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1
Sweeney, Paul. "THE NEXT GENERATION AIRBORNE DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS PART II – SPECIFICATION, TRADE-OFFS AND SOME LESSONS LEARNED." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605360.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaThe advent of a new generation of analog to digital converters (ADC’s) provides the aerospace signal-conditioning engineer with many design advantages, trade-offs and challenges for their next generation of signal conditioning systems. These advantages include increased range, resolution, accuracy, channel-count and sampling rate. However, in order to capitalize on these advantages, it is important to understand the trade-offs involved and to specify these systems correctly. Trade-offs include: • Analog vs. Digital signal conditioning • Implementation issues such as 12-bits vs. 16-bits (or even 24-bits) • Topology issues such as multiplexers vs. multiple ADC’s • Filter-type selection • Sigma-Delta vs. Successive Approximation ADC’s. Specification challenges include: • Total DC error vs. gain and offset (and drift, excitation, DNL, crosstalk, etc.) • ENOB vs. SINAD (or THD, SNR or Noise) • Coherency issues such as filter phase distortion vs. delay This paper will discuss some of these aspects and attempts to produce a succinct specification for the next generation of airborne signal conditioning, while also outlining some of the lessons learned in developing the same.
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Shahzad, Khurram. "Low-power 8-bit Pipelined ADC with current mode Multiplying Digital-to-Analog Converter (MDAC)." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20314.
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In order to convert the analog information in the digital domain, pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) offers an optimum balance of resolution, speed, power consumption, size and design effort.
In this thesis work we design and optimize a 8-bit pipelined ADC for low-power. The ADC has stage resolution of 1.5-bit and employ current mode multiplying analog-to-digital converter (MDAC). The main focus is to design and optimize the MDAC. Based on the analysis of "On current mode circuits" discussed in chapter 2, we design and optimize the MDAC circuit for the best possible effective number of bits (ENOB), speed and power consumption. Each of the first six stages consisting of Sample-and-Hold, 1.5-bit flash ADC and MDAC is realized at the circuit level. The last stage consisting of 2-bit flash ADC is also realized at circuit level. The delay logic for synchronization is implemented in Verilog-A and MATLAB. A first order digital error-correction algorithm is implemented in MATLAB.
The design is simulated in UMC 0.18um technology in Cadence environment. The choice of technology is made as the target application for the ADC, 'X-ray Detector System' is designed in the same technology. The simulation results obtained in-term of ENOB and power consumption are satisfactory for the target application.
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Rico, Joseph G. "Directed lithiations of enol ethers : stereoselective synthesis and reactions of substituted enol ethers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27166.
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Chan, Yvonne. "Epigenetic regulation of enos gene expression." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0012/MQ40769.pdf.
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Fowler, Tom. "Claisen rearrangments of bicyclic enol ethers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414088.
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Awad, Amneh. "Palladium Catalyzed Reactions of Enol Ethers." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1398070523.
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Serra, Maria do Rosário Alves. "Eno arquitectura. Adegas contemporâneas." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitetura de Lisboa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5851.
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Wadman, S. N. "Stereoselective alkene syntheses from cyclic enol ethers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233924.
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Chang, Jason (Yin-Hao). "Mechano-regulation of intraocular pressure through eNOS." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/58342.
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Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow. The majority of outflow resistance is generated near the inner wall endothelium of Schlemm’s canal (SC). The inner wall experiences a basal-to-apical directed flow as aqueous humor crosses the outflow pathway. As IOP increases, the outflow pathway responds in a pressure-dependent manner, resulting in the expansion of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and the collapse of SC. This effectively reduces the cross-sectional area of the SC lumen and increases the shear stress experienced by SC cells, reaching levels known to activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in vascular endothelia. Our central hypothesis examines the role of eNOS as part of a dynamic mechano-regulatory feedback system to regulate the outflow resistance sites through nitric oxide (NO) production to maintain IOP homeostasis. We firstly demonstrated the physiological role of NO and eNOS in regulating aqueous humor outflow through the use of NO-donor and NOS-inhibitors. We also demonstrated that spatial variations in eNOS expression in the SC correlates with regions of greater outflow in the TM. Furthermore, we developed NO-sensitive biosensors to detect changes in NO production in response to elevated IOP, showing that NO production was pressure-dependent. Finally, we demonstrated that targeted delivery of NO to the outflow resistance sites in the TM results in a ~3-fold increase in outflow facility. Taken together, these studies reveal that eNOS plays a crucial regulatory role in conventional outflow physiology by modulating outflow resistance through NO production. This mechano-regulatory feedback mechanism appears to be altered in glaucoma, and thus leads to ocular hypertension and pathogenesis of the disease. Therefore, targeting the NO-regulatory machinery within the outflow pathway may provide a promising therapeutic target for treating glaucoma.
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Hewing, Bernd [Verfasser]. "Alternatives Splicing im Intron 13 der humanen eNOS: ein potentieller Mechanismus für die Regulation der eNOS-Aktivität / Bernd Hewing." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1023050463/34.
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Barbosa, Andreia Marcelino. "Aterosclerose: Análise do polimorfismo T786C do gene eNOS." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2017. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3701.
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of cardiovascular disease. CAD is a multifactorial disease of complex etiology, influenced by genetic and environmental determinants. Atherosclerotic lesion is the most common abnormality found in the arteries resulting from two basic processes: cholesterol accumulation and the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the tunica intima, thus developing on a substrate formed of these cells, leukocytes derived from blood and a variable amount of connective tissue forming a fibrous plaque that projects into the lumen modifying the middle tunica and leading to a series of circulatory complications. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by nitric oxide endothelial synthase (eNOS) is known to alter blood flow, altering processes involved in atherosclerosis, and is considered an important atheroprotective. One of the polymorphisms most studied is a SNP in the promoter region (T786C), often associated with the development of coronary disease. T786C is an important thymine to cytosine point mutation at codon-786 in the 50-flanking region of the eNOS gene, which could significantly reduce the activity of the gene promoter and serum nitric oxide level. This polymorphism significantly reduces the activity of the eNOS promoter gene. We collected 297 peripheral blood samples, from patients referred to the cardiology service and peripheral vascular surgery, of the Angiogyn Clinic in the city of Goiânia, with previous diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease based on clinical examination and confirmed by imaging methods (197 samples) and control group (100 samples). The collected samples were submitted to PCR to verify presence of polymorphisms. The results were compared using the Chi-Square test and Test G, with the aid of Bioestat software (version 5.3; biocistron.blogspot.com/). In the present study the frequency of the TC genotype was more frequent. In the control group, the higher frequency was observed in the TC genotype. This difference was not statistically significant. Making a relation between the TC/TT and CC genotypes in the case group; TC/TT and CC in the control group, we found that this difference is also not significant. No significant difference was found when genotypes (TT, TC and CC) were analyzed, associated with gender and smoking. The results were not significant because a traditional standard was used, where there is usually twice as many cases for the number of controls, and also because atherosclerosis is a very common disease. Several studies have indicated that when the n worked is double the control in relation to the number of cases, this would lead to a better epidemiological statistic. We can also conclude that there is a strong tendency of the T allele, in single dose or double dose, in association with atherosclerosis.
