 38, iv) low immobilization: −9% RNE and 38 < C/N ≤ 90, v) moderate immobilization: −27 % RNE and 90 < C/N ≤ 140, and vi) high immobilization: −55 % RNE and C/N > 140. According to the total molar concentration of Al and Fe in biosolids, phosphorus availability were divided into 4 classes: i) very high (230-400 mmol kg-1), ii) high (401-1100 mmol kg-1), iii) medium (1101-2800 mmol kg-1), and, iv), and low (2801-5132 mmol kg-1). The biomass increases following an SIA application were as high as 29 % and 59 % more than the control for the sandy loam and clayey soil, respectively, but 40% less than for the triple super phosphate (TSP), for both soils. The ray-grass biomass and P uptake increases due to SIA applications were larger than those of rock phosphate (RP) application in the clayey soil, but similar to those in the sandy loam soil. A similar behavior was observed for P uptake, with a maximum increase of 26 % for the clayey soil, and 165 % for the sandy loam soil. The SIA with a PSP of ≥ 54% significantly increased soil available P stocks and saturation. The random forest modeling shows that oxalate extraction is a practical indicator of prediction of SIA phosphorus availability. Also, this modeling shows that SIA Al content is the most influent factor of this availability.
Jean, Roudy. "Développement d'un mélange d'hydro-ensemencement herbacé pour la phytorestauration de résidus miniers aurifères." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28232.
Full textBiochar, hydrogel and plant symbionts were tested as amendments and biostimulants for plant growth of Festuca rubra, Trifolium repens L and Avena sativa L hydro-seeded on gold mine fine tailings and waste rock. A germination test indicated that both biochars favored plant germination between 61% and 91%, except for combination BQ-Érable-500-3with white clover. A first experiment consisting of three hydrogel doses (0 g/kg, 10 g/kg, 15 g/kg of substrate) combined with 0% or 15% v / v of biochar was conducted on the growth of hydro-seeded A. sativa, F. rubra and T. repens planted together on these gold mine tailings under controlled conditions. The addition of hydrogel to biochar increased plant biomass between 20% and 27% compared to the control without biochar. The addition of biochar at 15% v/v to tailings had no effects on the aboveground and total biomass of plants in the mesocosm experiment. An interaction was observed between the hydrogel and the biochar. However, this interaction was negatively influenced by the high rate of biochar applied. In a second experiment, the interaction of both biochars with 15% v/v or without biochar (0%) and of a microbial consortium including two dinitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria strains (Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifoli FH345K and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifoli USDA2046), a free-free-living dinitrogen-fixing bacteria strain (Pseudomonas putida MBN 0213) and a fungal strain of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) (Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198) were observed in mesocosm greenhouse experiment. Biochar made with maple bark at 7000C increased plant biomass by 20% compared to treatment without biochar, but the other biochar made of 75% of wood and bark maple at 500 0C did not influence growth. There was no interaction between biochar and the microbial consortium. Despite their differences in individual biomass, the two plant mixtures did not behave differently in terms of total above ground biomass. These results suggest that hydrogel and biochar are beneficial for plant growth, with either of the plant mixtures, in environments difficult for plants growth such as tailings. On the other hand, the effect of biochar on plant growth depends of the biochar type. Keywords: Biochar, mine reclamation, hydrogel, gold mining, Avena sativa, Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra
Sorel, Luc. "Paysages virtuels et analyse de scénarios pour évaluer les impacts environnementaux des systèmes de production agricole." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00440205.
