Relevant bibliographies by topics / Enhanced bentonite

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Enhanced bentonite'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Enhanced bentonite"

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Osacky, M., V. Šucha, M. Miglierini, and J. Madejová. "Reaction of bentonites with pyrite concentrate after wetting and drying cycles at 80°C: relevance to radioactive waste (Radwaste) storage." Clay Minerals 47, no. 4 (2012): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2012.047.4.06.

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AbstractThe mineral stability of two bentonites was studied in the presence of pyrite concentrate to simulate the possible reactions between the bentonite barrier used in a high-level nuclear waste (HLW) repository and host rock containing up to 5 wt.% of admixed pyrite. Smectite was the only bentonite mineral affected by pyrite treatment under the experimental conditions used. Bentonites reacted differently with pyrite due to the different nature of the smectites. The distinct crystal chemistry of the smectites controlled by the composition of the parent rocks influenced the smectite surface
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Mannu, Alberto, Simona Castia, Giacomo Luigi Petretto, Sebastiano Garroni, Franca Castiglione, and Andrea Mele. "Exploring the Structure–Activity Relationship of Bentonites for Enhanced Refinement of Recycled Vegetable Oil." Materials 18, no. 5 (2025): 1059. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18051059.

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The use of bentonite for recycling vegetable oils presents challenges, as even minor variations in the clay composition and structure can lead to significant differences in its ability to retain various chemical groups. This study investigates the structure–activity relationship of four bentonites—two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic (both in commercial and ground forms)—to better understand these effects. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy revealed subtle differences between hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials, as well as distinctions between ground and unground hydrophilic clays, through 29Si and
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Sudheer Kumar, Ritwick, Carolin Podlech, Georg Grathoff, Laurence N. Warr, and Daniel Svensson. "Thermally Induced Bentonite Alterations in the SKB ABM5 Hot Bentonite Experiment." Minerals 11, no. 9 (2021): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11091017.

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Pilot sites are currently used to test the performance of bentonite barriers for sealing high-level radioactive waste repositories, but the degree of mineral stability under enhanced thermal conditions remains a topic of debate. This study focuses on the SKB ABM5 experiment, which ran for 5 years (2012 to 2017) and locally reached a maximum temperature of 250 °C. Five bentonites were investigated using XRD with Rietveld refinement, SEM-EDX and by measuring pH, CEC and EC. Samples extracted from bentonite blocks at 0.1, 1, 4 and 7 cm away from the heating pipe showed various stages of alteratio
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Chen, Li, Yanbo Zhou, Xiaoqian Wang, Thomas Zwicker, and Jun Lu. "Enhanced oil–mineral aggregation with modified bentonite." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 7 (2013): 1581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.013.

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The application of modified-bentonite-enhanced oil dispersion in water and oil–mineral aggregate (OMA) formation was studied in the laboratory. The effect of modification on the surface properties of bentonite was characterized. The hydrophobicity and surface electric properties of bentonite were significantly improved by attaching cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide to its surface. The results showed that surface properties of bentonite played an important role in OMA formation. Spherical droplets of OMAs were formed with natural bentonite and elongated solid OMAs and flake OMAs were formed with
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Mota-Heredia, Carlos, Jaime Cuevas, and Raúl Fernández. "Effect of Iron Chloride (II) on Bentonites under Hydrothermal Gradients: A Comparative Study between Sodium Bentonite and Calcium Bentonite." Minerals 14, no. 2 (2024): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14020132.

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This study investigates the performance of two bentonite materials, specifically MX-80 (Na-bentonite) and FEBEX (Ca-Mg-Na-bentonite), employed as engineered barriers in deep geological disposal facilities for the isolation of high-level radioactive waste, contained in metallic canisters. Experiments conducted at the laboratory scale focused on the interaction of these bentonites with FeCl2 powder, used as a soluble iron source, to observe enhanced alteration of the bentonite. The experiments were carried out under a hydrothermal gradient. A dominant Na-Cl-SO4 saline solution was put in contact
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Al-Taey, Duraid K. A., Ahmed J. Hussain, and Haider J. Kadhum. "Bentonite Impact on Soil Properties and Biological Activity in the Face of Drought : A Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1262, no. 4 (2023): 042058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1262/4/042058.