A doença arteriosclerótica coronariana (DAC) é a forma mais comum de doença cardiovascular. A DAC é uma doença multifatorial de etiologia complexa, influenciada por determinantes genéticos e ambientais. A lesão aterosclerótica é a anormalidade mais comum encontrada nas artérias decorrente inicialmente de dois processos básicos: acúmulo de colesterol e a proliferação de células musculares lisas na túnica íntima, desenvolvendo-se, portanto, sobre um substrato formado dessas células, leucócitos derivados do sangue e de uma quantidade variável de tecido conectivo formando uma placa fibrosa que se projeta para dentro do lúmen modificando a túnica média e levando a uma série de complicações circulatórias. O óxido nítrico (NO) produzido pelo óxido nítrico endotelial sintase (eNOS) é conhecido por alterar o fluxo sanguíneo, alterando processos envolvidos na aterosclerose, sendo considerado um importante ateroprotetor. Um dos polimorfismos mais estudados é um SNP na região promotora (T786C), frequentemente associado ao desenvolvimento de doença coronariana. O T786C é uma mutação de ponto importante, de timina para citosina, no códon-786 na região 50-flanqueadora do gene eNOS, o que poderia reduzir significativamente a atividade do promotor do gene e nível sérico de óxido nítrico. Esse polimorfismo reduz significativamente a atividade do gene promotor da eNOS. Foram coletadas 297 amostras de sangue periférico, de pacientes referenciados ao serviço de cardiologia e cirurgia vascular periférica, da Clínica Angiogyn no município de Goiânia, com diagnóstico prévio de doença aterosclerótica baseados em exame clínico e confirmados através de métodos de imagem (197 amostras) e grupo controle (100 amostras). As amostras coletadas foram submetidas a PCR para verificar presença dos polimorfismos. Os resultados foram comparados utilizando o Teste Qui-Quadrado e Teste G, com o auxílio do software Bioestat (version 5.3; biocistron.blogspot.com/). No presente estudo a frequência do genótipo TC apresentou-se mais frequente. Já no grupo controle a maior frequência foi observada no genótipo TC. Sendo essa diferença não estatisticamente significativa. Fazendo uma relação entre os genótipos TC/TT e CC no grupo caso; TC/TT e CC no grupo controle, obteve-se que essa diferença também não é significativa. Não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença significativa quando analisados os genótipos (TT, TC e CC) associados a variável gênero sexual e tabagismo. Os resultados não foram significativos porque foi utilizado um padrão tradicional, onde normalmente existe o dobro de casos para o número de controles, e também devido à aterosclerose ser uma doença muito comum. Vários trabalhos indicaram que quando o n trabalhado é o dobro de controle em relação ao número de casos, isso levaria a uma melhor estatística epidemiológica. Podemos concluir também que há forte tendência do alelo T, em dose única ou dose dupla, em associação com aterosclerose.
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Osborne, S. A. "New uses of enol borinates in organic synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273123.
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Gandhi, Sonia. "ENO interpolation for image compression." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/colorado/fullcit?p1425778.
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Getreuer, Pascal. "ENO schemes with general discretizations." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1433497.
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Almeida, Filho Eduardo Eustáquio de. "ASSOCIAÇÃO DO POLIMORFISMO G894T DO GENE eNOS COM GLAUCOMA PRIMÁRIO DE ÂNGULO ABERTO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2017. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3752.
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Glaucoma can be defined as a progressive degeneration of the retinal nerve fiber layer that results in death of the ganglion cells, eventually causing blindness. It is the first cause of irreversible blindness in the world. The pathophysiology of glaucoma is not fully elucidated, although several risk factors such as genetic, racial, age and increased intraocular pressure are known. This study was a case-control study in which 116 samples were analyzed: 32 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (18 males and 14 females; age range 65-89 years) and 84 controls (44 males and 40 females; Aged 65-86 years). The samples were submitted to DNA extraction, then to PCR and analyzed on 2% agarose gel, stained with 5 g / mL ethidium bromide. The G894T polymorphism of the eNOS gene was found in the 0% (0/32) group of homozygotes for the wild-type (GG) allele, 93.75 % (30/32) of heterozygotes (GT) and 6.25% (2/32) homozygous for the polymorphic (TT) allele. In the control group, 9.52% (8/84) of homozygotes for the wild-type (GG), 82.14% (69/84) heterozygotes (GT) and 8.33% (7/84) homozygotes for the polymorphic allele (TT). There was no statistically significant difference. As for the allelic frequency of the eNOS gene (G894T) in the case group, 46.8% of the (G) allele and 53,2% of the T allele were found, whereas the G allele frequency was 50.5% and 49, 5% of the T allele. There was no statistically significant difference. Likewise, there was no statistically significant relationship between the polymorphism with hypertension, gender, diabetes and ethnicity. There are many possible interactions of these polymorphisms and the development of glaucoma, but further studies are needed to further elucidate these associations.
Glaucoma pode ser definido como uma degeneração progressiva da camada de fibras nervosas da retina que resulta na morte das células ganglionares, eventualmente causando cegueira. É a primeira causa de cegueira irreversível no mundo. A fisiopatologia do glaucoma não é totalmente elucidada, embora se tenha conhecimento de vários fatores de risco como alterações genéticas, raciais, idades e aumento da pressão intraocular. Este estudo trata-se de um casocontrole onde foram analisadas 116 amostras sendo 32 pacientes com glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto (18 homens e 14 mulheres; variação de idade 65-89 anos) e 84 controles (44 masculinos e 40 femininos; variação de idade 65-86 anos). As amostras foram submetidas à extração de DNA, em seguida à PCR e analisadas em gel de agarose a 2%, corados com brometo de etídio a 5 g/mL. Na investigação do polimorfismo G894T do gene eNOS foi encontrado no grupo caso 0% (0/32) de homozigotos para o alelo selvagem (GG), 93,75% (30/32) de heterozigotos (GT) e 6,25% (2/32) homozigotos para o alelo polimórfico (TT). No grupo controle foi encontrado 9,52% (8/84) de homozigotos para o alelo selvagem (GG), 82,14% (69/84) de heterozigotos (GT) e 8,33% (7/84) de homozigotos para o alelo polimórfico (TT). Não houve diferença estatística significante. Quanto a frequência alélica do gene eNOS (G894T) no grupo caso foi encontrado 46,8% do alelo selvagem (G) e 53,2% do alelo T, já no grupo controle a frequência do alelo G foi de 50,5% e 49,5% do alelo T. Não houve diferença estatística significante. Da mesma forma não houve relação estatisticamente significativa do polimorfismo com hipertensão arterial, gênero, diabetes e etinia. São muitas as possíveis interações desses polimorfismos e o desenvolvimento de glaucoma, mas ainda são necessários mais estudos para uma maior elucidação destas associações.
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Wildman, Tanya. "Studies on 1,2 metallate rearrangements : application to Callystatin A." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275804.
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Hernandez, Maria Luisa Escudero. "Enzymatic desymmetrization of prochiral cyclohexanones : synthesis of a non-peptidic NK2 antagonist." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343757.
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Gasch, Norbert. "Kombinatorische Variation von festphasengebundenen Peptidkatalysatoren für die Enon-Epoxidierung." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=966252209.
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Lo, Tsz-kiu Brian, and 盧子翹. "Intermolecular [4+3] cycloaddition reactions using epoxy enol silanes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45877749.
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Graham, Alan. "Carbanion and enol intermediates in c-nitrosation and halogenation." Thesis, Durham University, 1991. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6039/.
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A kinetic study of the mtrosation of ethyl cyanoacetate, diethyl malonate and malononitrile, in acidic water/dioxan solution, by nitrous acid, at 25ºC, was under taken. Catalysis of this reaction was obtained by the addition of nucleophilic catalysts; chloride ion, bromide ion, thiocyanate ion and thiourea. The results were consistent with a mechanism where malononitrile reacted exclusively via the carbanion intermediate. Within the pH range used, pH 0∙7 to pH 3∙3, ethyl cyano acetate and diethyl malonate reacted either through a carbanion intermediate, at higher acidity, or an enol intermediate, at lower acidity. Values of the second order rate constant for the attack of the nitrosating species upon the carbanions were obtained. The carbanions of malononitrile and diethyl malonate reacted at the diffusion limit, in the presence of catalysts. Nitrosation of ethyl cyanoacetate, via its carbanion, showed an already established trend in the reactivity of the nitro sating species, NOSC(NH(_2))(_2) < NOSCN < NOBr < NOCl. A kinetic study of the nitrosation of malonic and methylmalonic acids, and of the iodination and bromination of these two acids as well as ethylmalonic and phenylmalonic acids, in aqueous acidic solutions, at 25ºC, was also undertaken. At high acidity nitrosation was shown to proceed via an enol intermediate and at lower acidities via a carbanion. Nitrosation of the intermediate was rate determining. Under certain conditions, in nitrosation, it was possible to make the enolisation rate limiting. lodination and bromination, by the halogen molecules, involved rate determining enol formation. lodination by triiodide ion involved rate determining iodination of the enol. Values of the enolisation rate constant, kg, were obtained for all four of the acid substrates, these were in reasonable agreement for the different electrophilic processes. Between pH 0 and pH 2 the results fitted an intramolecular acid catalysed enolisation mechanism. At higher pH values (2 to 4) the results fitted a change in mechanism to include, additionally, base catalysed enolisation and enol carboxylate formation pathways.