Full text- l'analyse de successions culturales parcellaires observées afin d'identifier les déterminants spatiaux et temporels des transitions de cultures ; l'occupation du sol spatialisant les pratiques agricoles ;
- à partir du bassin versant de Naizin (12 km2, Morbihan, France) caractérisé par des activités d'élevage bovin et porcin intensives, la construction d'un jeu de paysages agricoles virtuels différant par leur milieu physique, les forçages climatiques et les pratiques agricoles auxquels ils sont soumis ;
- la réalisation d'une évaluation environnementale multi-cibles et multi-critères de ces agrosystèmes en permettant le couplage et l'intégration des sorties entre le modèle agro-hydrologique TNT2 et un modèle de bilan de phosphore du sol. Stochastree, un modèle de transition de cultures basé sur des arbres de décision stochastiques a été développé. Il a notamment permis de maintenir la distribution spatiale des cultures autour du corps d'exploitation, tout en respectant des contraintes d'hydromorphie des sols et d'objectif de production des exploitations. L'évaluation environnementale des paysages virtuels a quantifié l'influence du climat, du milieu et des systèmes de culture sur différents indicateurs agricoles, pédologiques et hydrologiques. Nous avons constaté que l'adoption d'un système de culture modéré (réduction d'intrants, intercultures hivernales) réduit significativement les flux excédentaires de phosphore vers les sols et accroît l'efficience des apports d'azote et de phosphore. Cependant, cet effet s'atténue pour des indicateurs incorporant des processus de transformation et de transfert de la matière organique, comme la concentration en nitrate à l'exutoire. De plus, les effets des interactions sol-climat sur cette concentration sont du même ordre qu'une réduction de 15% des apports totaux d'azote. Ainsi, la définition de pratiques agricoles alternatives devant satisfaire un objectif environnemental précis (cf. le non-dépassement du seuil des 50 mg NO3.l-1 dans les cours d'eau) ne peut se faire qu'en lien avec les caractéristiques du paysage et que leur transposition directe à un autre paysage peut ne pas atteindre l'effet escompté.
Parat, Corinne. "Effets à long terme de l'apport répété de déchets organiques sur l'évolution de la matière organique et des éléments traces métalliques dans un sol sableux acide (Couhins, 33)." Dijon, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01556412.
Full textGabriel, Andréa-Wiktor. "Le pluralisme des voies d’écologisation de la gestion des biomasses résiduaires en agriculture : analyse à partir des réseaux métaboliques et étude de cas dans la vallée de la Drôme." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB017.
Full textAbstract: Residual biomass (RB) (e.g. livestock effluents, crop residues, green and urban waste) plays a key role in agriculture. The modernization of agriculture since the 19th century has profoundly transformed their metabolism, leading to soil impoverishment, pollution and loss of autonomy of farms and territories in terms of fertilization.Today, solid scientific facts prove the need for an ecologization of RB management, but the nature of this ecologization is debated. Radically different visions of what should be the biophysical basis of the functioning of our societies coexist and put our human and scientific communities in tension. This thesis aims to provide an analytical framework for a dialogue between the multiple pathways of ecologization: the metabolic networks. The study was conducted in the Drôme valley, a region well knowned for the development of organic agriculture. The cartography of production and flows of RB as well as the description of the multiple values given by farmers to the metabolism of RB allow us to think the tensions and complementarities between two contrasting paths of ecologization: the engineering path of optimization and "closing the loop" (industrial ecology) and cultivating bounds with the rest of the living through multiple values, beyond economic utilitarianism (the earthbound).This thesis draws up the perspectives of a more pragmatic path towards ecologization
Azzi, Valérie. "Les apports des métaux traces par les fertilisants chimiques phosphatés dans les sols libanais : investigation sur leur devenir et leur transfert." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30093/document.
