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1
Febriagazi, Tendian, and Sunarto Sunarto. "Analisis Bentuk Aransemen Lagu Anoman Obong Ciptaan Ranto Edi Gudel Untuk Paduan Suara Karya V. Mangunsongs." Jurnal Seni Musik 9, no. 2 (2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jsm.v9i2.42044.
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The song Anoman Obong by Ranto Edi Gudel is a song that uses Javanese. The song was arranged into a choir format by V. Mangunsongs. The arrangement by V. Mangunsongs in the song Anoman Obong is unique, one of which is the combination of story and tragedy in the form of a SATB choir. This study aims to describe the form of the arrangement of the Anoman Obong song composed by Ranto Edi Gudel arranged for the choir by V. Mangunsongs. This study uses a qualitative approach with content analysis methods. Data collection was carried out through observation, interview and documentation methods. Interviews were conducted with competent speakers in this field as well as the aranger of Anoman Obong's song, namely V. Mangunsongs aka Eko Agus Kandung. The stages in analyzing data are data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The validity of the data was obtained through the data source triangulation technique. Overall, the Anoman Obong song composed by Ranto Edi Gudel arranged for the choir by V. Mangunsongs has 111 bar rooms. The form of this arrangement is including free or group forms with Introductions (bar 1-24) - Part A (bar 25-35) - Part A '(bar 35-43) - Part B (bar 44-58) - Interlude (bar 58 -66) - Transition (bar 67-86) - Part B '(bar 87-101) - Postlude (bar 101-111). In this work, there are many changes in tempo and dynamic signs to support the atmosphere of Anoman Obong's story and tragedy. The results show that this work can transform a previously simple vocal song into a more complex choir.
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Hammouda, A. M. "Blossom-end rot of watermelon in the southern region of Oman (Dhofar)." Journal of Agricultural Science 108, no. 3 (1987): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600080114.
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SummaryBlossom-end rot, a non-parasitic disease, was found to occur widely on some oblong varieties of watermelon, causing much damage in the southern region of Oman (Dhofar). Fruit contact with soil surface seems to be the major agent of blossom-end rot of watermelon, especially in the early stage. Incidence of watermelon blossom-end rot was apparently reduced by mulch using a mixture of dried grasses or coconut leaves.
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Gavrilovic, Milan, Núria Garcia-Jacas, Alfonso Susanna, Arsena Bakhia, Petar Marin, and Pedja Janackovic. "Micromorphology of an involucral bract and cypselae of the endemic and relict species Amphoricarpos elegans Albov (Asteraceae, Cardueae) from the Caucasus." Botanica Serbica 44, no. 1 (2020): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/botserb2001037g.
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In this study, micromorphology of an involucral bract and inner and outer dimorphic cypselae of the relict Amphoricarpos elegans, endemic from western Caucasus, is examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and presented here for the first time. The middle involucral bract is nearly glabrous, with a reticulate-rugulose surface and an oblong-obtusate mucro. Both cypselae exhibit similar features, viz., narrowly oblong-cylindrical or obovate shape with more or less conspicuous longitudinal ribs, an adaxial detachment area, an asymmetrical carpopodium, absence of a pericarp crown and a barbate-aristate pappus made up of narrow, subulate, basally smooth and apically barbate bristles. However, some differences are evident. The outer cypsela is glabrescent and flattened, with an obscure outline of epidermal cells lacking an end wall and with a sunken periclinal surface and striatereticulate structure. Also, the outer cypsela has two entire, narrow, lateral wings, rounded above; and less numerous pappus bristles in one row. In contrast to this, the inner cypsela has a distinct outline of the epidermal cells, which are rod-shaped with a short acute end wall, a swollen periclinal surface and reticulate structure. The pappus of the inner cypsela possesses many more bristles organised in two rows (a biseriate pappus). Also, slightly pentagonal or round nectary remnants are found in the centre of the upper part of the inner cypsela. The taxonomic value of the analysed characters is briefly discussed.
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Stirton, Charles H., Abubakar Bello, and A. Muthama Muasya. "Psoralea forbesiae (Psoraleeae, Fabaceae), a new species from the Swartberg Mountains of South Africa." PhytoKeys 99 (May 30, 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.99.24765.
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Psoraleaforbesiae C.H.Stirt., A.Bello & Muasya is a new species of Psoraleeae, Fabaceae. Psoraleaforbesiae is endemic to the Swartberg Mountains and is a tall densely branched re-sprouting shrub up to 2.5 m, with bluish-green stems and with most parts covered in small crater-like glands, leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, linear-oblong, pale bluish-green, semi-conduplicate, somewhat succulent, glabrous, crowded at the end of bare branches on older stems or distributed along short branches on young shoots, petiolate. A description of P.forbesiae, together with photographs and a distribution map are presented.
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Luckett, DJ, ER Williams, PE Reid, and NJ Thomson. "Irrigated plot trials in cotton: quantifying end effects and the influence of plot size upon intergenotypic competition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 1 (1992): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920181.
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Individual rows of irrigated, multi-row plots in a cotton breeding trial were harvested, and seed cotton yields were measured. Intergenotypic competition had occurred between the neighbouring long sides of the oblong plots. A further trial was conducted to measure competition in three- and four-row plots and to establish which system gave the least biased genotype means for lint yield (kg/ ha). However, competition in this experiment was minimal and both systems gave comparable results. The effect of bare ground at the end of plots was investigated. When bare ground, as compared to a discarded border, was present during their growing season, then end plants, for seven out of eight genotypes, were larger and plot yields were inflated. These results provided no conclusive evidence that current practices for field trials with cotton should be changed.
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DAYARATHNE, MONIKA CHANDANI, SAJEEWA S. N. MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA, GARETH JONES, ABDULLAH M. AL-SADI, KEVIN D. HYDE, and PUTARAK CHOMNUNTI. "Sexual morph of Phaeoacremonium aureum from Rhizophora mucronata collected in southern Thailand." Phytotaxa 387, no. 1 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.387.1.2.
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Sexual morph of Phaeoacremonium aureum was collected from a mangrove in Krabi Province, southern Thailand. It was linked to P. aureum based on the analysis of sequence data. The sexual morph is characterized by ascomata with relatively long conical necks and suballantoid to oblong, slightly curved ascospores, with rounded ends and small guttules at each end. Sexual morph of P. aureum differs from other species of Phaeoacremonium by having ascomata with relatively long (300–380 μm) conical necks and being saprobic on Rhizophora mucronata. This is the first record of Phaeoacremonium species from a mangrove habitat. We also provide a key to sexual morphs of Phaeoacremonium species.
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Slep, Kevin C. "The role of TOG domains in microtubule plus end dynamics." Biochemical Society Transactions 37, no. 5 (2009): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0371002.
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The XMAP215 (Xenopus microtubule-associated protein 215) and CLASP [CLIP-170 (cytoskeletal linker protein 170) associated protein] microtubule plus end tracking families play central roles in the regulation of interphase microtubule dynamics and the proper formation of mitotic spindle architecture and flux. XMAP215 members comprise N-terminally-arrayed hexa-HEAT (huntingtin, elongation factor 3, the PR65/A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A and the lipid kinase Tor) repeats known as TOG (tumour overexpressed gene) domains. Higher eukaryotic XMAP215 members are monomeric and have five TOG domains. Yeast counterparts are dimeric and have two TOG domains. Structure determination of the TOG domain reveals that the six HEAT repeats are aligned to form an oblong scaffold. The TOG domain face composed of intra-HEAT loops forms a contiguous, conserved tubulin-binding surface. Nested within the conserved intra-HEAT loop 1 is an invariant, signature, surface-exposed tryptophan residue that is a prime determinant in the TOG domain–tubulin interaction. The arrayed organization of TOG domains is critical for the processive mechanism of XMAP215, indicative that multiple tubulin/microtubule-binding sites are required for plus end tracking activity. The CLASP family has been annotated as containing a single N-terminal TOG domain. Using XMAP215 TOG domain structure determinants as a metric to analyse CLASP sequence, it is anticipated that CLASP contains two additional cryptic TOGL (TOG-like) domains. The presence of additional TOGL domains implicates CLASP as an ancient XMAP215 relative that uses a similar, multi-TOG-based mechanism to processively track microtubule ends.
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Wang, Xuan, Munawar Maria, Jianfeng Gu, Yiwu Fang, Jincheng Wang, and Hongmei Li. "Bursaphelenchus moensi n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from the USA." Nematology 20, no. 2 (2018): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003132.
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Bursaphelenchusmoensin. sp., isolated in Tianjin Port, China, fromPinuspackaging wood imported from the USA, is described. It is characterised by a lateral field with three lines (two bands), stylet 13.0-14.9μm long, excretory pore situated at same level as, or slightly posterior to, the nerve ring, spicules 13.0-15.5μm long, mitten-shaped, condylus high and broad with squared, rounded or pointed end, rostrum triangular or conical with bluntly rounded tip, and cucullus absent, bursa small, starting posterior to P4, narrow oblong to irregular in shape and with an oval central projection, female vulval flap absent, and tail conical with a finely rounded or mucronate terminus. The new species belongs to thehofmanni-group and is most similar toB. paraparvispicularis,B. parvispicularisandB. wuae. It is distinguished from closely related species by morphology, ITS-RFLP patterns and partial 18S, ITS and 28S D2-D3 rDNA gene sequencing results.
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REIS, AGIRLAYNE DE SOUZA, CÍNTIA KAMEYAMA, and ANDRÉ DOS SANTOS BRAGANÇA GIL. "Ruellia anamariae, a new species of Acanthaceae from northern Brazil." Phytotaxa 327, no. 3 (2017): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.327.3.7.
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Ruellia anamariae, a new species of Acanthaceae is herein described and illustrated from the municipalities of Parauapebas and São Geraldo do Araguaia, Pará State, Brazil. The new species is recognized by its habit, a shrub up to 5 meters high, by its terminal thyrsus inflorescence, by its greenish-yellow corolla with the expanded portion of the tube suburceolate, strongly revolute lobes and shortly exserted stamens. It is also morphologically similar to Ruellia exserta, but differs by its habit, a shrub (not liana), inflorescence, thyrsus with opposite dichasia (not secundiflorous thyrsus) and short exserted stamens (not long exserted), and to Ruellia beckii differing by its habit, a shrub (not liana) end calyx lobes oblong-lanceolate with acute apex (not oblanceolate to obovate with retuse to obtuse apex). We provide a detailed description, illustrations, comments, data on distribution and habitat and conservation status of the species.