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Eberlin, Alex R. "Enol intermediates derived from carboxylic acids, esters and amides." Thesis, Durham University, 1995. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5282/.
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A kinetic investigation into the enolisation mechanism and enol contents of simple carboxylic acids, esters and amides has been undertaken. Measurement of the enolisation rate constants for malonic acid, ethylhydrogenmalonate and 2- carboxyacetamide were obtained. The halogenation reactions were carried out under conditions where the rate determining step was the enolisation and the reactions were zero order in halogen. The measurements were carried out using u.v./visible spectrophotometry. Results obtained for malonic acid and ethylhydrogenmalonate support the idea of an intramolecular acid catalysed mechanism involving a hydrogen bonded six membered transition state. The enolisation mechanisms were investigated in a number of buffer solutions and were found to be catalysed by general bases. Catalytic coefficients for the following bases were calculated, HO(_2)CCH(_2)CO(_2)-, EtO(_2)CCH(_2)CO(_2)-,ClCH(_2)CO(_2)-, and H(_2)O. Deuterium exchange reactions were monitored using (^1)H N.M.R. and enolisation rate constants for cyano-containing esters and amides were calculated. The results show that the enolisation of amides occurs via an acid catalysed process whereas the enolisation of carboxylic acids and esters proceeds by an intramolecular acid catalysed or a general base catalysed mechanism. Enol contents for simple carboxylic acid derivatives were determined from their reactions with halogens under conditions where the reaction of the halogen with the enol is rate limiting and the reaction is found to be first order in the halogen. It was demonstrated that chlorine, bromine and iodine react with carboxylic ester enols at or very close to the diffusion controlled limit (ca 5x10(^9) 1 mol(^-1) sec(^-1)). The enol contents measured were found to be greater than expected, with the enol content of malonic acid very similar to that of acetone. An estimate of the acidity of carboxylic acid enols has shown them to be strong acids with pK(_a) values in the region 2-5.
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Woodland, Christopher Andrew. "Anionic-oxy cope rearrangement of vinylsulfides and enol ethers." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269505.
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Milne, Jacqueline Elizabeth. "Syntheses and application of α-metallated cyclic enol ethers." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445863.
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Barber, Christopher Gordon. "The preparations and reactions of #alpha#-metallated enol ethers." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357219.
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Jones, Caroline L. "Pterin biosynthesis, binding and modulation of eNOS catalytic function." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843904/.
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Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a limiting cofactor for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalysed conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide and citrulline. Content of BH4 in mammalian cells is regulated at many levels, but most important is de novo biosynthesis from GTP. GTP cyclohydrolase (GTPCH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the de novo synthesis of BH4. While various immunostimulants, hormones and growth factors have been reported to increase GTPCH mRNA levels and intracellular biopterin (BH4 degradation product), it is not known whether these factors act at the level of GTPCH gene transcription. To test this I utilised 1, 3 and 6 kb 5'upstream GTPCH gene sequence in a secreted alkaline phosphatase reporter vector (SEAP). These constructs were stably transfected in PC-12 cells and rat aortic smooth muscle cells, and the cells were treated with various immunostimulants and growth factors in order to determine whether these factors could enhance GTPCH gene transcription. Intracellular biopterin levels were also measured to confirm that the upregulation of the SEAP-reporter correlated with a rise in biopterin. Our investigations conclude that transcriptional regulation of the GTPCH gene is indeed a major site for control of intracellular BH4 levels. In further experiments, we have characterised the binding of [3H]BH4 to endothelial NOS (eNOS) and examined influences of the substrate, arginine, on the BH4 binding. In addition we selected tetrahydropterins (that support NOS catalysis) and dihydropterins (that are catalytically incompetent) to determine the extent to which modifications of BH4 alter pterin binding affinity to eNOS. Dihydropterins are unable to support NOS catalysis. Studies showed for the first time that dihydropterins, but not tetrahydropterins, support superoxide generation by eNOS. We also have determined that eNOS may be able to produce NO in the absence of BH4 cofactor from the reaction intermediate hydroxyarginine. We have characterised this reaction and are able to provide a plausible mechanism for the NOx generation from eNOS in the absence of BH4 cofactor.
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Caldas, Ana Rita de Sousa. "Polimorfismo do intrão 4 da eNOS e doença coronária." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/803.
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Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e CelularO óxido nítrico (NO) é um radical livre, inorgânico, gasoso e incolor tendo um electrão desemparelhado, tornando-o num agente tóxico. Este radical é sintetizado a partir da L-arginina envolvendo as óxido nítrico sintetases, constitutiva e induzível. Desempenha algumas funções intracelulares como o vasorelaxamento, a regeneração endotelial, a inibição dos leucócitos e plaquetas e a proliferação de células musculares lisas. A Doença arterial coronária (DAC) é a maior causa de morbilidade e mortalidade em países desenvolvidos, esta doença é dependente de factores genéticos e ambientais. A aterosclerose envolve vários processos que culminam no desenvolvimento de uma lesão do vaso e, consequentemente, na ruptura da placa de ateroma ou em eventos isquémicos. O NO formado pelas óxido nítrico sintetases (eNOS) , no endotélio, mantém a vasodilatação e promove processos antitrombóticos, se a produção de NO falhar pode causar disfunção endotelial e acelerar a DAC. Os estudos efectuados sobre os polimorfismos da eNOS associados ao risco de DAC não são conclusivos, encontrando-se diferenças entre os trabalhos publicados. No nosso trabalho, apresentam-se resultados preliminares sobre a associação do polimorfismo VNTR do intrão 4a/4b da eNOS com a DAC, na população portuguesa. Os resultados preliminares apresentados foram obtidos a partir, de 52 indíviduos com DAC e 29 indíviduos saudáveis, genotipados para o polimorfismo VNTR do intrão 4a/b através de uma PCR. Encontraram-se diferentes resultados, sobre a influência do alelo 4a, nos doentes com DAC, estes resultados sugerem que o alelo 4a está associado à presença precoce de DAC (idade <45 anos), contudo não parece estar associado ao número de vasos lesados, independentemente da idade do doente. Para se obter alguma conclusão seria necessário realizarem-se mais estudos. ABSTRACT: Nitric oxide (NO), is an inorganic and incolor free radical gas containing one unpaired electron, that transform it in a potential toxic agent. This radical is produced from L-arginine envolving constitutive and inducible NO synthases. NO has a number of intracellular effects that lead to vasorelaxation, endothelial regeneration, inhibition of leukocyte chemotaxis, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and platelet adhesion. The coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of morbility and mortality in developed countries, this disease is dependent of genetic and environmental factor risks. Atherosclerotic envolves a cascade of pathologic processes that culminate in vascular damage and finally plaque rupture and subsequent isquemic events. NO, formed by endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mantains endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and mediates an antithrombotic action, and if endothelial NO production failure can cause endotelial dysfunction and accelerate atherosclerotic CAD. The studies about the eNOS polymorphisms and risk of coronary artery disease are not conclusive, and we can find differences depending on works. In our work are presented preliminary results about the association of the intron 4a/ 4b VNTR polymorphism with CAD, in portuguese population. We presente preliminary results obtained from the analysis of 52 patients with DAC and 29 healthy people, who were genotyped for the intron 4b/a polymorphism of the eNOS gene by PCR. We find different results about the influence of 4a in patients soffering DAC, they suggest that the 4a is associated with the premature presence of disease (age < 45 years), however it does not seem to be associated to the number of injured vases, independently of the age of the patients. Therefore further studies are necessary to get some conclusions.