Full textSoil compaction and contamination with heavy metals were the response of the use of heavy machinery and phosphate fertilization to improve and expand agricultural productivity. The Eastern Mediterranean emerging countries suffer from lack in legislations and regulations organizing the chemical fertilizers use. This is due to the insufficient data on soil characteristics and agricultural practices. Thus, excessive fertilization can be considered as potential sources of soil contamination by trace metals susceptible to be transferred to the different food chains. One of the main occupations of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) was to evaluate the associated risks to the trace metals inputs coming from phosphate fertilizers. The investigation of phosphate fertilizers used in Lebanon and neighboring countries showed that cadmium is well bonded to sulfate-phase when sulfate is present in the fertilizers. The annual average of the deposition of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil was found lower than the recommended limits in some countries like Brazil and Britain but such contribution is relatively high when considering the alkaline nature of the soil. Thus, norms and legislations for acidic soil cannot be necessarily adaptable and used for alkaline soil knowing that such soil is the best environment to stabilize the metals and limit their bioavailability. Lactuca sativa (lettuce), widely consumed specie in Mediterranean countries, has been chosen as target specie to be studied in order to follow cadmium in different parts of the plants and its partition between water, soil and plants. The effects of the compaction, cadmium and phosphate fertilizers were evaluated on morphological and physiological characteristics of Lactuca sativa cultivated in columns. Cadmium mobility in soil and its transfer to lettuce, the microbial population (the number of total bacteria, total fungi, cadmium resistant bacteria CRB and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms PSM) and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were also studied. Cadmium mobility was decreased in the soil amended with cadmium and phosphorus and compaction increased the Cd accumulation in the lettuce's aerial part and the nitrate infiltration. A decrease of the number of total bacteria, fungi, ALP and an increase in the number of PSM, CRB and acid phosphatase activity were observed in the treatment where the soil was compacted and amended with cadmium and phosphate fertilizers. In absence of any interactive matrix with the metals and the phosphate fertilizers other than the lettuces, the effects of cadmium and phosphate fertilizer were evaluated on morphological and physiological characteristics of lettuces grown in hydroponic culture. Cadmium absorption and transfer to aerial part was also studied. The lettuces development's was important in the hydroponic culture more than in soil cultivation in presence of phosphate fertilizer. Despite the rapid growth of lettuces in hydroponic culture, this system is a potential source of bioavailable cadmium that is absorbed by lettuces and transferred to roots and aerial parts conducting to morphological changes
Nowak, Benjamin. "Diminuer la dépendance aux engrais de synthèse par le recyclage local des éléments minéraux : analyse des stratégies d'approvisionnement en éléments minéraux des exploitations agricoles biologiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00982802.
Full textGoulas, Anaïs. "Devenir et biodisponibilité des antibiotiques entrant dans les sols agricoles lors du recyclage des matières fertilisantes d'origine résiduaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA034/document.
Full textAntibiotics are chronically introduced in soils through the application of exogenous organic matter (EOM) such as manure or sewage sludge. The environmental dissemination of these pollutants presents a long-term risk for health particularly due to the acquisition of antibiotic resistances. The origin and the properties of EOM can influence the antibiotic behavior in soils. This behavior and the potential impact on living-organisms depends on the antibiotic (bio)availability. Few data about the antibiotic bioavailability in soils exist and increasing knowledge is conditioned by the development of extraction and analytical methods for molecules at low concentrations in complex organomineral matrices. This research work focuses on the link between the MAFOR type, the behavior and the bioavailability of antibiotics in soils, and their impacts on soil microorganisms. Chemical methods were developed to assess the(bio)availability and the behavior of two antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin) and some transformation products in EOM-amended soils incubated in controlled conditions. A modelling approach was used to describe the behavior of sulfamethoxazole and its main metabolite in soils as a function of the organic matter evolution; the modelling results suggest that co-metabolism was responsible for the molecule mineralization and the formation of biogenic non-extractable residues. Finally chemical data were confronted to biological measures: the (bio)availability of antibiotics estimated through different aqueous extractions was related to their biodegradation by adapted soil microorganisms or to their toxicity on soil microbial activities. Original results were obtained in this work and will be useful to assess the risk related to the antibiotic dispersion in the environment
Valdès, Gomez Hector. "Relations entre états de croissance de la vigne et maladies cryptogamiques sous différentes modalités d’entretien du sol en région méditerranéenne." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0012.
Full textAskri, Amira. "Valorisation des digestats de méthanisation en agriculture : effets sur les cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l'azote." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0023.