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Orme, Nicholas. "Church and Chaple in Medieval England." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 (December 1996): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679230.
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In Emlyn Williams's play,The Corn is Green(1938), an Englishwoman arriving in Wales is asked an important question: ‘Are you Church or Chapel?’ Since the seventeenth century, when non-Anglican places of worship made their appearance, this question has indeed been important, sometimes momentous. ‘Church’ has had one kind of resonance in religion, politics and society; ‘chapel’ has had another. Even in unreligious households, people may still opt for ‘church’ when the bread is cut (the rounded end) or ‘chapel’ (the oblong part). The distinction is far older than the seventeenth century, however, by at least five hundred years. There were thousands of chapels in medieval England, besides the parish churches, when religion is often thought of as uniformly church-based. Although these chapels differed in some ways from those of Protestant nonconformity, notably in worship, they also foreshadowed them. Locations, architecture, social support and even religious diversity are often comparable between the two eras. Arguably, the creation of chapels by non-Anglicans after the Reformation marked a return to ancient national habits.
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Lou, Lingli, and Todd C. Wehner. "Qualitative Inheritance of External Fruit Traits in Watermelon." HortScience 51, no. 5 (2016): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.51.5.487.
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Genes for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai] fruit traits have been identified since the 1930s. We conducted a study of fruit traits including fruit stripe width, stripe color, rind color, fruit shape, and blossom end shape (concave vs. convex). Ten watermelon cultivars (inbred lines) were used as parents. Several new genes or alleles were discovered. A series of alleles at the g locus is proposed to explain the inheritance of fruit rind pattern: G (medium or dark solid green), gW (wide stripe), gM (medium stripe), gN (narrow stripe), and g (solid light green or gray). The dominance series is G > gW > gM > gN > g. Another series of alleles at the ob locus is proposed for the fruit shape: allele ObE for elongate fruit, which is the most dominant; allele ObR (not the same as the o gene for round) for the round fruit; and allele ob for oblong fruit, which is the most recessive. Gene csm is proposed for the clear stripe margin in the cultivar Red-N-Sweet and is recessive to the blurred stripe margin (Csm) in ‘Crimson Sweet’, ‘Allsweet’, and ‘Tendersweet Orange Flesh’.
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Rose, RA, GR Campbell, and SG Sanders. "Larval development of the saucer scallop Amusium balloti (Bernardi) (Mollusca : Pectinidae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 39, no. 2 (1988): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9880153.
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Larvae of A. balloti from Queensland and Western Australia were reared from ova with diameters ranging from 57 to 86�m. The straight-hinged veligers grew in shell length from 85 to 163 �m. Moderately protruding umbones developed 8 days after fertilization. The length (L) and height (H) relationship of larval shells was described by the allometric growth curve: H = 0.600L1.064. The provinculum of 15-day-old larval shells was undifferentiated and each valve had taxodontal teeth, at each end of the hinge line. Eye spots were present and common in pediveligers of 162-242 �m in length. Metamorphosis began 20 days after fertilization at 18-19� C when larvae were 178�m or longer. Settlement began on the 22nd day and lasted 5 days. Newly settled spat developed a byssal notch on the right valve, but attachment by byssal threads was never permanent. The length (L) and height (H) relationships of spat shells was described by the allometric growth equation H = 1.782L0.857. General appearance of A. balloti larvae was comparable to that of other pectinids. Statistical comparison of height-length relationships of the larval shells of A. balloti and Chlamys asperrimus showed larvae of A. balloti to be the more oblong at lengths greater than 128�m. The most significant characteristic of A. balloti spat shells was the formation of rounded auricles at the end of the hinge-line of each valve.
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Wang, Xuan, Pei Wang, Jianfeng Gu, Jiangling Wang, and Hongmei Li. "Description of Aphelenchoides xui sp. n. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in packaging wood from South Africa." Nematology 15, no. 3 (2013): 279–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002675.
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Aphelenchoides xui sp. n. is described and illustrated from imported packaging wood from South Africa intercepted at Ningbo Port, China. The new species has a body length of 564-820 μm (males) and 549-882 μm (females). The cuticle is weakly annulated with four lines in the lateral field. The stylet is 11-13 μm long and has small basal swellings. The excretory pore is located ca one body diam. posterior to the median bulb, or 75-100 μm from the head. Spicules are relatively large (18-23 μm) with apex and rostrum rounded and well developed and the end of the dorsal limb clearly curved ventrad like a hook. The male tail bears six (2 + 2 + 2) caudal papillae. The spermatheca is axial and oblong and contains disc-like sperm. The female tail is conical, terminating in a complicated step-like projection, usually with many tiny nodular protuberances. The new species is morphologically similar to A. arcticus, A. haguei and A. parasaprophilus in Group 2 sensu Shahina, but is distinguished by spicule shape and form of the female tail terminus. Phylogenetic analysis based on SSU and partial LSU sequences revealed that A. xui sp. n. was closest to A. varicaudatus, although some species of Laimaphelenchus and Schistonchus were also included in the same branch.
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Acar, Philippe, Zakhia Saliba, Daniel Sidi, and Jean Kachaner. "New insight into left ventricular function in tricuspid atresia after total cavopulmonary connection: a three-dimensional echocardiographic study." Cardiology in the Young 10, no. 2 (2000): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100006521.
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AbstractBackgroundIn patients with tricuspid atresia palliated by construction of a total cavopulmonary connection, both pulmonary and systemic circulations depend on the performance of the dominant left ventricle. When estimating the volume of such ventricles using cross-sectional echocardiography, it is necessary to make assumptions concerning the geometry of the ventricular shape. This is avoided by three-dimensional echocardiography, which provides direct volumetric data. Our purpose was to apply this new method to quantify left ventricular volumes and function in patients with tricuspid atresia after construction of a total cavopulmonary connection.MethodsWe studied ten patients (median age: 8 years) with tricuspid atresia who had undergone a total cavopulmonary connection, comparing them with 10 normal children matched for age, sex and size. The three-dimensional echocardiography was performed with electrocardio graphic and respiratory gating. A new transthoracic integrated probe designed for small children was used with a rotational scanning increment of 3°. The 60 slices obtained from the ventricular cavity were stored and formatted in a commercial system (TomTec®). End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, stroke volume and ejection fraction were calculated after manual tracing of the endocardial surfaces. The volumes were indexed to the body surface area.ResultsAs seen in the reconstructions, the dominant left ventricle in tricuspid atresia had a spherical shape, whereas the normal left ventricle is oblong. The left ventricular volumes and function in tricuspid atresia were 54±4 ml/m2(end-diastolic volume), 28±3 ml/m2(end-systolic volume), 26±7 ml/m2(stroke volume) and 48±6% (ejection fraction). These volumes were not different from those obtained in the controls (p = NS). The left ventricular stroke volume and ejection fraction in 10 patients with tricuspid atresia were lower than those calculated for the controls (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThree-dimensional echocardiography provides a quantitative insight into the pathophysiologic function of the dominant left ventricle in tricuspid atresia after construction of a total cavopulmonary connection.
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Lap Xuan, Tran, Le Ba Le, and Le Thi Anh Tu. "Using Arachis pintoi leaf extracts in biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles for improving the vase life of cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 4 (2020): 673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/17/4/13156.
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A biological method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using the leaf extracts of Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. was developed. The optimum conditions of input materials were found with leaf autoclaving in 15 min, 20 g fresh leave, and 4 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3). To study the role of time, temperature, and solution pH of the reaction, varying time reaction (5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min), temperature reaction (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50oC) and pH of the solution (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) were investigated. The optimal biosynthesis conditions were achieved in 180 min of reaction time at 50oC and pH 11. The obtained nanoparticles have spherical and oblong in shape with average size of 26.4 nm. The SNPs in 4 concentrationss (5, 15, 25, and 35 ppm) combined with and without 2% sucrose extended vase life, enlarged flower diameter, and maintained increase the relative fresh weight with vase solution uptake rate. SNPs inhibited significantly the bacterial growth in the stem end and vase solution, reduced the blockage in stems and therefore promoted the postharvest quality of carnation cut flowers. Out of the treatments, administration of 5 ppm SNPs with 2% sucrose of vase solution gave the best results for all parameters. The biosynthesis SNPs could be applied as a promising preservative solution for carnation cut flowers.
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Pupillo, Paolo, and Giovanni Astuti. "Population structure of Erythronium dens-canis L. (Liliaceae) in the northern Apennines (Italy)." Italian Botanist 4 (June 27, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/italianbotanist.4.12439.
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Relationships between age, time of emergence, and leaf traits of individuals were investigated in a population of Erythroniumdens-canis L. in a hilly woodland area named Farneto-C, near Bologna, Italy. In 2015, 591 individuals were counted, 19 of which were flowering (FLO), 442 were mature non-flowering (MNF) and 130 were juveniles (JUV). FLO emerged at the end of February, whereas most MNF and JUV appeared at the middle and end of March, respectively. The mean aboveground survivorship of MNF was 24 days. Most MNF had large, oval to shield-shaped leaves with red-brown mottling, whereas most JUV leaves were smaller, usually oblong or lanceolate with a rough maculation or none. These results suggest that both timing of emergence and leaf shape are related to the age of the bulb. Based on leaf background, plants were classified into three major types with a likely genetic basis in the 2015 and 2016 surveys (the latter limited to FLO): a dominant silvery type (SLV, 62–74%), silvery-and-green type (S&G, 23–32%), and a less frequent vivid-green type (GRN, 3–5%). Several subtypes were also identified, but only one was dominant within each type. The three basic patterns appear to be phenotypically stable and no differences between MNF and FLO were found; once the juvenile stage has passed, each plant produces the same leaf type year after year. In addition, our results on the discoloration time-course of red-brown spots suggest that the functional role of leaf mottling is not related to pollinator attraction. Instead, leaf mottling could play a role in camouflage against herbivores.The observed massive grazing on flowers, more than leaves, could explain why the frequency of mature individuals was biased towards the non-flowering ones.