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Falklöf, Olle. "Computational Studies of Photobiological Keto-Enol Reactions and Chromophores." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teoretisk kemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122614.
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This thesis presents computational chemistry studies of keto-enol reactions and chromophores of photobiological signicance. The rst part of the thesis is concerned with two protein-bound chromophores that, depending on the chemical conditions, can exist in a number of dierent ketonic and enolic forms. The rst chromophore is astaxanthin, which occurs in the protein complex responsible for the deep-blue color of lobster carapace. By investigating how dierent forms of astaxanthin absorb UV-vis radiation of dierent wavelengths, a model is presented that explains the origin of the dramatic color change from deep-blue to red upon cooking of live lobsters. The second chromophore is the oxyluciferin light emitter of fireflies, which is formed in the catalytic center of the enzyme firefly luciferase. To date, there is no consensus regarding which of the possible ketonic and enolic forms is the key contributor to the light emission. In the thesis, the intrinsic tendency of oxyluciferin to prefer one particular form over other possible forms is established through calculation of keto-enol and acid-base excited-state equilibrium constants in aqueous solution. The second part of the thesis is concerned with two families of biological photoreceptors: the blue-light-absorbing LOV-domain proteins and the red-light-absorbing phytochromes. Based on the ambient light environment, these proteins regulate physiological and developmental processes by switching between inactive and active conformations. In both families, the conversion of the inactive into the active conformation is triggered by a chemical reaction of the respective chromophore. The LOV-domain proteins bind a LOV-domain proteins bidn in flavin chromophore and regulate processes such as chloroplast relocation and phototropism in plants. An important step in the activation of these photoreceptors is a singlet-triplet transition between two electronically excited states of the flavin chromophore. In the thesis, this transition is used as a prototype example for illustrating, for the rst time, the ability of rst-principles methods to calculate rate constants of inter-excited state phosphorescence events. Phytochromes, in turn, bind bilin chromophores and are active in the regulation of processes like seed germination and flowering time in plants. Following two systematic studies identifying the best way to model the UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of these photoreceptors, it is demonstrated that steric interactions between the chromophore and the apoprotein play a decisive role for how phytochromes are activated by light.
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Keyes, Robert F. "Structure elucidation and studies relating to the synthesis of plasmalopentaene-12." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-171532/.
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Porten, Stefan. "Trainingsinduzierte Veränderung der endothelialen NO-Synthase (eNOS) in humanen Erythrozyten /." Köln, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253633.
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Bratke, Grischa [Verfasser]. "Auswirkungen akuter körperlicher Belastung auf die erythrozytäre eNOS / Grischa Bratke." Köln : Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1061093336/34.
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Mortimore, M. P. "Aspects of the chemistry of enol ethers : Synthesis and reactions." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383378.
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Mello, Débora Lombe de. "Síntese de 3-alcoxiacrilamidas a partir de tricloroacetil enol éteres." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10518.
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This work reports a effective method for the preparation of a series of the new
3-alkoxy acrylamides of general formula R3HNC(O)CR1=CR2(OR), where R/ R1/ R2 =
Et/H/H, Me/H/Me, -(CH2)2-/H, -(CH2)3-/H; R3 = Allyl, n-Pr, Bn, Phenetyl. However, the
3-alkoxy acrylamides where R/ R1/ R2 = Et/H/H/, Me/H/Me, R3 = Bn, have already
been described in the literature. The 3-alkoxy acrylamides were obtained through
three reaction steps. The first step, β-alkoxyvinyl trichloroacetyl ketones were
synthesized through the acylation of enolethers using trichloroacetyl chloride as the
acylating agent. In the second step, β-alkoxyvinyl trichloroacetyl ketones were
converted to the corresponding β-alkoxyvinyl carboxylic acids from a basic hydrolysis
using a 1 M sodium hydroxide solution. In the third step, β-alkoxyvinyl carboxylic
acids were treated with thionyl chloride, using toluene as solvent, leading to the
corresponding acyl chlorides intermediaries, which were not isolated. The acyl
chlorides were reacted with primary amines such as allylamine, propylamine,
benzylamine, and phenethylamine under basic catalysis of triethylamine, furnishing a
new series of 3-alkoxy acrylamides in good yields of 48-90%. The 3-alkoxy
acrylamides obtained in this study were identified by 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy and Elemental analysis.
Keywords: 3-alkoxy acrylamides, β-alkoxyvinyl carboxylic acids, β-alkoxyvinyl
trichloroacetyl ketones, acyl chlorides, aminesEste trabalho apresenta um método eficiente para preparação de uma série inédita de 3-alcoxiacrilamidas de fórmula geral R3HNC(O)CR1=CR2(OR), onde R/ R1/R2 = Et/H/H, Me/H/Me, -(CH2)2-/H, -(CH2)3-/H; R3 = Alil, n-Pr, Bn, Fenetil. Sendo que as 3-alcoxiacrilamidas onde R/ R1/ R2 = Et/H/H, Me/H/Me, R3 = Bn, já foram descritas anteriormente na literatura. As 3-alcoxiacrilamidas foram obtidas através de três etapas reacionais, sendo que a primeira etapa constitui-se da acilação dos enol éteres, utilizando cloreto de tricloroacetila como agente acilante. Na segunda etapa as β-alcoxivinil tricloroacetil cetonas sintetizadas anteriormente, foram convertidas aos respectivos ácidos β-alcoxivinil carboxílicos a partir da hidrólise básica (utilizando solução de NaOH 1 M). Na terceira etapa, os ácidos β-alcoxivinil carboxílicos foram submetidos à reação com cloreto de tionila, utilizando tolueno como solvente, formando como intermediários os cloretos ácidos, os quais não foram isolados. Posteriormente, esses cloretos ácidos foram submetidos á reação de substituição nucleofílica, utilizando diferentes aminas alquílicas primárias (alilamina, propilamina, benzilamina, fenetilamina) como nucleófilo, sob catálise básica de trietilamina, promovendo assim, a síntese da série inédita das 3-alcoxiacrilamidas com bons rendimentos de 48-90%. As 3-alcoxiacrilamidas obtidas neste trabalho foram identificadas através de técnicas de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Hidrogênio, Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Carbono-13, Espectrometria de Massas e Análise elementar.
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Dahiya, Ankuj. "Long-Term Monitoring and Evaluation of the Varina-Enon Bridge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102891.
Full textAbstract:
To make sound decisions about the remaining life of a structure, the precise calculation of
the prestress losses is very important. In post-tensioned structures, the prestress losses due to creep
and shrinkage can cause serviceability issues and can reduce flexural capacity.
The Varina-Enon Bridge is a cable-stayed, precast, segmental, post-tensioned box girder
bridge located in Richmond, Virginia. Observation of flexural cracks in the bridge by inspectors
promoted a study regarding long-term prestress losses in the structure. For understanding and
sustaining the structure throughout its remaining service life, accurately quantifying prestress losses
is important.
Two approaches are used to predict long-term prestress losses on the Varina-Enon Bridge.
The first approach involves a finite element computer model of the bridge which run a timedependent
staged-construction analysis to obtain predicted prestress losses using the CEB-FIP '90
code expressions for creep and shrinkage. The second approach involves the compilation of data
from instrumentation mounted in the bridge to back calculate the effective prestress force.