Full textAnaerobic digestion is a biological treatment of organic wastes which is strongly developing in France. In addition to producing energy, anaerobic digestion produces a digestate that has interesting agronomic potential. The objective of this work was thus to study the effect of applying digestates to a soil on the biogeochemical cycles of C and N, particularly the C storage potential in soil and the availability of N for plants, as well as the N2O emissions. The variation of these effects with the type of digested inputs and with the post-treatments after digestion was also studied. These studies were based on laboratory experiments, a short-term field experiment and modeling.Five types of digestates were used: three of agricultural origin and two from urban wastes coming from separate collection or not. Four raw digestates were produced by wet anaerobic digestion and underwent phase separation producing thus two digestates: liquid and solid. The other digestate was produced by dry anaerobic digestion. The solid digestates from urban origin underwent composting also while the two digestates of agricultural origin underwent reverse osmosis and drying.The digestates produced from agricultural wastes have the higher fertilizer and amending potentials. The phase separation produced a solid product which can mostly be used to maintain soil C stocks and which can be further improved by composting and a liquid product that has a greater fertilizing potential. All digestates raw, solid and liquid are characterized by a residual fraction of readily biodegradable C ranging from 23 to 91% of their organic C and related to the C content of the hot water extractable fraction. The biological stability of the digestates increases in this order: liquid 18%, the solid and the composted digestates have an interesting amending potential. The anaerobic digestates have also a high nitrogen fertilizer value, mainly related to the fraction of ammonia N initially present in the digestate; nevertheless, the high organic C/N ratios generate relatively high nitrogen organization associated with the degradation ofdigestate organic matter.A unique set of parameters was determined from the previous experimentations to simulate the C and N mineralization kinetics, after applying digestates to the soil, using the CANTIS model. This set of parameters was used to evaluate the relationship between the soil C stock and the fertilizer value of digestate and their biochemical properties.N2O emissions are higher from the raw digestates; but post-treatment by phase separation and composting reduce these emissions, while reverse osmosis and drying increase them showing thus the difficulty in associating agronomic interest and lack of environmental impacts at the same time.In the field, a high loss of mineral nitrogen is found after application of digestate, probably because of the volatilization of ammonia nitrogen. The non-composted digestates have fertilizer equivalence between 0.37 and 0.52; the origin of the digestate and phase separation didn‟t have effect on this parameter. On the other side, composting decreases by more than 80% the equivalence to nitrogen fertilizer
Saba, Dany. "Les radionucléides et le plomb émis par une usine de fertilisants au Liban : Etude de leurs mobilités dans les sols et les plantes pour une évaluation du risque sanitaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA025/document.
Full textThe use of phosphate fertilizers and phosphate rock as raw material by fertilizer plants, and the by-product phosphogypsum, contribute in increasing the levels of natural radionuclides and trace metals in the environment. This may affect the ecosystem and human health.This study evaluates the radiological impact of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides, mainly 238U, 232Th and their decay product, and 40K. As well as, it evaluates the health impact of Pb, present in the raw material and fertilizers produced by a fertilizer plant in Lebanon.The main objective is to characterize the diffuse contamination of these pollutants with a view to assess the health risk in 9 non-cultivated residential sites around the plant. A focus on the quantitative assessment of the health risk is specifically linked to the consumption of the wild plant Dittrichia viscosa and the accidental ingestion of soil dust for the inhabitants of the study area. The concept of bioaccessibility of soil and plant Pb is integrated into these assessments. Chemical extractions using EDTA and the Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) were used for in vitro estimation of available and bioaccessible Pb fractions. These were incorporated into the risk calculations. The radiological risks related to gamma ionizing radiation from radioelements were also estimated via radiological parameters.All of the work has shown that the fertilizer plant generates diffuse contamination that increases the levels of radionuclides and Pb in the near environment, specifically in soils (for 238U, 226Ra and their decay products 214Pb, 212Pb and 210Pb, as well as for Pb), and in the aerial parts of Dittrichia viscosa plants (for Pb and 210Pb). The study of the distribution of 210Pb and PbEDTA fractions provide additional information to characterize the Pb contribution due to the activity of the plant. The results showed that the mean values of activity concentrations of radioelements in soil samples were slightly higher than those determined in other Lebanese regions and worldwide average values. Based on the radiological parameters, no significant risk has been identified for the population frequenting the area.The pseudo-total soil Pb concentrations were below the applied thresholds. Threshold exceedances were observed for Pb levels in Dittrichia viscosa leaves.Two health risk assessment schemes for Pb were studied: a first classical scheme based on the hypothesis of the total ingestion of total Pb levels in soils and plants; a second scheme where only fractions reaching the systemic circulation have been measured and considered in risk calculations. These two schemes were studied for two high-exposure field scenarios. Taking into account the bioaccessible Pb concentrations in the calculations greatly reduces (at least by a factor of 10) the potential risk for both scenarios, whereas the classical risk calculations show a significant risk for the children. Whatever the chosen risk calculation scheme, ingestion of plants remains the main route of exposure for the two maximalist scenarios
Pradel, Marilys. "Proposition d'une méthode d'allocation par répartition paramètre-dépendant pour l'Analyse du Cycle de Vie des produits déchet-sourcés - Application aux fertilisants phosphatés boue-sourcés." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM032/document.