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Abstract The clay mineral bentonite has received a lot of attention for its potential to reduce the harmful effects of drought on soil health and biological activity. Reduced enzymatic activity and microbial diversity are two negative outcomes of the drought’s impact on soil quality. Bentonite, however, has been shown to aid in the restoration of biological functions in drought-affected soils. Bentonite’s function as a soil moisture retainer is an important consideration. Bentonite acts as a reservoir, trapping water within its layers due to its high water-holding capacity and ability to form
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Sun, Yongshuai, and Anping Lei. "Enhanced Compressive Strength of the Bentonite-Amended Cement via Bio-Mineralization." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7220528.

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Bentonite, a supplementary cementitious material for Portland cement, has greatly contributed to environmental sustainability. However, few studies have investigated mortar samples produced by substituting bentonite for cement, and cement strength may be adversely affected when cement is replaced with bentonite in larger proportions. Therefore, this paper investigates and discusses the effect of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) on improving the strength of bentonite-amended cement. The bio-mineralization process of MICP was characterized by SEM-EDS, while the biominer
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Zunic, Marija, Aleksandra Milutinovic-Nikolic, Natasa Jovic-Jovicic, et al. "Modified bentonite as adsorbent and catalyst for purification of wastewaters containing dyes." Chemical Industry 64, no. 3 (2010): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind091221023z.

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Modification and characterization of bentonite from location Bogovina, Serbia was performed in order to obtain material applicable in wastewater purification. The <75?m bentonite fraction was used in organobentonite synthesis while the <2?m bentonite fraction, obtained by hydroseparation was used in pillaring procedure. Organo-modification of bentonite was performed with (1-hexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br). Pillared bentonite was obtained using standard procedure. Al3+ and Fe3+ ions were incorporated in pillars in 4:1 ratio and applied as catalyst in catalytic wet peroxide
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Annan, Ebenezer, Emmanuel Nyankson, Benjamin Agyei-Tuffour, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Kaolin-Bentonite Composites for Enhanced Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (January 16, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6679422.

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Fluoride-contaminated drinking waters are known to cause severe health hazards such as fluorosis and arthritis. This paper presents the encapsulation of iron oxide nanoparticles in kaolin-bentonite composites adsorbents (KBNPs) for the removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption compared with kaolin-bentonite composite (KB). Adsorbents with an average weight of ∼200 mg and ∼7 mm diameter (granules) were prepared in the ratio of 10 : 10 : 0.1 for kaolinite, bentonite, and magnetite nanoparticles, respectively. The granules were air-dried and calcined at 750°C and contacted with 2 mg/L
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Liu, Qian, Ruihua Huang, Bingchao Yang, and Yanping Liu. "Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 9 (2013): 2074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.456.

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In this work, enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite was prepared by treating chitosan/bentonite composite with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). The adsorption of fluoride ions from aqueous solution onto the enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite was investigated. Adsorption studies were performed in a batch system, and the effects of various parameters, such as the pH value of the solution, adsorbent dosage and initial fluoride concentration, were evaluated. The optimum operating conditions for fluoride removal by the enhanced chitosan/bentonite composite were pH = 7 or so, and adsorbent d
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Enhanced bentonite"

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Wong, Eric 1975. "Surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic remediation of dichlorobenzene-contaminated bentonite." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31077.

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A dense nonaqueous phase liquid, o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) was removed by surfactant-enhanced electrokinetic remediation from saturated bentonite clay. The surfactant was Antarox BL-236, a nonionic surfactant with a solubilization capacity of 0.052 g DCB/g surfactant. The 9 cm long bed, which initially contained 10 wt % bentonite and a dispersion of o-DCB (2910 or 5821 ppm) in water, was placed in a horizontal cylinder (5 cm ID) and held at each end by a supported filter paper. Carbon disk electrodes were located in compartments at each end of the bed. Surfactant solution or distilled water wa
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Oduntan, Aderinsola. "The Rheological Study of the Effects of Surfactant and Hydrophilic Bentonite Nano clay on Oil in Water Emulsions for Enhanced Oil Recovery." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10682665.