The analysis using the computer model predicted the prestress losses as 44.6 ksi in Span 5,
47.9 ksi in Span 6, 45.3 ksi in Span 9, and 45.9 ksi in Span 11. The prestress losses estimated from
field data were 50.0 ksi in Span 5, 48.0 ksi in Span 6, 46.7 ksi in Span 9, and 49.1 ksi in Span 11.
It can be seen that relative to the results of field data estimations, the finite element analyses
underestimated prestress loss, but given the degree of uncertainty in each form of estimation, the
results are considered to fit well.Master of Science
In order to apply a precompression force to concrete structures, post-tensioned concrete employs stressed steel strands. To construct lighter, stiffer structures, this popular building technology can be used. The steel strands undergo a reduction in force known as prestress losses over time. To make good decisions about the remaining life of a structure, the precise calculation of the prestress losses is very important. The Varina-Enon Bridge is a post-tensioned concrete box-girder bridge in Richmond Virginia. In July of 2012, observation of flexural cracks in the bridge by the inspectors promoted a study regarding long-term prestress losses in the structure. Two techniques are used to predict long-term prestress losses for this bridge. A computer model of the bridge is used in the first method to calculate losses using the design code. In order to measure prestress losses, the second technique used data from sensors mounted on the bridge. It was found that the estimation of losses closely matched those predicted at the time of the bridge construction and the computer model results. Based on this the final conclusion is made that the prestress loss in the Varina-Enon Bridge is not significantly more than expected.
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Liddon, John Timothy Ruskin. "The versatile chemistry of azidoalkyl enol ethers and their equivalents." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5554d44-d251-4ca5-8b2d-d07a7c95138a.
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This thesis describes the synthesis and intramolecular cycloaddition products of azides tethered to olefins bearing a heteroatom in an attempt to access a proposed triazolium intermediate 77. Chapter 1 covers the synthesis and reactivity of simple di- and trisubstituted azidoalkyl enol ethers. These substrates were found to provide isolable 1,2,3-triazoline products, but displayed a propensity to aromatise to 1,2,3-triazoles upon ionisation. Difficulties in synthesising fully-substituted azidoalkyl enol ethers have precluded a detailed study in this project, though a bias towards α-alkoxy imine formation was suggested. Chapter 2 covers the chemistry of azidoalkyl vinyl bromides. Simple vinyl bromide substrates were found to yield 1-azadienes upon thermolysis, presumably via the dehydrobromination of an α-bromo imine intermediate in situ. In Chapter 3, a brief diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) campaign was undertaken to demonstrate the potent reactivity of 1-azadiene substrates. 1-Azadienes were found to be versatile intermediates, and a small DOS library was built by exploiting several key reactivity modes. In Chapter 4, two miscellaneous routes towards the desired triazolium intermediate are discussed, and finally an Appendix chapter deals with an attempted total synthesis of salinosporamide C.
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Morais, Monize Prado de. "ATEROSCLERÓTICOS HIPERTENSOS E OS POLIMORFISMOS DOS GENES eNOS (G894T e T786C), GSTT1 e GSTM1." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2016. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3604.
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The atherosclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in response to the endothelial aggression, compromising the intimate layer of media and large caliber arteries. The systemic arterial hypertension is considered the main risk factor for the formation of atherogenic plates, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events between two and three times. Several genes are involved in the process of atherogenesis and hypertension, this research studies some polymorphisms for candidates genes that participates in the process which involves both pathologies, the polymorphisms G894T and T-786C of the genes eNOS, and the polymorphisms of the genes GSTT1 and GSTM1. The objective of this work was to analyze and associate such polymorphisms in hypertensives atherosclerotics individuals and in individuals with absence of hypertension and atherosclerosis. This study deals with the control-case in which 267 samples were analyzed, of which 100 of control group and 167 of the group case. The samples were submitted to DNA extraction, then to PCR and analyzed in 1,5 % agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide at 5µg/mL. Soon after, the results were compared using the Chi-Square test and the G-test. The results point to a prevalence of genotype GT (76%) and the mutant allele T (56%) of the polymorphism T786C (eNOS), with the p equal to 0.03. For the polymorphism T786C eNOS, the heterozygote genotype (TC) represented 58% of the sample, with the allele C prevailing with 61%, but there was no significant statistics. In the analysis of the gene GSTT1 prevailed the present genotype (84%) as well as the presence of GSTM1 (73%), in both associations the p detected was less than 0.05. Smoking association was found only in the polymorphism GSTM1. Regarding to alcoholism, there was only association between GSTT1 and the habit of drinking. There are many possible interactions of these polymorphisms and the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension, but more studies are necessary for further elucidation of these associations.
A aterosclerose é uma doença inflamatória crônica multifatorial que ocorre em resposta à agressão endotelial, acometendo a camada íntima de artérias de médio e grande calibre. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é considerada o principal fator de risco para a formação das placas aterogênicas, aumentando o risco de eventos cardiovasculares em duas a três vezes. Vários genes estão envolvidos no processo da aterogênese e da hipertensão, nesta pesquisa foram estudados alguns polimorfismos de genes candidatos partícipes do processo que envolve ambas patologias, os polimorfismos G894T e T786C do gene eNOS, e os polimorfismos dos genes GSTT1 e GSTM1. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar e associar tais polimorfismos em indivíduos ateroscleróticos hipertensos e em indivíduos com ausência de hipertensão e aterosclerose. Este estudo trata-se de um caso-controle onde foram analisadas 267 amostras sendo 100 do grupo controle e 167 do grupo caso. As amostras foram submetidas à extração de DNA, em seguida à PCR e analisadas em gel de agarose a 1,5%, corados com brometo de etídio a 5 g/mL. Logo depois os resultados foram comparados utilizando o Teste Qui-Quadrado e o Teste G. Os resultados apontaram para uma prevalência do genótipo GT (76%) e do alelo mutante T (55,5%) do polimorfismo G894T (eNOS), com o p igual a 0,03. Já para o polimorfismo T786C (eNOS), o genótipo heterozigoto (TC) representou 58% da amostragem, com o alelo C prevalecendo com 61%, porém não houve significância estatística. Já na análise do gene GSTT1 houve prevalência do genótipo presente (84%) assim como da presença de GSTM1 (73%), sendo que em ambas associações o p detectado foi menor que 0,05. Foi encontrada associação entre o tabagismo apenas com o polimorfismo GSTM1. Quanto ao alcoolismo houve associação somente entre o GSTT1 e o hábito de beber. São muitas as possíveis interações desses polimorfismos e o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose e hipertensão, mas ainda são necessários mais estudos para uma maior elucidação destas associações.
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Staughton, Tracey Jane. "Transport properties of the rabbit aortic wall near branches : possible influences of nitric oxide synthesis and blood flow." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326753.
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COSTA, Jean Antunes Custodio. "Variabilidade decenal dos tipos de ENOS e sua associação com modos de variabilidade climática de baixa frequência." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2017. http://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/2370.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study aims to investigate the decadal variability of the occurrence of ENSO events, classified as El Niño/La Niña central (EN-CP/LN-CP), east (EN-EP/LN-EP) and without differentiating the types (Total) and its relationship with precipitation over South America, using observational analyzes for the period 1901 to 2013. The Monthly time series of Sea Surface Temperature (SST), Average Sea Level Pressure (SLP), velocity potential (χ) at 200 hPa and precipitation. Were used initially ENSO events were selected, and occurrence rates of the different types of ENSO were constructed within 5 and 10 year moving windows. Wavelet analyzes these indices show significant scales with peaks ranging from 12 to 22 years. Furthermore, the results show that the decadal variability of ENSO occurrence rates is related to low frequency oscillations such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The occurrence rates of EN-Total and EN-CP events show significant positive correlations with the PDO index, while the indexes of EN-EP events are marginally associated with AMO. For La Niña events, significant positive (negative) correlations between occurrence indexes and PDO (AMO) indexes are found for the cases of LN-Total and LN-EP. Associated with the decadal patterns of SST anomalies, decadal changes in atmospheric circulation are noted, mainly in relation to Walker circulation. These changes in the atmospheric circulation influence the precipitation pattern on South America during the El Niño events, causing significant negative anomalies in the precipitation over the central part between the latitudes of 5°N - 10°S. In relation to La Nina events, Walker circulation is most intense in the central and western Pacific and regions of Indonesia and the eastern Indian Ocean. Significant positive variations in precipitation over South America are restricted to northern Brazil, including the states of Pará and Amapá. On the other hand, negative precipitation variations in the central-eastern part of Brazil may be associated with variations of the SLP over the Southern Tropical Atlantic. These results show the importance of low-frequency oscillations in ENSO variability and may be useful for monitoring purposes.
Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar a variabilidade decenal da ocorrência de eventos ENOS, classificados em El Niño/La Niña central (EN-CP/LN-CP), leste (EN-EP/LN-EP) e sem diferenciar os tipos (Total) e sua relação com a precipitação sobre a América do Sul, utilizando análises observacionais para o período de 1901 a 2013. Foram utilizadas as séries mensais da Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM), Pressão ao Nível Médio do Mar (PNM), potencial de velocidade (χ) em 200 hPa e precipitação. Inicialmente os eventos ENOS foram selecionados, e índices de ocorrência dos diferentes tipos de ENOS foram construídos dentro de janelas móveis de 5 e 10 anos. Análises de ondeletas desses índices mostram escalas significativas com picos variando de 12 a 22 anos. Ainda, os resultados mostram que a variabilidade decenal dos índices de ocorrência do ENOS está relacionada com as oscilações de baixa frequência como a Oscilação Decenal do Pacífico (PDO) e a Oscilação Multidecenal do Atlântico (AMO). Os índices de ocorrências dos eventos EN-Total e EN-CP apresentam correlações positivas significativas com o índice da PDO, enquanto que os índices dos eventos EN-EP são marginalmente associados a AMO. Para os eventos La Niña, há correlações positivas (negativas) significativas entre os índices de ocorrência e os índices da PDO (AMO) para os casos de LN-Total e LN-EP. Associadas aos padrões decenais de anomalias de TSM, mudanças decenais na circulação atmosférica são notadas, principalmente em relação à circulação de Walker. Essas mudanças na circulação atmosférica influenciam o padrão de precipitação sobre a América do Sul durante os eventos de El Niño, causando anomalias negativas significativas na precipitação sobre a parte central entre as latitudes de 5°N – 10°S. Em relação aos eventos de La Nina, as variações na circulação de Walker são mais intensas sobre o Pacífico central e oeste e regiões da Indonésia e leste do Oceano Índico. As variações positivas significativas na precipitação sobre a América do Sul se restringem à região norte do Brasil, incluindo os estados do Pará e Amapá. Por outro lado, variações negativas de precipitação na parte centro-leste do Brasil, podem estar associadas às variações da PNM sobre o Atlântico Tropical Sul. Esses resultados mostram a importância das oscilações de baixa frequência na variabilidade do ENOS e podem ser úteis para propósitos de monitoramento climático.
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Landers, William A. "Equipping the deacons to be servant-ministers of Enon Baptist Church, Rome, Georgia." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.
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Campedelli, Fabio Lemos. "POLIMORFISMO DO GENE eNOS G894T (Glu298Asp) EM PACIENTES SINTOMÁTICOS PARA ATEROSCLEROSE." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2016. http://tede2.pucgoias.edu.br:8080/handle/tede/3554.
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FÁBIO LEMOS CAMPEDELLI.pdf: 8948383 bytes, checksum: 229016125b12d4f344bb1c157148ddad (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T16:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FÁBIO LEMOS CAMPEDELLI.pdf: 8948383 bytes, checksum: 229016125b12d4f344bb1c157148ddad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-12
INTRODUCTION: Atherosclerotic disease (AD) with its cardiovascular complications is responsible for 17.5 million deaths a year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). There is consensus that atherosclerosis involves multiple pathogenic processes initiated by endothelial dysfunction, with inflammation and vascular proliferation determining alterations in the matrix, with consequent formation of the atheromatous plaque and its clinical implications. Risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking are widely known. Currently genotyping, which is not directly related to these factors, is not accepted to estimate the risk of cardiovascular diseases, but strong evidence indicates several polymorphic genes as factors of risk and progression leading to complications of the disease. Among the genes involved, eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene), which is responsible for the production of endothelial nitric oxide (NO, an important arterial vasodilator), when presented in polymorphic variation can determine production malfunction and predisposition to AD. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the G894T polymorphism of eNOS gene in groups of individuals diagnosed with atherosclerosis and in the control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 200 blood samples were collected from patients previously diagnosed with DA and 100 from the control group. The genotyping analysis for polymorphism of eNOS gene was determined by PCR. RESULTS: After analysis of polymorphism between the DA and control groups and association with variables such as gender, relation with smoking, smoking history and alcohol consumption, statistical difference were found in the distribution of the case and control groups (p = 0.0378) and in non-smoking patients (p = 0.0263). In the other associations no statistically significant difference was found. CONCLUSION: In the population studied, the frequency of the heterozygous genotype (GT) was much higher than in the other popualations (GG and TT) in both groups (case and control). The GG genotype showed greater susceptibility to AD. The association of GG genotype in nonsmokers also showed greater susceptibility. Gender, alcohol consumption, smoking and smoking history did not influence AD.
Campedelli FL. Polimorfismo do gene eNOS G894T (Glu298Asp) em pacientes sintomáticos para aterosclerose [dissertação]. Goiânia: Pontifícia Universidade Católica, PUC-GO; 2016. INTRODUÇÃO: A doença aterosclerótica (DA) com suas complicações cardiovasculares é responsável por 17,5 milhões de mortes por ano segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). É consenso que a aterosclerose envolve múltiplos processos patogênicos que se iniciam pela disfunção endotelial, com inflamação e proliferação vascular determinando alterações da matriz com consequente formação da placa ateromatosa e suas repercussões clínicas. Fatores de risco como a hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias e tabagismo são amplamente conhecidos. Atualmente a genotipagem, não relacionada diretamente a estes fatores, não é aceita para estimativa de risco das doenças cardiovasculares, porém fortes evidências relacionam diversos genes polimórficos, como fator de risco e evolução para complicações da doença. Dentre os genes envolvidos o eNOS (gene da síntese de óxido nítrico endotelial), responsável pela produção de Óxido nítrico (NO), endotelial (importante vasodilatador arterial), quando se apresenta em variação polimórfica pode determinar mal funcionamento da produção e predispor a DA. OBJETIVOS: Analisar o polimorfismo G894T do gene eNOS nos grupos de indivíduos com diagnóstico de aterosclerose e no grupo controle. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram coletados amostras de sangue periférico de 200 pacientes com DA previamente diagnosticados e 100 amostras de grupo controle. A análise de genotipagem para o polimorfismo do gene eNOS foi determinada por PCR. RESULTADOS: Após análise do polimorfismo entre os grupos com DA e grupo controle, e associação com as variáveis gênero, relação com hábito de fumar, carga tabágica e consumo de bebida alcóolica, foram encontrados diferença estatísticas na distribuição dos grupos caso e controle (p=0,0378) e nos pacientes não tabagistas (p=0,0263). Nas demais associações não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Na população estudada evidenciou a frequência do genótipo heterozigoto (GT) muito superior aos demais (GG e TT) em ambos os grupos (caso e controle). O genótipo GG demonstrou maior suscetibilidade à DA. A associação do genótipo GG em não tabagista também apresentou maior suscetibilidade. O gênero, o etilismo, o hábito de fumar e carga tabágica não influenciaram na DA.
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Hertrich, Tim. "Durch Sport induzierte Veränderungen der endothelialen Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase (eNOS) in humanen Erythrozyten /." Köln, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000252828.