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Siregar, Saadah, Indriani Indriani, Vincentia Vincentia Ade Rizky, Visensius Visensius Krisdianilo, and Romauli Anna Teresia Marbun. "PERBANDINGAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI INFUSA DAUN JERUK NIPIS (CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA) DAN DAUN JERUK PURUT (CITRUS HYSTRIX) TERHADAP BAKTERI ESCHERICHIA COLI." JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM) 3, no. 1 (2020): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v3i1.524.
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Plant Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and Plant Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) including Rutacea family. Part of the plant lemon and lime are used as a drug other than fruit and leaves that can be used as medicine. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity infuse lime leaves and lime leaves. Examination of the characteristics simplicia macroscopic examination. Phytochemical screening of compounds includes examining alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and infuse saponin. Ekstrak conducted using distilled water solvent. Test of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria carried by the agar diffusion method using a paper disc. Results obtained from macroscopic examination for lime leaves are fresh leaves leaf-shaped single smooth surface and the lower surface of the leaves are light green, the dark green upper surface. If torn, lime leaves produce coarse fibers. The leaves are small with a width of 3-5 cm. For lime leaves are fresh leaves, leaf litter pinnate compound leaves one. Child leaf blade oval to oblong, base rounded or blunt, the blunt end up pointed, 8-15 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, the upper surface colour some what shiny dark green, light green below the surface. Results of phytochemical screening simplicia powder lime leaves and lime leaves that contain a class of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Antibacterial activity test results showed that there were differences between the antibacterial infusion lime leaves and lime leaves kaffir lime leaves which are more effective against the bacteria Escherichia coli compared kaffir lime leaves.
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LIM, KiByung, Adnan YOUNIS, Jong TAEK PARK, and Yoon JUNG HWANG. "Exploitation of Diversity for Morphological Traits in Lilium tsingtauense under Different Habitats." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 2 (2014): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb629347.
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In this study naturally growing morphological variation of Lilium tsingtauense (Korean wheel lily), from southern Chung San Island to northern Mount Seorak, was investigated in 16 habitats around the country. Morphological analysis revealed that this species had its own unique characteristics in different habitats. Flowers with luster are in actinomorphic form, with shades of orange, each plant having an average of 2.4 flowers that blossom upward. The shape of flower petals was from oval to oblong. The width of the petals, which determines the shape of the flower, significantly varied among regions. Flower petals showed purple spots and its occurrence greatly varied among plants from almost none to 300 spots per flower. In addition, when the number of spots increased, the flower color was more vivid. Leaves were typically one-tiered verticillate and most of the leaves were long, oval and some were lanceolate. Young leaves showed definitive patterns that faded during growth. Starting from the verticillate leaves, stems below the leaves were smooth, although 81% of all stems, above the verticillate leaves, showed rough micro-protrusions. Bulb shapes were long and vertically elliptical. The ramentum was light yellow in color and the base was darker, with the color fading toward the upper region of the plant. The shape of the ramentum was long, with a pointy end, and its adhesiveness was weak. This study offers basic fundamental information for the effective exploitation and recognition of L. tsingtauense resources as a potential cut flower and potting plant in floral trade worldwide.
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Cho, S. E., S. K. Lee, S. H. Lee, C. K. Lee, and H. D. Shin. "First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe elevata on Catalpa bignonioides in Korea." Plant Disease 98, no. 6 (2014): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-13-1240-pdn.
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Catalpa bignonioides Walter, known as southern catalpa or Indian bean tree, is native to the southeastern United States and are planted as shade trees throughout the world. In August 2009, typical powdery mildew symptoms on several leaves of the plants below 5% disease incidence were observed in a public garden of Hongcheon County of Korea. In 2011 to 2013, hundreds of southern catalpa trees were found heavily damaged by a powdery mildew with 90 to 100% disease incidence in a park of Incheon City of Korea, about 140 km apart from Hongcheon County. Symptoms appeared as circular to irregular white patches, which subsequently showed abundant mycelial growth on both sides of leaves and herbaceous stems. Severe infections caused poor growth and premature loss of leaves, resulting in reduced aesthetic value. Voucher specimens (n = 6) were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). Appressoria on the mycelium were well-developed, lobed, and solitary or in opposite pairs. Conidiophores composed of 3 to 4 cells were 70 to 100 × 7.5 to 10 μm, and produced conidia singly. Foot-cells of conidiophores were flexuous or nearly straight, and 20 to 40 μm long. Conidia were oblong to oblong-elliptical, measured 30 to 42 × 13 to 20 μm (n = 30) with a length/width ratio of 1.6 to 2.5, devoid of distinct fibrosin bodies, and showed angular/rectangular wrinkling of outer walls. Primary conidia were apically rounded, basally subtruncate, and generally smaller than the secondary conidia. Germ tubes were produced on the end of conidia. Chasmothecia were not observed. These structures are typical of the Pseudoidium anamorph of the genus Erysiphe. The specific measurements and characteristics were compatible with those of E. elevata (Burrill) U. Braun & S. Takam. (1,2). To confirm the identification, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from KUS-F27676 was amplified with primers ITS5 and P3 (4) and sequenced directly. The resulting 675-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF840721). A GenBank BLAST search of the ITS sequence showed >99% similarity with isolates of E. elevata on C. bignonioides (Accession Nos. AY587012 to AY587014). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently dusting conidia onto leaves of five healthy southern catalpa seedlings. Five non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 24 to 28°C in isolation. Inoculated plants developed symptoms after 6 days, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The fungus present on the inoculated plants was identical morphologically to that originally observed on diseased plants. E.elevata is a North American powdery mildew on Catalpa species which was recently introduced into Europe (1,2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. elevata on C. bignonioides in Asia as well as in Korea. The disease would be a serious threat to the widespread ornamental plantings of C. bignonioides in Korea. References: (1) N. Ale-Agha et al. Mycol. Prog. 3:291, 2004. (2) U. Braun and R. T. A. Cook. Taxonomic Manual of the Erysiphales (Powdery Mildews), CBS Biodiversity Series No.11. CBS, Utrecht, 2012. (3) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Syst. Mycol. Microbiol. Lab., Online publication. ARS, USDA. Retrieved November 4, 2013. (4) S. Takamatsu et al. Mycol. Res. 113:117, 2009.
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Paraense, W. Lobato. "Physa Marmorata Guilding, 1828 (Pulmonata: Physidae)." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 81, no. 4 (1986): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761986000400014.
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A description of Physa marmorata Guilding, 1828, based on material collected at its type-locality, the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent, is presented. The shell is thin, horn-colored, surface very glossy, diaphanous. Spire acute, elevated; protoconch distinct, rounded-conical, reddish-brown; five not shouldered, broadly convex whorls with subobsolete spiral lines and thin growth lines. Aperture elongated, 1.4-2.0 times as long as the remaining shell length, narrow obovate-lunate; upper half acute-angled,lower half oval,narrowly rounded at the base, outer lip sharp, inner lip completely closing the umbilical region; a very distinct callus on the parietal wall; columellar lip with a low ridge gradually merging into the callus. ratios: shell width/shell length = 0.44 - 0.52 (mean 0.47); spire length /shell lenght = 0.33-0.41 (mean 0.39); aperture length/shell lenght = 0.59-0.67 (mean 0.62). Oral lappets laterally mucronate, foot spatulate with deeply pigmented acuminate tail. Mantle reflection with 6-10 short triangular dentations covering nearly half the right surface of the body whorl, and 4-6 covering a part of the ventral wall. Body surface with tiny dots of greenish-yellow pigment besides melanin. Renal tube tightly folded in toa zigzag course. Ovotestis diverticula acinous, laterally pressed against each other around a collecting canal. Ovispermiduct with well-developed seminal vesicle. oviduct highly convoluted, merging into a less convoluted nidamental gland which narrows to a funnel-shaped uterus and a short vagina. Spermathecal body oblong, more or less constricted in the middle and somewhat curved; spermathecal duct uniformly narrow, a little longer than be body. About 20 prostatic diverticula, simple, bifurcate or divided into a few short branches, distalmost ones assembled into a cluster. Penis long, nearly uniformly narrow; penial canal with lateral opening about the junction of its middle and lower thirds. Penial sheath with a bulbous terminal expasion the tip of which isinserted into the caudal end of the prepuce. Prepuce shouldered, much wider than the narrow portion of the penial sheath. Penial sheath/prepuce ratio about 2.08 (1.45-2.75). The main extrinsic muscles of the penial complex are a retractor, with a branch attached to the bulb, and another to the caudal end of the penial sheath; and a protractor, with a branch attached to the shoulder of the prepuce and adjoining area of the penial sheath, and another to the caudal end of the penial sheath. Egg capsule C-shaped, with 10-30 elliptical eggs (snails 10mm long) measuring about 1.10 mm (0.90-1.32) through the long axis and surrounded by an inner and an outer lamellate membranes. Jaw a simple obtusely V-shaped plate. radula will be described separately.
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Philippou, Styliane. "Vanity Modern: happy days in the tourist playgrounds of Miami and Havana." Architectural Research Quarterly 17, no. 1 (2013): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135513000377.
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Ian Fleming's recently-opened Floridiana Hotel, in Miami Beach, where James Bond's client, Mr Junius du Pont, ‘promise[s] to make [him] comfortable’, was correctly matched in the film adaptation of Goldfinger with Morris Lapidus's Modernist Fontainebleau Hotel (1952–54) rather than with Miami's Mediterranean-style Hotel Floridian. Fleming was not enthusiastic about the architecture of the most expensive hotel in the world (at the time of its opening), nor about its ‘rich and dull’ gardens. He obviously chose it as a representation of the ‘easy, soft, high’ life of 1959 in Miami, and as the perfect setting for a gathering of American millionaires and secret agents, gamblers, gangsters, hitmen and prostitutes.Directly below Bond['s Aloha Suite], the elegant curve of the Cabana Club swept down to the beach – two storeys of changing-rooms below a flat roof dotted with chairs and tables and an occasional red and white striped umbrella. Within the curve was the brilliant green oblong Olympic-length swimming-pool fringed on all sides by row upon row of mattressed steamer chairs on which the customers would soon be getting their fiftydollar-a-day sunburn.The evening before, Bond had ‘the most delicious meal […] in his life’, at the most expensive restaurant of Miami. But the thought of ‘eating like a pig […] the easy life, the rich life revolted him. He felt momentarily ashamed of his disgust […] It was the puritan in him that couldn't take it'. It was also Fleming's nod to his readers, barely out of the grim austerity of postwar Britain, where food was rationed until 1954, bombsites abounded, housing was severely substandard or temporary, smog was thick and yellow, and wartime shortages lingered to the end of the decade. Despite Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's optimistic 1957 assurance to his fellow Conservatives that most of them had ‘never had it so good’, outside lavatories and no central heating were still common. His calls for ‘restraint and common sense’ were hardly answered by Bond's life of oyster-and-champagne dining and air-conditioned vacationing.