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<p> In this study, Nano clay suspo-emulsions rheologically characterized for the application in enhanced oil recovery. The impact of Bentonite Nano clay particles on the rheological properties of paraffin oil-water emulsion prepared using CTAB (a cationic surfactant) and DOSS (anionic surfactant), commonly used in petroleum and industrial applications as emulsifiers were investigated. </p><p> Surface tension and Rheological measurements of the two surfactants were determined using concentrations ranging from 10<sup>&minus;6</sup> moles/liter to 10<sup>&minus;1</sup>moles/liter (concentratio
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GUARENA, NICOLO'. "Relevance of chemical and electrical phenomena to the semipermeable properties of bentonites." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2917998.

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Klimek, Stanislav. "Stanovení životnosti úložného kontejneru z uhlíkové oceli." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228606.

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Author´s name: Bc. Stanislav Klimek School: Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy institute Title: Determining the life storage of a carbon steel cask Consultant: Prof. Ing. Oldřich Matal, CSc. Number of pages: 70 Year: 2009 The assignment of this diploma thesis is to estimate the lifetime of spent fuel container made from carbon steel grade. This container is designed for deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Basic mechanism of corrosion are described in detail in the first part. Further on, this work deals with the other specific phenomena and inf
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Ravi, K. "CHM (Chemo-Hydro-Mechanical) Behavior of Barmer-1 Bentonite in the Context of Deep Geological Repositories for Safe Disposal of Nuclear Waste." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3294.

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Deep geological repository (DGR) for disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is designed to rely on successive superimposed barrier systems to isolate the waste from the biosphere. This multiple barrier system comprises the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock and its surrounding and an engineered barrier system (EBS). The EBS represents the synthetic, engineered materials placed within the natural barrier, comprising array of components such as waste form, waste canisters, buffer materials, backfill and seals. The buffer will enclose the waste canisters from
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Ravi, K. "CHM (Chemo-Hydro-Mechanical) Behavior of Barmer-1 Bentonite in the Context of Deep Geological Repositories for Safe Disposal of Nuclear Waste." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3294.

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Deep geological repository (DGR) for disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is designed to rely on successive superimposed barrier systems to isolate the waste from the biosphere. This multiple barrier system comprises the natural geological barrier provided by the repository host rock and its surrounding and an engineered barrier system (EBS). The EBS represents the synthetic, engineered materials placed within the natural barrier, comprising array of components such as waste form, waste canisters, buffer materials, backfill and seals. The buffer will enclose the waste canisters from
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Malini, R. "Granular Media Supported Microbial Remediation of Nitrate Contaminated Drinking Water." Thesis, 2014. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3008.

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Increasing nitrate concentration in ground water from improper disposal of sewage and excessive use of fertilizers is deleterious to human health as ingestion of nitrate contaminated water can cause methaemoglobinemia in infants and possibly cancer in adults. The permissible limit for nitrate in potable water is 45 mg/L. Unacceptable levels of nitrate in groundwater is an important environmental issue as nearly 80 % of Indian rural population depends on groundwater as source of drinking water. Though numerous technologies such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electro-dialysis, permeable react
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Malini, R. "Granular Media Supported Microbial Remediation of Nitrate Contaminated Drinking Water." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3008.

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Increasing nitrate concentration in ground water from improper disposal of sewage and excessive use of fertilizers is deleterious to human health as ingestion of nitrate contaminated water can cause methaemoglobinemia in infants and possibly cancer in adults. The permissible limit for nitrate in potable water is 45 mg/L. Unacceptable levels of nitrate in groundwater is an important environmental issue as nearly 80 % of Indian rural population depends on groundwater as source of drinking water. Though numerous technologies such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electro-dialysis, permeable react
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Books on the topic "Enhanced bentonite"

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Dugre, Lucius. Bentonite Clay : a Complete Guides for Recipes to Enhance Our Health and Beauty: Bentonite Clay Soap Recipes. Independently Published, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Enhanced bentonite"

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Tripathy, Snehasis, Ramakrishna Bag, and Hywel R. Thomas. "Enhanced Isothermal Effect on Swelling Pressure of Compacted MX80 Bentonite." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 6. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09060-3_96.