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Chung, Wing-ki. "Reductions using copper hydride and cycloaddition reactions using epoxy enol silanes." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37114207.
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Rosel, Eva Annemarie. "Die Rolle der endothelialen Stickstoff-Monoxid-Synthase (eNOS) in der Endothelaktivierung." kostenfrei, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-27824.
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Chung, Wing-ki, and 鍾詠琪. "Reductions using copper hydride and cycloaddition reactions using epoxy enol silanes." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37114207.
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Forst, Svenja. "TGF-beta1 induzierte Deposition extrazellulärer Matrixproteine im Tiermodell transgener eNOS+/- Mäuse." Giessen VVB Laufersweiler, 2009. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2009/7190/index.html.
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Finotti, Elisângela. "PERFIL VERTICAL DA TEMPERATURA OCEÂNICA EM ANOS DE EVENTOS DO ENOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10283.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorIn the present work we studied the vertical profile of the Global Ocean temperature in years of occurrence El Nino-Southern Oscillation events, to better understand the functioning of this phenomenon. For its realization were used three sets of ocean reanalysis: ORAS4 produced by European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, the GODAS produced by National Centers for Environmental Prediction and SODA produced by Carton and Giese, 2008. The three sets of reanalysis showed the same potential temperature pattern in all layers of depth. The Ocean Temperature Index Equatorial Pacific is very well El Nino-Southern Oscillation events, as detected all El Niños and La Niñas occurred in the period of 52 years. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed new index can be used to determine (characterization) of El Nino-Southern Oscillation events with the same precision as the Oceanic Niño Index, and with superior accuracy for predicting El Nino-Southern Oscillation events as it detects these events several months in advance of the Oceanic Niño Index. Therefore, we can add one more tool to help us predict and better understand the El Nino-Southern Oscillation events.
No presente trabalho foi estudado o perfil vertical da temperatura do Oceano Global, em anos de ocorrência de eventos de El Niño Oscilação Sul, para compreender melhor o funcionamento deste fenômeno. Para a sua realização foram utilizados três conjuntos de reanálises oceânicas: ORAS4 produzida pelo European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, o GODAS foi desenvolvido pelo National Centers for Environmental Prediction e SODA desenvolvido por Carton e Giese, 2008. Os três conjuntos de reanálises apresentaram o mesmo padrão de temperatura potencial em todas as camadas de profundidade. O Índice de Temperatura Oceânica do Pacífico Equatorial representa muito bem os eventos de El Niño-Oscilação Sul, uma vez que detectou todos os EL Niños e La Niñas ocorridos no período de 52 anos. Por fim, conclui-se que o novo índice proposto pode ser utilizado para determinação (caracterização) de eventos de El Niño-Oscilação Sul com a mesma precisão que o Índice de Niño Oceânico, e com superior precisão para a previsão de eventos de El Niño-Oscilação Sul, uma vez que detecta estes eventos com alguns meses de antecedência em relação ao Índice de Niño Oceânico. Assim podemos acrescentar mais uma ferramenta que nos ajudará a prever e entender melhor os eventos de El Niño-Oscilação Sul.
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Mohammadian, Mehrshid. "Testing of the Transverse Tendon Behavior in the Varina-Enon Bridge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89563.
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Post-tensioned segmental concrete bridges have been used in the United States since the mid 80's. Post-tensioning is very economical and efficient for bridges with very long spans. A segmental concrete bridge uses post-tensioning to connect concrete bridge segments and make a long span bridge. A problem that has occurred in some segmental concrete bridges is the corrosion of the post-tensioned strands. A tendon failure can be detrimental to service level bridge performance and reduce the flexural strength.
The Varina-Enon Bridge has a history of corrosion related issues and the objective of this project was to investigate the consequences of transverse tendons rupture. In addition, to determine the behavior of tendons with grouted duct and smoot duct when a stand broke. Also, the results of this project identify if the bridge can perform adequately with no repair or if these failures would develop problems in the long term.
A full scale specimen of a post-tensioned slab with two tendons was built at the laboratory. The full scale specimen was built to contain tendons similar to top flange near the delta frames in the Varina-Enon Bridge, where a transverse tendon was broken. An artificial corrosion process was conducted to corrode the tendons and investigate the effect of break on the slab. The specimen was instrumented with BDI strain gauges to monitor the behavior of the specimen, when the strand rupture occurred due to the accelerated corrosion. In addition, a finite element model was designed similar to the full scale specimen to compare the collected data with the data obtained from the analysis.Master of Science
Bridges play a very important role in the Transportation Systems all over the world. According to American Society of Civil Engineering (ASCE), United States bridges get a C+ grade. The ASCE rating indicates that the US bridges need to be built more efficiently and be monitored more frequently. Regular inspection of bridges is very essential and will be beneficial in many ways. For instance, engineers can detect the possible flaws and problems that are in the bridge such as corrosion in structural elements. It is important to address these issues since these bridges are in service and being used by the public. Based on how serious the issues are, engineers will decide if the bridge can perform adequately with repair or it is is structurally inefficient and needs to be replaced. Moreover, rehabilitations method to keep the structure in service will save a lot of money compare to replacing the bridge. The Varian Enon Bridge, which carries Interstate 295 across the James River in Richmond, is a critical link in Richmond transportation a In the recent inspections of this bridge, Virginia Department of Transportations (VDOT) detected abnormal behavior of few structural elements. In this research, a full scale mock-up of a section of the Varina Enon Bridge was built at the lab. The purpose of this project was to conduct testing on the mock-up to investigate the cause of abnormal behavior of these few structural elements similar to the ones in Varina Enon Bridge. Furthermore, a final report was prepared for VDOT to decide if the bridge will perform adequately with no strengthening or providing forewarning of trouble that could develop with time.
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Evans, Kyle William. "PPAR gamma AND eNOS CONTRIBUTE TO THE RESOLUTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/197871.
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Microbiology and ImmunologyPh.D.
Chronic inflammation follows defined phases of induction, inflammation, and resolution. The resolution phase requires cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. This study aims to address what other molecules are required for a functional resolution phase. We demonstrated that in murine collagen-induced arthritis the transcription factor, PPARgamma plays a role in the resolution phase. Inhibition of COX-2 activity results in fewer PPARgamma positive cells in the arthritic synovium. Treatment with a PPARgamma antagonist, SR202, alone, also disrupts the process of resolution. PPARgamma antagonist treatment results in a decrease in eNOS phosphorylation within the arthritic synovium. These observations indicate that PPARgamma may function to regulate eNOS activity. The source of pro-resolving nitric oxide is eNOS but not, iNOS. The effect of COX-2 inhibition on the resolution phase is ameliorated by injection of a PGE2 analog. Restoration of PGE2 levels results in an increase in PPARgamma positive cells in the arthritic synovium which correlates with this restoration of resolution. Thus, this study provides in vivo evidence for the pro-resolving role of PPARgamma and its relationship with PGE2 and eNOS.
Temple University--Theses
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Liu, Zhao. "PALMITATE INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION: THE ROLE OF CALPAIN, AMPK AND ENOS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/288932.
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PhysiologyM.S.