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Koike, S. T., and E. E. Butler. "Leaf Spot of Radicchio Caused by Alternaria cichorii in California." Plant Disease 82, no. 4 (1998): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.4.448b.
Full textAbstract:
A foliar disease of commercially grown radicchio (Cichorium intybus) was observed in 1996 and 1997 in the Salinas Valley (Monterey County), California. Symptoms consisted of circular to oblong, necrotic spots ranging in diameter from 3 to 20 mm and having concentric zones of darker tissue. A fungus identified as Alternaria cichorii Nattrass (1) was observed fruiting on the spots and was consistently isolated from the margins of the spots. Conidia from leaves were obclavate in shape with slender, unbranched beaks extending from the narrow end of the spore body. Spore body dimensions measured 56 to 78 × 14 to 20 μm, and beaks measured 36 to 81 × 1 to 2 μm. Spore bodies had 7 to 9 transverse septa. Often there were no longitudinal septa, but occasionally there were 1 or 2 such septa. For pathogenicity tests, five isolates were grown for 4 weeks on potato dextrose agar under a combination of cool white and Vita-Lite fluorescent tubes on a 12 h light/dark cycle. Conidial suspensions (4.0 × 104 conidia per ml) were sprayed onto 8-week-old radicchio (cv. Rossana Rogers). Plants were incubated in a moist chamber for 48 h and then maintained in a greenhouse. After 12 days, leaf spots similar to the original symptoms developed on all plants inoculated with the five isolates, and the pathogen was reisolated. Control plants sprayed with distilled water remained symptomless. The experiment was repeated and the results were similar. When inoculated onto endive (Cichorium endivia cv. Tres Fine Maraicchere) and two lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivars, the isolates caused small (1 to 2 mm in diameter), necrotic, circular leaf spots on endive and Romaine lettuce cv. Green Towers, but did not cause symptoms on the iceberg lettuce cv. Alpha. This is the first report of A. cichorii on commercially grown radicchio in California. In addition, the same disease was confirmed on commercially produced greenhouse transplants of radicchio, indicating that primary inoculum can possibly be seed-borne. Reference: (1) J. C. David. Mycopathologia 129:41, 1995.
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Koike, S. T., and D. H. Henderson. "Purple Blotch, Caused by Alternaria porri, on Leek Transplants in California." Plant Disease 82, no. 6 (1998): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.6.710b.
Full textAbstract:
In 1997, a foliar disease was detected on leek (Allium porrum) grown as transplants in California greenhouses. Initial symptoms consisted of small (less than 5 mm in diameter), circular, white leaf spots. Spots later enlarged, and became elliptical to oblong in shape and purple with tan borders in color. When spots coalesced, the leaf tips desiccated and wilted. Singly borne, brown conidia from leaves were obclavate in shape with slender, unbranched beaks extending from the narrow end of the spore body. Spore body dimensions measured 81 to 120 (96 mean) µm × 14 to 19 (16 mean) µm, and beaks measured 11 to 56 (30 mean) µm × 3 to 6 (4 mean) µm. Spore bodies had 6 to 9 transverse septa and occasionally 1 longitudinal septum. The fungus was identified as Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. (1). The same fungus was also consistently isolated from the margins of the spots. For pathogenicity tests, isolates were grown for 6 weeks on potato dextrose agar under a combination of one cool white and one Vita-Lite fluorescent tube on a 12 h light/dark cycle. Conidial suspensions (1.0 × 10 e 4 conidia/ml) were sprayed onto 2-month-old leek (cvs. Broad London and Gavilan). Plants were incubated in a moist chamber for 48 h and then kept in a greenhouse. After 14 days, leaf spots similar to the original symptoms developed on inoculated plants, and the pathogen was reisolated. Control plants sprayed with distilled water remained symptomless. The experiment was repeated and the results were similar. The isolates also caused leaf spots on onion (Allium cepa cv. Stockton Early Yellow) and chives (Allium schoenoprasum). This is the first report of purple blotch caused by A. porri on commercially grown leeks in California. The occurrence of this disease on leeks in enclosed greenhouses strongly suggested that the primary inoculum was seed-borne. Reference: (1) M. B. Ellis and P. Holliday. C.M.I. Descriptions No. 248, 1970.
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Arratia, G., and H. P. Schultze. "The macrosemiiform fish companion of the Late Jurassic theropod Juravenator from Schamhaupten, Bavaria, Germany." Fossil Record 15, no. 1 (2012): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-15-5-2012.
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A new neopterygian fish, <i>Voelklichthys comitatus</i> n. gen. n. sp., is described. The fish was found during the preparation of the theropod <i>Juravenator starki</i> Göhlich & Chiappe, 2006 in the same rock. The fish possesses numerous autapomorphies. The combination of autapomorphies is unique among Jurassic fishes and makes its taxonomic assignment difficult. The following characters are few examples demonstrating some of the peculiarities of the fish: The fish is small, oblong-shaped and has a large triangular head that is deeper than long; deepest point is at the level of the postparietal bone [parietal of traditional terminology] and the ventral end of the cleithrum. The skull roof is almost vertically oriented, with a strongly ossified and developed antero-dorsal orbital margin. Premaxilla and dentary possess very small conical teeth. The opercular apparatus is markedly narrow and deep. A clavicle is present. Both dorsal and ventral postcleithra are almost as deep as the maximum depth of the head; the dorsal postcleithrum is two times deeper than the ventral one. The vertebral centra are of arcocentral-type formed mainly by the development of the dorsal arcocentra. Pectoral and pelvic fins possess long rays that extend onto the pelvic and anal fins, respectively, whereas the rays of the dorsal and anal fins extend onto the caudal fin. The fish is interpreted as a macrosemiiform because it presents two of the three synapomorphies of the group (e.g., an incomplete circumorbital ring because the lateral edge of parietal bone [frontal of traditional terminology] makes up part of orbital margin and absence of a supramaxillary bone). The third macrosemiiform synapomorphy cannot be determined in the new fish because the coronoid bones and their dentition are not observed due to condition of preservation. The new fish shares a few characters with members of the families Macrosemiidae and the Uarbryichthyidae but lacks others so that presently, we place it in a family indeterminate within Macrosemiiformes. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.201200001" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.201200001</a>
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Barrau, C., B. de los Santos, and F. Romero. "First Report of Leaf Rust of Southern High-Bush Blueberry Caused by Pucciniastrum vaccinii in Southwestern Spain." Plant Disease 86, no. 10 (2002): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1178b.
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Leaf rust was first observed in 1997 on southern high-bush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cvs. Sharpblue, Gulfcoast, and Misty, in two production fields in Huelva Province of Andalucía, in southwestern Spain. Depending on environmental conditions, these cultivars may remain evergreen in this region. In early spring, when the temperature reaches 20°C, typical yellowish-orange pustules first appear on the abaxial side of older leaves and later on new leaves. Leaf lesions began as chlorotic dots and developed into necrotic spots. As much as 85% of the fruits on symptomatic bushes showed pustules on the scar area. Multiple infection cycles were possible during the growing season as urediniospores reinfect leaves at the end of summer. Disease was considered of minor importance, but defoliation occurred when spotting was severe. Urediniospores were yellowish-orange, abovoid to elliptical (15 to 26 × 10 to 20 μm), with a thick, slightly roughened wall and a central pore. Telia formed in the lower epidermis and were smooth and brown. Teliospores (7 to 10 × 12 to 15 μm) were sessile, oblong to columnar, with two or more cross walls. Urediniospore and teliospore dimensions and morphology agree with the description of P. vaccinii, (G. Wint.) (1). A pathogenicity test was carried out with 2-year-old ‘Sharpblue’ and ‘Star’ plants. Expanded leaves were sprayed with freshly collected urediniospores suspended in a 0.05% solution of Tween 20 in water; plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h and held in a chamber at 20 to 25°C in the shade. After 10 days, yellowish-orange pustules, similar to the original symptoms, developed on 80% of inoculated leaves of ‘Sharpblue’, while ‘Star’ plants remained symptomless. Leaf rust has not been reported on Ericaceae in Spain. The evergreen state of some southern high-bush cultivars in this area could allow the pathogen to overwinter as urediniospores. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. vaccinii on blueberry plants in Spain. Reference: (1) P. R. Bristow and A. W. Stretch. Pages 20–22 in: Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1995.
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Szabo, L. J., D. S. Mollov, and C. Rosen. "First Report of Garlic Rust Caused by Puccinia allii on Allium sativum in Minnesota." Plant Disease 97, no. 2 (2013): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-12-0686-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
High-quality garlic is an emerging crop grown in Minnesota for local markets, community supported agriculture, and select restaurants. In July 2010, Allium sativum cv. German Extra Hardy Porcelain plants showing foliar symptoms typical of rust infection were brought to the Plant Disease Clinic at the University of Minnesota by a commercial grower from Fillmore County, Minnesota. Infected leaves showed circular to oblong lesions (1 to 3 mm long), which ranged in color from yellow-orange (uredinia) to black (telia). Urediniospores collected from uredinia were globoid to ellipsoid, yellowish in color, and measured 18 ± 1 × 30 ± 2 μm with a wall thickness of 2.4 ± 0.5 μm. Teliospores were two celled, 18 ± 3 × 47 ± 10 μm, with a projected cross-sectional area (1) of 826 ± 87 μm2; cell walls were smooth, brown, 1.6 ± 0.3 μm (proximal cell) to 2.1 ± 0.5 μm (distal cell) thick, and 4.2 ± 0.8 μm at the apex. The pathogen was identified as Puccinia allii (2) and a sample was deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 884132). DNA was extracted from infected leaf tissue and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and 5′ end of the large subunit (LS) was amplified and sequenced as described by Anikster et al. (1). The 1,257-bp sequence from the sample collected in Minnesota (GenBank Accession No. JX402206) was identical to ITS/LS sequence of a sample of P. allii collected from garlic in California (GenBank Accession No. AF511077), with the exception that MN sequence contained nine “A”s rather than 10 in the hyper-variable area at the 3′ end of the ITS region. P. allii has been shown to be a species complex comprising at least two different types, “leek type” and “garlic type” (1). Based on the ITS sequence and the projected cross-sectional area of the teliospores, the sample of P. allii from MN is consistent with the garlic type. Garlic rust occurred in localized foci late in the growing season and therefore did not cause significant loss to the 2010 crop. Reoccurrence of garlic rust was not reported in either 2011 or 2012 growing seasons in Minnesota. P. allii all but eliminated commercial garlic production in California in the late 1990s (1) and has the potential to cause significant negative impact to the emerging garlic crop in Minnesota. However, the epidemiology of garlic rust in the northern U.S. is not well understood and therefore predicting the risk of the Minnesota garlic crop to rust is difficult. References: (1) Y. Anikster et al. Phytopathology 94:569, 2004. (2) L. J. Szabo et al, Rust. Pages 41-44 in: Compendium of Onion and Garlic Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. H. F. Schwartz and S. K. Mohan, eds. APS Press, St. Paul, 2008.