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Norris, A., J. Scalia, C. Benson, and C. Shackelford. "Review of methods for quantifying polymer loading of enhanced-bentonite geosynthetic clay liners." In Geosynthetics: Leading the Way to a Resilient Planet. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003386889-192.

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Sobti, Jaskiran, and Sanjay Kumar Singh. "Seismic Response of Bentonite Enhanced Soils to be Used as Fabricated Liner in Engineered Landfills." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51350-4_34.

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Sreedharan, Vandana, and P. V. Sivapullaiah. "Geotechnical Characterization and Performance Assessment of Organo Clay Enhanced Bentonite Mixtures for Use in Sustainable Barriers." In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4077-1_22.

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Zhou, Shan-Shan, and Ming-Biao Xu. "Enhance Filtration and Inhibition Properties of Bentonite Water-Based Drilling Fluid Using Nano-silica." In Advances in Energy Resources and Environmental Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42563-9_106.

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Norris, A., J. Scalia, and C. Shackelford. "Fluid Indicator Test (FIT) for Screening the Hydraulic Conductivity of Enhanced Bentonites to Inorganic Aqueous Solutions." In Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics Volume 2. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2224-2_55.

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Eid M.M., Abdelrahman M.T., and Abdel-Aal F.M.B. "Sand bentonite mixture as a secondary liners in landfills." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-225.

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Engineering specifications for a compacted clay liner are based mainly on a permeability coefficient less than 10&amp;minus;7cm/s. Sand-bentonite mixtures are often used as a barrier material when there is a lack of naturally occurring clayey soils at a site. The addition of small amounts of bentonite (5-15%) improves the performance of a granular material providing a low permeability and an enhanced mechanical stability. In addition, bentonites, obtained in dry, powdered forms, are much easier to blend with onsite sandy soils and to be compacted than wet, sticky clods of clay. Thus, this pape
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Osman A.A.-M. and Al-Tabbaa A. "Effect of cement-zeolite grouts on the durability of stabilised clays." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-3.

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Although cement-based grouts are widely used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering applications, e.g. for the stabilisation of soft soils, their performance can be adversely affected by exposure to aggressive chemicals. The use of zeolites, which are alumino-silicates with rigid hollow structures, has recently been suggested as a means of enhancing the durability of cement-based grouts especially for sulphate attack. As a result, an experimental study was carried out to verify the potential improvements in the behaviour of cement-based grouts containing zeolites in various aggressiv
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Jacinto Abel Carlos and Ledesma Alberto. "Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical evaluation of a full scale heat experiment." In From Fundamentals to Applications in Geotechnics. IOS Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-603-3-853.

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This work describes the performance, observations and interpretation of the Temperature Buffer Test (TBT), a full-scale field experiment carried out at the &amp;Auml;sp&amp;ouml; Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden, simulating repository conditions for high level radioactive waste. The overall objective of the project was to investigate how well the bentonite buffer can endure the high temperatures expected to be found around vitrified waste canisters. In the experiment, two individually powered heaters were emplaced vertically on top of each other in a pit excavated in crystalline rock and simulat
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Santhosh, G. "Nano Clay Reinforcement of Thermoplastics for Engineering Applications." In Materials Research Foundations. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902035-5.

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Thermoplastics are widely used advanced materials in various fields as an essential product. The increasing interest in replacing thermosets due to their advanced properties such as high toughness, manufacturing time and processing possibilities. Thermoplastics exhibit poor mechanical properties in several engineering applications; hence the use of nano clay minerals enhances the mechanical property of thermoplastics to be used in many engineering applications. The reinforcing effect of clay minerals (nano-clay) in various thermoplastics such as polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), Acryloni
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Conference papers on the topic "Enhanced bentonite"

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Anantatmula, R. P., and R. P. Colburn. "Irradiation Corrosion of Waste Package Container Materials in Air/Steam Environment." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92072.

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Abstract A set of corrosion tests of the candidate waste container materials for the Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP) was conducted in a moist air environment simulating the repository preclosure condition. The tests were performed over a four-month period with air, saturated with moisture at 50°C, passing through test chambers holding specimens at 150°C and 250°C. The test materials included A27 cast carbon steel, A387 ferritic steel, oxygen-free copper and cupronickel 90-10. Each material was tested both with and without basalt/bentonite packing material adjacent to the specimens. For e
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Rajala, Pauliina, Malin Bomberg, Elisa Isotahdon, and Leena Carpén. "The Microbial Processes Affecting the Integrity of Copper Canister in Geological Repository of Nuclear Waste." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13019.