Full textHuman activities produce wastewater that generates sludge, a waste recycled on agricultural soils or for energy recovery. Extensive research is currently undergone on sludge to develop processes that can convert it into products with high-added value. In this context, sludge could move from a fatal waste status to the status of an expected co-product of wastewater treatment. This paradigm shift has implications for the assessment of environmental impacts of "sludge-based" materials with Life Cycle Assessment. Indeed, sludge becomes an expected co-product from the wastewater treatment plant and the environmental burden of their production must be distributed among co-products by means of an allocation factor. This thesis aims at defining a mathematical construction of this allocation factor by combining process- and product-related parameters, integrating de facto the causal relationships between process operations and products generation and the technological reality of the process. The result is a matrix of which each element associates, for each inventory data, an allocation factor to each of the generated co-products. Applied to the production of sludge-based phosphate fertilizers, LCA highlights the major contribution of the production stage compared to the stages of treatment and recovery of the sludge. Nevertheless, the method developed within this thesis to allocate an environmental load to each co-products of an indivisible production system paves the way for a more coherent environmental assessment of waste-based products. This methodology can also be used effectively in the environmental assessment of thermal, chemical or physical separation processes
Kintche, Kokou. "Analyse et modélisation de l'évolution des indicateurs de la fertilité des sols cultivés en zone cotonnière du Togo." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728812.
Full textDequiedt, Benjamin. "Le coût de l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre liées à la fertilisation des cultures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA021.
Full textIn this thesis, we assess the mitigation cost of greenhouse gas (GHG) from fertilization which represents 38% and 44% of agricultural GHG emissions in Europe and in France. This assessment is conducted for two key measures in climate mitigation which are the implementation of legumes crops and the reduction of fertilization per hectare. The abatement potential of legume crops is computed by simulating their increase in French croplands and also by a switch of crop rotations on several years (up to 6 years) in five European regions. Results show that significant mitigation amounts can be obtained by increasing farms revenues. The role of risk aversion is studied through the reduction of fertilisation per hectare. We analytically shows the conditions leading to nitrogen over-applications on crops which allows farmers to minimize their risk of loss on crop yields. The simulations lead on risk averse farmers show that an insurance covering yield variability could be foreseen as an interesting tool to mitigate emissions
Coquil, Xavier. "Transition des systèmes de polyculture élevage laitiers vers l'autonomie. Une approche par le développement des mondes professionnels." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0005/document.
Full textAgricultural and environmental qualities of autonomous mixed-crop systems are now recognized by research and public policies: their lower consumption of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization...), and their recycling of materials between crops and livestock allow these systems to remain productive while minimizing impacts on the environment. However, their public remains confidential: the path of the reduction or abandonment of inputs requires deep changes in ways of working for the farmer. Our research aims to formalize transition from mixed-crop systems mobilizing inputs to autonomy. We analyze how the farmer work and make his work evolve during the transition. We analyze work activity of (i) farmers in 9 mixed-crop dairy farms from the Sustainable Agriculture Network, and of (ii) experimenters of an experimental mixed-crop dairy farm in INRA ASTER-Mirecourt. We mobilize the concept of professional world as an analyzer of the work activity of the farmer and thus we access to a systemic formalization of activity considering the actions, knowledge and tools of the farmer but also the objects on which he acts, the professional standards to which he refers and his values. Thus, we formalize the development of professional worlds according to a non-teleological process, a no-linear and non-incremental development of farmers' experiences rooted in their history and culture. Creativity of farmers in the action has a place in the development of this experience. Instrumental genesis, that is to say, the movement of the action or of the professional standards of the farmer by the use of an artifact, are resources and stimulators of the development: 30 key artifacts (material tools, cognitive tools...) allow farmers to act on animals, crops, economics, employment, balance of matter, forages, equipment, observations, potential, productivity, socio-professional networks, work and sales during the transition to mixed-crop farming. This development is partly autonomous, ie linked to dynamics internal to professional world, and partly social, ie mobilizing professional standards and artifacts of professional networks of the farmer. Analysis of professional worlds of autonomous mixed-crop farmers reveals original management of crops, animals and even of crop/livestock interactions. This analysis also reveals various work organizations in farms and various wishes of farmers concerning the future. Thus, we describe the singularities of professional worlds in these autonomous systems and we formalize a range of pragmatic concepts, instruments and indicators of management used by autonomous farmers. In the field of ergonomics, this work provides an analytical perspective on the development of professional worlds. In the field of systemic agronomy, it suggests (i) taking into account action’s creativity in the representations of farmers’ action, (ii) a formalization of the acquisition of experience including situations of paradigm shift or the farmer and (iii) a formalization of specific resources of the transition to empower farmers’ development. From an operational point of view, this work suggests exploring ways (i) to extend the public of autonomous mixed-crop farming systems and (ii)!to companion farmers toward autonomous farming, specifying the role of the experimental station of INRA ASTER-Mirecourt.!