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Sánchez, S., M. Gambardella, J. L. Henríquez, and I. Díaz. "First Report of Crown Rot of Strawberry Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Chile." Plant Disease 97, no. 7 (2013): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1121-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, an increase of collapsed and dead strawberry plants has been observed in several fields in central Chile, specifically in San Pedro, Melipilla, an important area for strawberry cultivation in the country. To determine the causal agent of the disease and the extent of the problem, 25 sample sites of 1 ha each, distributed in different San Pedro zones, were surveyed at the end of the 2011 season (from December 2010 to February 2011). Cross sections of the crowns of symptomatic strawberry plants showed necrotic tissue and brown-red to dark brown areas on the vascular ring. Samples of the affected crowns were superficially disinfested and plated on potato dextrose agar with 200 μg/ml of streptomycin sulfate. Dark gray colonies were observed after 7 days of incubation at 24°C. Pure cultures of the pathogen showed aerial mycelium and abundant dark oblong sclerotia. Fifty sclerotia were measured, averaging 120 × 74 μm. Twenty-one isolates were identified molecularly utilizing the species specific primers MpKFI and MpKRI (2) that yielded a 350-bp fragment. The amplified DNA fragments were sequenced and BLAST analysis showed a 99% nucleotide sequence identity with Macrophomina phaseolina (GeneBank Accession No JX535007.1). Both morphological and molecular analyses confirmed that the isolated species corresponded to M. phaseolina, causal agent of crown and root rot in strawberry. Four representative isolates were selected to conduct pathogenicity tests. Inoculum was prepared by incubating the pathogen for 28 days at 20°C in sterilized oat seeds. Pots of 1.5 liters were filled with a mixed substrate of peat and perlite (2:1), amended with inoculated oats at 9 g per liter of substrate. ‘Camarosa’ strawberry plants were planted and grown in a glasshouse for 1 month. Six replicated plants per isolate and six plants growing on non-inoculated substrate were left as controls. Ninety-five percent of the inoculated plants showed wilt and collapse symptoms 22 days after transplant, whereas no symptoms were observed in the control plants. M. phaseolina was reisolated from the crowns of symptomatic plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The pathogen was isolated from symptomatic strawberry plants in 14 of the 25 sampled sites. Although M. phaseolina was described previously on other crops in Chile, to our knowledge, this is the first report of M. phaseolina causing crown rot of strawberry. The disease has been recently reported in Spain, the United States, and Argentina (1,3,4). References: (1) M. Avilés et al. Plant Pathol. 57:382, 2008. (2) B. Babu et al. Mycologia 99:797, 2007. (3) O. Baino et al. Plant Dis. 95:1477, 2011. (4) S. Koike. Plant Dis. 92:1253, 2008.
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Fogliata, G. M., C. V. Martínez, M. E. Acosta, M. L. Muñoz, and L. D. Ploper. "First Report of Fusarium Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum on Lemon in Tucumán, Argentina." Plant Disease 97, no. 7 (2013): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-12-0069-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Fusarium rot is considered a minor disease of citrus fruits. Several Fusarium species have been associated with fruit decay, most commonly F. lateritium Nees, F. moniliforme J. Sheld., F. oxysporum Schltdl., and F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. (2,3). In the winters of 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011, lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.] fruit with white mycelium covering the peduncle were submitted to the Phytopathology Lab at the Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres. All fruit samples from Tucumán, Argentina, were stored in boxes kept in packinghouse for more than 1 month. In 2007 only, light to dark brown flavedo around the peduncle was observed in less than 1% of the sample fruit received. No internal breakdown was visible. No change in rind color was observed in the samples received in remaining years. Abundant Fusarium sp. conidia were observed on the mycelium. Colonies with white to violet fluffy aerial mycelium developed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and produced abundant ovoid or oblong microconidia (1.9 to 3.6 × 4.8 to 10.8 μm), usually unicellular, borne in false heads on short monophialides, and loculated slightly falcate macroconidia were mostly three to five septate (2.4 to 4.8 × 19.2 to 31.2 μm). Unbranched and branched-monophialidic conidiophores were observed. Simple or paired chlamydospores developed on synthetic nutrient agar (1 g KH2PO4, 1 g KNO3, 0.5 g MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g KCl, 0.2 g sucrose, and 20 g agar/liter distilled water). On the basis of morphological and cultural criteria, 22 isolates were identified as F. oxysporum (4) designated as D1 to D22. Morfological identification was confirmed by PCR (1) using genomic DNA extracted from the mycelium of pure culture, and an amplified product of 70 bp, specific for the species F. oxysporum, was obtained. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS5 and secuenced. BLAST analysis of the 600 bp segment showed a 100% indentity with F. oxysporum, strains CCF 4362 and 1166 (GenBank Accession Nos. HE974454 and FR731133, respectively). Pathogenicity tests were conducted twice by inoculating 10 surface-disinfected wounded lemon fruit. A rind disc (5 mm in diameter and 1 mm deep) near the stem end was removed and a 5-mm-diameter agar disc of D2 isolate (grown at 25°C for 5 days on PDA) was attached to the wound replacing the rind disc. The inoculation site was covered with moistened cotton wool and the fruit were wrapped in plastic bags to prevent the inoculum from drying out. Ten control fruit were inoculated with uncultured PDA plugs (5 mm in diameter). All fruit were maintained in a growth chamber at 25°C under humid conditions. After 5 to 6 days, all inoculated fruit showed white aerial mycelium, initially on the inoculation site and then on the peduncle, similar to that observed on naturally infected fruit. After 20 days, two fruit developed stem end dry rot and showed peduncle fall but no internal breakdown was visible. Control fruit developed any symptom as described above. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected tissues, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium rot caused by F. oxysporum on lemon in Tucumán, Argentina. References: (1) V. Edel et al. Mycol. Res. 104:518, 2000. (2) H. S. Fawcett. Citrus Diseases and Their Control, 1936. (3) A. Z. Joffe and M. Schiffmann-Nadel. Fruits 27:117, 1972. (4) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium species: An Illustrated Manual for Identification, 1983.
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Osipov, V. P. "Research of the central beginnings and endings of the accessory nerve (N. accessorius Willisii)." Neurology Bulletin VI, no. 1 (2020): 118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb48602.
Full textAbstract:
Starting at the end of the 16th century (Volcherus Goiter - 1573) and up to our time, about sixty authors studied the accessory nerve, partly dedicating special work to it, partly giving their views on the course and ending of this nerve in the textbooks of anatomy and histology published by them. Such persistence in the study of the accessory nerve is explained by the duality of its central beginnings and endings, that is, its origin both from the oblong and from the spinal cord. Already with a rough anatomical examination, it is clear that part of the roots emerging from the lower part of the medulla oblongata, not reaching the foramen jugulare of the skull, joins the nerve trunk, which runs along the lateral surface of the spinal cord and is formed by the connection of the roots emerging from the lateral brain. This common nerve trunk, emerging from the cranial cavity through the foram. jugulare and consisting of N. accessorius vagi and N. accessorius spinalis, received the name N. accessorius Willissi, named after Thomasa Willisa (1682) who described it. After exiting the foramen jugulare, the nerve gives a thin v-point (ramus internus according to Heihendainy) to the plexus ganglioformis n. vagi, and another, thick branch, is sent to the muscles (m. sternocleido-mastoideus). Thus, without the help of a microscope, a close connection between the XI and X pairs of cranial nerves is visible. To this, it must be added that the roots of the XI nerve, emerging from the lower sections of the medulla oblongata, produce the impression of the lower roots of the X nerve, and only their entry into the common trunk of the accessory nerve forces them to be referred to it. Heidenhain, using a physiological method, proved the connection between the accessory nerve and the vagus: he pulled out the accessory nerve in rabbits on the neck and after a few days after the operation did not receive the usual slowing of heartbeats with irritation of the vagus nerve; From this, the author concludes that the retarding heartbeat fibers of the vagus nerve receive an additional one through the ramus internus. Further, the author comes to the conclusion that the fibers of the accessory nerve, which delay the heartbeat, originate from the medulla oblongata. To confirm this view, Heidenhain cites experiments in which he, during artificial respiration of an animal, provided a cut of the medulla oblongata at the apex of the pen (calamus scriptorius) and below; with a slowdown of artificial respiration in the first case, a slowdown of the heartbeat was obtained, and in the second it did not work. Finally, in rabbits, after the accessory nerve was torn out, the laryngeal paralysis was as clearly expressed as after the X nerve was cut; food got into the respiratory tract, and the animals died from pneumonia, which usually began with the upper lobes).