Obesity is a serious health problem worldwide. Consumption of fat rich food is a common cause of obesity. Some of the food components (i.e. saturated free fatty acids (SFAs)) have been identified as inflammatory inducers (Egger G at al., 2010). After a meal, absorbed free fatty acids (FFAs) will be stored in the liver and adipose tissue. On the luminal surfaces of endothelium in adipose tissue microcirculation, lipoprotein lipase hydrolyses absorbed triglycerides into FFAs. Then, in order to be available for adipocyte storage, FFAs have to cross the capillary endothelium barrier, which connected by tight junctions (Stremmel W et al., 2001). Increased leukocyte infiltration is a featured sign of adipose tissue inflammation found in obesity. Endothelial adhesion molecules up-regulation contributes to leukocyte infiltration during inflammation. Some clinical data suggested an increase of leukocyte-endothelium interaction in healthy volunteers after ingestion of high-fat meals (Shimabukuro M et al., 2007). Other lab results also showed that neutrophil infiltration occurred at a very early stage with high-fat feeding in mice (Talukdar S et al., 2012). However, the detailed mechanism of the above phenomena is still unknown. This thesis provides exciting preliminary data which will guide the further study in this area. First of all, we successfully established a stable protocol that CD31 antibody conjugated microbeads were used to isolate primary microvascular endothelial cells from fresh mice lung tissue. After second sorting, CD31+ cells reach 83.3% by FACS analysis. Previous literatures showed that FFAs activate recruitment of inflammatory cells through up-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules via reduced eNOS derived eNO production (Rizzo NO et al., 2010; Davenpeck KL et al., 1994; Ahluwalia A et al., 2004). In this thesis, it was found that SFAs palmitate exposure dose dependently reduced endothelial AMPK thr172 and eNOS ser1177 phosphorylation by western blot. Moreover, our study demonstrated that endothelial calpain, a calcium dependent protease associated with endothelial dysfunction, was activated by palmitate, specifically its μ-calpain isoform. Altogether, these data suggested that a new role of calpain as a key mediator of palmitate induced endothelial dysfunction and indicated both AMPK and eNOS1177 phosphorylation contribute to this pathological process. Further investigations are still needed to explore connections among those molecules. This thesis may also lead to a novel way of clinical treatment for the obese related vascular diseases.
Temple University--Theses
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Nascimento, Rafaella Adalgisa Silva do. "Associação do polimorfismo da óxido nitrico endotelial (eNOS) T-786C com moléculas do metabolismo lipídico e inflamatório em amostras de mulheres grávidas." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2013. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/12225.
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license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-12T17:58:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Rafaella do Nascimento.pdf: 2590367 bytes, checksum: 6d3de6f0c3e697e651f90e0cf7a6d5e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
A gestação é um fenômeno fisiológico que se inicia com a fecundação e progride no sentido de promover um ambiente adequado onde o feto possa crescer e formar um novo indivíduo com todo seu potencial genético expresso. Durante este período, os níveis lipídicos normalmente aumentam para permitir a manutenção da homeostase entre mãe e feto. Níveis lipídicos anormais estão relacionados com disfunção endotelial, reduzindo a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e causando complicações para mãe e para o desenvolvimento fetal. O NO é principal regulador de eventos feto-placentários sendo produzido a partir da ação de 3 isoformas da óxido nítrico sintase (NOS). Polimorfismos de base única (SNPs) na NOS endotelial (eNOS) tem sido correlacionados à diversas patologias, sendo T-786C um dos SNPs responsáveis por reduzir a expressão da eNOS em 50%. Nosso estudo estabeleceu uma análise sobre estudo sobre o polimorfismo T-786C no gene da eNOS em mulheres no terceiro trimestre de gravidez, observando a possível associação com moléculas lipídicas e com a proteína c-reativa (PCR). Adicionalmente, a partir de ferramentas in silico, foram desenhados modelos de interação proteína-proteína (networks) para compreensão da importância do metabolismo da eNOS em condições normais e com patologias. Amostras de 92 mulheres grávidas foram submetidas à extração de DNA, identificação do polimorfismo T-786C por PCR-RFLP, e análise dos níveis de colesterol total (CT), HDL, LDL, triglicerídeos (TG) e PCR. Análise genotípica apresentou uma população de 71,73% TT, 26,08% CT e apenas 2,17% CC, estando o alelo C-786 presente em 15.21% do grupo estudado. Em relação à análise bioquímica, observou-se significância apenas para PCR quando as pacientes foram agrupadas por níveis sorológicos (normal ou alterado) de acordo com o genótipo da paciente. A CRP atua diretamente no desacoplamento da enzima eNOS prejudicando sua atividade e diminuindo a produção de NO, e servindo como marcador de eventos cardiovasculares. A partir das análises de bioinformática construímos duas networks. A primeira, denominada eNOSNet, possui 51 nós e 361 arestas de interação, mostrando proteínas ligantes da eNOS, pequenas moléculas e seus complexos formados. A segunda network, denominada eNOSNetD, relaciona proteínas envolvidas na via normal da eNOS com doenças descritas para o polimorfismo T-786C, tais como: doenças relacionadas ao sistema cardíaco, neurológico, à neoplasias e ao metabolismo lipídico, glicídico, protéico e hormonal. Estes dados podem ajudar na compreensão sobre a progressão de doenças que envolvem o funcionamento da eNOS e seus possíveis tratamentos e diagnósticos.
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Yuan, Yifan. "Enhancing Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells for Optimal Coating of Blood Contacting Surfaces." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36837.
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Implantable cardiovascular biomaterials have been widely applied in multiple cardiovascular disorders such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and abdominal aortic aneurysms. However the failure modes of cardiovascular biomaterials are not uncommon, which is mainly due to the complications on blood-contacting surfaces such as thrombosis, calcification, and inflammation. Endothelium locates the inner surface of vessel lumen and is a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis. However, a readily available functional autologous source of endothelium has been hard to achieve. Human blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs), cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells are proliferative and express endothelial protein profiles and as such are a very promising novel cell source for cardiovascular biomaterials coating. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is an important regulator of vascular homeostasis and loss of eNOS activity is a hallmark of endothelial dysfunction. My data demonstrated that BOECs express markedly lower eNOS protein, mRNA as well as activity levels when compared to mature endothelial cells (ECs). My first project was to use transient transfection methods along with minicircle DNA to enhance eNOS expression levels in BOECs. Two promoters were tested in BOECs, the CMV promoter (pMini-CMV-eNOS) and the EF1α promoter (pMini-EF1α-eNOS). Transfection with pMini-CMV-eNOS achieved 24.8 ± 5.1 times more eNOS expression when compared to null transfected cells at 24 hours, a marked improvement over that achieved with conventional PVAX plasmid (10.2 ± 4.7 fold increase) or pMini-EF1α-eNOS (8.2 ± 1.2 fold increase both compared to null transfected control). pMini-CMV-eNOS mediated overexpression improved cell migration and network formation. When cultured on Osteopontin (OPN) coated surfaces, transient transfection with plasmid eNOS in BOECs can markedly enhance cell spreading and adhesion to ECM modified surfaces. These results suggest that eNOS expression in BOECs is suboptimal and BOECs may be functionally improved by techniques to enhance expression of this critical homeostatic regulator.
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins have been shown to negatively regulate eNOS expression and NO production in mature ECs. In addition, the deposition of Col IV and Col I in BOECs is higher compared to that in mature ECs. Thus, I have proposed that the lower eNOS expression/activity in BOECs compared to mature ECs is due to higher ECM deposition. When grown on fibronectin, type I collagen, type IV collagen and laminin, significantly decreased eNOS protein in HUVECs were found compared to cells on polystyrene. Interestingly, when cultured on polystyrene, BOECs express significantly more extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins especially type I collagen compared to mature ECs. Blocking collagen synthesis significantly enhanced eNOS expression in BOECs (1.77 ± 0.41 fold increase). My results suggest that the regulation of eNOS in BOECs and mature ECs is similar and the reduced eNOS level in BOECs may be due to their increased collagen production.
ECM proteins regulate intracellular signaling transduction primarily through integrin signaling associated with focal adhesion complexes. I have proposed that ECM proteins regulation on eNOS signaling in BOECs and mature ECs is through integrin and integrin-associated proteins. Matrix mediated eNOS downregulation was blocked by β1 integrin siRNA and focal adhesion kinase siRNA transfection in both BOECs and HUVECs. In addition, inhibitors of actin polymerization (e.g. ROCK inhibitors and cytochalasin D) block the effect of ECM on eNOS signaling. Taken together, my results suggest that ECM proteins regulate eNOS expression via a β1 integrin/FAK/actin polymerization dependent mechanism.