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Abstract The nuclear waste disposal concept in Finland is based on a multi-barrier system, where the spent nuclear fuel is disposed of in deep crystalline bedrock in copper canisters surrounded by bentonite clay buffer. The copper canisters should have lifetimes exceeding 100 000 years to prevent the release of radioactive nuclides to the environment. In anoxic water, such as the groundwater at the disposal site, the corrosion of copper should be extremely slow. However, microbial activity on the surface or in the vicinity of the copper canister can enhance corrosion in many different ways, e.
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Erwansyah, Erwansyah, and Yulian Firmana Arifin. "Chitosan-enhanced bentonite-sand mixture as a clay liner." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GREEN CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (GCEE 2023). AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0204897.

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Wu, Huawei, Yuan Liu, and Mei Huang. "Nano-Fe2O3/bentonite Complexes for Enhanced Phosphorus Removal from Industrial Wastewater." In 2015 4th International Conference on Sensors, Measurement and Intelligent Materials. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsmim-15.2016.141.

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Hong, Catherine S., and Charles D. Shackelford. "Characterizing Zeolite-Amended Soil-Bentonite Backfill for Enhanced Metals Containment with Vertical Cutoff Walls." In Geo-Chicago 2016. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480175.007.

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"Enhanced Adsorption Capacity of Sweet Sorghum Derived Biochar towards Malachite Green Dye Using Bentonite Clay." In International Conference on Advances in Science, Engineering, Technology and Natural Resources. International Academy of Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iae.iae1116406.

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Alvi, Muhammad Awais Ashfaq, Mesfin Belayneh, Arild Saasen, Kjell Kåre Fjelde, and Bernt S. Aadnøy. "Effect of MWCNT and MWCNT Functionalized -OH and -COOH Nanoparticles in Laboratory Water Based Drilling Fluid." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78702.

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In recent years, the application of nanomaterial has been attracting the oil and gas industry. Nanomaterials research results show an improving performance of cement, drilling fluid and enhanced oil recovery. In this paper, the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and MWCNT functionalized with ligands–OH and - COOH nanoparticles on laboratory drilling fluids formulated from bentonite, KCL, Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xanthan gum (XG) was studied. The formulations and tests were performed at room temperature. The results show that addition of 0.0095wt.% of MWCNT, MWCNT-OH and MW
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Li, Yu-Chao, Shan Tong, and Jun-Yi Liu. "Impact of Manufacturing Method on the Hydraulic Performance of Polymer-Enhanced Calcium Bentonite Slurries—Preliminary Analysis." In Geo-EnvironMeet 2025. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784485682.018.

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Belayneh, Mesfin, and Bernt S. Aadnøy. "Effect of Nano-Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) on Polymer/Salt Treated Bentonite Drilling Fluid Systems." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54450.

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Recently the application of nanomaterial is attracting the oil and gas industry. The preliminary nanomaterials research results show an improving performance of cement, drilling fluid and Enhanced Oil Recovery. In this paper, the effect of nano Silicon dioxide (SiO2) on polymer (HV-CMC, Xanthan gum, LV-CMC) and salt (KCl, NaCl) treated bentonite drilling fluid systems has been studied at room temperature. The results show that the performance of nano SiO2 in bentonite mud system depends on its concentration and the types of salt and polymer systems used. In the considered fluid systems, it is
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Priyanto, Deni G. "The Enhanced Sealing Project (ESP) at the Underground Research Laboratory in Canada: Sixteen Years and Counting?" In ASME 2023 International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2023-111130.

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Abstract Established in 2008, the Enhanced Sealing Project (ESP) was the final full-scale experiment at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Manitoba, Canada. As of January 2023, the project has been monitoring the evolution and performance of the full-scale composite shaft seal at the URL for over 16 years. The shaft seal was constructed in a 5-m-diameter circular shaft across a water bearing fracture zone at the depth of c. 270 m and comprises of 6-m-thick clay component that is sandwiched between two 3-m-thick concrete components. The clay component was made of 40% (by dry mass) of
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