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Nasehi, A., J. B. Kadir, M. A. Zainal Abidin, M. Y. Wong, and F. Mahmodi. "First Report of Tomato Gray Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Stemphylium solani in Malaysia." Plant Disease 96, no. 8 (2012): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-12-0223-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
In June 2011, tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) in major growing areas of the Cameron Highlands and the Johor state in Malaysia were affected by a leaf spot disease. Disease incidence exceeded 80% in some severely infected regions. Symptoms on 50 observed plants initially appeared on leaves as small, brownish black specks, which later became grayish brown, angular lesions surrounded by a yellow border. As the lesions matured, the affected leaves dried up and became brittle and later developed cracks in the center of the lesions. A survey was performed in these growing areas and 27 isolates of the pathogen were isolated from the tomato leaves on potato carrot agar (PCA). The isolates were purified by the single spore technique and were transferred onto PCA and V8 agar media for conidiophore and conidia production under alternating light (8 hours per day) and darkness (16 hours per day) (4). Colonies on PCA and V8 agar exhibited grey mycelium and numerous conidia were formed at the terminal end of conidiophores. The conidiophores were up to 240 μm long. Conidia were oblong with 2 to 11 transverse and 1 to 6 longitudinal septa and were 24 to 69.6 μm long × 9.6 to 14.4 μm wide. The pathogen was identified as Stemphylium solani on the basis of morphological criteria (2). In addition, DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) was amplified by universal primers ITS5 and ITS4 (1). The PCR product was purified by the commercial PCR purification kit and the purified PCR product sequenced. The resulting sequences were 100% identical to published S. solani sequences (GenBank Accestion Nos. AF203451 and HQ840713). The amplified ITS region was deposited with NCBI GenBank under Accession No. JQ657726. A representative isolate of the pathogen was inoculated on detached 45-day-old tomato leaves of Malaysian cultivar 152177-A for pathogenicity testing. One wounded and two nonwounded leaflets per leaf were used in this experiment. The leaves were wounded by applying pressure to leaf blades with the serrated edge of a forceps. A 20-μl drop of conidial suspension containing 105 conidia/ml was used to inoculate these leaves (3). The inoculated leaves were placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes and incubated for 48 h at 25°C. Control leaves were inoculated with sterilized distilled water. After 7 days, typical symptoms for S. solani similar to those observed in the farmers' fields developed on both wounded and nonwounded inoculated leaves, but not on noninoculated controls, and S. solani was consistently reisolated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. solani causing gray leaf spot of tomato in Malaysia. References: (1) M. P. S. Camara et al. Mycologia 94:660, 2002. (2) B. S. Kim et al. Plant Pathol. J. 15:348, 1999. (3) B. M. Pryor and T. J. Michailides. Phytopathology 92:406, 2002. (4) E. G. Simmons. CBS Biodiversity Series 6:775, 2007.
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Gramaje, D., M. I. Aguilar, and J. Armengol. "First Report of Phaeoacremonium krajdenii Causing Petri Disease of Grapevine in Spain." Plant Disease 95, no. 5 (2011): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0808.
Full textAbstract:
In September 2009, symptoms of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) decline were observed on 3-year-old grapevines in a vineyard in Roquetas de Mar (Almeria Province, southern Spain). Affected vines were weak with reduced foliage and chlorotic leaves. Black spots and dark streaking of the xylem vessels could be seen in cross- or longitudinal sections of the rootstock trunk. Symptomatic plants were collected and sections (10 cm long) were cut from the basal end of the rootstocks, washed under running tap water, surface disinfested for 1 min in a 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, and washed twice with sterile distilled water. The sections were split longitudinally and small pieces of discolored tissues were plated onto malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with 0.5 g liter–1 of streptomycin sulfate. Dishes were incubated at 25 to 26°C in the dark for 14 to 21 days, and all colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). A Phaeoacremonium sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic tissues. Single conidial isolates were obtained and grown on PDA and MEA in the dark at 25°C for 2 to 3 weeks until colonies produced spores (2). Colonies were grayish brown on PDA and dark brown on MEA. Conidiophores were short and unbranched and 11.5 to 46 (25.5) μm long. Phialides were often polyphialidic. Conidia were hyaline, oblong-ellipsoidal or allantoid, 2.5 to 5 (4.2) μm long, and 1 to 1.7 (1.2) μm wide. On the basis of these characters, the isolates were identified as Phaeoacremonium krajdenii L. Mostert, Summerb. & Crous (1,2). DNA sequencing of a fragment of the beta-tubulin gene of the isolate (Pkr-1) using primers T1 and Bt2b (GenBank Accession No. HM637892) matched P. krajdenii GenBank Accession No. AY579330. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using isolate Pkr-1. Ten 1-year-old callused and rooted cuttings of 110 R rootstock grown in pots with sterile peat were wounded at the uppermost internode with an 8-mm cork borer. A 5-mm mycelium PDA plug from a 2-week-old culture was placed in the wound before being wrapped with Parafilm. Ten control plants were inoculated with 5-mm noncolonized PDA plugs. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at 25 to 30°C. Within 3 months, shoots on all Phaeoacremonium-inoculated cuttings had weak growth with small leaves and short internodes and there were black streaks in the xylem vessels. The vascular necroses that developed on the inoculated plants were 5.5 ± 1.2 cm long, significantly greater than those on the control plants (P < 0.01). Control plants did not show any symptoms. The fungus was reisolated from discolored tissue of all inoculated cuttings, completing Koch's postulates. P. krajdenii has a worldwide distribution, although these reports are from human infections (1). P. krajdenii was first reported as a pathogen of grapevines in South Africa (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. krajdenii causing young grapevine decline in Spain or any country in Europe. References: (1) L. Mostert et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:1752, 2005. (2) L. Mostert et al. Stud. Mycol. 54:1, 2006.
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Rebollar-Alviter, A., A. M. Minnis, L. J. Dixon, et al. "First Report of Leaf Rust of Blueberry Caused by Thekopsora minima in Mexico." Plant Disease 95, no. 6 (2011): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-10-0885.
Full textAbstract:
Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is becoming an important crop in the states of Jalisco and Michoacan in Mexico. Leaf rust, a disease causing extensive defoliation on plants with severe infections, was observed in the autumn of 2007 and it has become one of the most significant diseases of blueberry in these states. Symptoms on the upper surfaces of leaves appear as small, yellow spots that later turn necrotic as they enlarge and coalesce and eventually cover large areas of individual leaves. On the undersides of leaves, small flecks surrounded by small water-soaked halos appear, turn yellow, and produce powdery sori that are uredinia with urediniospores. Uredinia were hypophyllous, scattered to gregarious and at times superficially appearing confluent, up to about 300 μm in diameter, dome shaped and peridium hemispherical in cross section, orangish, becoming pulverulent, lacking obviously enlarged, well-differentiated ostiolar cells. Urediniospores were subglobose, obovate, oblong or ellipsoid, 17.6 to 27.2 × 12.8 to 17.6 μm, with hyaline, echinulate walls that are 1.2 to 1.8 μm thick, and with yellow-to-hyaline contents. Telia were not observed. On the basis of uredinial morphology (3,4), the rust was identified as Thekopsora minima P. Syd. & Syd. To distinguish this rust from other rust species causing disease on Vaccinium (2,3), a 1,414-bp region consisting of ITS2 and the 5′ end of the 28S was amplified with primers Rust2inv/LR6 from uredinial lesions on infected leaves of V. corymbosum ‘Biloxi’ and sequenced (BPI 880580; GenBank Accession No. HM439777) (1). Results of a BLAST search of GenBank found 100% (1,414 of 1,414) identity to T. minima (GenBank Accession No. GU355675) from South Africa (3). Pathogenicity tests were completed as follows: (i) during the autumn of 2009, rusted leaves of cvs. Biloxi and Sharpblue were collected from the field; (ii) mature leaves from healthy plants of both blueberry cultivars were surface disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water; (iii) fresh urediniospores from rusted leaves were brushed directly onto the undersides of disinfested detached leaves; (iv) to avoid drying, wet cotton balls were placed on the petioles of inoculated leaves that were subsequently placed in resealable plastic bags; and (v) leaves were then incubated in a growth chamber at 22°C with a 12-h photoperiod. For each cultivar, 20 leaves were inoculated and five uninoculated leaves were included as controls and the test was repeated once. Yellow uredinia were observed 13 and 10 days after inoculation in cvs. Biloxi and Sharpblue, respectively. Leaf symptoms and uredinial characters were the same as observed previously in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. minima in Mexico. This report is significant for growers who need a diagnosis to control the disease and for breeders and plant pathologists who should consider developing more resistant cultivars. References: (1) M. C. Aime. Mycoscience 47:112, 2006. (2) F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1995. (3) L. Mostert et al. Plant Dis. 94:478, 2010. (4) P. Sydow and H. Sydow. Monographia Uredinearum. Vol. III. Fratres Borntraeger, Leipzig, Germany, 1915.
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Gramaje, D., S. Alaniz, A. Pérez-Sierra, P. Abad-Campos, J. García-Jiménez, and J. Armengol. "First Report of Phaeoacremonium mortoniae Causing Petri Disease of Grapevine in Spain." Plant Disease 91, no. 9 (2007): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-9-1206a.
Full textAbstract:
In May 2006, symptoms of grapevine decline were observed on 4-year-old grapevines (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) grafted onto 110 R rootstock in Daimiel (Ciudad Real Province, central Spain). Affected vines had low vigor, reduced foliage, and chlorotic leaves. Cross or longitudinal sections of the rootstock trunk showed black spots and dark streaking of the xylem vessels. Five symptomatic plants were collected and analyzed for fungal isolation. Sections (10 cm long) were cut from the basal end of the rootstocks, washed under running tap water, surface sterilized for 1 min in a 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, and washed twice with sterile distilled water. The sections were split longitudinally and small pieces of discolored tissues were plated onto malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with 0.5 g L–1 of streptomycin sulfate. Plates were incubated at 25 to 26°C in the dark for 14 to 21 days and all colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). A Phaeoacremonium sp. was consistently isolated from necrotic tissues. Single conidial isolates were obtained and grown on PDA and MEA in the dark at 25°C for 2 to 3 weeks until colonies produced spores (3). Colonies were yellowish white on PDA and white-to-pale gray on MEA. Conidiophores were short and unbranched, 12.5 to 37.5 (20.5) μm long, and often consisting of a single subcylindrical phialide. Conidia were hyaline, oblong to ellipsoidal or reniform, 2.5 to 7.5 (4.6) μm long, and 1.2 to 1.9 (1.6) μm wide. On the basis of these characteristics, the isolates were identified as Phaeoacremonium mortoniae (2,3). Identity of isolate Pmo-1 was confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region (Phaeoacremonium-specific primers Pm1-Pm2) with the restriction enzymes BssKI, EcoO109I, and HhaI (1). Additionally, the β-tubulin gene fragment (primers T1 and Bt2b) of this isolate was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EF517921). The sequence was identical to the sequence of P. mortoniae (GenBank Accession No. DQ173109). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 2-month-old grapevine seedlings (cv. Tempranillo) using two isolates, Pmo-1 and a reference isolate of P. mortoniae (CBS-101585) obtained from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Utrecht, the Netherlands). Seedlings were inoculated when two to three leaves had emerged by watering the roots with 25 mL of a conidial suspension (106 conidia mL–1) harvested from 21-day-old cultures grown on PDA. Controls were inoculated with sterile distilled water. There were 20 replicates for each isolate with an equal number of uninoculated plants. Seedlings were maintained in a greenhouse at 23 to 25°C. Within 2 months after inoculation, symptoms developed as reduced growth, chlorotic leaves, severe defoliation, and finally wilting. Control plants did not show any of these symptoms. The fungus was reisolated from internal tissues of the crown area and the stems of all inoculated seedlings, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. mortoniae causing young grapevine decline in Spain. References: (1) A. Aroca and R. Raposo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:2911, 2007. (2) M. Groenewald et al. Mycol. Res. 105:651, 2001. (3) L. Mostert et al. Stud. Mycol. 54:1, 2006.