Précigout, Pierre-Antoine. "Epidemiology and evolution of fungal foliar pathogens in the face of changes in crop fertilization : application of evolutionary-ecological theory to crop epidemiology." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC108/document.
Full textThe quest for a sustainable agriculture requires a reduction in the use of synthetic inputs. In this perspective, agroecology seeks to use interactions between organisms in the agroecosystem to replace inputs by ecosystem services, such as the natural regulation of pests and diseases. In this context, this thesis studies the effect of crop fertilization on epidemics of crop fungal foliar pathogens. We also take into account the evolution of these pathogens in response to fertilization scenarios. This allows us to study the sustainability of agricultural practices that contribute to the regulation of epidemics. To answer these questions, we adopted a modelling approach that simulates the effect of different fertilization scenarios. The starting point and originality of our approach was to consider the pathosystem as a consumer-resource system and to use concepts of evolutionary ecology to answer the abovementioned agronomic questions. In the two models developed in this thesis, fertilization directly determines the quantity of resources available for the pathogen. We focus on one of the pathogen's life history traits, the latent period (time period between infection and the onset of sporulating lesions), which corresponds to the minimum duration of an infectious cycle and constrains the pathogen's resource allocation strategy. The latent period determines the amount of resource that will be allocated to either growth of mycelium (and therefore to pathogen size at maturity) or to sporulation (proportional to the pathogen’s size). The models we developed make it possible to study the epidemiological and evolutionary responses of fungal foliar pathogens to crop fertilization. We parameterized our models according to our biological knowledge of the wheat-rust pathosystem. Our modelling work encompasses different spatial and temporal scales: from the lesion where the pathogen feeds directly on its host, to the field and the landscape where the spores that flow between fields are the source of epidemics in the agroecosystem. The first model, at the intersection of the "SEIR" epidemiological models and structured population models, covers the scales of a lesion, the crop canopy and the field. The second model, at the intersection of SEIR and spatial landscape epidemiology models, covers the scales of the field and the agricultural landscape. We study epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogen populations by comparing empirical and invasion fitness concepts. We show that crop fertilization, by determining the dynamics of available resources for pathogens, has a strong impact on foliar fungal epidemics. Our models predict that pathogen latent period evolves in response to various ecological trade-offs; on the one hand to optimize resources allocation at the leaf scale, on the other hand to win the race against canopy growth. By changing the leaf metabolite content and the rate of canopy growth, fertilization therefore impacts both epidemics and evolutionary responses of pathogen latent period. At the landscape scale, the introduction of various fertilization practices in a previously homogeneous landscape could help to partially regulate epidemics. However, our model predicts that the beneficial effects of heterogeneity will vanish due to the evolution and diversification of pathogens in heterogeneous landscapes. This work sets the stage for further work on the effect and sustainability of agricultural practices on the regulation of crop epidemics in agroecosystems. Finally, by performing a meta-analysis, we bring out a strong relation between pathogen trophic type and latent period, suggesting that different trophic types of pathogens will respond differently to decreasing fertilization scenarios
"Stabilité biologique et pouvoir tampon des amendements et des engrais organiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23921/23921.pdf.
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