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Gramaje, D., S. Alaniz, A. Pérez-Sierra, P. Abad-Campos, J. García-Jiménez, and J. Armengol. "First Report of Phaeoacremonium scolyti Causing Petri Disease of Grapevine in Spain." Plant Disease 92, no. 5 (2008): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-5-0836b.
Full textAbstract:
In May 2007, a survey was conducted to evaluate the phytosanitary status of grapevine propagating materials in a commercial nursery located in Valencia Province (eastern Spain). Fungal isolation was performed on 25 grafted plants (1-year-old grapevines cv. Tempranillo grafted onto 110 R rootstock) because they showed reduced root biomass and black discoloration of the xylem vessels. Sections (10 cm long) were cut from the basal end of the rootstocks, washed under running tap water, surface sterilized for 1 min in a 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, and washed twice with sterile distilled water. The sections were split longitudinally and small pieces of discolored tissues were placed onto malt extract agar (MEA) supplemented with streptomycin sulfate (0.5 g L–1). Plates were incubated at 25°C in the dark for 14 to 21 days after which all colonies were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA). Togninia minima (Tul. & C. Tul.) Berl. (anamorph Phaeoacremonium aleophilum W. Gams, Crous, M.J. Wingf. & Mugnai) and another Phaeoacremonium sp. were consistently isolated from necrotic tissues. Single conidial isolates of this Phaeoacremonium sp. were grown on PDA and MEA in the dark at 25°C for 2 to 3 weeks until colonies produced spores (3). Colonies were grayish brown on PDA and pinkish white on MEA. Conidiophores were mostly short and unbranched, 15 to 30 (mean 20.8) μm long, often consisting of an elongate-ampuliform phialide. Conidia were hyaline, oblong-ellipsoidal occasionally reniform or allantoid, 2.5 to 5.6 (mean 3.8) μm long, and 1 to 2.1 (mean 1.4) μm wide. On the basis of these characteristics, these isolates were identified as Phaeoacremonium scolyti L. Mostert, Summerb. & Crous (2,3). Identity of isolate Psc-1 was confirmed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region using Phaeoacremonium-specific primers Pm1-Pm2 and restriction enzymes BssKI, EcoO109I, and HhaI (1). Additionally, the β-tubulin gene fragment (primers T1 and Bt2b) of this isolate was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU260415). The sequence showed high similarity (98%) with the sequence of P. scolyti (GenBank Accession No. AY579292). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 2-month-old grapevine seedlings (cv. Tempranillo) using the isolate Psc-1. Ten seedlings were inoculated when two to three leaves had emerged by watering the roots with 25 mL of a conidial suspension (106 conidia mL–1) harvested from 21-day-old cultures grown on PDA. Ten controls plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Seedlings were maintained in a greenhouse at 23 to 25°C. Within 2 months of inoculation, symptoms developed on all of the inoculated plants as crown necrosis, chlorotic leaves, severe defoliation, and wilting. Control plants did not show any symptoms. The fungus was reisolated from internal tissues of the crown area and the stems of all inoculated seedlings, completing Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. scolyti causing Petri disease in Spain. References: (1) A. Aroca and R. Raposo. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:2911, 2007. (2) L. Mostert et al. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:1752, 2005. (3) L. Mostert et al. Stud. Mycol. 54:1, 2006.
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Coetzee, J. C., and E. J. van der Linde. "Shot-Hole Reaction of Trichilia emetica in Response to Infection by Cocconia concentrica in South Africa." Plant Disease 96, no. 6 (2012): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-11-0876-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Natal mahogany (Trichilia emetica Vahl) is native to South, Central, and East Africa. In South Africa, it is widely planted as an ornamental and street tree; its wood is used for furniture and the seeds used for medicinal oil. In June 2010, during the Southern Hemisphere winter, severe leaf damage resembling insect herbivory was observed on the leaves of a T. emetica specimen in a subtropical garden in White River, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa (25°19′37.98″S, 33°00′19.47″E, elevation 959 m). However, closer inspection revealed that the damage was not insect related but the result of a pronounced shot-hole reaction of the leaves in response to a fungal infection. Concentric patterns on infected leaves facilitated easy macroscopic identification of the pathogen as Cocconia concentrica (Syd.) Syd. Microscopic characteristics of the fungus associated with these patterns also corresponded to descriptions of C. concentrica by Inácio and Minter (1) and Theissen and Sydow (3): asci were cylindrical-clavate, mostly eight spored, and 62 to 65 × 12 to 15 μm; ascospores were light brown, elliptic to oblong, mostly one-septate, usually wider at one end, somewhat constricted at septum, and 16 to 18.5 × 6 to 7.5 μm; paraphyses were longer than asci, septate, 2.5 μm in diameter, and hyaline but brownish at the rounded, often swollen tips. The occurrence of C. concentrica on Trichilia spp. and other hosts has been well documented, but only as a leaf-spot parasite without any reference to the prominent shot-hole reaction, which to our knowledge, is reported here for the first time. After infection, which is presumably by airborne ascospores (1), scattered or coalescing, relatively round black spots, up to 7.5 mm in diameter, developed on the adaxial leaf surface. Each spot is composed of many circular to elliptical, black, coalescing stromatic ascomata conspicuously arranged in centrifugally expanding concentric rings, later appearing to be covered by an ascoma-bearing crust. Eventually, the formation of an abscission layer, generally along the outer edge of the outer ring or some distance away, may be triggered in the leaf tissue along the periphery of each spot, separating and isolating the infected leaf area from the rest of the lamina. Infected areas eventually slough off from the rest of the leaf (but may remain attached more intimately and longer along veins) and fall out, leaving gaping circular to irregular shot-holes edged by a prominent corky rim. A similar phenomenon has been reported and illustrated for T. connaroides infected by Phloeospora trichiliae in India (2) and T. tuberculata infected by an unidentified ascomycete in Panama ( http://researchwatch.net/nsf_grants/9902346 ). Shot-hole formation as a self-defense mechanism against fungal infection thus appears to be a widely occurring generic character in Trichilia, and it is remarkable that this symptom, subsequently witnessed elsewhere in Mpumalanga, has apparently gone unnoticed in Africa until now and that it has received no mention in the abundant literature on the trees of the region. Voucher material (PREM 60718) has been deposited at the National Collection of Fungi, Pretoria, South Africa. References: (1) C. A. Inácio and D. W. Minter. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 145 (1445), 2002. (2) M. D. Mehrotra and R. K. Verma. Mycol. Res. 98:1192, 1994. (3) F. Theissen and H. Sydow. Ann. Mycol. 13:149, 1915.
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Nasehi, A., J. B. Kadir, M. Nasr Esfahani, et al. "An Outbreak of Leaf Spot Caused by Stemphylium solani on Eggplant in Malaysia." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (2013): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-0901-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
In 2011, a severe gray leaf spot was observed on eggplant (Solanum melongena) in major eggplant growing areas in Malaysia, including the Pahang, Johor, and Selangor states. Disease incidence was >70% in severely infected areas of about 150 ha of eggplant greenhouses and fields examined. Symptoms initially appeared as small (1 to 5 mm diameter), brownish-black specks with concentric circles on the lower leaves. The specks then coalesced and developed into greyish-brown, necrotic lesions, which also appeared on the upper leaves. Eventually, the leaves senesced and were shed. Tissue cut from the edges of leaf spots were surface-sterilized in 1% NaOCl for 2 min, rinsed in sterilized water, dried, and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal colonies were greyish green to light brown, and produced a yellow pigment. Single, muriform, brown, oblong conidia formed at the terminal end of each conidiophore, were each 21.6 to 45.6 μm long and 11.5 to 21.6 μm wide, and contained 2 to 7 transverse and 1 to 4 longitudinal septa. The conidiophores were tan to light brown and ≤220 μm long. Based on these morphological criteria, 25 isolates of the fungus were identified as Stemphylium solani (1). To produce conidia in culture, 7-day-old single-conidial cultures were established on potato carrot agar (PCA) and V8 juice agar media under an 8-h/16-h light/dark photoperiod at 25°C (4). Further confirmation of the identification was obtained by molecular characterization in which fungal DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA amplified using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2), followed by direct sequencing. A BLAST search in the NCBI database revealed that the sequence was 99% identical with published ITS sequences for two isolates of S. solani (Accession Nos. AF203451 and HQ840713). The amplified ITS region was deposited in GenBank (JQ736023). Pathogenicity testing of a representative isolate was performed on detached, 45-day-old eggplant leaves of the cv. 125066-X under laboratory conditions. Four fully expanded leaves (one wounded and two non-wounded leaflets/leaf) were placed on moist filter paper in petri dishes, and each leaflet inoculated with a 20-μl drop of a conidial suspension containing 1 × 105 conidia/ml in sterilized, distilled water (3). The leaves were wounded by applying pressure to leaf blades with the serrated edge of forceps. Four control leaves were inoculated similarly with sterilized, distilled water. Inoculated leaves were incubated in humid chambers at 25°C with 95% RH and a 12-h photoperiod. After 7 days, symptoms similar to those observed in the original fields developed on both wounded and non-wounded inoculated leaves, but not on control leaves, and S. solani was reisolated consistently from the symptoms using the same method as the original isolations. Control leaves remained asymptomatic and the fungus was not isolated from these leaves. The pathogenicity testing was repeated with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. solani on eggplant in Malaysia. References: (1) B. S. Kim et al. Plant Pathol. J. 20:85, 2004. (2) Y. R. Mehta et al. Curr. Microbiol. 44:323, 2002. (3) B. M. Pryor and T. J. Michailides. Phytopathology 92:406, 2002. (4) E. G. Simmons. CBS Biodiv. Series 6:775, 2007.
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Babu, B. Hari, K. Lakshmi Prasanna, P. Vamsi Prasanna Kumar, K. Preethi, and Aditya Kumar. "Study of Different Operating Parameters on Seed Holding in the Single Seed Metering Unit." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, September 9, 2020, 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2730920.
Full textAbstract:
Aims: The present study was conducted to determine the “Effect of Different Operating Parameters on Seed Holding in the Single Seed Metering Unit”.
Study Design: An attempt was made to development seed metering unit and evaluated for its performance with battery drive i.e. seed rate, seed holding ratio, single seed holding ratio, double seed holding ratio and missing index. The shapes of cells speed of seed plate and number of cells on seed plate were chosen as parameters. A factorial completely randomised design used for analysis of variance.
Results: At the end of the research, it was found that the cell’s shape, peripheral velocity and number of cells on seed plate had an effect on the seed holding ratio (SHR) at a significant level of 5% (P<0.05). The diameter and thickness of the seed metering plates were 100 and 8 mm respectively. The hopper was of the trapezoidal section with height of 12.5 cm , volume 3510 cm3 and thickness of material of 2.5 mm. For maize seed variety: Tulasi Naga If the velocity of seed plate increases then seed holding ratio decreases, seed holding ratio also decreased with increase in number of cells on seed plate. Oblong shape with extension was suitable for these seeds. For maize seed variety: Goodrej Ultra when the velocity of seed plate increased then seed holding ratio decreased, seed holding ratio also decreased with increase in number of cells on seed plate. Oblong shape was suitable for these seeds. For maize seed variety: Laxmi 2277 seed holding ratio increased with increase in velocity of seed plate, seed holding ratio also increased with increase in number of cells on seed plate. Oblong shape was suitable for these seeds.
Conclusion: The highest and least value of seed holding ratio is 94% at a speed of 30 rpm in shape 2(6 and 7 cells) and 31% at a speed of 30 rpm in shape 1(7 cells), 39% at a speed of 26 rpm in shape 2(6 cells) and 12% at a speed of 30 rpm in shape 1(7 cells), 45% at a speed of 26 rpm in shape 1(6 cells) and 6%at a speed of 30 rpm in shape 2(7 cells) for laxmi, goodrej and tulasi variety of seeds respectively.
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Brusić, Zdenko. "Ranosrednjovjekovni nalazi iz hrvatskog podmorja." Archaeologia Adriatica 4, no. 1 (2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/archeo.1031.
Full textAbstract:
I will use the opportunity in the fourth number of the Archaeologia Adriatica journal which is dedicated to my friend and colleague J. Belošević to pay attention to the finds which were found at the sea bottom as a consequence of various shipwrecks or as discarded or lost objects in the Early Middle Ages period when Croatian state developed and existed. Monuments from this period belong to rich scope of the study and research of my colleague J. Belošević. In this case by underwater finds I refer to a specific category of monuments that I have already written about, and which can be dated to the mentioned period on the basis of analogies. Namely these are amphorae which exhibit considerable differences regarding their size, i.e. capacity from the earlier types dated from the 5th to 7th centuries. These Byzantine amphorae, as they are usually referred to, have characteristic massive handles which are usually higher than the vessel's opening whereas base of the amphora is oval in shape, without pointed end characteristic of the earlier amphorae. Forms are usually piriform or ovoid, and their height usually does not exceed 40 cm. Remains of a shipwreck with amphorae of this type were discovered near the island of Mljet in the mid-1970s and the site had already been devastated. I discovered another site with the remains of the Byzantine amphorae and some other objects in the sea in front of the Ždrijac site in the vicinity of Nin when I was working as a curator of a regional archaeological collection in Nin in the 1960s. Byzantine amphorae were also found in 1995 in the Bay of Pijan in Savudrija where rescue underwater archaeological excavations of an important ancient port near Aquileia were undertaken due to building and extending a quay. Great part of the remaining amphorae which I present in this paper are older finds without exact data about the findspot and circumstances of discovery, such as the upper segment of an amphora from Umag or an oblong amphora with large handles which are significantly higher than its opening from Poreč (presently in the Regional Museum in Poreč). Three almost identical amphorae have piriform bodies and massive handles with a triangular cross-section which are higher than the amphora's opening. One of them was found near the island of Žut long time ago, presently it is in the Šibenik City Museum, the second was taken out of the sea in a fishing net between the islands of Silba and Olib, and the third one is from the Trogir port. There are several more amphorae corresponding to these finds: upper segment of an amphora from Ždrijac in Nin and two somewhat larger amphorae, one of which was found near the island of Ošljak near Zadar long ago (presently in the Archaeological Museum in Zadar) and the other from the Kovačić collection on the island of Hvar. A larger segment of a smaller oblong amphora of the similar shape was found in the 1970s near the island of Vela Arta near Murter. An upper segment of an amphora with a distinct neck and opening and large massive handles with triangular cross-section was found in the sea near the cape of Gospa od Gradine in Rogoznica, presently also in the Šibenik City Museum. We also need to mention finds from the port of Hvar found in 1991 and amphorae from the churches of St. Michael in Ston, St. George on the island of Vis and St. Barbara in Trogir. Underwater explorations along the Asia Minor coastline and in the Black Sea brought to light similar examples of amphorae on the basis of which N. Günsenin and Ch. Bakirtzis created a chronology, classifying them into several types dated from the 9th to 13th centuries. For an amphora from the collection of the Franciscan Monastery on the island of Krapanj we can find closer analogies, and probably also production centers on Peloponnesus. Without individual analysis of each of our amphorae, we can easily notice difference in the height of the handles which are often higher than the amphora's opening. Other evident differences include size and forms of amphorae as well as their diversity in relation to amphorae from the same period found in Turkish/Pontic region and the remaing part of the Balkans. These insights about the typological differences between our amphorae and the aforementioned ones in the Asia Minor region open up possibilities for hypothesizing about other, possibly local workshop centers in the area of today's Albanian littoral or the rest of the eastern Adriatic coast. All together, our coast shows the most impressive picture of maritime trade in the early medieval period on the basis of density of finds of the mentioned amphorae. Trade with glass products was also present in this period along our coast as indicated by the remains of a shipwreck near Cape Stoba on the island of Mljet where a certain amount of glass sets was found together with amphorae. Some of complete glass items found on a shipwreck near Serçe Limani can be related to some finds from the terrestrial sites on the basis of analogies, such as a glass flask from the grave (no. 322) at the great necropolis from Ždrijac in Nin which can be related to the workshop centres of the eastern Mediterranean since similar flask was found on the shipwreck from Serçe Limani in Turkey.
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"The Inheritance of Branch Position, Plant Height and Rosette Habit in Safflower." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS, no. 28 (November 2019): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36710/ioc-2019-28-03.
Full textAbstract:
Safflower is a rare culture adapted for growing in arid regions. It has wide usage as decorative, feeding plant and in medicine but mainly it is used in oil production nowadays. In rain insufficient areas in summer months it can be used as alternative to sunflower. Because of climate changes the study of the culture becomes even more important. The safflower plant (Carthamus tinctorius L) of the family of Asteraceae is one of the oilseeds growing in Asia, America, on the territory of Ukraine. Safflower is used as a forage plant for animals and birds, for technical, decorative purposes, in medicine. Safflower is a rough, herbaceous, annual plant with a pronounced appearance of an inhabitant of dry steppes. It is believed that the habitat of this species is confined to steppes and semi-deserts. The root of safflower is pivotal, it gives the plant the opportunity to feel good in arid climates. The stem is hard, branching, whitish in color, up to 100 cm tall, sometimes more. The leaves are alternate, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, leathery, with sharp edges, which usually end with spines, although there are varieties without spines, with a sharply protruding network of veins from below. According to available data, one recessive gene causes erectoid location of branches. Researchers Fernandez-Martinez and Knowles point to the existence of two genes that have the opposite effect on the location of branches. The ap gene in the homozygous state causes the branches to tilt at an angle of 20 degrees or less relative to the stem, and the dec gene from 80 to 90 degrees. The combination of these genes gives the slope of the branches to the stem in 40-70 degrees. The Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS of Ukraine has been engaged in cultivation of safflower since 2001. The aim of this work was to study the inheritance of branch position on the stem and the association of plant height and rosette habit of samples in our collection. For realization of the work were used the methods of field experiment, genetic analysis and mathematical statistics. For determining the type of inheritance the results of free and artificial pollination were used. Chi-square test was used as a statistical method. Four samples from our collection heterogeneous by height, branch position and rosette habit were involved in crosses: Belotsvetkovy nekoluchy, Salut, Medovy, Kurchavy. Characteristics of crossed collection samples: Belotsvetkovy nekoluchy — normal branch position, medium height, average rosette habit; Salut — erectoid branch position, high, late rosette habit; Medovy — normal branch position, medium height, average rosette habit; Kurchavy — normal branch position, medium height, average rosette habit. The first generation from the free pollination of the plant with normal branch position in 2011 also had normal branch position, the second generation demonstrated splitting by 3:1 scheme into normal and wide branch position accordingly. In crossing plants with normal and erectoid branch position the first generation hybrids also had normal branch position, the second generation demonstrated splitting by 3:1 scheme into plants with normal and erectoid branch position. When crossing the sample Salut (high, late rosette habit) with Kurchavy sample (medium height, average rosette habit) the first generation hybrids were of medium height and average rosette habit. The second generation splitting scheme validly differed from the expected one 9:3:3:1. Genes encoding these traits are not fully linked. Using the formula r = n/N, where n is the number of recombinants and N is the total number of specimen, we calculated the crossover frequency. Thus, the sing of the normal branch position dominates wide and erectoid branch position sings in safflower. The sing of the rosette habit is linked with plant height sing. The distance between genes is 6,13 morganite.